ISBN: 378-26-138420-01
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICCTER - 2014
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH CRYOGENIC WATER FUEL V.Prasanth1, Dr.R.Gnanaguru2 1 Final year Mechanical, Narasu’s Sarathy Institute of Technology,Salem. Email: prasanthvbala@gmail.com 2 Professor & Head / Mechanical, Narasu’s Sarathy Institute of Technology,Salem. Email: nsithodmech@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
2. PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN
Today we're going to pour a few drops of water into our car's fuel tank, and triple our mileage; we're going to electrolyze hydrogen from our municipal water supply and run our house; and with a cup of seawater, The most plentiful substance available on earth. We’re going to extract energy from water and solve the world's energy crisis. But the existing hydrolysis process suffers a serious of disadvantages; thereby the idea is to apply cryogenic principle in hydrogen gas to convert it in the form of liquid hydrogen for the better utilization as a fuel in the automobiles. Thus it serves as a renewable source of energy. Keywords: Hydrogen.
Cryogenics,
Hydrogen is the simplest, lightest and most plentiful element in the universe. Hydrogen is made up of one proton and one electron revolving around the proton. In its normal gaseous state, hydrogen is colorless, odorless, tasteless and non-toxic and burns invisibly and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. It is very abundant, being an ingredient of water and of many other substances, especially those of animal or vegetable origin. It may produce in many ways, but is chiefly obtained by the action of acids (as sulphuric) on metals, as zinc, iron, etc. It is very inflammable, and is an ingredient of coal gas and water gas. It is standard of chemical equivalents or combining weights, and also of valence, being the typical monad. Symbol H. Atomic weight 1.
Electrolysis,
1. INTRODUCTION
3. COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN
In this, hydrogen is separated from water through a process known as electrolysis. In the electrolysis hydrogen is separated from water by passing current to the water through electrodes. The hydrogen is trapped separately from the electrolysis kit and mixed with air for better calorific value. This mixed hydrogen and air is sent to the engine and the combustion is made. The exhaust produced will be a water vapor and this helps to minimize pollution.
Hydrogen has also combustion qualities as a fuel and energy source. The hydrogen must first be broken out from its compound form with oxygen as water (H20) using electrolysis or gathered by other means as it does not naturally occur by itself. Hydrogen cannot be mined or drilled as with fossil fuels. For production of hydrogen by electrolysis process requires
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electrical energy input. With this generated hydrogen combustion can be made.
graphite electrodes are inserted. Water is filled inside the electrolysis kit and then current is passed through electrodes to break the water.
4. PARTS NEEDED FOR EXTRACTION OF HYDROGEN GAS Electrolysis kit (To do electrolysis process) Compressor (To compress the hydrogen produced by electrolysis process D.C.Motor (To drive the compressor) Rheostat (To vary the speed of the compressor) L.P.G Tank (To store the hydrogen at a high pressure) Gas kit (to fix on the tank for safety)
Fig2: Electrolysis process in cooker. A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a substance from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. It is part of a bigger set named pressure safety valves (PSV) or pressure relief valves (PRV). The other parts of the set are named relief valves, safety relief valves, pilot-operated safety relief valves, low pressure safety valves, vacuum pressure safety valves. Adding Electrolyte: Electrolysis of pure water is very slow,. Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one millionth that of seawater. So, due to the mixing of the some electrolytic solution must be added like Sulphuric acid H2So4 or a base or salt, it will make easier to split up the hydrogen and oxygen.
a. Electrolysis Process Battery: The battery is an electro-chemical device for converting electrical energy into chemical energy. It stores the electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and provides a current for the electrolysis process. It is a 12V battery which supplies a 7Amps of current. Electrical wires are connected between the battery and the electrodes for the passage of current from battery to electrodes.
Electrolysis Process: The process by which we generate hydrogen (and oxygen) from water is called electrolysis. The word "lysis" means to dissolve or break apart, so the word "electrolysis" literally means to break something apart (in this case water) using electricity. Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an
Fig1: Battery and electrode. Electrolysis Kit: Electrolysis kit is made with safety measures. Cooker is used as a electrolysis kit. In the top of the kit two
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electric current being passed through the water. This electrolytic process is used in some industrial applications when hydrogen is
b. Compressor: A machine that increases the pressure of a gas or vapor (typically air), or mixture of gases and vapors. The pressure of the air is increased by reducing the specific volume of the air during passage of the air through the compressor. When compared with centrifugal or axial-flow fans on the basis of discharge pressure, compressors are generally classed as highpressure and fans as low-pressure machines.
needed.
Fig 3: Compressor Role of Compressor: In this compressor is used to compress the hydrogen produced by electrolysis process. Because the hydrogen produced by electrolysis process will not be at a sufficient pressure to store in a tank. So a compressor must be use for boosting the pressure of the hydrogen.
The calorific value of the hydrogen produced from electrolysis is 13,000 KJ/m3
c. D.C Motor: When a current passes through the coil wound around a soft iron core, the side of the positive pole is acted upon by an upwards force, while the other side is acted upon by a downward force. According to Fleming's left hand rule, the forces cause a turning effect on the coil, making it rotate. To make the motor rotate in a constant direction, "direct current" commutators make the current reverse in direction every half a cycle (in a two-pole motor) thus causing the motor to continue to rotate in the same direction.
Electrolysis of Water: An electric power source (Battery) is connected to the two electrodes i.e. (positive & negative).When electricity is sent to water through that electrodes, the oxygen atoms are attracted to the anode(positive electrode), and the hydrogen atoms are attracted to the cathode(negative electrode).These splitted atoms are appeared by a small bubbles. The generated amount of hydrogen is twice the amount of oxygen.i.e more bubbles come from cathode. Because in water hydrogen atoms is more than oxygen atoms (H2O).i.e. two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
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Role of D.C Motor D.C motor is used to run the compressor. There must be an input to run the compressor and so the motor is used to drive the compressor. The input for the motor is 12v battery. The current from the battery will run the motor, since the chain drive is taken between the motor and the one end of the compressor, the end is for the gear drive. The compressor will can able to run.
Fig5: COMPRESSOR, MOTOR AND RHEOSTAT f. Hydrogen tank: When the electrolysis process is going since the engine is also running by hydrogen. After some time there will not be hydrogen to continue the running the engine, when the hydrogen tank is not present. Because the electrolysis process is very slow. So due to the above reasons the hydrogen is stored with a high pressure in a 2kg cylindrical tank. This tank consists has a two valves., inlet and outlet. The inlet is for taking the compressed hydrogen gas from the compressor. The other valve is for releasing the gas present in the tank to the vaporizer. The gas regulator is employed at the outlet valve to prevent the backfire when it occurs.
Fig4: Compressor and Motor e. Rheostat: A rheostat is an electrical component that has an adjustable resistance. It is a type of potentiometer that has two terminals instead of three. The two main types of rheostat are the rotary and slider. The symbol for a rheostat is a resistor symbol with an arrow diagonally across it. They are used in many different applications, from light dimmers to the motor controllers in large industrial machines. In this technology, rheostat is used to vary the speed of the compressor in a required torque.
g. Gas regulator: A gas regulator is also proposed for a safety measures. If the gas regulator is not present in this system, the produced backfire will burst the tank as like as our cooking cylinder. This gas regulator is fixed at the top of the tank
Fig6: Tank with Gas Regulator
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Reasons for Storing the Hydrogen
6. CRYOGENICS
When the electrolysis process is going since the engine is also running by hydrogen. After some time there will not be hydrogen to continue the running the engine, if the hydrogen tank is not present. Because the electrolysis process is very slow. So due to the above reasons the hydrogen is stored with a high pressure in a 2kg cylindrical tank.
The word cryogenics stems from Greek and means "the production of freezing cold". Cryogenics is the study of the production and behavior of materials at very low temperatures (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K). A person who studies elements that have been subjected to extremely cold temperatures is called a cryogenicist. The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II, when scientists found that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear. Based on this theory of cryogenic hardening, the commercial cryogenic processing industry was founded in 1966 by Ed Busch
5. SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE Since the motor is running and it runs the compressor by chain drive, compressor sucks the produced hydrogen to compress it for a high pressure. From the outlet of the compressor the pressurized hydrogen come out due to the low pressure at the tank. When the low pressure is created at vaporizer which is next to tank, the compressed hydrogen flows to the vaporizer through the gas regulator. WORKING SYSTEM
PRINCIPLE
OF
7. PROPERTIES HYDROGEN
OF
LIQUID
The byproduct of its combustion with oxygen alone is water vapor (although if its combustion is with oxygen and nitrogen it can form toxic chemicals), which can be cooled with some of the liquid hydrogen. Since water is considered harmless to the environment, an engine burning it can be considered "zero emissions." Liquid hydrogen also has a much higher specific energy than gasoline, natural gas, or diesel. The density of liquid hydrogen is only 70.99 g/L (at 20 K), a relative density of just 0.07. Although the specific energy is around twice that of other fuels, this gives it a remarkably low volumetric energy density, many fold lower.
THIS
The low pressure produced in a vaporizer is due to the acceleration of the vehicle as like as engine carburetor principle. Now the pressurized hydrogen is passed to the carburetor through the vaporizer. And the hydrogen from the carburetor is passed to the engine and where the engine begins to start.
Liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic storage technology such as special thermally insulated containers and requires special handling common to all cryogenic fuels. This is similar to, but more severe than
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liquid oxygen. The triple point of hydrogen is at 13.81 K 7.042 kPa.
Fig7: Liquid Hydrogen stored in the tank Fig8: Linde’s Process
8. PROCESS OF LIQUIFICATION
b. CLAUDE'S PROCESS Air can also be liquefied by Claude's process in which the gas is allowed to expand isentropically twice in two chambers. While expanding, the gas has to do work as it is led through an expansion turbine. The gas is not yet liquified, since it would destroy the turbine. Final liquefaction takes place by isenthalpic expansion in a JouleThomson-Valve.
The hydrogen collected from the various processes is subjected to the liquefaction. The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures. It is done majorly by this two processes. 1. Linde's Process 2. Claude's Process a. LINDE'S PROCESS Air is liquefied by the Linde process, in which air is alternately compressed, cooled, and expanded, the expansion resulting each time in a considerable reduction in temperature. With the lower temperature the molecules move more slowly and occupy less space, so the air changes phase to become liquid.
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9. FUEL TANK
11. CONCLUSION
The liquid hydrogen is the fuel that we are going to use it in our system. The pressure of the tank is maintained at the 350atmospheres. The idea is to use a closed cycle helium refrigeration system to sustain hydrogen as a liquid itself.
Well!! Water servers the good source of energy for the fuel. This makes us to imagine “Filling fuel from our water tank” simply sounds awesome. Though applying cryogenics seems to be costlier, when we commercialize them it becomes very cheap when compared to petrol or diesel.
REFERENCES 1. S.S.Dara “A text book of engineering chemistry”. 2. "Cryonics is NOT the Same as Cryogenics". Retrieved 5 March 2013. 3. Shaw, David (2009). Cryoethics: Seeking Life After Death. Bioethics. ISSN 0269-9702(print); 1467-8519 (online). 23:9, 515-521. 4. “Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel” Almc.army.mil. Retrieved on 201108-28. 5. Thermophysical Properties of Hydrogen , nist.gov, accessed 201209-14 6. Handling, Transport and Storage of Cryogens. 7. William Cullen, Of the Cold Produced by Evaporating Fluids and of Some Other Means of Producing Cold, in Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh and Published by Them, II.
Fig 9: Hydrogen Storage Arrangement
10. WORKING PRINCIPLE Since BHP produced in the burning of liquid hydrogen is very large, it cannot be used directly. Instead the idea is to use a controlled injection system in this operation. The stroke length of piston is increased and the bore diameter is reduced, so that all the power is transmitted to the flywheel. The liquid hydrogen combines with air, only in the combustion chamber. Triple spark plug technology is used so that all the fuel is burned away. Since large amount of air is required for the combustion, turbo charger is used and its motive power is given to the blower to suck the air. When the combustion takes place purely with the oxygen alone, then the exhaust is just the water vapor.
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