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DETECTION OF ADDICTION OF AN INDIVIDUAL AND AVOIDING ADDICTION USING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Dhivya.R, Department of EEE, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai. divyarcvd@gmail.com
Mathivani.M, Department of EEE, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai. mathivanimarimuthu@gmail.com based upon are ‘The ‘Brainwaves’ and ‘Addiction’.
ABSTRACT: Addiction is a chronic disease causing disorder in the brain memory and related circuits leading to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing relief by unrecommended substance use and other behaviors. In the world, about 47% of people are found to spend their waking hours in thinking of matters apart from their normal mind-set and about 80% of the people are addicted to one more addictive substances. In this paper we are going to explain how addiction could be avoided using an embedded device by using the phenomenon of “frequency following response” of the brain by controlling brain waves.
Brain’,
1.1.THE BRAIN: Brain, an electrochemical organ which functions as a coordinating centre of sensation, nervous activity and intelligence. At the root of all our thoughts, emotions and behaviours is the communication between neurons within our brains. Brainwaves are produced by synchronised electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. The Brainwaves are produced by the lobes of the brain and they are, Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Limbic lobe Insular cortex
1.INTRODUCTION: Before going on to details we are supposed to know the basic terms.The basic terms that this paper is
Thus, temporal lobe processes auditory information from the ears and relates it to Wernicke's area of the
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parietal lobe and the motor cortex of the frontal lobe. The amygdale is located within the temporal lobe and controls social and sexual behavior and other emotions. The limbic system is important in emotional behavior and controlling movements(Refer Fig 1.1).
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frequencies are dominant when we feel wired, or hyper-alert. Brainwave speed is measured in Hertz (cycles per second) and they are dived into bands deliniating slow, moderate, and fast waves. There are four categories of these brainwaves, ranging from most activity to least activity. These are (Refer Fig1.2) Delta waves Theta waves Alpha waves Beta waves. Gamma waves Delta waves are waves with high amplitude. It has a frequency of 0.5 – 4 Hertz. They never go down to zero because that would mean that you were brain dead. But, deep dreamless sleep would take you down to the lowest frequency. Typically, 2 to 3 Hertz. Theta waves are waves with amplitude lesser than that of delta waves and have a greater frequency of 5 – 8 Hertz. A person who has taken time off from a task and begins to daydream is often in a theta brainwave state. Alpha waves are waves with amplitude lesser than that of theta waves and have a greater frequency of 9-14 Hertz. A person who takes time out to reflect or meditate is usually in a alpha state. Beta waves are the waves that have the lowest amplitude and have the highest frequency of 15 – 40 Hertz. These waves are again classified into low beta waves and high beta waves according to their range of frequencies.
Fig 1.1 Researchers have speculated that a fully functional brain generates as much as 10 watts of electrical power.Other conservative investigators calculated that the brain generates 50 milli volts. Although, the generated power is limited in very specific ways it occurs as a charateristics of the human brain. 1.2.BRAINWAVES: Electrical activity emanating from the brain is displayed in the form of brainwaves. It is important to know that all humans display five different types of electrical patterns or “brain waves” across the cortex. Our brainwaves change according to what we’re doing and feeling. When slower brainwaves are dominant we can feel tired, slow, sluggish, or dreamy. The higher
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ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6
The low beta waves have a frequency of 15 – 32 Hertz. A person making an active conversation would be in the low beta state. The high beta waves have a frequency of 33 – 40 Hertz. A person in a stress, pain or addiction would be in the high beta state. Gamma waves are involved in higher processing tasks as well as cognitive functioning. They are important for learning, memory and information processing. It is thought that the 40 Hz gamma wave is important for the binding of our senses in regards to perception and are involved in learning new material. It has been found that individuals who are mentally challenged and have learning disabilities tend to have lower gamma activity than average S.No.
Brainwaves
Frequency range (Hertz)
1)
Delta
0.5 – 4
2)
Theta
5-8
3)
Alpha
9 – 14
4)
Low Beta
15 – 32
5)
High Beta
32 – 40
6)
Gamma
40-100
Fig 1.2 1.2.1.ADDICTION: There are two types of addiction: Physical dependency Psychological dependency. Physical dependence can happen with the chronic use of many drugs— including many prescription drugs even if taken as instructed. Thus, physical dependence in and of itself does not constitute addiction, but it often accompanies addiction. In this paper, we are going to solely consider the psychological addictions in designing the addiction avoider device. 1.2.2.PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCY: A person becomes dependent on something to help alleviate specific emotions. Psychological dependence begins after the first trial which a person then becomes satisfied and the satisfaction increases with each use. This constant feeling leads to psychological reinforcement which eventually leads to dependence. Along with substances,
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people can also become dependent on activities as well; such as shopping, pornography, self-harm, and many more. While a psychologically dependent person attempts to recover, there are many withdrawal symptoms that one can experience throughout the process. Some of the withdrawal symptoms are: headache, poor judgement, trembling hands, and loss of attention span and focusing.
ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6
directionality of the sound. This is really just an auditory illusion. The rate of this fluctuation can be controlled by the use of specific sound frequencies. For example, by playing a tone of 200 Hz in the left ear and 210 Hz in the right ear, a fluctuation of 10 Hz is detected by the brain. The difference between the two frequencies could be called a "sub harmonic" – a sound that is below the threshold of human hearing. However, this sub-harmonic binaural frequency may still be detected as a slight pulsing sound. This pulsing, or beating, is why we call them binaural "beats". Binaural beats cause the brain to adjust its dominant frequency to match the sub harmonic frequency of the beating sound. This is what is known as the "frequency following response". We can take advantage of the frequency following response by creating binaural frequencies that help to induce specific brainwave frequencies. For example, we know that someone who is in a state of deep meditation may have a dominant brainwave frequency of say, 6 Hertz (6 cycles per second). When we listen to binaural tones that have been programmed to produce a 6 Hertz sub harmonic frequency, our own brainwaves will follow the frequency of the beat and will naturally adjust in sympathy. Directly using an infrasonic auditory stimulus is impossible, since the ears cannot hear sounds low enough to be useful for brain stimulation. Human hearing is limited to the range of frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz,
2.THE ADDICTION AVOIDER: 2.1.PRINCIPLE: ‘Binaural Beats’ is the Principle behind this device. Binaural Beats or "binaural tones" are an auditory effect that is created in the brain when two tones of slightly different frequencies are played separately into each ear. This effect was discovered in 1839 by Heinrich Wilhelm Dove. Normally, when a sound reaches our ears, your brain uses this information to help decipher where the sound is coming from. If we hear a noise that originates slightly to our left, then the sound will not only be a little louder in our left ear, it also arrives at our left ear a few milliseconds sooner than it arrives at our right ear. We may not notice this effect on a conscious level, but our brain certainly does. So our brain is very sensitive to small variations in the frequency of sounds, and to the way those sounds reach our ears. When we listen to binaural beats, our brain is subjected to an effect that is perceived as a constant fluctuation in the
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while the frequencies of human brain waves are below about 40 Hz. To account for this, binaural beat frequencies must be used. According to this view, when the perceived beat frequency corresponds to the delta, theta, alpha or beta range of brainwave frequencies, the brainwaves entrain to or move towards the beat frequency. For example, if a 315 Hz sine wave is played into the right ear and a 325 Hz one into the left ear, the brain is supposed to be entrained towards the beat frequency (10 Hz, in the alpha range). Since alpha range is usually associated with relaxation, this is supposed to have a relaxing effect. Some people find pure sine waves unpleasant, so a pink noise or another background (e.g. natural sounds such as river noises) can also be mixed with them.
ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6
The block diagram(Refer Fig 1.3) consists of the following parts whose operation is as below: 2.3.1.SENSORS: The sensors used are EEG sensors: An electroencephalogram detects abnormalities in the brain waves or electrical activity of the brain. During the procedure, electrodes consisting of small metal discs with thin wires are pasted on the scalp. The electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of the brain cells. The charges are amplified as analog signals. The sensor sends the analog brainwave signal into the 8515 microcontroller. 2.3.2.MICROCONTROLLER:
2.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig 1.4 The Atmel 8515(Refer Fig 1.4) microcontroller is a 40 pin, 4 MHz 8bit microcontroller and has 8K FLASH, 512 EEPROM, 512 SRAM.The AT90S8515 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. It has an internal analog to digital converter (ADC) and internal battery. The signal that is sent by the sensors is converted from analog to digital signal. The microcontroller has a
Fig 1.3 2.3.EXPLANATION WORKING:
OF
THE
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pre-defined program, which analyses the digital signal and compares it with the digital signal equivalent of the analog signal having the frequency range of 32 – 40 Hz which is already stored in the memory of the microcontroller. If on comparison the analyses on two signals are nearly same then the microcontroller acknowledges and triggers the oscillator 1 and oscillator 2.
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Addiction avoider can be used to cure stress or tension on any individual. The concept of binaural waves can be further researched and used to find a device for communication with deaf and dumb individuals. It can be further used to study the resonance of brain during brain diseases. 4.MERITS: a)The headband used is made of rubber is easy to use. b)The whole device is light weight and can be carried anywhere we want. c)Helps in Relaxation of mind d)Concentration and Focus level can be increased
2.3.3.OSCILLATORS: The oscillator is designed in such a way that it produces a particular audio wave below 1500 Hz. The oscillator will be designed such that it has 10 – 13 Hz difference in frequency with oscillator 1. This difference in frequency creates Binaural Beats. Thus if the brain of an individual produces 32 – 40 Hz (High Beta waves) i.e. if he/she is in stress or addicted to some substance, the binaural beats having a frequency of about 10-13 Hz creates a stimulus making the brain to move towards the stimulated frequency.
5.DEMERITS: 1) Those meeting any of the following criteria/conditions should not use binaural beats Brain disorders Pregnant women People with heart disorders Photosensitive people
2.3.4.STEREO HEADPHONE: The sensation of auditory binaural beats occurs when two coherent sounds of nearly similar frequencies are presented one to each ear with stereo headphones or speakers. This is done by sending audio waves from one oscillator to one of the two sides of the headphone and another oscillator to another side of the headphone.
6.CONCLUSION: Addiction Avoider is the safest and simplest device to use in prevention of Addiction. It is used for any type of addiction like addiction caused by taking narcotic drugs or alcohol and simple addictions like overeating, sexual intercourse and mannerisms.
3.FUTURE PROSPECTS:
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7.REFERENCE: [1]Wilson.R.Palacios, “Cocktails and dreams: Perspectives on drugs and alcohol use”
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[12]www.angelfire.com/empire/serpentis 666/Brainwaves.htm
[2]Psychological Abstracts, American Psychological Associations. [3]”Cognition and Addiction”, Marcus Munafo, I.Albery. [4]”Addiction Conspiracy: Unlocking Brain Chemistry and addiction”, Lee Tannenbaum, 2008. [5]“Drugs and the Future: Brain Science and Addiction”, David.J.Nutt, Trevor. Robbins, 2006. [6]“Mapping the mind”, Rita Carter, Christopher.D.Frith, 1998. [7]“The truth about addiction and recovery “, Stanton Peele, Archie Brodsky, Mary Arnold. [8]‘Detection of seizures in epileptic and non-epileptic patients using GPS and Embedded Systems’ by Abhiram Chakraborty – Ukranian Journal of Telemedicine and medical Telematics (TOM 3 No.2 Pg. 211) [9] www.bio-medical.com [10]www.ercim.org/publication/ Ercim_News/enw51/bielikova.html [11]www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ ency/article/003931.htm
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