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Ethernet Based Intelligent Security System Ch.Jagadeesh1, Tulasi Sanath Kumar2 1
2
PG Student, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ASCET, Gudur, A.P, India. Asst. Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ASCET, Gudur, A.P, India 1
jagadeeshchalla1508@gmail.com 2 tulasisanath@gmail.com
Abstract:In this paper we design and implement an embeddedsurveillance system by use of ultrasonic signal coding ofultrasonic sensors with multiple pyroelectric infrared sensors(PIR) to detect an intruder in a home or a storehouse. The PIRsensors are placed on the ceiling, and the ultrasonic sensormodule consists of a transmitter and a receiver which are placedin a line direction; however, ultrasonic sensors with the samefrequency are subject to interference by crosstalk with each otherand have a high miss rate. To overcome these disadvantages ofthe ultrasonic sensor, our design reduces the miss rate from theenvironmental interference by using an ultrasonic coding signal.Both ultrasonic sensors and PIR sensors are managed by themajority voting mechanism (MVM). Index Terms:Embedded Surveillance System; Majority VotingMechanism; PIR Sensor; Ultrasonic Sensor I. INTRODUCTION Recently surveillance systems have become more importantfor everyone’s security. The embedded surveillance system,frequently used in a home, an office or a factory [2-4], uses asensor triggered to turn on a camera [5-6]. Some designs usedifferent types of sensors to achieve reliability by means of thedifferent features of each sensor [7-8]. In this paper we extendour previous design not only by using both multiple PIR sensors and ultrasonic sensors as a sensor group, but also byusing the MVM. Ultrasonic receivers and transmitters arelocated at opposite ends [9-10]. However, to reduce theinterference from other frequencies in ultrasonic signals, weuse a coding signal to enhance the ability to distinguish therandom interference [11]. To enhance system reliability in theexperiment, we focus on how to improve the shortcomings ofthe ultrasonic sensor. Some research explores the influence ofattenuation in air and crosstalk of ultrasonic signals by using acoding signal [12], while some provides improvement ofthe ultrasonic signal
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by using different coding signal types. Other research uses the application of a coding signalto increase resolution and contrast of images. Yet anotherapproach builds a 3D image with an ultrasonic sensor in the PNcode that solves the problem with time delay. To enhancethe reliability of the ultrasonic sensors group, we proposeadding to the number of bits with coding to reduce theprobability of code breaking. II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Fig. 1 shows the home embedded surveillance system which has two groups of sensors, indoor and outdoor. The outdoor sensor group contains a number of PIR and pressure sensors placed near windows and doors of a home. When the outdoor sensors sense an intruder, the MCU is woken up and turns on the power for the indoor PIR and ultrasonic sensors for the Majority Voting Mechanism. When this is completed, the decision signal passes to the embedded board GPIO (General purpose input and output). The software module of the power embedded board turns on the Web camera to capture images and user can view the images captured by the home surveillance system.
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span over several tens of degree width. Thus total configuration improves immunity to changes in background temperature, noise or humidity and causes a shorter settling time of the output after a body moved in or out the FOV. Along with Pyroelectric sensor, a chip named Micro Power PIR Motion Detector IC has been used. This chip takes the output of the sensor and does some minor processing on it to emit a digital output pulse from the analog sensor. Schematic of PIR sensor output waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.1.The home embedded surveillance system with ultra-low alert & GSM modem
Fig.2.PIR sensor output waveform
A. PIR Sensor
B. Ultrasonic Sensor
PIR is basically made of Pyroelectric sensors to develop an electric signal in response to a change in the incident thermal radiation. Every living body emits some low level radiations and the hotter the body, the more is emitted radiation. Commercial PIR sensors typically include two IR-sensitive elements with opposite polarization housed in a hermetically sealed metal with a window made of IR-transmissive material (typically coated silicon to protect the sensing element). When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a warm body like a human or an animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These change pulses are what is detected. In order to shape the FOV, i.e. Field Of View of the sensor, the detector is equipped with lenses in front of it. The lens used here is inexpensive and lightweight plastic materials with transmission characteristics suited for the desired wavelength range. To cover much larger area, detection lens is split up into multiple sections, each section of which is a Fresnel lens. Fresnel lens condenses light. Providing a larger range of IR to the sensor it can
Ultrasonic sensor is non-contact distance measurement module, which is also compatible with electronic brick. It’s designed for easy modular project usage with industrial performance. A short ultrasonic pulse is transmitted at the time 0, reflected by an object. The senor receives this signal and converts it to an electric signal. The next pulse can be transmitted when the echo is faded away. This time period is called cycle period. The recommend cycle period should be no less than 50ms. If a 10Οs width trigger pulse is sent to the signal pin, the Ultrasonic module will output eight 40 kHz ultrasonic signal and detect the echo back. The measured distance is proportional to the echo pulse width and can be calculated by the formula above. If no obstacle is detected, the output pin will give a 38ms high level signal.
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C. GSM Modem Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Group Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phone in the world. GSM/GPRS Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to various applications by
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using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully type-approved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc. III. WORKING CIRCUIT The total system can be divided into three segments
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kept unchanged on Ql and inverted on Q2. Inverted output images the voltage level set by MCU keeping the alarm on even when MCU is at SLEEP mode. Alarm: The alarm has two pins- VCC and GNO. The power pin is connected to Ql output pin of the DLatch IC. The alarm can be set to ring by MCU. MCU: Pin RC4 of PIC 16f876A is connected to the 0 1 input of 74LS75.
A. Sensor and signal processing segment: C. GSM Modem interfacing segment: This segment consists of five parts: - PIR sensor module: The PIR sensor module is fed from the output of fixed output voltage regulator IC LM7805. PIR positive input terminal is fed with a +5V supply and negative terminal is grounded. PIR sensor module output pin is connected to MCU pin. For retriggering purpose, a jumper (JP) is attached on the COMMON (C) pin and HIGH (H) pin. - LM7805: LM7805 is a fixed output voltage regulator IC. 7805 takes + 12V input and gives a fixed regulated output voltage of +5V. - LM35: This is temperature sensor IC rated for full -55° to + 150°C temperature range. This is a transducer IC that takes voltage input and gives a voltage output proportional to the ambient temperature. +VS pin is connected to the output pin of LM7805 and the VOUT pin is connected to one of the analog input channels available on MCU. - Switch: This is a mechanical switch which is of NO (Normally Open) type. One end of the switch is connected to the +5V supply and the other end is connected to one of the MCU input pins. For practical use, electronic remote controlled switch is a better option to secure the system operation. - MCU: For this system, PIC 16f876A is used as the MCU, i.e. Microcontroller unit. It has built-in USART module which is necessary for passing AT commands to the GSM modem. The PIR sensor module output is tied to the pin RB I. The output of temperature sensor IC and one end of the mechanical switch is connected to pins RA3 and RBO respectively. A LED is connected to the pin RC3. The MCLRI VPP is connected to +5 V supply. A 4 MHz crystal is connected between OSCI an OSC2 pins. This crystal determines the clock speed of the MCU operation. B. Alarm segment: This segment consists of three parts: - 74LS75: This is a D-Latch IC. The input voltage level on D 1 is
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As GSM modem uses serial communication to interface with other peripherals, an interface is needed between MCU and GSM modem. This segment consists of four parts: -DB9 male connector: The serial port used here is a 9 pin DB9 male connector as the GSM modem side uses a female connector. Pin 14 and 13 of MAX232 are connected to pin 2 and 3 ofOB9 respectively. Pin 5 ofOB9 is grounded. – MAX232: This particular IC is necessary for increasing the voltage swing at the outputs. It takes OV and +5V inputs and makes it a + 12V and - 12V output voltages. This increased voltage swing is a requirement for serial communications. Two 1 μF capacitors are connected between pins 4, 5 and 1, 3 of MAX232. V+ and V- pins are fed from VCC and GNO, i.e. G round through two 1 μIF capacitors. Between VCC and GNO pins, one 10 μF capacitor is placed. - GSM modem: GSM modem is connected through a DB9 female connector to the interfacing circuit. - MCU: The VCC, i.e. power pin, TTL input and TTL output pins of MAX232 are connected to the pins RCO, RCI and RC2 of MCU respectively. 3.1CIRCUIT OPERATION A. Sensor and signal processing segment: As the jumper of PIR sensor module is placed between C and H, the output will stay on the entire time something is moving. The regulator IC serves regulated +5V to the LM35 and PIR sensor module. Prior to any operation, external interrupt is disabled in software of MCU. When the mechanical switch is closed, pin RBO gets an input voltage. This sets the system to run. The analog voltage output fromLM35 is taken and converted to an equivalent binary value which represents the ambient temperature. As PIR sensor module does not perform satisfactorily below 15°C temperature, MCU monitors the temperature
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and light LED on pin RC3 when the temperature is equal to or greater than the critical temperature. After the LED is on, the MCU waits a pre-defined time for the place to be fully evacuated. After that time is over, the system is online. After activation of the system, if there is any movement on that place within the coverage region of the PIR sensor module, it outputs a pulse which is taken as input by MCU. MCU then waits a pre defined time and checks for that signal again. This is done for avoiding false triggering. B. Alarm segment: RC4 remains HIGH right from the beginning. Thus, the output pin IQ of 74LS75 stays LOW and the alarm does not ring. If the signal is still present during the second check, MCU makes pin RC4 LOW. This makes a HIGH on IQ of 74LS75 and the alarm rings. C. GSM Modem interfacing segment:
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When the signal gets HIGH, MCU converts the analog signal from the temperature sensor to the binary equivalent and checks repeatedly if the temperature of the surrounding is greater or equal to 15째 Celsius. When the temperature rises to 15째 Celsius or more, MCU waits for a pre-defined time before executing any instruction. This wait state is introduced to ensure proper evacuation of the place where the system is to run. After the wait state is over, MCU starts checking for any signal from the PIR sensor module. When there is no signal from the sensor, MCU checks the status of the switch. If the switch is still closed, it continues to check for sensor signal.Wait state allows the call to be completed successfully. After that, MCU enables the external interrupt and goes to SLEEP mode. Enabling the external interrupt prior to SLEEP mode ensures that MCU will wake from the SLEEP mode whenever there is a HIGH to LOW transition on RBO, i.e. when the switch gets opened. When an external interruption occurs, MCU wakes up from sleep mood and disable the external interrupt and the program goes to the beginning of the algorithm.
MCU makes HIG H on RCO which in turn, activates MAX232 IC. Then MCU starts sending AT commands to the GSM modem through the pins RCI and RC2. The commands are sent through the interface to the modem. The modem receives the commands and sets up a call to a pre-defined number. The call is not disconnected until the call time - up or the recipient disconnects the call. After the call is disconnected, MCU goes to SLEEP, i.e. low power consuming mode. Before going into SLEEP, MCU enables the external interrupt in software. When the mechanical switch is open, an interrupt occurs and MCU is brought out of SLEEP mode. 3.2. SOFTWARE The whole system is built around a MCU. MCU requires to be burned with software written for specific applications. The code is written using ASSEMBLY language and compiled using MPLAB. MPLAB generated a hex file which is burned using a burner into the IC. This section demonstrates the flowchart of the software which helps to visualize the coding steps as shown in fig.3. At the beginning of the program, external interrupt of MCU is disabled in software. Therefore, any signal input on the pin RBO cannot generate interrupt. Then, MCU looks for the switch whether it is closed or open. When the switch is open the signal is LOW and when the switch is closed, the signal is HIGH on pin RBO. If the signal is LOW, MCU repeatedly checks for the switch status.
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sure the intruder passes through if the outside grouphas detected an individual. Fig.4 shows an ultrasonic signal being interfered with byanother ultrasonic frequency. As ultrasonic signal interferencecauses difficulties in setting up the amplitude of the referencevoltage of the circuit, therefore we use the coding signal toreduce ultrasonic signal interference based on thecharacteristics of the ultrasonic signal.
Fig.4. Relationship between reliability number of bits of the ultrasonic signal code
and
Fig.5. Ultrasonic signal interfered by another frequency Fig.3.Software flowchart IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS
In Fig.6 we see that the signal has been coded by oursystem. The coded signal is not affected by another frequencybecause our design receives a signal through the code insteadof through its signal’s frequency.
In the experiment results we found that an ultrasonic signalwould be affected by environment sounds and the amplitude ofthe reference voltage. Those factors affect the transmissiondistance and the error rate of detecting. We therefore put thetransmitter and the receiver on both ends of the sensing areaand make
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Fig.6. Our ultrasonic coding signal in the scope Fig.7 shows the signal judgment of our experiment. Whenjudging a coding signal, one method of our design counts therising edge number. If the rising edge number is equal to two, itmeans the signal is correct. Lines A and B of Fig.7 show acoding interval.
Fig.8. Software flowchart surveillance system [12]
of
embedded
After the intruder has been detected outdoors, the MCUsoftware submodule of the ultrasonic coding signal is executedas shown in Fig.9. Our design transmits the ultrasoniccoding signal, and the receiver checks whether the codingsignal is correct or not. If the coding signal is correct, theultrasonic sensor group continues for some seconds to makesure that there is no intruder. If the coding signal is not correct,our design also starts the majority voting mechanism (MVM)to make sure whether there is any detection.
Fig.7. Judgment from received ultrasonic coding signal Fig.8 shows our design that consists of the internalsoftware module and the home embedded system softwaremodule. When an intruder has been detected, the MCU wakesup the majority decision to test the threshold and then turn onthe power supply for the indoor sensors. If the indoor sensorsdetect no intruder when the outdoor sensors are misjudging,the MCU turns off the power of the indoor sensors and goesback to the alert state. If the indoor sensors detect an intruder,the MCU turns on the Web camera to capture images inkeeping with the decision of the MVM.
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Fig.10 shows the arrangement of our experimentalenvironment that detect intruders in a suitable place. We placethe PIR sensor on the ceiling or above the detection area.Transmitter and receiver of the ultrasonic sensor module areplaced in a line direction. When an intruder enters thedetection area, the ultrasonic coding signal will be blockedand the PIR sensors will detect temperature changes.
Fig.9. Flowchart of detection by ultrasonic coding signal In the experiment the ultrasonic signal of the receiver hasthe same direction as the transmitter, and we find that if theamplitude of the voltage waveform has been reduced toapproximately the same as the comparator's reference voltageour design can work normally. The scattering causes theamplitude of the voltage waveform to become gradually lowerthan the reference voltage. To increase the amplitude of thevoltage waveform we place a PET bottle at the front end forfocusing. Fig.9 shows the distribution of scattering afteradding a PET bottle focus. We have found that the ultrasonicsignal increases at the central point and achieves the focusingeffect.
Fig.11. Arrangement of our experimental environment Table I compares our coding signal and non-coding signal.The coding signal is not interfered with by other frequenciesunless their patterns are similar. It is easier to break anon-coding signal than a coding signal. When we add to thebits of the ultrasonic coding signal, the message type rise with2N A noncoding signal transmits just two types of messages,0 and 1. N means number of bits. With more message types,more codes can be used in the same design to decrease theprobability of breaking a signal. In our design, when N isequal to 8, the message combination of the ultrasonic codingsignal is 128 times better than that of non-coding signal, andthe reliability is enhanced from 0.5 to 0.996. TABLE I COMPARISON OF OUR CODING SIGNAL AND NONCODING SIGNAL
V. CONCLUSION
Fig.10. Curves showing distribution of scattering after adding PET bottle focus
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Our experiment shows two different types of sensors whichare enhancing the overall sensing probability by using theMVM to reduce the shortcomings of both the ultrasonicsensors and the PIR sensors. By adding an ultrasonic codingsignal our design reduces the
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miss rate of the receiver withultrasonic sensors by different patterns, improving thereliability of the overall system. VI. REFERENCES [1] Ying-Wen Bai, Chen-Chien Cheng and Zi-Li Xie, “Use of Ultrasonic Signal Coding and PIR Sensors toEnhance the Sensing Reliability of an EmbeddedSurveillance System”, 2013 IEEE. [2] Jun Hou, Chengdong Wu, Zhongjia Yuan, Jiyuan Tan, Qiaoqiao Wangand Yun Zhou, “Research of Intelligent Home Security SurveillanceSystem Based on ZigBee,” International Symposium on IntelligentInformation Technology Application Workshops, Shanghai, 21-22 Dec. 2008, pp. 554-57. [3] Xiangjun Zhu, Shaodong Ying and Le Ling, “Multimedia sensornetworks design for smart home surveillance,” Control and DecisionConference, 2008, Chinese, 2-4 July 2008, pp. 431-435. [4] L. Lo Presti, M. La Cascia, “Real-Time Object Detection in EmbeddedVideo Surveillance Systems,” Ninth International Workshop on ImageAnalysis for Multimedia Interactive Services, 7-9 May 2008, pp.151-154.
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[9] Hai-Wen Zhao, Hong Yue, and He-Gao Cai, “Design of a DistributedUltrasonic Detecting System Based on Multiprocessor for AutonomousMobile Robot,” Proceedings of tbe 2007 WSEAS Int. Conference onCircuits, Systems, Signal and Telecommunications, Gold Coast,Australia, January 17-19, 2007, pp. 59-64. [10] Zi-LI Xie and Zong-Han Li, “Design and implementation of a homeembedded surveillance system with ultra-low alert power,” IEEETransactions on Consumer Electronics, Feb. 2011, pp. 153-159. [11] Francesco Alonge, Marco Brancifortem and Francesco Motta, “A novelmethod of distance measurement based on pulse position modulationand synchronization of chaotic signals using ultrasonic radar systems,”IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Feb.2009, pp.318-329. [12] ShragaShoval and Johann Borenstein, “Using Coded Sognals to Benefitfrom Ultrasonic Sensor Crosstalk in Mobile Robot Obstacle Avoidance,”IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Seoul,Korea, 21-26 May, 2001, vol.3, pp. 2879-2884.
[5] Wen-Tsuen Chen, Po-Yu Chen, Wei-Shun Lee and Chi-Fu Huang,“Design and Implementation of a Real Time Video Surveillance Systemwith Wireless Sensor Networks,” VTC Spring 2008. IEEE VehicularTechnology Conference, 11-14 May 2008, pp. 218-222. [6] MikkoNieminen, TomiRaty, and MikkoLindholm, “Multi-SensorLogical Decision Making in the Single Location Surveillance PointSystem,” Fourth International Conference on Systems, France, 1-6March 2009, pp. 86-90. [7] Ying-Wen Bai, Li-Sih Shen and Zong-Han Li, “Design andImplementation of an Embedded Surveillance System by Use ofMultiple Ultrasonic Sensors”, The 28th IEEE International Conferenceon Consumer Electronics, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 1113 Jan. 2010,11.1-3, pp. 501-502. [8] Yang Cao, Huijie Zhao, Na Li and Hong Wei “Land-CoverClassification by Airborne LIDAR Data Fused with Aerial OpticalImages,” International Workshop on Multi-Platform/Multi-SensorRemote Sensing and Mapping (M2RSM), Jan. 2011, pp. 1-6.
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