The Indian Trader - September 2018 by IBuildMagazines.com

49 Years And Still Going Strong!

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Volume 49, Number 9 / September 2018

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Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

TV’s Lone Ranger Silver Saddle Sells for $153,400 See Page 10

Cody Old West Show

Department of the Interior’s Indian Craft Shop Turns 80

Draws Huge Crowds See Page 11

Whatever Happened to AIM?

See Page 7

See Page 5

Indian Trader Newspaper

“Sunset of the Ancients” courtesy of Tom Alexander Photography. Lomaki Anastazi Ruins near Flagstaff, Arizona. (If only stones could talk.)

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

September 2018 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Whatever Happened toFive AIM?... �� The Richardsons: Generations of Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �� Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................66 Tombstone Rocks Gunman Frank Leslie... �� Walking on“Buckskin” Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................86

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DepartmentEvents of the Interior’s Indian Shop Turns 80 �� Premiere Highlight theCraft Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................107

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TV’s Lone Directory Ranger Silver............................................................................................15-17 Saddle Sells for $153,400 at Lebel’s Old West Auction in Santa Fe �� 10 Business

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Cody Old West Show Draws Huge Crowds and Big Sales At Its New Santa Fe Home �� 11 Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18

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Order Form Ads ................................................................................18 The Indian Talesfor of Classified Mary Nelson �� 12

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THE INDIAN TRADER September 2018

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September 2018 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER September 2018

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Whatever Happened to AIM? By Tom Surface

Photo Captions Left: Government Agent collects firearms after the siege ends. Above: Russell Means & Dennis Banks at Wounded Knee, 1973. Below: AIM member stands guard during the siege.

The American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in 1968 by Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, George Mitchell, and other Native leaders as a militant political and civil rights organization. The issues high on AIM’s agenda were police brutality, high unemployment of Native Americans, poverty, and the federal government’s failure to honor treaties made with Native American tribes – known as the “Trail of Broken Treaties.” From November 1969 to June 1971, AIM members occupied Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay saying they had the right to it under a treaty provision granting them unused federal land. In November 1972, AIM members briefly occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C., to protest programs controlling reservation development. Then, in early 1973, AIM orchestrated the dramatic occupation of Wounded Knee in South Dakota. In addition to its historical significance, Wounded Knee was one of the poorest communities in the United States and shared with the other Pine Ridge settlements some of the country’s lowest rates of life expectancy. Two years later, in 1975, at the Pine Ridge Reservation, two FBI agents and a Native man were killed in a shoot-out between federal agents and AIM members and local residents. In the trial that followed, AIM member Leonard Peltier was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to two consecutive life terms. (Peltier remains in prison today.) With many of its leaders in prison, AIM disbanded in 1978. Local AIM groups con-

tinued to function, however, and in 1981 one group occupied part of the Black Hills in South Dakota. Congress took no steps to honor broken Indian treaties, but in the courts some tribes won major settlements from federal and state governments in cases involving tribal land claims. Today’s AIM is much more docile and mainstream from their “bad ass” past of the ‘60s and ‘70s. AIM describes itself as a “nationwide organization continuing to sustain the rights outlined in Native American treaties, work for the equal treatment of Native individuals, and preserve spiritual customs and indigenous traditions.” Presently, two factions exist - the Autonomous Chapters of the

American Indian Movement and the American Indian Movement Grand Governing Council. The new “American Indian Movement” calls for tackling new generational issues, focusing mainly focus on substance abuse and loss of Native cultural values. For AIM to survive another 50 years, new leaders will have to find ways to make the organization relevant to a new generation not familiar with ’70s-style revolution and find ways to make amends for the group’s darker years. Present day members hope to spread awareness on Indian politics and the ever-present discrimination made based on race, class, and gender. According to AIM’s new leaders, “Today’s movement can build on the fact that, the generation before them are in jail or dead, and they’re sort of left with systemic poverty and time on their hands.” Today, such issues as objecting to degrading Indian names for sports’ teams names and mascots join the agenda of cultural issues AIM aims to tackle. AIM leaders contend that because of AIM’s efforts over the past fifty years, Native Americans are still united to combat present-day issues. The AIM website stated that, “No one, inside or outside the movement, has so far been able to destroy the will and strength of AIM’s solidarity. Men and women, adults and children are continuously urged to stay strong spiritually, and to always remember that the movement is greater than the accomplishments or faults of its leaders.” Article compiled from multiple sources.

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Due to possible website and show date changes, we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip. Thank you.

August 11-12 BEST OF SANTA FE AUCTION ALLARD AUCTION Scottish Rites Center Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 888-314-0343 allardauctions.com

September 8 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION 402 Florence Street Casa Grande, AZ. Info @ 520-426-7702 WesternTradingPost.com

August 16-19 RB BURNHAM AUCTIONS Historic El Dorado Hotel Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 928-688-2777 Rbburnhamtrading.com

September 14-15 SMOKI MUSEUM ART & RUG AUCTION R.B. BURNHAM AUCTIONS Smoki Museum Prescott, Arizona Info @ 928-688-2777 Smokimuseum.org

August 16-19 SANDBAR TRADING AND WESTERN TRADING POST SHOWS Historic El Dorado Hotel De Vargas Room Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 316-655-7447 September 3-9 72ND NAVAJO FAIR Window Rock, Arizona Info @ 928-871-6478 September 8 FRIENDS OF HUBBELL AUCTION R.B. BURNHAM AUCTIONS Gallup Community Service Center Gallup, New Mexico Info @ 505-722-9230 Rbburnhamtrading.com

September 22-23 67th ANNUAL CHICKAHOMINY POW WOW At the Tribal Grounds Charles City, Virginia Info @ 804-557-3775 chickahominyindiantribe@gmail.com September 28-29 EITELJORG MUSEUM JEWELRY SALE & APPRAISALS R.B. BURNHAM AUCTIONS Indianapolis, Indiana Info @ 928-688-2777 Rbburnhamtrading.com

Do you have an Event or Show coming up? Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

Tombstone Gunman “Buckskin” Frank Leslie In the 1880s, Tomb stone was home to many gunman who never achieved the enduring fame of Wyatt Earp or Doc Holliday of OK Corral fame. Franklin “Buckskin” Leslie was one of the most notorious of these largely forgotten outlaws. There are few surviving details about Leslie’s early life. At different times, he claimed to have been born in both Texas and Kentucky, to have studied medicine in Europe, and to have been an army scout in the war against the Apache Indians. No evidence has ever emerged to support or conclusively deny these claims. The first historical evidence of Leslie’s life emerges in 1877, when he became a scout in Arizona. A few years later, Leslie was attracted to the money-making opportunities of the booming mining town of Tombstone, where he opened the Cosmopolitan Hotel in 1880. That same year he killed a man named Mike Killeen during a quarrel over Killeen’s wife, and he married the woman shortly thereafter. Leslie’s reputation as a cold-blooded killer brought him trouble after his drinking companion and fellow gunman John Ringo was found dead in July 1882. Some Tombstone citizens, including a young friend of Ringo’s named Billy “The Kid” Claiborne, were convinced that Leslie had murdered Ringo, though they could not prove it. Probably seeking vengeance and the notoriety that would come from shooting a famous gunslinger, Claiborne unwisely decided to publicly challenge Leslie, who shot him dead. The remainder of Leslie’s life was equally violent and senseless. After divorcing Killeen in 1887, he took up with a Tombstone prostitute, whom he murdered several years later during a drunken rage. Even by the loose standards of frontier law in Tombstone, the murder of an unarmed woman was unacceptable, and Leslie served nearly ten years in prison before he was paroled in 1896. After his release, he married again and worked a variety of odd jobs around the West. He reportedly made a small fortune in the gold fields of the Klondike region before he disappeared forever from the historical record.

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Shop Director, Susan Pourian, being interviewed by Voice of America.

Department of the Interior’s Indian Craft Shop Turns 80 By Tom Surface

The Department of the Interior may seem like an unlikely shopping destination for visitors to Washington, DC, but fans of Native American arts and crafts are in for a great surprise. Opened in 1938 and located on the first floor in the U.S. Department of the Interior’s headquarters building, The Indian Craft Shop represents the unique works of American Indian artists from across the country. This impressive shop is historically preserved -- original murals, painted the year the Shop opened, by the late Allan Houser (Apache), and the late Gerald Nailor (Navajo). For 80 years, the Shop has connected American Indian art enthusiasts with handmade treasures created by established, and emerging Native American artists from across North America. The Shop features hand-woven baskets and rugs, beaded textiles, jewelry, fetish carvings, Kachina carvings, sand paintings and Alaskan crafts from more than 55 tribal groups. The Shop also features a large-scale sculpture garden in its picturesque outside courtyard and plays host to a number of special events throughout the year. Glancing backwards as well as forwards, the historical files of the Shop continued on page 8

Pete Yazzie (Navajo) stands behind his ‘Pack of Running Wolves’ statues at the Indian Craft Shop Sculpture Garden.

September 2018 THE INDIAN TRADER

Page 8 continued from page 7 take one on a nostalgic journey to discover the “Who’s Who” of Indian arts and craft. Generations of families have both sold and bought, in this special shop, on the Interior Department’s first floor. In the Shop’s historical files is an invoice from 1938 showing that world-renowned San Ildefonso potter Maria Martinez sold 16 pieces of her pottery to the newly established shop in Washington, D.C. for a grand total of $24.10! Her family’s representation in The Indian Craft Shop has continued over the years including work from Maria’s great-granddaughter Barbara Gonzales and her great-great-grandson Caven Gonzales. Adjacent to the Buffalo Hunt mural painted by his father, Allan Houser, Phillip Haozous’ bronze sculptures and his latest handmade jewelry creations are displayed for sale. Other Native families have been prominently featured over the years including the late Navajo jeweler Gloria Yellowhorse along with her son Richard and sister Artie. Hopi Kachina carver, Tino Youvella and his sons Preston and Alexander, and now his grandson Dominic East, to mention only two of the many talented families whose beautiful works are showcased. Over the past 80 years, The Indian Craft Shop has developed a national reputation for carrying a diverse selection of authentic American Indian arts and crafts. The Shop offers quality Native items for first-time buyers who fall in love with a certain piece, as well as experienced collectors. Southern Living Magazine described the Shop this way: “The room is filled with the kind of carefully selected Indian crafts you might expect to

FRIENDS OF HUBBELL AUCTION

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AUCTION Saturday RUG October 7th, 2017 Gallup Community Service Center 9AM-6PM DST

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Saturday October 7th, 2017 9AM-6PM DST

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find in a prestigious gallery on Canyon Road in Santa Fe. Instead, it’s in the middle of Washington, D.C.” The shop will be celebrating the arts throughout its 80th (oak) anniversary year. The best way to stay informed about all the news coming from The Indian Craft Shop, is to visit www.indiancraftshop.com. Be sure to visit this very special shop on your next trip to Washington, D.C. – it is certain to be a highlight of your trip!

2 0 1 7 2 0

Native American Arts AUCTION!

NAVAJO NAVAJO

Saturday, 2018 CTION SaturdaySeptember October 7th,8,2017

the worlds classic artPreview: forms. GallupCollect Comminityone ServiceofCenter 9-11am DST More than 400 vintage and contemporary 410 Batann Veterans Street Auction at Noon Navajo Weavings from artists and trading Gallup,posts New Mexico friendsofhubbell.org will87305 be featured in this auction.

Above: Charlene and Frank Reano (San Felipe and Santo Domingo) arriving at the Shop for their Featured Artist event. Following Page: Mural showing Native Americans by artist Gerald Nailor at the Interior Department Building, Washington, D.C.

Katsina Dolls, jewelry, baskets, and silversmith works will also be available in the auction and through approved vendors.

Auction Preview: 9:00 – 11:30 am DST Auction: Noon – 6:00 pm DST

FRIENDS FRIENDS OF OF HUBBELL HUBBELL Auction Auction Preview: Preview: 9-11:30 9-11:30am amDST DST friendsofhubbellauction@gmail.com AUCTION AUCTION Location NAVAJO

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RUG RUG AUCTION AUCTION Gallup

Auction: Auction: Noon-6:00 Noon-6:00pm pmDST DST

Free Free to to the the Public Public Proceeds Proceeds benefit benefit and and support support Native Native Community Service Center American American College College Scholarships Scholarships

Collect Collect one one of of the the410 worlds worlds Bataam Veterans Street classic classic art art forms. forms. More More than than Location: Location: Gallup, New Mexico 87301 Free to the Public 400 400 vintage vintage and and contemporary contemporary Gallup Gallup Community Community Service Service Center Center 505-722-9230 Navajo Navajo Weavings Weavings from from artists artists 410 410 Bataan Bataan Veterans Veterans Street Street No admission charge and and trading trading posts posts will will be be Gallup, Gallup, New New Mexico Mexico 87301 87301 No Buyer registration fee featured featured in in this this auction. auction. 505-722-9230 505-722-9230

Exit 22 From I-40, Free parking All CC Accepted Exit Exit 22 22 From From I-40 I-40 Katsina Katsina Dolls, Dolls, jewelry, jewelry, baskets, baskets, Proceeds benefit & support Native and and silversmith silversmith works works will will also also be be available available in in the the auction auction and and American College Scholarships through through approved approved vendors. vendors.

NONPROFIT NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION US USPOSTAGE POSTAGE PAID PAID PHOENIX, PHOENIX,AZ AZ PERMIT PERMIT##1758 1758

THE INDIAN TRADER September 2018

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September 2018 THE INDIAN TRADER

TV’s Lone Ranger Silver Saddle Sells for $153,400 at Lebel’s Old West Auction in Santa Fe The iconic silver saddle was seen in the 1950s and 60s television and film series “The Lone Ranger” The 29th Annual Cody Old West Auction was standing room only when more than 300 people packed the auction floor at the Santa Fe Convention Center on June 23, 2018, to join in the live auction of 289 lots of fine Western art and artifacts. Bidders also filled the busy phone lines and flocked to the Internet, with the auction ultimately realizing well more than $800,000 in total sales with over 300 active bidders participating from around the globe. The top selling lot of the night was lot 216, the Lone Ranger’s Edward H. Bohlin silver saddle, which sold for $153,400 to an excited phone bidder after a frenzied bidding war. The realized price was more than triple the low estimate of $40,000, proving that the early Hollywood cowboys haven’t lost their appeal. When the Lone Ranger saddle finally hammered down as sold, the excited crowd erupted into cheers and applause. Saddles were strong across the board. A stunning Mexican silver saddle, decorated with pitiado embroidery, sold for just over its high estimate with a realized price of $18,880. An Ed Bohlin child’s silver parade saddle was one of the night’s bargains at $20,060, nearly $10,000 less than its low estimate. One of the more exciting bidding wars of the evening was between bidders on the floor and a determined phone bidder, in a race for the original tin sign that hung outside the Lincoln County Saloon across the street from where Billy the Kid shot and killed Pat Garrett’s deputies. Estimated at $8,000-12,000, it ultimately realized $12,980 to the phone bidder. Historic firearms made a strong showing, with a pair of Texas Ranger engraved service revolvers bringing $64,900, more than 4 times their low estimate of $12,000. A pair of rare Colt Single Actions sold for $18,880 to an excited floor bidder, and a Colt Model 1848 Baby Dragoon revolver sold for more than 6 times its low estimate of $2,500 eventually realizing $15,340 to a phone bidder. Auction owner Brian Lebel is thrilled with the results. According to Lebel, “We registered an astounding amount of new bidders that have never participated in one of our sales before. It’s exciting to know that interest in Americana and the American West is growing. We’re even seeing younger bidders, which is really a change over the past few years.” The 30th Annual Cody Old West Auction will be held in Santa Fe, NM, on Saturday, June 22nd, 2019. Brian Lebel’s Old West Events’ next auction will be the 29th annual Mesa Old West Auction, which will feature a two-night sale that includes the photography and artifact collection of Robert G. McCubbin. Details available at www.oldwestevents.com or by calling 480-779-9378.

Above: The Lone Ranger Silver Saddle. Left: Indian Dress Following Page Left: More than 3,000 shoppers flocked to the Cody Old West Show. Right: George Postrozny of the Tahoe Rug Studio, Reno, Nevada.

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Cody Old West Show Draws Huge Crowds and Big Sales At Its New Santa Fe Home continued from page 11

By Tom Surface

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing. This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native American, western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious collectors. Even the very famous decorators and interior designers attend the show, seeking just the right touch to create the “perfect” southwest or native motif for their clients. This year, as in the past, the show also drew representatives from many of the major international and domestic clothing and jewelry designers and their buyers. Cowboys & Indians had something for everybody. Proceeds from the show’s general admission customers this year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime Series and The Albuquerque Museum’s Magic Bus Program. auction consignments are already being accepted. Lebel’s next show will be the 29th Annual Mesa Old West Show, scheduled for January 25-27, 2019 in 14 Mesa, Arizona. More information cancontinued be found on at page oldwestevents.com or by calling 480-779-9378.

Brian Lebel’s 29th Annual Cody Old West Show hosted 115 vendors and over 3,000 serious shoppers at its inaugural Santa Fe weekend event. More than 3,000 shoppers flocked to the 29th annual Cody Old West Show, June 22-24, 2018. Shoppers mingled the 115 vendors in attendance during the course of the busy weekend. This is the first time the show has been held in Santa Fe, NM, and the move appears to have been a good one, with both dealers and shoppers alike proclaiming it, the “best show we’ve seen in years!” Vendor space was sold out at 115 total vendors, all of whom were extremely happy with the turnout, the age range, and most importantly, sales. Many people remarked that the show was “Just like the old Cody days,” or “The busiest show I’ve had in decades!” The only complaint was that there were so many shoppers; it was difficult to get through the aisles! According to Brian Lebel, “That’s a complaint we’re happy to receive.” Similarly to the auction, there were many new faces, and many young faces. “There were more people in our show under the age of forty than I have ever seen at a Western show, and I think that bodes well for the future of our business,“ Lebel said. Reviews of the show have been incredibly positive on all fronts, and according to Lebel, more than half of the vendors have already applied for next year’s June event in Santa Fe. “I am thankful to the dealers who signed up to do the show in its first year at a new location, and to the people of Santa Fe and the surrounding areas for coming out and supporting us.” He added, “We had so much fun, we can’t wait to do it again next year. The 30th annual Cody Old West Show & Auction is scheduled for June 22-23, 2019, at the Santa Fe Convention Center. Vendor applications and

Original Native American Art & Jewelry Pendleton Robes and Shawls Native American Music Flutes • Pottery Rugs • Native American Church supplies Carvings • Native Bookstore Enamel and Cast Iron Ware On the corner of Nizhoni and Highway 602 in Gallup POB 636 • Gallup, NM 87305

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September 2018 THE INDIAN TRADER

The Indian Tales of Mary Nelson By Sylva Mularchyk

In the early 1920s, my mother, Mary Hazlett Nelson, taught school for several years at the Heart Butte Indian Reservation, near Browning, Montana. My father, Jens Nelson, at that time was in charge of the Blackfoot Agency at Heart Butte. The tales, which follow are taken from my mother’s journal and are her impressions of the Indians she met and knew and of their customs and beliefs.

“A long time ago, I had so many dogs that I could not feed them. I was determined to make an end to them. I killed all but one. Soon after that, my wife died. I married again and that wife died. Again I married and my wife died. A fourth, a fifth, a sixth and even a seventh time, I married and each wife died. I now have my eighth wife and I do not want to kill any more dogs for fear she too will die. “No, Nepanye, I dare not kill my dogs.”

LAST STAR’S DOGS Upon opening the door of Last Star’s cabin in response to his “okee,” I had to step aside while eight or 10 dogs bounded out. Last Star was seated on the floor with his family around him. He arose with a smile of welcome on his leathery face and made signs for me to be seated on a robe spread out before me. Last Star is a “patent-in-fee” Indian, which means that he has received his citizenship rights. He is no longer a ward of the government and therefore must support himself. I asked him, though my interpreter, about his health and about his activities in the farming program, which was the real purpose of my visit. I was very conscious of the poverty about me.

THE MEDICINE BEAR Makakee, which means Short Woman, is so old that no one knows her age. She is so shriveled and shrunken that I wonder some of these strong winds do not blow her away. She loves to tell stories of the old days before the white man came to take away the Indian’s hunting grounds. I would often open my front door and find her sitting on the steps – a tiny wisp of a woman, almost blind. A little questioning and she would soon launch into one of her favorite themes. Today it is about the Medicine Bear. As she talked only Piegan (the name by which the Blackfeet call themselves), I called Pete, my interpreter. The following is what she said as she puffed on her pipe.

TOO MANY DOGS After listening to his report, I said in a casual way, “Don’t you think you have more dogs than you can take care of? It must take much food for them.” One has to approach the subject of superfluous canines with great care. Last Star hesitated for an instant and then replied, “Yes, what Nepanye (the name the Indians gave me) says is true. I have too many dogs, but I do not dare to kill them. I will tell you why.

WAR WITH THE CROW “The Blackfeet were always at war with the Crow. There was bitter enmity between the two tribes. They were always stealing each other’s horses, scalping members of each other’s tribes and destroying villages. At one time, the Crow stole almost a hundred of the Blackfeet women. “My husband, Isoyomakwa, was a great warrior and very brave. One time he was away with the tribe fighting the Crow.

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He was badly wounded and fell from his horse. In the mad rush, there was no time to look after anyone who had fallen and he was left behind as the rest of the tribe went on. Isoyomakwa lay where he had fallen until the setting of the sun. A little strength came to him then and he crawled until he came to a steis-ca or sweat lodge. He crawled into the lodge and lay down to sleep. He slept for three days and nights.

GET UP AND GO HOME “When he awoke, a bear was lying just outside the wickiup, facing him, with its heads between its paws. The bear told him to get up and go home to his people, which the Crow were beaten and had fled terrified. Isoyomakwa got up and started for the Blackfoot village. He looked around and saw the bear following him. He became weaker and weaker but still struggled on. Finally, the bear came up to him and said, ‘Get on my back. I will take you home.’ “Isoyomakwa got upon the bear’s back. The bear trotted along until soon they came in sight of the Indian encampment. Isoyomakwa rode to the door of his lodge on his strange steed. There he dismounted.” GREAT JOY “I was waiting for him and welcomed him with great joy and gave him meat and drink and cared for his wounds. The next morning the bear was still near the camp. Isoyomakwa told it to go, that its work was done. He told all the people that the bear was now our ‘medicine’ or protector. Since then none of Isoyomakwa’s descendants has ever harmed a bear, nor been harmed by one.” Makakee finished her story and puffed on her pipe. “Is that all true?” I asked. “Ahh-Yei…” she keened, meaning “Yes, I saw it myself!” I turned to the interpreter. “Do you believe it,” I asked. “Yes, I do.” “But such things don’t happen now, Pete.” “Perhaps not, but they did in those days. Makakee saw it and so did Beaver Woman. I know it is true.” THE BIG KILL I looked again at the old woman, Makakee, as she crouched on the porch steps, smiling to herself, thinking of fond memories of the past. Her moccasins were beaded and she had a bright colored shawl drawn tight around her shoulders. Her thin grey hair hung in a braid on each side of her face. Her skin was wrinkled and yellow like dried parchment, except for two spots of red paint on each cheekbone. She puffed musingly on her pipe, occasionally refilling it with kinnekinic from the pouch at her side. “What are you thinking of now, Makakee?” I asked. Her answer was that she was thinking of the event known among the Blackfeet as the “Big Kill,” which had happened so long ago that only a few of the very oldest in the tribe remembered it. “Tell me about it, Makakee,” I asked. THE CAREFREE DAYS She began by lamenting about the carefree days of long ago when Isoyomakwa, her husband, had led the braves of the Piegan nation forth to battle and returned with many scalps and horses. “What a feast we had when they returned! Everyone ate buffalo meat until he could hold no more,” she said. “The medicine men and the braves danced, stories were told, and songs were sung!” How old Makakee’s dim eyes glowed remembering those happy days. She lived entirely in the past; the present held no charms for her. “Many years ago, this country was very different,” she continued. “There were no white men. There were no reservations. Great herds of buffalos grazed in the valleys. “We Indians roamed at will over these vast mountains and camped beside the beautiful lakes. We lived in tepees and could move whenever we wanted to. When food became scarce in one place, we moved to another where it was more plentiful. HUNTING AND FISHING “The braves hunted deer, elk and buffalo. The boys and young men caught fish in the streams and lakes. The squaws skinned the animals and prepared the meat. The old men and women tanned the hides and made robes from them. The women and old men did all the work of the camp. One day, the scouts brought news of a big herd of buffalo not far from the head waters of the Big Badger River. The tribe had been without meat for several days and everyone was happy at the news. Preparations were made to go at once. The fastest buffalo horses were caught. White Quiver, who had made a record kill of 10 buffalo at one time, and the other braves who had many buffalos to their credit, rode in front.” THE TRAVOIS “The other young men came next on their fastest horses. While the women continued on page 14

Page 14 continued from page 13 rolled up the tepees, the old men fixed the travois and tied us children on them.” A travois is made with two long poles tied to a horse, one on either side. A buffalo skin is fastened to the poles, making a kind of basket to be drawn behind the horse. I pictured a little Indian child, just a few years old, tied snugly in this basket. Makakee continued: “My mother led the horse and carried the papoose, my brother, on her back. Other women were doing the same. We could not go fast. It was not long until the ones ahead of us were out of sight. I played happily in the travois until I went to sleep.”

THE WAR PARTY “A terrible war whoop woke me. It rings in my ears now. A band of warriors was coming over the hills not half a mile behind us. Terror filled our hearts. Our braves were too far away and the old men were too weak to protect us. Everyone was crying: ‘The Crow! The Crow!’ They had always been our enemies. Even we children had been taught to hate and fear them. My mother jumped on the pony’s back and lashed his sides. Bump, bump went the travois over the hard, rough ground. The Crow were soon upon us, heading off the horses and swinging the women up in front of them on their own horses. A warrior rode close behind us.” A LUCKY ESCAPE “My mother saw him coming and she lashed the pony fiercely. He gave a great leap and just then the thongs, which bound me in the travois, loosened and I rolled out of my little nest. I rolled over and over into a clump of bushes. I lay very still so no one would find me. I watched the Crow ride away with many of our women, but my mother I did not see. The sun was so hot that I soon went to sleep again. I did not know any more until hours later. I heard my mother cry joyfully, ‘Here she is!’ They had been hunting me for a long time and were just about to give up. My father picked me up and took me to the camp on his own horse. When we got there. I heard the cry of mourning. The whole camp was weeping over the loss of 100 women, stolen by the Crow.” WHAT HAPPENED? “Some of the men were talking about what had happened. It seemed that Boy Chief, who had not been old enough to go on the buffalo hunt with the braves,

September 2018 THE INDIAN TRADER had slipped away at first sight of the enemy and rode as fast as he could to warn the buffalo hunters. On learning the danger the women were in, the warriors turned and rode back. When the Crow saw our braves coming, part of them escaped with the women, while the rest stayed behind to fight. Our warriors outnumbered theirs and there was a terrible battle in which nearly all the Crow were killed. Many of the Blackfeet braves too went to the Happy Hunting Ground. “Some of our braves tried to overtake the Crow who had the women, but they had gone too far. We never saw them again. Ever since that day, this has been known among the Blackfeet as ‘The Big Kill.’”

AN INDIAN DANCE I do not think the Blackfeet Indians are very many degrees removed from savagery. About the only tribal custom, which they do not adhere to tenaciously, is that they no longer scalp whites. How like children they are! Naughty children, it is true—spoiled and desiring their own way in everything—but is that not characteristic of our own more civilized race? I recently attended a dance of the Blackhorse Society. It was a dance in which every Indian appeared in full dress—a beautifully beaded suit of white buckskin, with beaded moccasins, face painted in fantastic designs, and a tall warbonnet made of eagle feathers. The four musicians sat in the center beating their tom-toms and chanting their melodies full off meaning to them, but to me, a monotonous ah!ah!ah!, in several different tones. DIFFERENT STEPS The men danced in a circle, one behind the other. Each Indian had a distinctive way of dancing. One old Cree nearly bent himself double in an effort to vary his steps. Another had a distinctly ragtime swing. Dancing, to an Indian, is a religious ceremony. He does not dance for pleasure, as does his white brother. Consequently, he puts his own soul into it. It did not take much imagination to fancy myself back in the days when the Indian was monarch of all he surveyed. The setting was perfect. The squaws were sitting around the outer edge of the circle. They were dressed in beaded dresses, moccasins and bright colored shawls. Nearly everyone was smoking pipes. The children were packed in, wherever there was room. INDIVIDUAL DANCES After the group dancing there were individual dances. Mountain Chief, as befitted his position as head of his tribe, came first. He was dressed in a uniform which had been presented him by General Scott. He did not dance much, owing to his blindness and recent illness. However, he held up his scalp stick with a scalp dangling on the end of it and gave his war story. Whenever he told of anything particularly valiant, the squaws cheered, just as they did in the days of old when they cheered the return of the victorious braves. Then each Indian in turn told the story of his bravest deeds, which, for the most part, considered of a recital of the number of horses stolen from their ancient enemies, the Crow. The women’s voices were frequently raised in cheers. A ROMANTIC SPECTACLE It was indeed a romantic spectacle, if one forgot that this was the 20th century and that one’s mission was to civilize these people. In their war paint and feathers, they looked vastly different from the dirty, unkempt Indians who came to the Agency each day. Listening to their recital of brave deeds, one could not imagine such a race of warriors coming around each day asking for prunes, oatmeal or beef. In such surroundings, one could easily believe the wondrous tales modern writers weave around this little-known race. CONVERTING THE INDIAN On Easter Sunday, I attended services at the Methodist Piegan Indian Mission in Browning, Montana. Two-Guns White Calf, White Dog, John Weasel Head and Mrs. Weasel Head were received into the church. The minister read the vows. Dick Sanderville, the interpreter, translated them into Piegan. The Indians grunted their assent. The minister baptized them and pronounced them members of the church. These questions arose in my mind. “How well are they prepared to accept Christianity—they do not understand a word of the sermons they hear unless interpreted to them? Will they voluntarily renounce their pagan customs?” Everywhere about me in my daily work, I find answers to these questions. The Indian traits and customs are so deeply ingrained in the soul of an Indian that he cannot throw off the shackles in one or two generations. continued on page 17

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Page 15 17 www.shakopeetradingpost.com Page August 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER

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THE INDIAN TRADER September 2018

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continued from page 14 A SLOW PROCESS Making a Christian of him must of necessity be a slow process. Getting him to accept the church is a big step. The changes it produces in him may not be so great, but he is setting a splendid precedent for his family. It is too much to expect a full blood Indian to give up everything his race hold dear and to accept our beliefs unquestioningly. What a conflict must go on behind his impassive countenance! His race traditions are so strong that it takes a long time for him to make up his mind to renounce them. However, we must give him credit for the fact he tries. PIEGAN BURIAL CUSTOMS Each Indian tribe has its own peculiar burial customs and beliefs concerning the dead. The Piegan will not live in a house in which someone has died. The house is abandoned or torn down and rebuilt on another site. In rebuilding, most of the old material is used, but the windows and doors are placed differently. A short time ago, an old Indian woman was dying from tuberculosis. The doctor had told the family that she could live only a day or two longer. Her relatives moved her 15 miles to the home of a cousin, so she would not die in their house. The cousin kept her in his house until just about an hour before she died, when he moved her into an old woodshed. The family had ordered the coffin two or three hours before she had died. The Blackfeet are afraid of a corpse and wish to dispose of it as soon as possible. Until just few years ago, the dead were hung in trees. About a year ago, an old squaw Pagea 20 died. She had expressed a wish to have her husband’s bones buried with her in the churchyard. She described the location of the tree where his body had been hung

when he died. One of the Indians went there and picked up all of the bones he could find and buried them with her in her grave. At the present time, many Piegan bury their dead on the hilltops. Some are put into large boxes on top of the ground. Stones are placed on the boxes to keep them from blowing away. Others are buried in shallow graves covered with stones. Still others are put in burial houses on the hills. These houses are small sometimes built of logs, sometimes of lumber. There are often several bodies, wrapped in blankets, laid on the ground. Lately many Indians have joined the Catholic Church and they bury their dead in the Catholic cemetery according to the church rites, but even in this method of disposing of their dead, the Piegan always place some of the possessions of the deceased with him. Not long ago, a young woman was buried in the Catholic cemetery. Lace curtains, several kinds of calico and a Montgomery Ward catalog were put into her coffin. When the bodies are buried on the hills, their cherished things are either placed in the boxes or near the graves and weighted down with stones. One child’s grave has an old clothes wringer, an ice cream freezer and some beads half buried in the ground near it. When the boxes become weathered and shrink, one can look through the cracks of the boards and see, among the bones, dishes, kettles, gun and knives, as well as various other articles that were dear to the Indian during his lifetime. NOTE: My mother, Mary Hazlett Nelson, was a prolific writer, but these six short pieces are all that have survived. She firmly believed that her mission was to “civilize” the Indian. She managed always to remain a bit aloof and detached, seeing them as an inferior people, never knowing that her own grandmother had been IndianTRADER back in August 2015 THEanINDIAN Pennsylvania. My mother had been dead many years when I learned of my Indian heritage.

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$30

“Best of Santa Fe Auction” – Aug. 2019

$30

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