VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER
Issue 1
VetReckon
- Veterinary Science Newsletter
Nov 15, 2016
EXCLUSIVE NEWSLETTER FOR VETERINARY SCIENCE STUDENTS
IN THIS ISSUE
Future of Veterinary Education in India by Dr. Ibne Ali Veterinary education in India starts transforming when VCI change the curriculum few years back. Although there was little change in academic syllabus but it mainly emphasizes active participation of students in practical activities. It is really welcoming step for veterinary sector in India because of central importance of veterinary services in rural economy. Our government since its inception greatly stress on skill development among our Indian youth. I personally realize and experience that in the past veterinary science didn’t seen from this perspective of skill development. Nobody can oppose this view that teaching in class cannot completely substitute the use of books. Considering this there are 3 pillars for comprehensive veterinary skill development among students i.e. teaching – knowledge interface whether it would be paper book or paperless electronic medium and third is inclusive practical exposure of students to variety of new cases. First pillar i.e. teaching is considerably strong in India and authorities overemphasize its need every time, but still there is scope for developing numerous innovative teaching techniques. For second pillar we have to work upon knowledge bank sort of thing like common knowledge repository which provide filtered information to the students. It is necessary because students are over relied upon internet which have considerable junk information for new students. To strengthen 2nd pillar we must introduce latest technology to keep veterinary knowledge up to date and streamlined on internet based repository. 3rd is last but not the least as it is the foundation of the performance which will be given by students in field conditions. As we know vet have to face variety of cases from mice to elephants and people expect that they treat any animal successfully so we have to look into such expectations and hence we need to developed a vet at least on B.V.Sc level who should be jack of all traits.
Breed of the month MURRAH
In Focus Changing needs with changing times
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
Breed of the month - MURRAH by
Sachin
MURRAH – PRIDE OF PUNJAB Punjab is known as milk capital of India and main contributor of this production is murrah buffalo which utilizes favorable environmental conditions and feed resources available in state CONTACT
axonvet@gmail.com
Origin & Breeding Tract Its home tract stretches around the southern parts of Haryana comprising the districts of rohtak, Jind, Hisar, Jhajhar, Fatehabad, Gurgaon and the Union Territory of Delhi.
Population
However, this breed has spread to almost all parts of the country and is being bred either
Murrah females in India (20.48 million i. e. about 20 % of country buffalo
in pure form or is being used as improver
population). Buffalo in Haryana increased from 3.37 million in 1982 to 6.03 million
breed for grading up local buffaloes. In fact,
in 2003 – an increase of about 80% in a period of 20 years (Statistical Abstract
this breed has even found and important
of Haryana). But decline in the buffalo population during 2003 (6.06 millions) to
place in the livestock industry of many
2007 (5.95 millions) in Haryana has also been noticed @ 0.34 percent per year.
developing
countries
Philippines,
Malaysia,
like
Bulgaria,
Physical Characters
Thailand,
China,
Nepal,
former
The color is jet black. Rarely white markings on face and leg extremities may be
USSR, Myanmar, Vietnam, Brazil and Shri
there, but are not preferred. It has short, characteristic tightly curled horns, turning
Lanka.
backward and upward and finally spirally curving inward. Eyes are black, active
Indonesia,
Bangladesh,
and prominent in females but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled i.e. cornea should not have whiteness. Neck is long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Ears are short, thin and alert. Udders are fully developed, drooping with equally distributed teats over the udder. Teats are long, and places uniformly wide apart but hind teats are longer than fore teats.
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VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER
Biometry Averages of length, height and heart girth of adult males are 150, 142 and 220 cm, and of females 148,133 and 202cm respectively. Average birth weight of male calves is 31.7 kg and that of female calves is 30kg. Adult body weight ranges from 450 to 800kg (average 567 kg) in males and from 350 to 700 kg (average 516kg) in females.
Production Traits Lactation Milk Yield Milk yield varies from place to place depending upon the management practices and environmental conditions under which animals are reared. Recorded milk yield varies between 1067.32±60.12 and 2014.00±52.00. Large herds have shown average yields as 1800 kg. Lactation Length Buffaloes with longer lactation length are generally high milk producers provided they are given sufficient dry period for replenishment before subsequent calving. Lactation length varies between 366.00±18.00 and 274.60±12.60. Peak Yield Similar to other traits, there is variation in peak yield as well but minimum peak yield of herds is more than 7 kg. Lifetime Milk Yield Buffaloes are not kept in the herd until their natural death, so calculation of milk production for whole life is not feasible in practice. Different criteria had been used for estimating lifetime milk production by different authors. Murrah buffaloes are known for their longevity and persistent yield even in later lactations. It varies between 9187.1±101.40, up to 5 lactations and 4474.61,up to 5 lactations (Mahdy, 1993).
Reproduction Traits Average age at first calving is 1,319 days and dry period averages are 187.6 days in the first lactation and 154.8days for overall lactations. Service period averages 177.1 days in first parity and 136.3 days in overall parities. First calving interval varies from 455 to 632 days (averages 488.1days), and overall calving interval varies from 430 to 604 days (average 452.9 days). Number of service per conception varies from 1.75 to 2.159 averages (1.93). Even though a period of 60 days is allowed as post-partum rest, Murrah in general has a long service period of 5-6 months.
Issue 1
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
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Science of Parasites TOXOCARIASIS Toxocara vitulorum is a species of parasitic roundworms that infects cattle, buffaloes, bisons and other bovids. It is also called Neoascaris vitulorum. It is found worldwide, including Europe, but is more abundant in regions with humid tropical or subtropical climate in Africa, America and Asia. Up to 100% of the calves can be infected in endemic regions with poor control measures. Water buffaloes seem to be particularly susceptible to Toxocara vitulorum infections. In one particular study conducted in India, it have been found that the prevalence was highest in calves ≤30 days old (42.5%), followed by those 30-60 days old (33.00%), and those 60-90 days old (27.27%).These worms do not affect sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs or cats.Related species are Ascaris suum that infects swine, Toxocara canis, that infects dogs and Toxocara cati that infects cats.The
Toxocara vitulorum egg, double layer showing pitted surface
disease caused by Toxocara vitulorum is called toxocariasis or toxocariosis.
Is livestock infected with Toxocara vitulorum contagious for humans? NO, There is still no evidence that Toxocara vitulorum can infect humans. However, eggs ingested by paratenic hosts can migrate to various tissues, and they could do so in humans as well. Human toxocariasis due to Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati is usually diagnosed through ELISA tests that are mostly incapable of distinguishing between these species and Toxocara vitulorum.
Site of Predilection Predilection site of adult Toxocara vitulorum is the small intestine. Migrating larvae can be found in numerous organs: lungs, trachea, bronchi, liver, kidneys, mammary glands, etc. How it looks alike? Adult Toxocara vitulorum are the largest worms that infect cattle. They can be up to 40 cm long and 7 mm thick, whereby females are larger than males. They have a whitish
attaching to the female during copulation.
for months and possibly years, but are
The eggs are almost spherical, about 70x80
sensitive to sunlight.
micrometers, have a thick and pitted membrane and contain a single cell. Life cycle of Toxocara vitulorum
ingesting embryonated eggs Larvae emerge from the eggs in the gut, penetrate
Toxocara vitulorum has a direct life cycle, i.e.
the gut's wall and migrate through the
there are no intermediate hosts involved.
bloodstream either to the liver, lungs,
Adult females lay eggs in the small intestine of
trachea, mouth, esophagus and back to the
the host that are shed with the feces.
small
color and a translucent aspect, and look very
Once in the environment L2-larvae develop
much like cooked spaghetti. As in other
inside the eggs in about 7 to 15 days at 27°C to
roundworms, the body of these worms is
30°C, the ideal temperature. Development
covered with a cuticle, which is flexible but
stops below 12°C but can resume when
rather tough. It forms two characteristic wing-
temperature rises again (It is apparently
like projections (alae) in the anterior end. The
visible that toxocara infestations are less seen
female ovaries are large and the uteri end in
in winters). These eggs are infective and
an opening called the vulva. Males have a
contaminate the pastures. They can survive
copulatory bursa with two short spicules for
Adult livestock becomes infected after
intestine
where
they
complete
development to adult worms and begin producing eggs; or they migrate to other tissues, including the mammary glands and the placenta of pregnant cows from where they can be transmitted to the calves or to unborn embryos, respectively. Larvae can survive on tissues for up to 5 months. Larvae that reach the mammary glands remain dormant until about 3
weeks before
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
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parturition when they are re-activated and
host, and can cause diarrhea (often putrid),
using its natural enemies) is so far not
passed to the sucklings with the milk during
colic, enteritis, loss of appetite and weight.
feasible.
the first 3 weeks after parturition (lactogenic
Due to the large size of the worms massive
transmission). Transmission through the milk
infections can obstruct the gut and even
seems to be the most frequent infection way
perforate it. Fatalities are not infrequent.
Numerous broad spectrum anthelmintics are
in calves.
Occasionally worms may also migrate
effective against adult worms and larvae in
through the bile duct and obstruct it causing
the
cholangitis.
(albendazole,
In infected calves, larvae that reach the intestine do not migrate but develop directly
Chemotherapeutics
gut,
e.g.
several
benzimidazoles
febantel,
fenbendazole,
oxfendazole, etc.), levamisole, as well as
to adult worms in about three weeks after
several macrocyclic lactones (e.g. abamectin,
birth or after being ingested with the milk.
doramectin,
Maximum egg output occurs in calves up to 3
eprinomectin,
ivermectin,
moxidectin). But not all of them are effective
months old, and ends quickly after.
against migrating larvae and/or arrested The prepatent period (time between infection and first eggs shed) is 3 to 4 weeks in calves.
larvae in the tissues. These anthelmintics are available for oral administration as drenches,
Diagnosis
In adult cows it is longer, depends on the
feed additives and/or tablets. Levamisole and
migration and dormancy periods. However, it
Diagnosis is based on detection of typical
most macrocyclic lactones are usually also
seems that most larvae do not complete
eggs in the feces. However, pregnant cows
available as injectable.
development and lay eggs in adult cows but
without any detectable eggs in their feces
are perinatally transmitted to the offspring.
may be infected with dormant larvae in the tissues that will be passed to their offspring. In some countries immunoassay (e.g. ELISA) are
Ingestion of embryonated eggs; penetrated gut wall
A few other narrow-spectrum anthelmintics such as tetrahydropyrimidines (e.g. morantel, pyrantel) and piperazine derivatives are effective against adult worms but may not
available for serological diagnosis.
control larvae and other roundworm species In calves they become mature and start laying eggs; they wont migrate in calves
Migrate through blood stream through various organs & back to intestine
Prevention and control
that often infect livestock simultaneously
Sound Management of Calves: Since calves
They also transmitted to calves through milk (most frequent way of infection)
Sometimes they migrated to placenta & transmitted to unborn calves
Pathology and Losses in Production Toxocara vitulorum is usually not pathogenic for adult cattle. But it can be very harmful to calves in tropical and subtropical regions with high mortality rates if left untreated.
are more susceptible against these worms
So far there are no reports on resistance of
and most infections are acquired perinatally
Toxocara vitulorum
from infected dams, it is essential to try to
most common anthelmintics
prevent the infection of pregnant cows. In
(benzimidazoles,
Indian conditions calves are kept with dams
macrocyclic
and heaps of manure often keep besides
lactones,
shed, under such conditions it is inevitable to
levamisole,
to the
escape from Toxocara infestations. It better to keep this manure away from shed and timely
treat
animals
with
appropriate
Migrating larvae can seriously damage
anthelmintics. Following hygienic practices
numerous organs in adult cattle, particularly
along with disinfection of calf places is highly
the lungs, where they can cause infections
recommended. So far no true vaccine is
with secondary bacteria and subsequent
available
pneumonia. In calves, the adult worms in the
Biological control of Toxocara vitulorum (i.e.
small intestine compete for nutrients with the
with Toxocara vitulorum worms.
against
Toxocara
vitulorum.
tetrahydropyrimidines, etc.)
in
contrast
gastrointestinal
with
many
roundworms
other (e.g.
Haemonchus spp, Cooperia spp, Ostertagia spp, Trichostrongylus spp), etc.
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
Veterinary around the globe Brainstorming discussions in international symposium at veterinary varsity
avenue for research and entrepreneurs exchange, share knowledge and facilities.
Source: TOI LUDHIANA: Various technical sessions were held on Friday in the on-going international symposium and 7th Conference of Indian Meat Science Association at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), here. ST Joo from Republic of Korea stressed on the food safety issues related with the different cooking techniques. He stressed that the cooking time at temperature should be selected with the eating quality parameters and killing of pathogens. GADVASU spokesperson said that there was a consensus that rampant slaughter of animals in lanes and bylanes of the city should be banned immediately. He added that the animal welfare should be considered and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulations should be followed in true spirit while transporting the animals. "Effective utilization of slaughter house by products will reduce the cost of meat effectively, simultaneously benefiting the animal producers and processors in getting more profits by getting higher price for his produce. More emphasis was given on reduction of environmental pollution", he said. Manish Kumar Chatli, organising secretary stressed on the development of valuable products from animal industry waste including biodegradable films, high value low volume processed by products such as bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), collagen sheets etc. BMP increases the healing of fracture by 4050% faster. Collagen sheets are being used in plastic surgery. V.V. Kulkarni, Director, National Research Centre (Meat) and President of society congratulated A.S. Nanda, Vice-Chancellor, GADVASU and Manish K. Chatli organizing secretary of IMSACON-VII for the grand organization of IMSACON-VII. NRCM has signed MoU with GADVASU, which will give the new
Elephant Sidda stands again Source: TOI A joint rescue operation by the Indian Army, Wildlife SOS and the Karnataka forest department resulted in successful moving the downed elephant 'Sidda' into a specially designed structure where the Wildlife SOS veterinarians can provide long term treatment to the ailing elephant. Two weeks ago, when Sidda had painfully extracted himself from the water and then collapsed, saving this 35-year old wild elephant with a fractured foreleg seemed well-nigh impossible. At 3 am Thursday, the Sappers from the MEG of the Indian Army and the field teams from wildlife conservation NGO Wildlife SOS and the forest department could finally stand back with immense pride as Sidda was gently eased into the giant improvised structure created by the army in record time on the request of Wildlife SOS. The severely injured elephant, who had been down on his side for a fortnight, was finally standing again.
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Robotic canine helps train veterinary students Source : NBCI4 ITHACA (NBC News) Cornell University has developed an innovative way to teach veterinary students to care for animals in emergency situations. Robo Jerry 2 is the creation of veterinary medicine Professor Dr. Daniel Fletcher. The technology is similar to human simulators used in medical schools across the country and is meant to bridge the gap between the classroom and the emergency room, but Robo Jerry 2 is unique to Cornell and gives veterinary students an opportunity to try managing a patient in real time. “It’s remarkable how much they engage in that process, so they tend to get nervous. They get very worked up about it. They get very emotionally invested,” Dr. Fletcher says. Cornell is also designing simulator parts to be used in robo-cats and possibly someday robo-horses. “When that real patient comes in that looks similar to that case they managed in simulation, they’re much more likely to jump in and then be involved because now they feel confident,” Dr. Fletcher says. He hopes that’s a confidence that will carry them into clinic.
One lakh ducks to be culled in Kerala Source : TOI ALAPPUZHA (Kerala): Kerala Animal Husbandry Minister K Raju on Wednesday said that one lakh ducks will be culled after avian flu (H5N1 virus) was reported in certain areas of the state's Alappuzha district. "Earlier what used to be done was all the poultry birds in a one square kilometre radius where such birds have been affected would be culled, but this time we have decided to only cull the ducks in areas where affected birds have been identified," said Raju at a meeting with stake holders and officials. Last week, the presence of the virus was detected in four villages of this district, following which around 38,000 ducks have been culled and the remaining would be done in the coming days.
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
1. The network of interrelated catabolic and anabolic pathways in cells is referred to as ______________ 2. A system that exchanges both energy and material with its surrounding is said to be ______________ 3. ________________ is a type of weak interaction that stabilizes the native conformation of a biomolecule or supramolecular complex. 4. The monomeric subunits of ________ are ribonucleotides. 5. The stretching and breaking of bonds that occurs during the conversion of a reactant to a product creates a ____________ state. 6. ____________ is a measure of randomness. 7. Enzymes enhance the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the __________ energy that constitutes an energy barrier between reactants and products.
13. ____________, _______________ and __________ are three classes of cytoskeletal proteins. 14. ________________ is a complex of RNA and protein. 15. ______________ are molecular complexes of DNA plus associated histone and nonhistone proteins.
9. ______________ is a component of eukaryotic cells consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
"Try before you Buy":
MEMORISING TRICKS
When read across the page, the tricuspid valve comes before the bicuspid valve.
Certain important things in veterinary sciences are necessary to remember in all circumstances. One can always expect these things from veterinary doctor. We try to provide you some memory tricks which will help you to remember veterinary science in an interesting way.
Also, the lunar valves are near the top (in the sky), like the moon.
1.Remember Extrinsic Pathway of Blood Coagulation
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Save ExPorT Too OFTEN Save – Factor Seven Ex – Extrinsic Pathway
8. mRNA molecules with two or more attached ribosomes are called ____________
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PorT – Prothrombin time is affected Too – Factor Two O – Factor One F – Factor Five TEN – Factor Ten
4.Hormones of Anterior Pituitary FLAGTOP
Luteinizing Hormone ACTH Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone MelatOnin Stimulating Hormone Prolactin
5. Krebs Cycle Cindrella Is Kinky So She Fools More Often
Summary - extrinsic pathway involves factor 1,2,5,7,10 and derangement cause prolong Prothrombin Time.
Citric acid
2. Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells ASSES
Ketoglutaric acid
11. The role of _____________ is to produce large number of ribosomes needed by the cell and have DNA that contain many copies of ribosomal RNA coding genes.
Acidosis: H+ ions move in.
Succinic acid
Starvation: catabolism of cells.
Fumaric acid
Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative).
Malic acid
Exercise: catabolism of cells.
Oxaloacetic acid
12. ________________ helps in the condensation of DNA molecule.
Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.
10. _____________ and _______________ are the two groups of extant prokaryotes.
3. Heart valves: placement of valves on standard heart anterior view
Isocitric acid
Succinyl CoA
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
In focus Changing needs with changing times
Is it possible to deliver animal healthcare product and services in remote tribal areas of India? by Dr Rahul Srivastava, Marketing
Officer, GALVMed
D
ifficult terrains, compromised infrastructure and wide distribution of backyard and smallholder livestock keepers in tribal areas are critical factors in poor animal healthcare product and service delivery in tribal areas. Government and non-government organizations are working on these challenging aspects while animal healthcare industry maintains its distance from this unorganized smallholder sector and emphasizing more on low-hanging fruits in fast-growing dairy and commercial poultry dominated organized livestock sector. Lack of awareness about prophylactic measures and basic husbandry practices make livestock vulnerable to many diseases in smallholder sector eg. Newcastle (Ranikhet) disease in poultry and PPR in goats. These diseases are easily preventable with vaccines and basic husbandry practices. Affordability and accessibility of customized packs of animal healthcare products for smallholder livestock keepers is required.
These customized products should be provided by quality human resource in tribal
areas. Awareness creation among underserved livestock keepers is another important area to be undertaken by welltrained human resource. As per recent surveys conducted in field suggests that vaccinating chicken leads to better nutrition and broaden economic avenues for poor households. A need of collaboration among government, non-government organizations and private organization has been realized in Odisha. To address this need, the Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed) has collaborated with Hester Biosciences Limited (to develop and distribute customised livestock vaccines and health care products), Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN) and Pathe Pathsahala (to strengthen animal health care services with quality community animal health workers) in Odisha (INDIA). (https://www.galvmed.org/en/voices-from-thefield/vaccinating-chickens-leads-better-nutritioncommunities-jharkhand-india/) (https://www.galvmed.org/en/diseases/chickenvaccine-broadening-economic-avenuesjharkhand-india/)
Kamdhenu scheme could change farmers’ fortune in Uttar Pradesh Dr Ibne Ali, Axonvet-Livestock Solutions, Delhi by
Nearly three years back enthusiastic and bold chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, Shri Akhilesh Yadav, brought kamdhenu scheme with holistic vision to improve milk production in the state. He believes that this scheme can change the fortune of dairy industry in UP and bring this looming sector into the new dimensions of growing food market. As we know UP is vast state and occupy nearly 9% of county’s land and carry 16% of country’s population faces many challenges on different fronts of development. Dairy scheme which was launch in 2013 had very good potential to uplift UP economically as
8 well as solve growing unemployment problem. If we look from dairy development perspective we can see that UP is number one milk producing state with 17% of total national production but its per animal productivity is seriously down trodden to approx.. 4lit per animal. Nearly half of the animals are non-milking which didn’t receive much care. Possible reason for this is well developed and deeply penetrated buffalo meat market due to which farmers seldom bother to make their animals pregnant. They believe that selling animals after milking is more beneficial than getting them pregnant. Basically these rates of non-milking animals forces farmers to keep low producing animals with them. Kamdhenu scheme was structured to increase the productivity of animals. It was stated that buffaloes purchased to start the dairy must be brought from outside the UP. Of course scheme holders went to Punjab and Haryana to purchase the animals. No doubt dairy animals in Punjab and Haryana are highly productive which is partly due to feeding and environment and partly due to genetic potential. But when these animals brought in UP their productivity goes down, which is mainly due to less scientific feeding practices and pre occupied notion that we could sell animal if it goes out of milk. Genetics of animals seldom identified and therefore matters because except crossbred cows whose genetic potential could be find out through pedigreed exotic bulls’ semen buffalo genetics cannot be determined successfully due to non-availability of pedigree records. In this scenario only feeding practices along with certain housing requirement can affect milk production of new animals. So considering this fact of underfeeding which might be due to lack of knowledge of importance of scientific feeding cause decreased in the productivity of imported animals. Government before dispensing loan to beneficiaries should conduct comprehensive training program under the guidance of dairy production experts and keep dairy nutritionist consultant with whom new farmers can ask their problems. Some mobile app should also be launched if government is serious to make this scheme successful for farmers
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
Benefits of Goat Milk an emerging nutraceutical
Herding of goats is thought to have evolved about 10,000 years ago in the mountains of Iran, making goats one of the oldest domesticated animals. Goat milk, and the cheese made from it was venerated in ancient Egypt with some Pharaohs supposedly placing these foods among the other treasures in their burial tombs (makbare). It is estimated that over 80% of the world’s goat population is located in Asia and Africa. By deduction, it is probable that more people in the world drink milk from goats than from any other animal.nNew markets and uses for goat milk are also being pursued, for example, as a basis for medicinal and infant foods. It is imperative that quality and safety of goat milk are optimised to ensure consumer confidence owing to the growing interest in existing and new goat dairy products worldwide. Two characteristics of goat milk fat have important consequences for manufacturing. One is the smaller size of the fat globules in goat milk in comparison to those in cow milk. In both species the fat globules range from 1 to 10 micron, but the number of fat globules smaller than 5 micron is ∼60% in cow milk whereas it is ∼80% in goat milk.
Goat milk is reported to form a finer curd than cow milk following acidification, which mimics the conditions in the stomach, suggesting it would be more readily digested concentrations of methionine and cysteine (sulfer amino acids), when added together, are equivalent in goat and human milk protein Taurine is particularly high in goat milk, being 20–40- times higher than cow milk (good for kidney health). Taurine is also beneficial for adults, helping to regulate blood pressure and possibly to alleviate other cardiovascular ailments (heart problems). Taurine alleviates muscle fatigue in strenuous workouts and raises exercise capacity (important for body builders) Most oligosaccharides (>95%) from human milk are resistant to digestion suggest that their main target of biological functions is the intestine of the new born baby. Cow milk allergy is considered a common disease with a prevalence of 2.5% in children during the first 3 years of life even as high as 20% in some areas (Nestle, 1987) Treatment with goat milk resolved between 30 and 40% of the problem cases, and in one particular study 49 of 55 treated children benefited from treatment with goat milk.
Medicinal value of goat milk: Goat milk contains a higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids, i.e., caproic (C6:0), caprylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0), which are partly responsible for the characteristic “goaty” odour of goat milk. In addition to contributing to the specific “goaty” flavour, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids in goat milk are known to: (i) be anti-bacterial, (ii) be antiviral, (iii) inhibit development and dissolve cholesterol deposits, and (iv) be absorbed rapidly from the intestine. As human milk lacks s1-casein, the low levels of s1- casein in some goat milks and higher proportion of -casein means that goat milk casein profile is closer to human milk than that of cow milk.
Goat milk typically contains between 250 and 300 mg/L oligosaccharides, 4–5 times higher than the content in cow milk. The oligosaccharides in goat milk are complex, with a profile most similar to human milk, in comparison to cows and sheep. Selenium (Se) is the main component of goat milk. Deficiency of Selenium and decrease in platelet count are the main complications of dengue fever. Goat milk as well as milk products are richest source of Selenium (Se) as comparison to cow and sheep milk.
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GOAT MILK IN INDIA & FUTURE OF ITS MARKETING Goat population in India is second highest in the world after china. Indian is having 135 millions of goats mainly concentrated in arid and semi-arid areas of the country. It was estimated by CIRG that around 41% of the total goats slaughtered for meat every year and 5% disease mortality rate. This fact tells us that goats are mainly reared for meat in India. But milk contribution is also cannot be ignored, as goats contributes nearly 4% of total milk production. During season of viral fever goat milk demand rises exponentially and it sold at soaring prices. No doubt that goats have many nutrients which are beneficial in combating viral fever. One factor in the uptick in goat milk sales are its purported health benefits. Though it’s not substantially different, chemically speaking, from cow milk, it has some advantages: more calcium, magnesium, potassium and Vitamin C, for example. Though goat milk still has lactose, it has less than cow milk, and its proteins are a bit different. In fact, it’s actually more similar to the structure of breast milk than cow’s milk is, which is one theorized reason why it might be easier on the tummy. India is growing goat milk market due to extra health consciousness which is started in India.
VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
Identify the Conditions & Recommended Treatment 1 You are presented with two 15-monthold dairy heifers which have been housed for 2 weeks and fed the remains of last year’s silage clamp before the new clamp is opened. The heifers are very weak and unable to rise (1a). The farmer had noted that one heifer in the group of 84 was unsteady on its hind legs the previous evening. None of the other heifers show any abnormal clinical signs. Both heifers appear dull and depressed and are unable to rise. There is profound weakness of the limb muscles. The rectal temperature is normal for each heifer. The heifers do not eat but can swallow. There are ruminal move ments but only scant mucuscoated faeces are passed.
i. What conditions would you suspect? (Most likely first.) ii. What treatments would you administer?
1 i. The most likely conditions to consider include: botulism; lead poisoning; listeriosis; blackleg; re - cumbency and en dotoxaemia associated with septicaemia. There is no readily available diagnostic test for botu linum toxin. There was no access to poultry waste/carcasses, the most common source of botulinum toxin, but the farmer often shot a large number of feral pigeons in the shed that may have resulted in carcass contamination of the clamp silage which was not sheeted. ii. There is no specific treatment although cattle displaying only pelvic limb weakness may recover over 7–14 days. In this problem, one heifer deteriorated rapidly overnight (paralysis of tongue and masticatory muscles, head averted against chest) and was euthanased for welfare reasons. The other recumbent heifer was destroyed for welfare reasons 2 days later. iii. To control this problem the old silage was discarded and the new silage pit opened. No further cases of botulism were reported in this group. Other control measures include preventing access to potentially contaminated feedstuffs especially poultry waste. Poultry manure is often used as a fertilizer applied directly to pasture (1b). Several recent outbreaks of botulism have been tentatively linked to feeding bakery waste to cattle.
iii. What control measures could be adopted?
For all types of livestock and poultry consultancy contact Axonvet – Livestock & Poultry Solutions www.axonvet.com | +91-9557907955
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VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1
VetReckon - Veterinary Science Newsletter
NFC, Okhla, New Delhi Delhi – 110025 Dear Readers, This is our first issue with the sole aim to serve the veterinary education in India. With time and your precious suggestions we will improve in future. For the same, your articles, suggestions & ads are invited. Please write us on following address ibnester@gmail.com +91-9557907955
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