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PURIFICATION OF WATER BY NATURAL ADSORPTION PROCESS K MANOJ KUMAR (R101226),N HEDGERAO(R101811),P SUNIL(R101844),SK IRFAN BASHA (R101883) Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, RK Valley Cuddapah, India -516329
Abstract: Fulfillment of water requirement for flushing and
drinking we implement an natural purification technique to filter out the calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and fluorine by using the natural adsorption process, in this paper we take BIO MASS (upper layer of soil),BRICK ASH,SAND as the main raw materials, coming to the process in the first step we will pass the contaminated water along with soil, here it self no changes will occur just soil act as coolant and then from soil to brick ash here florin will be adsorbed by the ash, and in the next stage of the process calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate particles will be adsorbed by the sand after this one we get the pure water which will be consumable. It is an technique of no maintenance and with low initial cost, including provision of relocate the setup. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: [1] S Chidambaram, AL Ramanathan* and S Vasudevan, (Technical note)-Fluoride removal studies in water using natural materials. [2] Resources and Environment 2013, 3(3): 53-58 DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20130303.02, Sure ndra Roy*, Gurcharan Dass, Fluoride Contamination in Drinking Water – A Review. Nemade, P.D., Kadam, A.M. and Shankar, H.S. (2010) ‘Removal of arsenite from water by soil biotechnology’ ,
INTRODUCION Water is the major medium of fluoride intake by humans. Fluoride in drinking water can be either beneficial or detrimental to health, depending on its concentration. The presence of fluoride in drinking water with in permissible limits is beneficial in the calcification of dental enamel. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum acceptable concentration of fluoride is 1.5 mg/l, South Africa’s acceptable limit is 0.75 mg /l, while India’s permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1 mg/l. Concentrations beyond these standards have shown dental and skeletal fluorosis, and lesions of the endocrine glands, thyroid and liver. Fluoride stimulates bone formation and small concentrations have beneficial effects on the teeth by hardening the enamel and reducing the incidence of caries. Water treatment provides usable water for domestic agricultural & industrial purposes helps to conserve & enhance water in quality and quantity; in addition prevents degeneration of our water sources of surface & ground. Green technologies today provide impressive water quality at competitive costs without contributing to global warming this technical specification presents a green biological purification engine using a natural adsorption process 1 ISBN NO : 978 - 1502893314
SOURCE AND EFFECT OF FLUORIDE The fluoride -bearing minerals or fluoride-rich minerals in the rocks and soils are the cause of high fluoride content in the groundwater, which is the main source of drinkingwater in India Water is the major medium of fluoride intake by humans. Fluoride in drinking water can be either Beneficial or detrimental to health, depending on its concentration. The presence of fluoride in drinking water within permissible limits is beneficial in the calcification of dental enamel. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum acceptable concentration of fluoride is 1.5 mg/l, South Africa’s acceptable limit is 0.75 mg/l , while India ’s permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1 mg/l. Concentrations beyond these standards have shown dental and skeletal fluorosis(see the below fig 1 and 2), and lesions of the endocrine glands, thyroid and liver. Fluoride stimulates bone formation and small concentrations have beneficial effects on the teeth by hardening the enamel and reducing the incidence of caries. Mc Donagh et al. Described in great detail the role of fluoride in the prevention of dental fluorosis. At low levels (<2 ppm) soluble fluoride in the drinking water may cause mottled enamel during the formation of the teeth, but at higher levels other toxic effects may be observed. Severe symptoms lead to death when fluoride doses reach 250–450 ppm. It is found that the IQ of the children in the high fluoride areas (drinking water fluoride 3.15 ppm) is significantly low.
Fig: 1 Effect of fluoride on teeth
Fig: 2 Effect of fluoride on bones
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Proceedings of International Conference on Advancements in Engineering and Technology
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carbonate will adsorbed by sand finally we get consumable cleared water.
Methodology Raw materials Here we are taking the biomass (upper layer of red soil) and
Incinerated Bick ash and sand as our basic raw materials.
Red soil
Contaminated water
Fig. red soil Incinerated brick ash
Sand
Fig. Brick ash
Drinkable water
Rough flow sheet
With Reference to:
Fig. sand Coming to the main process we are passing the contaminated water through first stage in which we use red soil as biomass of coolant here it self no reactions will occur with water, suppose if we passing water at 20 degrees centigrade after coming from soil we will get the water around 18 or 17 degrees centigrade. In second stage we passing the water through the incinerated brick ash here the main adsorption will takes place where the fluoride will adsorbed by the brick ash here we will get a indication like the brick ash will change its color to light yellowish. After that we send water that is come out from brick ash column through grinded rock material - sand here water will repurified after the calcium carbonate and magnesium
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Considerable work on DE fluoridation has been done all over the world. The most economical adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking water is activated alumina. Borah and Dey has reported other adsorbents like silica gel, soil, bone charcoal, zeolites, betonies, etc which controls the fluoride contamination. They also carried out pilot scale study for the treatment of fluoride using coal particles as adsorbent materials. The amount, contact time and particle size of the adsorbent influenced the treatment efficiencies of fluoride. Concluding Remarks Rock minerals and waste disposal contributes fluoride contamination in groundwater. Researchers have observed different concentrations of fluoride for the different diseases. To mitigate fluoride contamination for an affected area, the provision of safe, low fluoride water from alternative sources should be investigated as the first option otherwise various methods, which have been developed for the DE fluoridation
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of water can be used to prevent fluoride contamination. Groundwater of a particular area should be thoroughly studied before its use for domestic purposes and accordingly a suitable method can be chosen for its treatment. Our process a bio safety and low cost one without using any external energy to give a better solution for contaminated water.
References: [1] WHO, 1984, Environmental Health Criteria for Fluorine and Fluorides., Geneva, 1-136. (2)WHO (World Health Organization), 2006, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Incorporating First Addendum to Third Edition., World Health Organization, Geneva., 375 p (3)McDonagh, M.S., Whiting, P.F., Wilson, P.M., Sutton, A.J.,Chestnutt, I., Cooper, J., Misso, K., Bradley, M., Treasure, E. and Kleihnen, J., 2000, Systematic review of water fluoridation., Brit. Med. J., 321, 855â&#x20AC;&#x201C;859. (4)Borah, L. and Dey, N.C., 2009, Removal of fluoride from low TDS water using low grade coal., Indian J. Chem. Technol., 16, 361363. (5) Prof. Shankar(iit-b) research topic (6) Meenakshi, R.C., Garg, V.K., Kavita, Renuka and Malik, A., 2004, Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis., J. Hazardous Mater., 106, 85-97. (7) Misra, A.K. and Mishra, A., 2007, Study of quaternary aquifers in Ganga Plain, India: Focus on groundwater salinity, fluoride and fluorosis., J. Hazardous Mater., 144, 438-448. (8) Venkateswarulu, P., Rao, D.N., Rao, and K.R., 1952, Studies in endemic fluorosis, Vishakapatnam and suburban areas., Indian J Med Res, 40, 353-62. (9) Meenakshi, R.C. and Maheshwari, 2006, Fluoride in drinking water and its removal., J. Hazardous Mater., 137, 456-463. (10) Yadav, A.K., Kaushik, C.P., Haritash, A.K., Kansal, A. and Rani, N., 2006, Defluoridation of groundwater using brick powder as an adsorbent., J. Hazardous Mater., 128, 289-293. (11) Fluoride Contamination in Drinking Water â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Review by Surendra Roy , Gurcharan Dass JCDM College of Engineering, Haryana, India
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