Adaptive precedents. First year Studio Cornell University by inaqui carnicero

studio Warke/Carnicero/ Barboza/Chang/Chen/Hart/Schumann Cornell University

ADAPTIVE PRECEDENTS

earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

1102/a

ON ADAPTING The intention in the sequence of problems is to focus first on traditional, even primitive constructions, like trulli in Apulia, hórreos in Galicia, tobacco barns in Georgia, turf houses in Iceland, and so on, and to find ways of representing their material, environmental, and climatic concerns, with an awareness of the social structures that often underscore physical forms. What you see here is the first stage of a sequence of exercises intended to foreground issues of adaptation, in which students are further required to address these additional issues: • Research into and the use of precedent as model and as a transformative, adaptable foundation for architectural work and as the initiation of a continuing dialog with the history of the discipline; • The ways in which material, weather, environment, and cultural issues have had and continue to have significant implications in the development of architectural forms; • The notion of architecture as a hybrid condition with multiple systems of formal, structural, and spatial organization; • The formation of architectural space and its relationship to the articulation of the architectural program; We have entitled this semester Adaptations. "Adaptation," as we propose to use the concept, is not just a tool or a technique, but rather has been a fundamental impetus for architectural development — not to mention evolutionary biology — through time. It is also, we believe, increasingly necessary to be aware of adaptation in contemporary architecture, whereby issues of a transcendent "context" as a complex of environmental, material, social, and formal systems beg inclusion in a more sophisticated responsive architecture.

• Architecture’s relationship to site and landscape as a conceptual construction, a perceptual reality, and as an ecological condition; • Architecture’s relationship to the scale of the body and of the body’s relationship to space; • The necessity of collaborative work.

We also use this concept of "adaptation" to highlight the dubious originality of architecture. Which is not to say that creativity and inventiveness are not a part of architectural design, but that we practice in a historically grounded field where models are not just demonstrations of our ideas, but repositories that have been saturated with the ideas of others, from which we often draw in shamelessly promiscuous and productive ways.

Presented here is one of the more important — yet underrated if not overlooked — aspects of architectural design: the documentation of research. When properly undertaken, such documentation leads to the production of an analytic record capable of being synthesized into further architectures. The goal of such a document is not to be encyclopedic, but to be selective, suggestive, and to provide the basis for further investigations and speculations.

Just as an artist sees a painting through the eyes of someone intending to produce another painting, and a composer might hear music with the ears of someone intending to produce more music, an architect sees a building — ultimately, analyzes it — with the ultimate goal of designing another work of architecture. For the architect, the role of analysis is not to simply uncover the fundamental intentions that may have been behind a design's origin (though that may play a part), but to uncover the values a design may have in inspiring more designs.

Students were given a template for the production of this "book," a sharable vessel for their documentation. For the sake of clarity, legibility, and a suggestive neutrality, specific representational techniques were followed. There is inevitably speculation that goes well beyond the evidence of their research, given especially the lack of more than anecdotal information in many of these cases.

Analysis is a process whereby one draws from a precedent, a site, or a programmatic given its distinguishable characteristics: what makes one work different from any other work. In analysis, one sees a work as a collection of parts in order to examine a subject from multiple perspectives, and while these parts are often formless, they are the precursors of the concepts and forms that have produced the final work.

Most works of architecture are composed of a collection of overlapping, integrated, and/or bypassing systems that together form the complete work. It is the "unpacking" of these systems into a series of discrete illustrations that can offer insights into a precedent’s unique characteristics, and it is the simplification of these systems into idealized components that can provide an inventory of systems that can subsequently be re-deployed in other projects.

The use of precedent as part of the initial research into design and even as the potential basis of a design is an important and integral part of the discipline of architecture; it is how we can understand and then begin to predict the ways that architecture exists in the world. This is the case whether we are looking at the work of architects in the past or at the work of our contemporaries.

The most common systems separated in analysis are structure, circulation, exterior envelope or membrane, major versus minor spaces, public versus private spaces, solids versus voids, repetitive versus unique, servant and served, and the geometric and proportional orders that often hold these systems together. This semester, however, we are hoping to go beyond these formal systems, to include the more instrumental, adaptive systems of our subject precedents.

—Professors Iñaqui Carnicero & Val Warke

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01 Amazon rainforest: Yonomami shabono

07 Rome, Italy: Roman Villa

13 Southwest Ethiopia: Dorze woven hut

02 Loreto, Peru: Stilt houses 01 Amazon rainforest: Yonomami shabono 03 Pennsylvania, USA: Wooden coal tipple 02 Loreto, Peru: Stilt houses 04 Conneticut, USA: Tobacco barn 03 Pennsylvania, USA: Wooden coal tipple 05 The Stade, England: Net huts 04 Conneticut, USA: Tobacco barn 06 Galicia, Spain: Horreos 05 The Stade, England: Net huts

08 Apulia, Italy: Trulli 07 Rome, Italy: Roman Villa 09 Canada & Greenland: Iglu 08 Apulia, Italy: Trulli 10 Iceland: Turf house 09 Canada & Greenland: Iglu 11 Siberia: Chukotka winter tent 10 Iceland: Turf house 12 Upper Volta, Burkina Faso: Granary 11 Siberia: Chukotka winter tent

14 Southern Africa: Zulu beehive hut Ethiopia: Dorze wovenshabono hut 1301 Southwest Amazon rainforest: Yonomami 15 Henan, China: Sunken courtyard house Africa:Stilt Zulu beehive hut 1402Southern Loreto, Peru: houses 16 Tuyugou, China: Grape drying house 1503Henan, China: Sunken courtyard Pennsylvania, USA: Wooden coalhouse tipple 17 Bangladesh: Woven hut 1604Tuyugou, China: Grape drying house Conneticut, USA: Tobacco barn 18 Adalaj, India: Stepped well 1705Bangladesh: hutNet huts The Stade, Woven England:

06 Galicia, Spain: Horreos

12 Upper Volta, Burkina Faso: Granary

Galicia, Spain: Horreos 1806Adalaj, India: Stepped well

19 Kochi, India: Cheena vala 20 Sumatra, Indonesia: Batak house Rome,India: Italy:Cheena Roman vala Villa 1907 Kochi, 21 Lombok, Indonesia: Lumbung Apulia, Italy: TrulliBatak house 20 Indonesia: 08Sumatra, 22 Sumba, Indonesia: Thatched roof house Canada & Greenland: Iglu 21 Indonesia: Lumbung 09 Lombok, 10 Sumba, Iceland:Indonesia: Turf houseThatched roof house 22 11 Siberia: Chukotka winter tent 12 Upper Volta, Burkina Faso: Granary

01 Shabono

Amazon Rainforest

Donovan, Alexandra Evenson, Anders Houghton, Robyn Mantell, Sonya Villegas Cruz, Daniel

The shabono is a palisade that protects and houses the Yanomami of the Amazon Rainforest. Its circular form and locally sourced construction parallel cultural ideals of unity, equality, and a connection to the heavens. The shabono is organized by lineage, with each family occupying one segment of the circle. The program is arranged into a series of concentric rings that respond to the increasing height of the structure, creating open zones for storage, sleeping, and cooking, as well as enclosing a communal courtyard used for games, feasts, and rituals that doubles as a wind chimney. The shabono is built in a man-made clearing. The material harvested in the creation of the clearing is utilized in its construction. Each site is inhabited for several years before shifting cultivation areas necesitates construction of a new shabono at a new location.. Prior materials are recylced in the new construction.

earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

01 Shabono

ERATURE

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + 100 MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE type, tends MIN Tropical Rain (°(°F) F)type, tends MIN+ +MAX MAXforest

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midity and stays Tropical towards extreme humidity and stays 80 forest Rain type, tends tures at very high temperatures towards extreme humidity and stays The tropical rain forest tends Tropical Rain forest 60the throughout year.type, tends at very high temperatures

towards extreme humidity towards extreme humidity and staysand throughout the year. at very high temperatures 40 very high tropical temperatures throughout the year. throughout20the year. 0 -20 -40

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canopy. The light breezes create low pressure over the shabono roof ventilating the structure

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While within the protection of the Wind: D DISTRIBUTION amazon, little the wind is experienced While within protection of the Wind: ANNUAL WIND within the trees. However, these amazon, little wind is experienced While within the protection ofhave the winds can zones that within the ventilate trees. However, these DISTRIBUTION amazon, littleout, wind is experienced been cleared such as within the winds can ventilate zones that have otection of the within thethemselves. trees. However, these Shabonos been cleared such as withinwithin the wind isout, experienced s experiencedMild winds can ventilate zones that have Shabonos themselves. cleared out, such as within the wever, these thebeen protection of the Amazon ones that have Shabonos themselves.

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Donovan, Alexandra Evenson, Anders Houghton, Robyn Mantell, Sonya Villegas Cruz, Daniel

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01 Shabono

Right: Due to the low nutritional values of the Amazonian soil, the Yanomami depend on changing the location of their garden plots so as to be able to cultivate their food. They transfer approximately once every 4 years, using the opportunity to adjust the size of the shabono according to population changes.

Amazon Rainforest

Donovan, Alexandra Evenson, Anders Houghton, Robyn Mantell, Sonya Villegas Cruz, Daniel

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate

The shabonos have a life expectancy that is equal to the 3-4 year cultivation cyclical period. The old shabonos are simply abandoned, while new ones are made at the new location using local material. The map on the right shows the migration of one tribe of Yanomami over a span of 20 years. Far Right: A series of images portraying the evolution of the shabono from a single dwelling centered on a hearth into its current state. Showing central ventilation and heating in the design of the shabono.

continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

01 Shabono

Right: The shabono is composed of approximately twenty five equal segments (although the structure can be made larger or smaller dependant on the population it houses). Each segment creates a frame containing several vertical columns supporting a diagonal element onto which horizontal beams are lashed. These beams support a series of rods, which in turn support layers of palm fronds. The details of the material and joints are shown on the left image.

Amazon Rainforest

Donovan, Alexandra Evenson, Anders Houghton, Robyn Mantell, Sonya Villegas Cruz, Daniel

01 Shabono

Above: The diagrams depict the program of the shabono. A plan view shows the concentric rings of program that emanate from the central open space. The uses of the spaces radiate fromcommunal to individual scale, yet never fully private mirroring Yanomami communal culture.

Amazon Rainforest

Donovan, Alexandra Evenson, Anders Houghton, Robyn Mantell, Sonya Villegas Cruz, Daniel

CLIMATE tropical dry

This spatial oneness that places no claims on what is personal versus what is communal may stem from the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unity. Families are arranged by lineage, and given the tradition of marrying cousins, this creates an interlocked social structure. this close relationship of kin is portrayed on the far right image. Below: A section depicting the common activities within the shabono, illustrating both the self-referencing nature of the space that comes from an inward focusing ring, as well as portraying the correlation between the height of the shabono and the program within it.

moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

01 Shabono

Above: A sectional perspective showing progression of light and shadow for the shabono. The necessities of each layer of program can be inferred from the exposure to or protection from light. For example, the storage layer, lying on the farthest point from the central courtyard, may require shade to keep the stored products from decaying in the warmth and humidity. Below: Two sections are included, showing how the shabono protects the inside spaces from the elements, while redirecting the rainwater towards garden plots that stand adjacent to the shabono. The structure is elevated relative to the surrounding forest to provide improved drainage and ventilation. When relocaing to a new site considerations of local topography and drainage are of prime importance. The section on the bottom shows the ventilation patterns, most notably the wind chimney that is created by the prevailing winds passing over the open court drawing out the stangnant air, along with smoke that may be produced from each familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hearth. In addition, the shabono aids in redirecting and concentrating the heat of the hearths for the purpose of providing warmth through the night.

Amazon Rainforest

Donovan, Alexandra Evenson, Anders Houghton, Robyn Mantell, Sonya Villegas Cruz, Daniel

02 Stilt House

Loreto, Peru

Chen, Kate Steed, Sean

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow The stilt houses in Loreto, Peru are sited in small communities on the rivers of the Amazon Basin where the climate is generally warm, humid and rainy. Since the water level fluctuates seasonally, elevating the houses on stilts prevents flooding. The stilts also exposes more surfaces to natural ventilation that keeps in the internal space cool and habitable.

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ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE The++Loreto region has a humid MIN MAX (° MIN MAX (°F) MIN + MAX (°F)F) tropical climate with consistently The Loreto region has a humid

temperatures The Thewarm Loreto region has a humid climate withayear-round. consistently Thetropical Loreto region has The Loreto region hashumid a humid seasons are differentiated by changes warm temperatures year-round. The tropical climate with consistently tropical climate with consistently tropical climate with consistently in rainfall than noticeable seasons arerather differentiated by changes warm temperatures year-round. The warm temperatures year-round. The temperature variations. warm temperatures year-round. in rainfall rather than noticeable seasons areare differentiated by by changes seasons differentiated changes temperature variations. The seasons are differentiated in rainfall rather than noticeable in rainfall rather than noticeable temperature by changesvariations. invariations. rainfall rather than temperature noticeable temperature variations.

Loreto, Peru

The precipitation Loreto is very MONTHLY AVGin (IN) The amount of rainfall affects the

high due to the effects of El Nino. precipitation in Loreto is very water level throughout the TheThe precipitation Loreto is year. very The amount of in rainfall affects the The precipitation in Loreto is very high to the effects of El Nino. Spring (Mar-May) isofcharacterized high duedue to the effects El water level throughout theNino. year. amount of effects rainfall affects the by a lot of rainfall while winter high due to the of El Nino. TheThe amount of rainfall affects the Spring (Mar-May) is characterized water level throughout year. (Jun-Aug) is comparatively drier. water level throughout thethe year. byamount a lot of rainfall while winter The of rainfall affects the Spring (Mar-May) is characterized Spring (Mar-May) is characterized (Jun-Aug) is comparatively drier. water throughout the year. a level lot of rainfall while winter by abylot of rainfall while winter (Jun-Aug) is comparatively drier. (Jun-Aug) is comparatively drier. Spring (Mar-May) is characterized

by heavy rainfall while winter (Jun-Aug) is comparatively drier.

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT HOURS The daylight hours remain relatively SUNRISE TO SUNSET consistent the year, SUNRISE TOthroughout SUNSET

The daylight HOURS hours remain relatively DAYLIGHT though thethroughout spring months have consistent the year, The daylight hours remain relatively fewer hours of daylight duehave to SUNRISE TO SUNSET thehours spring months Thethough daylight remain relatively

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ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION The region receives strong yet ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION infrequent gusts of wind The region receives strongmostly yet ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

Chen, Kate Steed, Sean

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PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION The precipitation in Loreto is very MONTHLY AVG (IN)of El Nino. MONTHLY (IN) high due toAVG the effects

02 Stilt House

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from the north-east direction. The infrequent gusts of wind mostly The region receives yet winds help cool the strong dwellings ANNUAL WIND from the north-east direction. by The Theinfrequent region receives strong yet gusts of windventilation. mostly providing natural cross winds help cool the dwellings by DISTRIBUTION infrequent of wind mostly The from thegusts north-east direction. providing natural cross ventilation. from the north-east direction. The winds help cool the dwellings by The region receives strong yet winds help cool the dwellings by providing natural cross ventilation. providing natural cross infrequent gusts ofventilation. wind mostly

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from the north-east direction. The winds help cool the dwellings by providing natural cross ventilation.

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02 Stilt House

Loreto, Peru

Chen, Kate Steed, Sean

02 Stilt House

Loreto, Peru

Chen, Kate Steed, Sean

03 Wooden Coal Tipple

Pennsylvania, USA

Andras, Chris Jones, Benjamin Kuchera, Anna

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth The Pennsylvania Wooden Coal Tipple arose as a vernacular construction in the 19th century to accommodate the anthracite coal mining industry. Originally, a basic wooden support structure housed a pulley-operated cart and track, which allowed for coal to be brought out of the mines and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;tippedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; into the bed of a truck or railway car waiting beneath the shoot. The tipples began to evolve with advancements in technology and mining techniques, increasing in scale and complexity. Additionally, tipple development took advatage of site topography and geology of the Pennsylvania anthracite regions, adapting to the most effecient form for each individual site.

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

Pennsylvania, USA

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region generally experiences low the Pennsylvania ‘s anthracite Annual temperature in The annual temperate of coal temperatures inanthracite winter months, region generally experiences low Pennsylvania ‘s coal anthracite coal region is generally The annual ranging fromtemperate justwinter aboveof 0°F to temperatures in months, region generally experiences low Pennsylvania ‘sThe anthracite °F. in highest coldaround low 50 temperatures into winter ranging from just above 0°Fcoal temperatures winter months, region generally experiences low temperature is generally exerienced ° F. The highest around 50 °F to above ranging from just abovemonths, 0just months, ranging from temperatures winter during the month of July.exerienced temperature isin generally ° F. The highest around 50 ranging from just above 0°F to High 0°Fduring to the around month of50°F. July.exerienced temperature generally highest around 50°F.is The temperatures are of experienced during the month July.exerienced in temperature is generally the during summer peaking in July and the month of July. early August.

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PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION The monthly average precipitation in this regionAVG remains relatively The monthly average precipitation MONTHLY MONTHLY AVG(IN) (IN)

consistent, ranging from 2 to 4.5 in region remains relatively Thethis monthly average precipitation inches per month. The winter and ranging from 2 to 4.5 Theconsistent, monthly average precipitation in this region remains relatively The monthly average precipitation spring months generally experience inches per month. The winter and consistent, ranging from 2 to 4.5 in spring this region remains relatively in this region remains relatively less rainfall thangenerally theThe summer and months experience inches per month. winter and consistent, ranging from 2 to 4.5 fall seasons. less rainfall thangenerally the summer consistent, ranging from 2and to 4.5 spring months experience inches per month. The winter and fall seasons. less rainfall than the summer and inches per month. The winter spring months generally experience fall seasons. rainfall than the summer and andless spring months generally fall seasons.

experience less rainfall than the summer and fall seasons.

DAYLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TO SUNSET DAYLIGHT HOURS Illumination hours in the region range from aTO minimum ofregion around 8 Illumination hours in the DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE SUNSET hours per day in December to a 8 range from a minimum ofregion around Illumination hours in the SUNRISE TO SUNSET maximum period of over 15tohours hours per day in December a

range from a minimum of region around 8 Illumination hours the per day in June. maximum period ofin over 15 hours

hours per day in December to aregion Illumination in ofthe range a hours minimum around 8 per dayfrom in June. maximum period of over 15 to hours hours per day in December a range from a minimum of around per day in June. maximum period of over 15 hours 8 hours day in December to per dayper in June. a maximum period of over 15 hours per day in June.

03 Wooden Coal Tipple

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN +MAX MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE The temperate MIN +annual (°(°F) F) of Pennsylvania ‘s anthracite The temperate MINannual + MAX (°F) of coal

Andras, Chris Jones, Benjamin Kuchera, Anna

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moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

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TECHNIQUE masonry

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frame

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woven

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ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION This region experiences a high frequency light (10-20mph) This regionofexperiences a high ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

winds fromof the east andasouthwest frequency light (10-20mph) ANNUAL WIND This region experiences high orientations. Additionally, the area winds fromofthe east and southwest frequency light (10-20mph) This regionbyexperiences a high DISTRIBUTION is affected higher intensity orientations. Additionally, thewinds area winds from the east and southwest frequency of from light (10-20mph) (20-30mph) the northwest. is affected by higher intensity winds

orientations. Additionally, the area winds from the east and southwest This region experiences a high (20-30mph) theintensity northwest. isorientations. affected byfrom higher Additionally, thewinds area frequency of higher light (10-20mph) (20-30mph) theintensity northwest. is affected byfrom winds winds from the easttheand southwest (20-30mph) from northwest. orientations. Additionally, the area is affected by higher intensity winds (20-30mph) from the northwest carrying precipitation.

excavation JAN JAN JAN

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Location: WILKES-BARRE, USA (41.3°, -75.7°) Prevailing Winds 330°

Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: - 24:00 Wind00:00 Frequency (Hrs)

Date: 1st January - 31st December 315° Time: 00:00 - 24:00

Prevailing Winds

Prevailing Winds Wind Frequency (Hrs)

Location: WILKES-BARRE, USA (41.3°, -75.7°) 315°

50 km/h 40 km/h

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298 hrs 265 332+ 232 298 199 265 hrs 166 232 332+ 132 199 298 99 166 265 hrs 66 132 232 332+ <33 99 199 298 66 166 265 <33 132 232

earth wood

99 199 66 166

EAST<33 132

WEST 285°

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Date: 1st January300° - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00

50 km/h

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(Hrs)

Location: WILKES-BARRE, USA (41.3°, -75.7°)

315° Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00300°

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MATERIAL brick

75° EAST

grass

99 66 <33

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03 Wooden Coal Tipple

Right: Tipples utilized simple wooden joinery in thier construction.. Materials ranged from unprocessed tree trunks to standardized wooden beams. As tipples increased in complexity, methods of joinery also advanced, allowing for the creation of larger structures.

Pennsylvania, USA

Andras, Chris Jones, Benjamin Kuchera, Anna

CLIMATE tropical dry

Far right: Advances in coal mining technology necessitated larger coal tipples. Smaller vernacular tipples were generally built in an unregulated form of ad-hoc construction. Larger tipples became more regulated and engineered to house machinery for coal breaking and sorting. Right top: A basic slope design with provisions for a pully and gear, coal storage, and unloading. Right center: A larger variation of the previous example. The structure responds to a more aggressive slope, larger facilities and increased capacity. Right bottom: An industrially scale tipple, also known as a breaker, located over a vertical shaft with interior spaces for sorting and distributing coal directly from the mine head

03 Wooden Coal Tipple

Pennsylvania, USA

Right: As coal was extracted from the mines, it was broken up, seperated and sorted by size into different railway cars, which were then taken away from the site. This example shows one of the more complex wooden tipple forms.

Andras, Chris Jones, Benjamin Kuchera, Anna

CLIMATE tropical

Far Right: Anthracite coal is located almost exclusively in the Northeastern Pennsylvania region, in four main deposits.

dry

Field Northern Northern Field

moderate

FieldField Eastern EasternMiddle Middle

continental

Field Western WesternMiddle Middle Field

polar

Southern SouthernField Field

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic Right: The date ranges denote the periods when each type of coal tipple was first starting to develop. Before the mid-19th century, drift mining dug into hillsides slanting upwards. Coal was removed by graivty on rail cars thus no coal tipples were needed to move the coal. Later slope mining increased access to deeper deposits and the tipple appeared as a housing for machinery to haul out loaded carts. Still later as mining became more industrialized deeper shaftts, more miners, and increased use of machinery drove the tipple to become a larger and more complex structure housing various industrial processes including hoistways, breaking and sorting, processing, and distribution.

Pre 1850: Drift Mine

1850-1870: Basic slope Mine

1870-1900: Complex Slope Mine

seasonal

1900-1930: Shaft Mine

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

04 Tobacco Barn

Connecticut, USA

Bilotti, Jeremy Nathanson, Bradley

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic

PHOTO

seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide

A barn typology native to the shade-tobacco growing region of central Connecticut, USA used for hanging tobacco leaves during the curing process. Its characteristic gable roof and tall ventillation slats allow for adaptation to its environment and surrounding climate, making it a tool of efficiency and productivity for any tobacco farmer. Many variants include a half-sunken masonry basement and foundation within which dried tobacco can be processed and prepared for sale, allowing farmers to work comfortably during the winter months.

snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Temperature peaks at around 90 MIN + +MAX MIN MAX (° (°F)F)

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE degrees in July and falls to as low as Temperature peaks at around 90 around degrees in January. Temperature attoaround MIN +15 MAX (°F) degrees in Julypeaks and falls as low as 90 Temperature peaks in at January. around 90 aroundin15July degrees degrees and falls to as low degrees in July and falls to as low as Temperature peaksin atJanuary. around 90 around 15 as around 15degrees degrees in January. degrees in July and falls to as low as around 15 degrees in January.

100 100 80 100 80 60 100 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 0 40 20 0 -20 20 0 -20 -40 -20 -400 -20 -40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

Fairly consistent with brief inscrease PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION during the spring. Fairly consistent with brief inscrease MONTHLY AVG (IN)

MONTHLY AVG (IN) during the spring. Fairly consistent with brief inscrease Fairly consistent with brief during the spring. Fairly consistent with brief inscrease inscrease during the spring. during the spring.

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT

Daylight ranging from 6 hours in SUNRISE TO14 SUNSET DAYLIGHT HOURS the winter to hours in the Daylight ranging from 6 hours in DAYLIGHT HOURS summer. SUNRISE TO14SUNSET the winter to hours in the Daylight ranging from 6 hours in SUNRISE TO SUNSET summer. the winter to 14 hours in the Daylight ranging 6 hours in summer.rangingfrom Daylight from the winter to 14 hours in the6 hours summer. in the winter to 14 hours in the

summer.

-40

Tobacco Barn

Connecticut, USA

Bilotti, Jeremy Nathanson, Bradley

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polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

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ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL CHANGE THEBARS. HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITIONONLY OF THE CHANGE ONLY THEBARS. HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. POSITION OF THE LAYER BARS. SETTINGS. DO NOT CHANGE DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS.

23:00

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excavation MATERIAL brick

ANNUAL WIND predominately fromDISTRIBUTION the south and Prevailing winds come north. ANNUAL WIND predominately fromDISTRIBUTION the south and

Prevailing winds come ANNUAL WIND north. predominately from the south and Prevailing winds come DISTRIBUTION north.

predominately from the south and north.

stone earth

RETRIEVE ANNUAL RETRIEVE ANNUAL WIND ROSE RETRIEVE ANNUAL WIND ROSE RETRIEVE ANNUAL FROM ECTOECT WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT FROM ECTOECT

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

04 Tobacco Barn

Right: Circulation from the front to the back of the tobacco barn is crucial for farmers to easily enter and exit with carts full of tobacco ready to be hung. Clearance under the first row of hanging tobacco is based on human scale, and is almost always seven feet to the bottom of a hanging tobacco leaf. Girders and columns also reflect the size of a human, placed closely enough together to allow for farmers to climb from beam to beam to hang tobacco, circulating vertically and horizontally. The tobacco growing season begins in spring and ends at the end of summer, after which the leaves are brought into the drying barn in bundles and hung during autumn. During the winter, the low thermal tranfer capabilities of the masonry basement/ foundation provide a climatecontrolled space for processing and storing the tobacco.

Connecticut, USA

Bilotti, Jeremy Nathanson, Bradley

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Hinged vertical slats are oriented facing the prevailing winds (shown at right) and are opened or closed (shown at left) in response to the changing daily climate. The selectively permeable faรงade of the barn allows the farmer to manipulate the interior conditions in response to the exterior conditions to most effectively dry the tobacco inside.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

04 Tobacco Barn

Barns are built from structure to skin of rough cut lumber frames, assembled with mortise and tenon joints, creating modules called bents. The frames are then connected and shingled. A multipurpose structure, the assembled grid supports the weight of the building, the weight of the hanging tobacco, and the weight of any farmers who might be circulating through the structure to hang bundles.

Connecticut, USA

Bilotti, Jeremy Nathanson, Bradley

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

The vertical slats are tied together with a crossing spar which enables multiple slats to be tilted open or closed in modules across the face of the barn to best regulate for micro-climatic conditinos.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven

Details are relatively simple cinsisting of large barn hinges are the top on every-other siding board. Far Right: And axonometric cutaway showing the lower work room foundation whish is partially exposed above ground level with ventilating openings, the bents assembled into unified frame, and the shingle and board skin

excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

05 Net Huts

The Stade, England

Oh, Junsik Tiong, Alisa

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass First documented in the late 16th century, net huts were constructed to serve as weatherproof storage for fishing gear made of natural materials. Located at The Stade, a shingle beach in Hastings, UK, dozens of Net Huts protected the tools of a booming fishing industry from the maritime climate. A common misconception is that nets were dried in the net huts; however, nets were actually dried before being stored in these structures. Today, forty three weatherboarded and tarred net huts remain as a historic attraction.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Hastings has a (°F) maritime MIN (° F) climate MIN++MAX MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE which consists of mild winters Hastings has a maritime climateand MIN +consists MAX (°F) cool summers. Thus, range of Hastings has a winters maritime which of mildthe and Hastings has throughout a maritime climate temperature the year is

cool summers. Thus, the range of mild climate which of consists ofand which consists mild winters narrow. temperature the year is Hastings has throughout a maritime climate cool summers. Thus, the range of winters and cool summers. narrow.consists of mild winters and which temperature throughout the year is cool summers. Thus, the range of little Thus, temperatures vary narrow. temperature throughout the year is throughout the year. narrow.

100 100 80 100 80 60 100 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 0 40 20 0 -20 20 0 -20 -40 0 -20 -40 -20 -40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION Hastings experiences an average of MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION 30 inchesexperiences of precipitation yearly.of Hastings an average MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVGis(IN) The precipitation mostlyyearly. recieved 30 inches of precipitation

Hastings experiences anisaverage of in form of rainisand reliable Thethe precipitation mostly recieved Hastings an average 30 inchesexperiences ofDue precipitation yearly. year to and itsanseaside in theround. form of rain isaverage reliableof Hastings experiences precipitation ishas mostly recieved of The 30 inches of precipitation location, Hastings moist year round. to its very seaside 30 inches ofDue precipitation yearly. in the form of rain and is reliable air. location, Hastings very recieved moist The precipitation ishas mostly yearly. The precipitation is mostly year round. Due to its seaside air.the form of rain and is reliable in location,inHastings has very moist received the form of rain and year round. Due to its seaside is air. reliableHastings year round. Due to location, has very moist its air.seaside location, Hastings

has a salt-laden highly humid environment.

-40

Hastings is TO located inmonths what is SUNRISE SUNSET During the summer part of the United Kingdom.

commonly considered the sunniest Hastings recieves aninmonths average During summer Hastingsthe is located what isof 17

part ofofthe Kingdom. hours sunlight each day.sunniest Hastings isUnited located inof 17what Hastings recieves an average commonly considered the During the summer months sunlight day. part ofofthe Unitedeach Kingdom. is hours commonly considered Hastings recieves an average of 17 the During the summer months hours of sunlight each day. sunniest part of the ofUnited Hastings recieves an average 17 hours of sunlight each the day. summer Kingdom. During months Hastings receives an average of 17 hours of sunlight each day, dwindling to less than 9 hours in the winter.

14 12 14 12 10 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 6 4 2 0 4 2 0 0 3:00

The Stade, England

Oh, Junsik Tiong, Alisa

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LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

3:00 5:00

permanent

5:00 7:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 5:00 3:00

9:00 11:00 7:00 5:00 11:00 13:00 9:00 7:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

13:00 15:00 11:00 9:00 15:00 17:00 13:00 11:00

frame

17:00 19:00 15:00 13:00 19:00 21:00 17:00 15:00 21:00 23:00 19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Overall, the location experiences ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION high winds all directions year Overall, thefrom location experiences ANNUAL round. TheWIND area typically recieves high winds from allDISTRIBUTION directions year

Net Huts

2 0

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT Hastings located in what is SUNRISEis TO SUNSET DAYLIGHT HOURS commonly the sunniest Hastings is considered located in what is DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO SUNSET part of the United Kingdom. commonly considered the sunniest

CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL CHANGE ONLY THEBARS. HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS.

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excavation MATERIAL brick stone

Overall, thewinds location ANNUAL strong SW thatexperiences canrecieves reach a round. TheWIND area typically high from all directions year high winds speed of 50 km/hr. strong SW winds thatexperiences can reach a Overall, the location DISTRIBUTION round. The area typically recieves

earth

round. The typically recieves Overall, theofarea location high speed 50 km/hr. experiences strong SW winds that can reach a high winds high speed and of 50strong km/hr. gusts from all directions year round. The area typically receives strong SW winds that can reach a high speed of 50 km/hr.

grass

wood

speed of 50 km/hr. high winds from all directions year strong SW winds that can reach a

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

05 Net Huts

Right: The layout of the net huts has changed over time due to flooding, washouts, windstorms, road expansions, fires, and town committee proclamations. A town planning decision from 1835 determined the current net hut layout. Net huts are identified by row and number. The map to the right shows the only remaining rows, named L through W from left to right. The spacing between the rows allowed for boats to be hauled up in between the huts. Furthermore, a larger clearing exists between rows L and M for emergency access. Far Right: The net huts typically consist of three stories to provide a storage floor for each type of net and its associated gear needed along the Stade: trawl, herring, and mackerel nets.

The Stade, England

Oh, Junsik Tiong, Alisa

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: The space the Stade allocated for fishing and storage of fishing gear was limited. As the fishing industry boomed and the need for storage grew, the net huts expanded from thier previous one and two story construction to thier present three story construction. Far Right: Interior and exterior ladders provide vertical circulation . Due to the beach conditions foundation are limited. Huts are aligned close together for organization but also to provide mutual protection and dissapation of wind.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

05 Net Huts

Right:: The net huts are constructed of a wooden frame sheathed in wood weatherboards that have been treated with tar to prootect against the corrsive atmosphere, provide weatherproofing, and aid in keeping the gear dry by maximizing thermal gain Dimensions for three floor net huts are approximately 8’ x 8’ x 25’. All have saddle back roofs and diagonal bracing for strength against the wind. Doors and windows open outwards to maximize interior storage.

The Stade, England

Oh, Junsik Tiong, Alisa

05 Net Huts

Right: Net huts and the fishing vessles they served were built by the same shipwrights and used the the same materials. Furthermore, like boats, net huts were tarred to protect the structure from sea water and the moist environment and to protect the wood from rotting.

The Stade, England

Oh, Junsik Tiong, Alisa

CLIMATE tropical dry

Far right: details showing similiarities in boat and net hut construction.

06 Hórreo

Galicia, Spain

Heckman, Michelle Kim, Sam Rafailov, Sasson

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth The hórreo is a Spanish bioclimatic conservation structure, originating in coastal Galicia region of Spain over 2000 years ago. The traditional dry storage facility specializes in the preservation, protection, and containment of dry produce, especially grain and corn. Similar granary structures are found spanning across many continental cultures as far as East Asia; however, the Galician hórreo is unique in its significance to the region’s agricultural heritage and cultural landscape. The structures are simple and effecient yet simultaneously sophisitcated in thier thermal regulation and material use. The structure and function is highly functional, durable and sustainable within its environment

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

region in additon to the temperature greatly.

20 CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. 0 CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. -20 POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. -40

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

Galicia, Spain

100

Temperature range MIN + MAX F)is fairly MIN + MAX(°(°F)

JAN

100 80

consistant, ranging between Temperature range is fairly 35ºF to

76ºF. The coastal climate of Temperature range isGalicia fairly consistant, ranging between 35ºF to 100 80 is alsoThe subject to high relative Temperature range is fairly 60 76ºF. coastal climate of Galicia consistent, ranging between 35ºF humidity and solar raditaion, which consistant, ranging between 35ºF to PRECIPITATION 80 is also subject to high relative 60 40 affect the overall heating of 76ºF. The coastal climate of the Galicia to 76ºF. The coastal climate humidity and solar raditaion, whichof region in additon to the MONTHLY AVG (IN) is also subject to high relative 60 40 affect is thesubject overall heating of the Galicia to high relative 20 temperature humidity andgreatly. solartoraditaion, which region in additon the 40 humidity and solar exposure, affect the overall heating of the 20 temperature greatly. 0 region in additon tooverall the which affect the heating Galicia is a humid region with 20 0 temperature greatly. -20 of the region. periods of high, low, and medium 0 -20 rainfall depending on the season.-40 -20 The yearly 42.2” of precipitation-40 allow it to be ideal agricultural -40 development on the coast. PRECIPITATION

MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

periods of high, low, and medium The yearly precipitation Galicia is a42.2” humidofregion with rainfall on the season.with Galicia isdepending humid region allow it toahigh, be ideal periods of low, and medium The yearly 42.2” ofagricultural precipitation development on the coast. periods of high rainfall in winter, rainfall depending on the season. allow it to be ideal agricultural The yearly 42.2” of precipitation development onmoderate the coast. another more period allow it to be ideal agricultural during spring, on and dry summer.. development theacoast.

The yearly 42.2” of precipitation allow it to be ideal agricultural DAYLIGHT development on theHOURS coast.

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JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

USE communal

domestic FEB

JAN

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

agriculture aquaculture industry

3:00

JAN

5:00

LIFESPAN nomadic

7:00

seasonal

9:00

permanent

11:00 13:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

15:00 17:00

frame

19:00

21:00 19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00

. The annual average length of day is about 12.7 hours, with 23:00 21:00 the lowest being 9.6 hours in 23:00 December and highest, 15.9 in ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION June.

OCT

DAYLIGHT HOURS

SEP

CLIMATE tropical

14 12 14 12 10 12 10 8 10 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 0

The region isSUNSET subject to a high SUNRISE TOHOURS DAYLIGHT degree of solar radiation, and 3:00 SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT average The regionoverall is subject annual to a high sun exposure 5:00 3:00 SUNRISE TOradiation, SUNSET degree of solar is around 1820 total The region is subject to a and highhours. The5:00 7:00 DAYLIGHT HOURS averageofoverall annual sunand exposure 3:00 degree solar radiation, annual average length is around 1820 total hours. Theof day is 9:00 7:00 The region is subject tosun a high SUNRISE TO SUNSET 5:00 average overall annual exposure annual average length of day is the lowest about 12.7 hours, with degree of solar and 11:00 9:00 is around 1820radiation, total hours. The 7:00 about 12.7 hours, with the lowest average overall annual sunday exposure Thebeing region ishours subject to annual average length of isa high and 9.6 in Decemer 13:00 11:00 being 9.6 hours in Decemer and 9:00 is around 1820 total hours. The about 12.7 hours, with the lowest degree solar highest 15.9 inradiation, June. 15:00 highest 15.9 in length June. 13:00 annualof average of day and is and 11:00 being 9.6 hours in Decemer about withexposure the lowest is average annual sun 17:00 15:00 highest12.7 15.9hours, in June. 13:00 being 9.6 hours in Decemer and around 18-20 total hours 19:00 17:00 15:00 highest 15.9 in June.

AUG

Heckman, Michelle Kim, Sam Rafailov, Sasson

PRECIPITATION Galicia is a humid region with MONTHLY AVG (IN) periods ofahigh, low, and medium Galicia is humid region with MONTHLY AVG (IN) rainfall depending on the season.

FEB

06 Hórreo

woven

21:00 JAN

23:00 FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JAN

FEB

JAN APR FEBMAY MAR

JUN

JUL

AUG

JUN

JUL

AUG

MAR JUN

APRAUG JUL

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

MAY SEP

JUN NOVJULDEC OCT

excavation AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

MATERIAL brick

ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION but can also WIND flow off the coast out

stone

Prevailing winds come from SSE,

Prevailing winds WIND come from SSE, ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION of Changing butthe cannorth. also flow off thefrom coast0mph out

to an average maximum of about 20 Prevailing winds come from SSE, ANNUAL WIND of the north. Changing from 0mph mph, Galicia can be subject toout20 but can also flow off the of coast to an average maximum about DISTRIBUTION relatively highChanging wind of the Galicia north. fromto0mph Prevailing winds come from SSE, mph, can be conditions, subject

which stresses the importance of 20 to an can average maximum of about relatively high wind conditions, but also flow off the coast out Prevailing winds come proctection from and mph, can be subjectfrom toof the whichGalicia stresses theexcessive importance of the north. Changing from harmful wind, but permittance of relatively high wind conditions, southeast, but can also and eminate 0mph proctection from excessive sufficient air flow create natural which stresses the importance ofof of about 20 to an average maximum harmful wind, butto permittance from the coast to the north. ventilation regulate theand interior proctection from excessive sufficientGalicia airand flow to create natural mph, can be subject to humidity and temperature. wind, but permittance of Theharmful region experiences steady ventilation and regulate the interior relatively high wind conditions, sufficient air flow to create natural humidity and 20 temperature. winds up to mphtheand also ventilation and regulate interior which stresses the importance of humidity and temperature. eqpierneces frequent high wind proctection from excessive and conditions and strong gusts. harmful wind, but permittance of sufficient air flow to create natural ventilation and regulate the interior humidity and temperature.

earth

RETRIEVE ANNUAL RETRIEVE ANNUAL WIND ROSE RETRIEVE ANNUAL WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT FROM ECTOECT RETRIEVE ANNUAL

wood grass hide snow

WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT

TERRAIN flat slope edge

06 Hรณrreo

Protection from sustained and gusty winds is important, but permittance of sufficient air flow to create natural ventilation and regulate the interior humidity and temperature.

Galicia, Spain

Heckman, Michelle Kim, Sam Rafailov, Sasson

07 Roman Villa

Rome, Italy

Lee, Younghoon

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood The Roman villa was originally a country house built for the upper class. The most basic form of the house has two courtyards, an atrium and peristyle as well as surrounding rooms. The siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate, Rome, is both hot and dry, good ventilation for thermal control was important in maintaining a comfortable dwelling. The opening in the roof above the atrium provided air ventilation, which cooled the interior spaces. The heating system, beneath the floor, called a hypocaust, was designed to provide comfort to the occupants in both summer and winter.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

IN)

20 0 -20

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (째F) -40 ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (째F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Rome generally high MIN + MAX F)hasJAN MIN + MAX(째(째F)

temperature in the summer Rome generally has high

RS NSET

Rome, Italy

FEB

and isiswarm even in the winter, Rome consistent with a temperature in the summer which generally is a typical Mediterranean Rome has and is warmclimate, even in high the winter, Mediterranean with mild, weater. temperature in theMediterranean summer which is a typical and is warm even the winter, humid winters and inwarm, dry weater. which is a typical Mediterranean summers. weater.

precipitation, This makes the ven higher.

14 12 10

100 100 80 100 80 60 80 60 40 60 40 20 40 20 0 20 0 -20 0 -20 -40 -20 -40 -40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION 6 MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Lee, Younghoon

CLIMATE tropical dry JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

moderate

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

continental polar

Rome, overall, has low precipitation, PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG 4dry.(IN) making the region This makes the Rome, overall, has low precipitation, MONTHLY AVG (IN) sensible termperature even higher.

making the region dry. This makes the Rome, has loweven precipitation, sensibleoverall, termperature higher. Rome has 2dry.low annual making the region This makes the sensible termperature higher. is precipitation. The even summer

0 especially dry. Late fall and early winter see JAN increasingFEB precipitation. Rainfall often occurs in slow moving fronts which strech for several days of persistent rain. While rare snow can fall in the3:00 winter. DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE5:00 TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE7:00 TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT

14 12 14 12 10 12 10 8 10 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 0 0

USE communal domestic MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

agriculture aquaculture industry

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

LIFESPAN nomadic

3:00

permanent

13:00 11:00 9:00 15:00 13:00 11:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

DAYLIGHT9:00 HOURS

SUNRISE 11:00 TO SUNSET The winter13:00 solstice has a length 15:00 of just under 9 hours, while the summer is17:00 a little over 13 1/2 hours. Sun angles between winter 19:00 and summer sun are able to 21:00 solar thermal provide moderate gain in winter. 23:00

9:00 7:00 5:00 11:00 9:00 7:00

17:00 15:00 13:00 19:00 17:00 15:00

frame

21:00 19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 23:00

FEB

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Rome has a strong concentrated

seasonal

5:00 3:00 7:00 5:00 3:00

SUNRISE TO SUNSET

JAN

07 Roman Villa

woven JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JUN MAY

JUN JULJUL AUG AUG

MAR JAN

APR MAR MAY FEB APR

SEPSEP OCT OCT NOV

NOV DEC

excavation DEC

MATERIAL brick

ANNUAL WIND wind from the north DISTRIBUTION

stone

Rome has a strong concentrated DISTRIBUTION wind from the north

earth

Rome has aWIND strong concentrated ANNUAL wind from the north centrated DISTRIBUTION

wood

In the winter Rome receives strong winds from the south. These winds shift in the spring and eminate from the east. During the summer the wind mellows and comes mostly from the north.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

07 Roman Villa

Right: Axonometric section cutaway of Villa. The first courtyard from the entrance is the most public space in the house. Surrounding rooms and the second courtyard were private areas for the residents. The rooms in the edge were occupied by the servants.

Rome, Italy

Lee, Younghoon

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate

The central courtyards provide for daylighting and ventilation of the adjacent spaces. The courtyards also collect water into a central water feature which provides thermal mass for regulating temperature during day and night fluctuations and provides additional reflected light to the interior spaces.

07 Roman Villa

Right: Site plan of roman villa in its neighborhood

Rome, Italy

Lee, Younghoon

Far Right: construction detail showing terra cotta Lower right

CLIMATE tropical

Lower far right: section showing interior rooms, courtyard, space for ducting heating under inhabited spaces, and central cistern water feature.

dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge 71

07 Roman Villa

Top Right: During the night, cool air settles into the courtyard, the cooling effect is moderated by the pond rereadiating heat gained during the day.

Rome, Italy

Lee, Younghoon

CLIMATE tropical

In the day, the pond, cooled overnight buffers against extreme heat gain with its providing thermal mass and evaporative cooling. Far Right: The entire villa is built on a raised foundation with apertures built into the foundations walls and surrounding the pond structure to allow heat generated from a central furnace to be disseminated under the floors of the entire villa - once again the thermal mass of the pond assists in providing a constant even heat and minimize drastic fluctuations.

dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Bottom Right: Villas were often built next to each other densly in the city. The open courtyard of the roof was the most effective means of bringing natural light into the interior of the villa. Taller spaces, and columned terraces containing the more public functions of the house are located adjacent to the courtyard to take advantage of the light, smaller more private spaces are arranged in an outer ring for increased privacy.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone

Public space is arranged towards the front of the villa with smaller more inimate spaces towards the rear.

earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

08 Trullo

Apulia, Italy

Sim, Jisoo

The trulli are unique structures to the italian region of Apulia. Trulli are traditional dry stone huts, which were generally constructed as temporary field shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by small proprietors or agricultural laborers. The structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most defining characteristics are its dry mortar construction, conical roof, and two story height. The two most utilized materials were white and light gray stones of limestone or tufa depending on the local availablity to the area, both of which have light reflecting properties. The stones needed for starting to build a trullo were provided by digging a cistern (cisterna), an absolute necessity the dry region. Cisterns were capped with a lime-mortared barrel vault or dome which in many cases supported the floor of the house.

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

Apulia, Italy

100 100 80 100 80 60 80 60 40 60 40 100 20 40 20 800 20 0 60 -20 0 -20 40 -40 -20 -40 20

southeastern Italyare where theinrange Numerous trulli found of temperatures dowhere not drop or risedry Apulia experiences hot southeastern Italy the range Numerous trullithe areaverage found in drastically over of temperatures do relatively not dropyear. or rise summers with ANNUALItaly TEMPERATURE southeastern where the rangemild drastically over the average year. ofMIN temperatures not drop or rise +with MAXdo (°F) winters, occassional cold drastically over the average year.

spells remaining above freezing in Numerous trulli are found in the winter. southeastern Italy where the range of temperatures do not drop or rise drastically over the average year.

PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION The area is mostly dry.(IN) Southeastern MONTHLY AVG

Sim, Jisoo

CLIMATE tropical dry

-40 0

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

-20

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

moderate continental polar

-40

14 14 12 14 12 10 12 10 8 14 10 8 6 128 6 4 106 4 2 84 2 60 2 0 4 0 2

Italy is caracterized by long The area is mostly Southeastern MONTHLY AVGdry. (IN)

summers without rain and slightly Italy is caracterized by long PRECIPITATION The area is mostly Southeastern winters. As rain adry. result, summers without and water slightlydry. Thewetter area is mostly Italy is caracterized byimportance long MONTHLY AVG (IN) collection became an wetter winters. As a result, water in summers without rain and slightly Southeastern Italy is caracterized vernacular architecture. collection became an importance in wetter winters. As a result, water vernacular The summers area isarchitecture. mostlywithout dry. Southeastern by long rain inand collection became an importance Italy is caracterized by long vernacular architecture. slightly wetter winters. Asslightly a result, summers without rain and winters. As a result, water waterwetter collection is extremely collection became an importance in important. vernacular architecture.

DAYLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT Days are longer the summer and SUNRISE TO inSUNSET allow more activity. Regardless, the Days are longer in the summer and DAYLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT HOURS general population to spend allow more activity.tends Regardless, the Days areits longer in the summer and SUNRISE TOSUNSET SUNSET SUNRISE TO most of time outdoors. general population tends to spend

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

3:00 3:00 5:00

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

DEC

permanent

5:00 7:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 5:00

allow more activity. Regardless, the most of its time outdoors.

generalexposure population tends to spend the Solar Days are longer in theduring summer and most of its time outdoors. allow more activity.isRegardless, the summer months very long general population tends to spend approximately 16outdoors. hrs in June and most of its time July, lesssening in the winter, but still appreciable.

08 Trullo

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + +MAX (°(°F) F)found in Numerous trulli are MIN MAX

9:00 3:00 11:00 7:00 11:00 5:00 13:00 9:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

7:00 13:00 15:00 11:00 9:00 15:00 17:00 13:00

frame

11:00 17:00 19:00 15:00

woven

13:00 19:00

21:00 17:00

15:00 21:00

23:00 19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Generally, the area does not get ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

JAN JAN JAN JAN

FEB FEB FEB FEB

MAR MAR MAR MAR

APR APR APR APR

MAY MAY MAY MAY

JUN JUN JUN JUN

JUL JUL JUL JUL

AUG AUG AUG AUG

SEP

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

OCT

NOV

DEC

excavation MATERIAL brick stone

much wind, when doesgetit Generally, thebut area doesitnot ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION tends to hail but from the east. much wind, when it does it Generally, the area does not get ANNUAL WIND tends to hail from the east. much wind, but when it does it Generally, the area does not get DISTRIBUTION tends to hail from the east. much wind, but when it does it to hail from the east. The tends region is generally not prone

earth wood grass

to strong winds, breezes do arise from the east.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

08 Trullo

Right: As the area is known for its high temperatures, the trulli often receives direct sunlight. However, due to its limestone surface most of the heat is reflected and not absorbed.

Apulia, Italy

Sim, Jisoo

CLIMATE tropical

In order to compensate for the lack of surface water, the trulli developed stone gutters that collected the runoff from the roof into an underground cistern which is accessed from the interior of the dwelling.

dry moderate continental polar

Far Right: When constructing the trullo, a rope was tied to a pole erected in the middle to measure a consistent radius to build the cylindrical wall.

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Trulli were often found in rural areas where limestone was abundant. In addition, the structure was conducive to urban building strategies. Trulli were built both in rural areas and urban conglomerations. When constructed as a group trulli relied on their cellular organization for mutual structural support

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

10 Turf House Iceland

Foo, Charisse Han, Heesun Lee, Ji Eun Mayne, Benjamin

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

AXONOMETRIC

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth

The turf house responds to both Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cold climate and material limitations. Timber is in short supply due to deforestation, but there is an abundance of turf, an excellent insulator, as well as volcanic rock. Turf is thus used to envelope the house, becoming its walls and roof, while an interior timber frame and rock foundations provide structural support. As the turf grows, the walls and roof are strengthened. Turf houses are crowded communal living spaces and privacy is almost nonexistent; as many as twenty people might eat, sleep, and live along the benches surrounding the central firepit in the main hall of the house. The houses are also rebuilt and extended as a family grows, evolving into an interconnected, compartmentailzed form.

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

10 Turf House

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

Iceland

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) The+annual temperature in ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN MAX (° F) Iceland fairly constant, MIN + is MAX (°F)

100 80

The annual temperature reaching a brief peak during Annual temperature inin Iceland Iceland is fairly constant, the summer months, in is reaching fairly constant, reaching a a brief peak during The annual temperature which turf and crops mayin the summer months, in is fairly constant, be cultivated. briefIceland peak during the summer which turfa and reaching briefcrops peak may during months, in which turf be cultivated. the summer months, in and crops turf and crops may maywhich be cultivated. During winter be cultivated. temperatures remain low but constant, moderated in part by the inhabitated region’s proximity to the ocean.

80 60 100 60 40 80 40 20 60

0 -20 20

CLIMATE tropical

-20 -40 0

dry

20 0 40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

MONTHLY AVG (IN) Iceland experiences, overall, PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION a relatively small of MONTHLY AVGamount (IN)overall, Iceland experiences,

-40 -20

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

moderate

-40

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

continental

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

polar

14 14 12

precipitation. This is(IN) MONTHLY AVG

a relatively small adventageous in amount terms ofof precipitation. This Iceland experiences, overall,overall, turf building, as theisturf Iceland experiences, adventageous in terms a relatively small amount must be somewhat dry of inof a relatively small turf building, as the turf precipitation. Thisinsulate is amount of order to properly must be somewhat dry in adventageous in terms of and stand up. precipitation. This adventageous ANNUALis TEMPERATURE order to properly insulate turf building, as+the MIN MAXturf (°F) in must terms ofup. turf drybuilding, as and stand be somewhat in The annual temperature in properly the order turf tomust beisinsulate somewhat dry Iceland fairly constant, reaching a brief peak during and stand up. summer months, in insulate in order to the properly which turf and crops may and stand up.be cultivated. The majority of the precipitation falls as snow during the winter, which adds to DAYLIGHT HOURS the SUNRISE insulative properties of the TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT overall turf house design

10 8 12

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

domestic

8 6 10 100 80 60

6 4 8

agriculture

4 2 6

aquaculture industry

2 0 4

40 20 0 -20

0 2

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

APR AUG

SEP

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

-40

JAN

JAN MAR

FEB

FEB MAY MAR JUN

APR

JUL

MAYOCT JUN NOV

DEC

3:00

5:00 3:00 7:00 5:00 3:00 9:00 10 7:00 5:00 8 11:00 9:00 6 13:00 7:00 11:00 4 9:00 15:00 13:00 2 11:00 17:00 0 15:00 13:00 19:00 JAN extremely long as the year 17:00 15:00 21:00 DAYLIGHT HOURS 19:00 SUNRISE TO SUNSET progresses. During the summer 17:00 23:00 3:00 21:00 Daylightsets hours arefor extremely months, the sun a short 5:00 19:00 23:00 short in the winter months, though the days quickly time, but the region remains in 24 7:00 21:00

hr twilight.

USE communal

12 10 14

SUNRISE TOPRECIPITATION SUNSET

MONTHLY AVG (IN) Daylight hours are extremely DAYLIGHT HOURS short in theTO winter months, SUNRISE SUNSET Iceland experiences, overall, Daylight hours are extremely though the days quickly a relatively small amount of DAYLIGHT HOURS precipitation. This is short in the winter months, become extremely long adventageous in terms of though the days quickly turf building, as the turf Daylight hours are extremely as the year progresses. SUNRISE TO SUNSET must be somewhat dry in become extremely long short in the winter months, During the summer months, order to properly insulate and stand up. as progresses. though the days quickly thethe sunyear barely sets at all. extremely Daylight hours are During the summerlong months, become extremely short inyear the winter thethe sun barely sets at all. months, as progresses. During thedays summer months, though the quickly become the sun barely sets at all.

become extremely long as the year progresses. During the summer months, the sun barely sets at all.

Foo, Charisse Han, Heesun Lee, Ji Eun Mayne, Benjamin

100

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

permanent

9:00

11:00

23:00

13:00 15:00 17:00

TECHNIQUE masonry FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

woven JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

19:00

21:00 Winds come primarily from the 23:00 east, though winds also come ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Winds come primarily from the sometimes from the north and south. east, though winds also come sometimes the north and Winds comefrom primarily from the south. ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND east, though winds also come Winds come primarily from the sometimes from thewinds north and south. east, though also come DISTRIBUTION

JAN

frame

DEC

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

excavation MATERIAL brick stone

DEC

earth wood

sometimes from the north and south.

<<<INSERT TEXT>>>

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

10 Turf House

Right: The adjacent graphic shows the construction process of a turf house. Foundation stones are laid first around the perimeter, and smaller stones are subsequently laid where columns will be. The floor is dirt, though the column stones prevent the wood from touching the ground and rotting.

Iceland

Foo, Charisse Han, Heesun Lee, Ji Eun Mayne, Benjamin

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental

Next, since wood is not an indiginous product and a scarce commodity, it is used sparingly only where the largest open structure is needed.

polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

Turf is added stacked in an alternating herringbone pattern such that each layer leans against and supports the next.

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame

Small planks are layered between the wooden frame to support the roof and are also used to construct cellular interior spaces facing a central hearth.

woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass

Turf is added in layers to the roof and encouraged to grow into a dense tatch of grass to provide weather, thermal, and errosion resistance.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

10 Turf House

Right: Construction of turf walls is mainly accomplished with the use of two different turf blocks and a dirt infill in the center of the wall. One block, called “Klambra” is trapezoidal in form, and is placed at a 45 degree angle. The grass is on the side of the block, rather than the top, so that the roots will grow into neighboring blocks. The other block type, “Strengr”, is a thin triangular block that is cut in lengths of approximately 1 meter in length. The grass is on the top face so that it will resist erosion from rainwater. Far Right: Cutaway axonometric showing construction of the house’s form, a relatively simple timber frame is used. Note that the columns sit on small rocks, as there is no general foundation. The wooden plank walls are spaced away from the turf walls to prevent rot.

Iceland

Foo, Charisse Han, Heesun Lee, Ji Eun Mayne, Benjamin

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Shown here is the turf home’s drainage system. When it rains, water runs off the roof and can drain directly through the looser dirt infill in the center of the turf wall. Often, particularly in more modern designs, two roofs can share a wall, resulting in a valley between them. In that scenario, the natural drainage of the wall is particularly useful as it eliminates the need for gutters. Far Right: Heating occurs centrally, with a smaller tributary fireplace in the living area. The walls bulge slightly around the fireplace because that is the warmest spot in the house, and there is a desire to maximize exposure to it.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

11 Chukotka Winter Tent

Chukotka, Russia

Delasanta, Michaela Ely, Catie Yu, Sisi

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood The Chukotka winter tent is a structure made of a wooden frame with reindeer hides stretched over it. A particular feature of the layout of the structure is the smaller inner tent erected within the outer larger tent. This smaller tent is intended for sleeping and is designed to provide insulation and reflect body heat. The outer tent is designed to withstand the extreme polar climate and protect against the heavy winds of Siberia. Although it is not completely insulated, the outer tent encompasses more space for other activities such as cooking and laundry. The tent is mobile, as the Chukchi people are nomadic, traveling according to weather and migratory herds.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

CHUKCHEE PENINSULA CHUKCHEE PENINSULA CHUKCHEE PENINSULA CHUKCHEE PENINSULA ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

Chukotka, Russia

80 60 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 0 40 20 0 -20 20 0 -20 -40 0 -20 -40 -60 -20 -40 -60

with drastic temperature drops The Siberian climate is very coldat MIN +The MAX (°F)months summer areata cold Thenight. Siberian climate isdrops very with drastic temperature The Siberian climate isharsh very cold little warmer than the night. The summer months are a at with severe temperature drops with drastic temperature drops at winters, however the The Siberian climate isharsh very cold little warmer than thetemperature night. The summer months are a are still drops at night when the sunat night. The summer months with drastic temperature drops winters, however the temperature little warmer than the harsh disappears. night. Theatsummer months areharsh a still drops night when the sun slightly warmer than the winters, however little warmer thanthe thetemperature harsh disappears. still drops at the nightthe when the sun still winters, but temperature winters, however temperature disappears. still drops at night when the sun

drops at night after the sun sets. disappears.

-40 -60 -60

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

CLIMATE tropical dry JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

moderate continental polar

3.5

PRECIPITATION Precipitation during the year is very MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION minimal, however thethe majority of it Precipitation during year is very MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN) comes in the form of snow.

3.5 3 3.5 3 2.5 3.5 3 2.5 2 3 2.5 2 1.5 2.5 2 1.5 1 2 1.5 1 0.5 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 0.5 0

minimal, however the majority of it Precipitation during year is very comes in the form ofthe snow. Precipitation during the year minimal, however thethe majority it is Precipitation during year is of very comes in the form of very minimal, with the majority minimal, however thesnow. majority of it comes the form of snow. falling asinsnow.

0.5 0

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT

Thiswould assists be. in creating the severe temperature drops and results in even colder winters.

Delasanta, Michaela Ely, Catie Yu, Sisi

The+ Siberian climate MIN (°(°F) F) is very cold MIN +MAX MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

The Chukchi Peninsula is at a very SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT high longitudePeninsula which means The Chukchi is at athe very DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO SUNSET range of daylight hoursmeans variesthe high longitude which The Chukchi isseason. at a very greatly on thevaries SUNRISE TOPeninsula SUNSET range ofdepending daylight hours high longitude which means This assists in creating the drastic The Chukchi Peninsula isseason. at the a very greatly depending on the range of daylight hours varies temperature as well as making TheThis Chukchi Peninsula is at high longitude which means thea very assists indrops creating the drastic greatly depending on the season. the winters even colder than they range of daylight hours varies temperature drops as well as making high longitude which means the This assists in creating the drastic would be. greatly depending on the season. the winters even colder than they temperature as well making range hours greatly This of assists indrops creating theas drastic would be.daylight the winters even colder than temperature drops as as they making varies depending onwell the season. would be. even colder than they the winters

Chukotka Winter Tent

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

3:00 3:00 5:00

permanent

5:00 7:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 3:00 5:00 9:00 11:00 5:00 7:00 11:00 13:00 7:00 9:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

13:00 15:00 9:00 11:00 15:00 17:00 11:00 13:00

frame

17:00 19:00 13:00 15:00 19:00 21:00 15:00 17:00 21:00 23:00 17:00 19:00 23:00 19:00 21:00 21:00 23:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

woven JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

excavation MATERIAL brick

The peninsula experiences heavy

stone

The peninsula experiences heavy everything from snow to dwellings. ANNUAL WIND are strong enough to move winds fromfrom theexperiences West. These winds The peninsula heavy everything snow to dwellings. DISTRIBUTION are strong enough to move

earth

strong enough to move Theare peninsula experiences heavy everything from snow to dwellings. winds from the west. These winds are very strong and hazardous creating large snow drifts putting severe wind pressure on structures.

grass

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION winds from theexperiences West. These winds The peninsula heavy ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION are strong to move winds fromenough the West. These winds

wood

winds from the West. These winds everything from snow to dwellings.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

11 Chukotka Winter Tent

Chukotka, Russia

Right: The exploded axonometric shows the configuration of the inner tent within the outer tent, a small square structure with flaps, and located facing the entrance of the larger outer tent (shown in the drawing raised above ground level) Far Right: The winter tent is composed of two separate parts: the outer tent and the inner sleeping tent. The outer tent is designed to shield against the harsh winter wind, while the inner tent is intended to preserve heat. The structure is made of layered reindeer hides which are lapped to provide windproofing and weatherproofing.

Delasanta, Michaela Ely, Catie Yu, Sisi

CLIMATE tropical

SLEEPING

dry moderate continental

LAUNDRY

polar FOOD PREPARATION

USE communal

FIRE

domestic

RELAXATION

agriculture

To strecht the hides over the structure and ballast against the severe winds, heavy stones are lashed and hung across the tent. The compressive force of the stones post-tension the wooden frame structure removing slack in the lashings and strengthing the entire structure to resist wind forces as a sinlge unit.

aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent

The shape of the outer tent maximizes usable interior space while keeping a low profile to the winds.

TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass Fi

hide re

snow

BODY HEAT

TERRAIN flat slope edge

11 Chukotka Winter Tent

Right: The outer skin of the tent is made from 50-60 reindeer hides. The qualities of the skin depends on the month. For Summer months, the hides are much thinner and keep a cooler climate within. Also, the hair is flipped form the inside to the outside, which also changes the function of the covering - the hair on the outside increases the surface area of the skin of the tent providing cooling in the summer breeze. During the winter months, the hides with thicker hair are used for increased insulation. The hair traps small pockets of air providing increased insulation against the cold.

Chukotka, Russia

CO L

Delasanta, Michaela Ely, Catie Yu, Sisi

WA TE R

IN D

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate WA RM

continental

AI R

polar

WINTER HIDE COVERING

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation

WA R

SUMMER HIDE COVERING

AI R/

MATERIAL brick IN D

stone earth wood grass hide

COOLER AIR

snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

11 Chukotka Winter Tent

Chukotka, Russia

Right: The wind patterns on the Chukchee peninsula tend to blow from the West. The arrangement of the tents within the camp depends on hierarchy and the placement is so that the tent is shielded from the winds. The farther North the tent is, the higher up the family is in the hierarchy of the herd.

Delasanta, Michaela Ely, Catie Yu, Sisi

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate

The structure is a low dome without obstructions to allow the winds to flow freely around it.

continental

Tents within the encampment are arrainged within the camp in an eschelon off the prevailing wind direction such that each preceding tent provides a windbreak for its trailing neighbor.

USE communal

polar

domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow PERMAFROST LAYER

TERRAIN flat slope edge

12 Granary

Burkina Faso Foo, Justin

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood The granary of the Mossi People acts as a safeguard against droughts in the semi-arid environment. Its aerodynamic form prevents strong Saharan winds from toppling it. Its deep roof overhangs protect it from rain. The granary is elevated above the ground to reduce humidity while improving air circulation. Brushwood is also woven to create an air permeable container. These features keep the millet dry for extended periods of time. The structure can be easily dismantled as it originates from the Mossiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nomadic ancestors. The granary also symbolizes each wifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to provide for the family within their polygamous family structures.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

Burkina Faso

100 80 100 80 60 100 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 0 40 20 0 -20 20 0 -20 -40 0 -20 -40

generally high temperatures. Dori, Burkina Faso experiences

-20 -40 -40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION Data obtained AVG from the World MONTHLY (IN) PRECIPITATION Bank group for Burkina Faso, Data obtained from the World MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG Ouagadougou. Little (IN) or no

14 12 14 12 10 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 6 4 2 0 4 2 0

to last through the dry winter last through the dry winter months. months.

2 0 0

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou SUNRISE TO SUNSET DAYLIGHT HOURS experiences daylight hours which Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO SUNSET are fairly constant.

dry JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

3:00 3:00 5:00

permanent

5:00 7:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 3:00 5:00

experiences daylight hours which experiences daylight hours which Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou

CLIMATE tropical

Bank group for Burkina Faso, Data obtainedisfrom the World precipitation collected from Ouagadougou. Little or no Little or precipitation is Bank groupno forFebruary. Burkina Faso, Novemeber to This Data obtained the World precipitation isfrom collected fromshows Ouagadougou. Little or storage no collected from November the importance of food to Bank group for Burkina Faso, Novemeber to February. This shows precipitation is Little collected from last through the dry winter months. or storage no the importance of food to the to Ouagadougou. February. This shows Novemeber toisFebruary. This shows precipitation from last through thecollected dry winter months. importance food the importance of food storage to Novemeber toof February. This storage shows last importance through theof dry winter months. the food storage to

are fairly constant. Dueexperiences to it’s equitorial location daylight hours which are fairly constant. Burkina Ouagadougou, Faso experiences daylight hours which are fairly constant throughout the year.

Foo, Justin

100

May and November. are Temperatures peak inThere the months of generally high temperatures. generally high temperatures. smaller variations annual Dori, Burkina Fasoinexperiences May and November. There are Temperatures peak in the months of Temperatures peak in the months temperature during the summer generally high temperatures. smaller variations in annual May and November. Theremonths are months. peak in of temperature during thethe summerThere of Temperatures May and November. smaller in annual May andvariations November. There are months. temperature during summer are smaller smaller variations in annual variations inthe annual months. temperature during summer temperature duringthethe summer months. months.

Burkina Faso, SUNRISE TOOuagadougou SUNSET are fairly constant.

12 Granary

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + Burkina MAX (° F)experiences Dori, Faso MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE generally high temperatures. Dori, Burkina Faso experiences MINBurkina + MAXpeak (°F)in Temperatures the months of Dori, Faso experiences

9:00 11:00 5:00 7:00 11:00 13:00 7:00 9:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

13:00 15:00 9:00 11:00 15:00 17:00 11:00 13:00

frame

17:00 19:00 13:00 15:00 19:00 21:00 15:00 17:00 21:00 23:00 17:00 19:00 23:00 19:00 21:00 21:00 23:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Data is not obtainable for Burkina ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Faso. is Weather data from Data not obtainable forDakar, Burkina ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Senegal is used based on its

woven JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

excavation MATERIAL brick stone

Faso. Weather data from Dakar, Data is notWIND obtainable for Burkina ANNUAL geographical proximity Senegal is used based ontoitsBurkina Faso. Weather dataSenegal, from Dakar, Faso. is Like Dakar, Burkina Data not obtainable for geographical proximity to Burkina Burkina DISTRIBUTION Senegal is useddata based on its Faso experiences hot strong winds Faso. Weather from Dakar, Faso. Like Dakar, Senegal, Burkina geographical proximity to Burkina coming from Saharan Senegal is usedthe based on itsdesert Faso experiences hot strong winds Data is not obtainable for Burkina Faso. Like Dakar, Senegal, Burkina located in theproximity north. geographical to desert Burkina coming from the Saharan Faso experiences hot strong winds Faso. Weather data from Dakar, Faso. Like Dakar, Senegal, Burkina located in the north. coming from the hot Saharan desert Faso experiences strong winds Senegal is theused based on its located in north. coming from the Saharan desert geographical to Burkina located in theproximity north.

Faso. Like Dakar, Burkina Faso experiences hot strong winds coming from the Saharan desert located in the north.

earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

100

101

12 Granary

Right: Generous roof overhangs protect the millet from rain and the walls from water. Its bellcast eaves quickly direct roof runoff away from the granaruy and the wall base. Back splash is also eliminated by elevating the structure above the ground. Far Right: The aerodynamic form of the roof structure and thatching combined with the interlaced heavy wooden frame prevents strong Saharan winds from toppling the structure.

Burkina Faso Foo, Justin

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: The roof keeps the millet shaded and cool.

permanent

Far Right: Air circulates under and through the granary. The increased surface area enables the millet to remain dry, cool and edible for extended periods of time.

TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

102

103

12 Granary

Right: The granary is elevated above the ground to prevent mice and other ground-bound insects from entering it. It also prevents mildew from accumulating on the millet stored within. Rammed earth is used to strengthen the base of the construction. Far Right: Granaries are located at the center of the village for protection. The division of the grain in smaller granaries improves air circulation and lowers humidity. The entrances of the huts are all facing the granaries, allowing the inhabitants to keep watch on the granaries from the comfort of their home.

Burkina Faso Foo, Justin

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Mossi families are polygamous. The granary symbolized each wifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to provide for the family.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

104

105

12 Granary

Right: The granary can be accessed by lifting the thatched roof. The millet is used to feed the family and livestock during the dry months. The structure can be dismantled easily as it originates from the nomadic ancestors of the Mossi people. The primary columns lean outwards due to the weight of the millet acting on the granary, stretching the frame in tension and tightening the lashed joinery, creating a more stable structure. Far Right: Construction details show how the thatched roof is woven to the rigid timber structure of primary and secondary beams underneath.

Burkina Faso Foo, Justin

106

107

12 Granary

Burkina Faso Zhou, Alex

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick The granary in Burkina Faso is created to store corn and millet efficiently, protected from weather, pests, and moisture. As a result of utilizing rammed-earth architecture and raising the structure off the ground, the adobe walls protect the dry goods inside not only from the heat of the sun, but also from humidity and insects. Elevating the granary allows for air to come in contact with all sides of the structure, further increasing the cooling and removing errant moisture. A visible v-motif is engraved into structural at regular intervals to encourage moisture to work its way out of the surface and to direct any rainfall out and off the structure. Beyond its grain-storing function, the granary functions as a community symbol; multiple granaries are located adjacent to one another in the center of a village, and are often paired with a grinding wheel to process the grain, creating a communal space.

stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

109

Burkina Faso

100 100 80 100 100 80 60 8080 60 40 6060 40 20 4040 20 0 2020 0 -20 0 0-20 -40 -20-20 -40

in the month rises of March, and Temperature to its maximum declines the most in July.and Generally the climate is very hot in the month of March, Temperature rises to its maximum Temperature rises to its maximum declines the most in July. with temperatures rising in the month of March, and in the month of March, and to its declines most in July. of March declines thethe most July. maximum in theinmonth

(approx. 100 F) , and declining to its lowest in July (about 70 F).

-40-40

PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION Although thereAVG is no precipitation MONTHLY (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN)

14 14 12 12 1414 10 10 1212 8 10 10 8 6 8 86 4 6 64 2 4 42 0 2 20

during Burkina Faso’s dry season, all Although there is no(IN) precipitation MONTHLY AVG other months experience rainfall,

during Burkina Faso’s dry season, all Although there is no precipitation especially the of August. Although there ismonth no precipitation other months experience rainfall, Burkina Faso experiences a all dry during Burkina Faso’s dry season, during Burkina especially theFaso’s monthdry of season, August.all other months experience rainfall, season from November through other months experience rainfall, especially the month of August. especiallyand the month of August. March a rainy season from

July through September with the most precipitation falling in August.

DAYLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT HOURS constant for Daylight hours SUNRISE TOremain SUNSET SUNRISE SUNSET the most TO part, although subtle for Daylight hours remain constant DAYLIGHT HOURS fluctuation occurs throughout the

the most part, although subtle Daylight hours remain constant for SUNRISE SUNSET year. fluctuationTO occurs throughout the

Daylight hours remain constant the most part, although subtlefor year.

thefluctuation most part, occurs although subtle the throughout Daylight hours remain constant fluctuation occurs throughout the year. for year.the most part, although subtle fluctuation occurs throughout the year.

12 Granary

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Temperature rises to its maximum MIN + MAX (°F) MIN MAX (°(°F) F) MIN + MAX

Zhou, Alex

CLIMATE tropical dry JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

3:00 3:00 5:00

permanent

5:00 7:00 3:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 5:00 5:00 9:00 11:00 7:00 7:00 11:00 13:00 9:00 9:00 13:00 15:00 11:00 11:00 15:00 17:00 13:00 13:00 17:00 19:00 15:00 15:00 19:00 21:00 17:00

17:00 21:00 23:00 19:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 21:00 23:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Wind generally flows east, with the ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION most on the south-east. Windfocus generally flows east, with the ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

AUG AUG

SEP SEP

OCT OCT

NOV NOV

DEC DEC

MATERIAL brick stone

most focus on the south-east. Wind generally flows east, with the ANNUAL WIND most focus onflows the south-east. Wind generally east, with the DISTRIBUTION

earth

Wind generally flows east, with the most focus on the south-east.

grass

wood

most focus on the south-east.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

110

111

12 Granary

Right: As a result of suspending the structure on a series of sticks, logs, and rocks, all faces of the granary are exposed to the wind, reducing the surface and internal temperature of the structure. Far Right: Located in the center of a village, the granary functions as a community entity. Multiple granaries (small parallelogram) are located near a circular grinding wheel, operated by the women of the village.

Burkina Faso Zhou, Alex

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: An exploded axon reveals a skeletal structure at the base of the granary. When utilized in conjunction with rammed-earth, the granary is able to support the entire weight of the structure. Far Right: The site section of a village in Burkina Faso reveals that the 11 foot tall granaries are the most prominent structures in the village. Located in the center of the city, the structures rise above the adjacent housing structures.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

112

113

13 Dorze Woven Hut

Chencha, Ethiopia

Tesfaye, Beth

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass Known as the best weavers in all of Ethiopia, the people of the Dorze tribe construct homes fit for their title. Terraced into the Guye hills at an altitude of 9,500 feet, the town of Chencha, Ethiopia, is the site for the woven huts. The walls and ceiling are one uniform structure and are made out of materials of fortune, ones that the area is abundant in, such as stripped bamboo and non-flowering banana leaves. These lightweight and transportable huts are both versatile in their functions and their locations.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

115

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE NNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE N + MAX (°F) MIN +temperature MAX F)Chencha, MIN + MAX(°(°F) The of

Ethiopia does notofvary much temperature Chencha, TheThe temperature of 100Chencha, throughout thenot year. Because temperature of Chencha, Ethiopia does vary much the The temperature of Chencha, regular temperatures are vary fairly high 80 the does not much iopia does notEthiopia vary much throughout the year. Because Ethiopia does not do vary much the Dorze people not require regular temperatures are fairly high oughout the year. Because the throughout the year. Because throughout themeasurements year. Because the heating 60 besides the people do not require ular temperaturesmuch are Dorze fairly high regular temperatures are pits fairly high are besides their central fire and temperatures heating measurements besides Dorze peoplethe do much notregular require 40 the Dorze people do to not require indoor cattle stables besides their central firekeep pits their and ch heating measurements besides fairly high the Dorze people much heating measurements besides huts warm. indoor stables to keep their des their central pitscattle and 20and do fire not require heating besides their central much fire pits warm. oor cattle stables huts to keep their indoor cattle stables to keep their measurements. The central pits s warm. 0 huts warm.

as well as the indoor cattle stables -20 assist in keeping their huts warm. -40

PRECIPITATION JAN MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION AVG (IN) ECIPITATIONMONTHLY PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION The wettest seasons of the year for ONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN) Chencha, the year summer The wettestEthiopia seasons of the for MONTHLY AVGare (IN) and the spring. However, the

Chencha, Ethiopia are the14 summer The wettest seasons ofmisty the year wettest seasons of thethe year for climate is consitently andfor and spring. However, The wettest seasons ofthe the year Chencha, Ethiopia areelevation. the summer damp due to its high encha, Ethiopia are the summer climate is consitently misty12and the spring. However, theare the the spring. However, the forand Chencha, Ethiopia damp due to its high elevation. climate is consitently misty10and mate is consitently misty and summer and the spring. The due to its high elevation. mp due to its highdamp elevation. climate is consitently misty and 8

damp due to its high elevation. 6 4 2

Chencha, Ethiopia

little to almost no experiences deviation invery the equator, Chencha

3:00 receives Because Ethiopia is located the amount of daylight hours itnear SUNRISE TO SUNSET little to near almost ause Ethiopia is located theno deviation in the

equator, Chencha experiences very 5:00 throughout the year. amount ofvery daylight hours it receives ator, Chencha experiences little to Ethiopia almost no deviation Because 7:00 in thenear throughout the year.is located e to almost no deviation amount in of the daylight hours it receives thehours equator, Chencha experiences ount of daylight it receives throughout the year. 9:00 oughout the year. very little to almost 11:00 no deviation

13:00 hours it in the amount of daylight receives throughout 15:00 the year. 17:00

Tesfaye, Beth

100 100 80 100 80 60 80 60 40 60 40 20 40 20 0 20 0 -20 0 -20 -40 -20 -40 -40

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moderate continental polar

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DAYLIGHT HOURS JAN SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT AYLIGHT HOURS Because Ethiopia is located near the SUNRISE TO SUNSET equator, Chenchaisexperiences very NRISE TO DAYLIGHT SUNSET Because Ethiopia located near the HOURS

13 Dorze Woven Hut

FEB

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

3:00 5:00 3:00

permanent

7:00 5:00 3:00 9:00 7:00 5:00 11:00 9:00 7:00 13:00 11:00 9:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

15:00 13:00 11:00 17:00 15:00 13:00

frame

19:00 17:00 15:00 21:00 19:00 17:00

19:00

23:00 21:00 19:00 23:00 21:00

21:00

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ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION JAN FEB ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION The average annual prevailing winds ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION in Chencha, Ethiopia blow winds average annual prevailing NNUAL WINDThe DISTRIBUTION eastward. However, theblow surrounding in Chencha, Ethiopia

woven JAN JAN

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excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth

The average annual prevailing winds banana trees act as wind breakers ANNUAL WIND eastward. However, the surrounding in Chencha, Ethiopia blow for the town of huts.+ average annual prevailing winds banana trees act as wind breakers DISTRIBUTION eastward. However, the surrounding the town of huts.+ Chencha, Ethiopiaforblow banana trees act as wind breakers ward. However, the Thefor surrounding average prevailing the town of annual huts.+ ana trees act as wind breakers winds in Chencha, Ethiopia the town of huts.+

blow eastward. However, the surrounding banana trees act as wind breakers for the town of huts.

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

116

117

13 Dorze Woven Hut

Chencha, Ethiopia

Right: The structure of the hut is composed of vertical bamboo poles that are woven together by horizontal bamboo strips. The thatched facade is made from the local enset (non-flowering banana leaves) that are pierced by the vertical running bamboo poles and shingled on top of each other. Both of these materials are locally found and abundant in the area.

Tesfaye, Beth

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture Huts are built up to 40ft high. It takes approximately two men and three months to build.

Every 4 years, 20 cm is removed from the base of the huts due to termites and rotting.

The banana leaves are replaced every 20 years.

As the huts get smaller, they are programmatically appropriated differently, ie: “honeymoon hut”.

industry

Huts can generally be occupied or used for up to 60 years.

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Far Right: The Dorze hut is separated into two spaces, the entrance hall and the main floor space. The main space of the Dorze hut is then divided into two spaces by a 6 feet tall bamboo wall. The first space closest to the entrance hall houses the majority of the family life activity. The back half of the hut is used to house the family’s livestock. Both the family and the cattle enter and exit through a single door in the front of the hut.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone

A central fire as well as the shared space with the livestock heats the space while the two openings near the top of the hut provide ventilation.

earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

118

119

14 Zulu Beehive Hut

KwaZulu-Natal, S. Africa

Cha, Yoonseo Cheng, Kam Chi Oberoi, Tara

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

AXONOMETRIC

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass

The Zulu beehive hut is an indigenous residential building type of the Zulu people in South Africa. The hut is constructed from materials abundant in the region, such as saplings, grass, crushed anthill, and cow manure. The multi-layered dome structure provides thermal insulation while allowing sufficient natural lighting and ventilation. A circular geometry occurs from every scale in the structures and organization of the Zulu hut and its compound. Despite its primitive materials and construction, the hut meets all basic needs of its occupants.

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

121

KwaZulu-Natal, S. Africa

Cha, Yoonseo Cheng, Kam Chi Oberoi, Tara

100 100 80 100 80 60 80 60 40 60 40 20 40 20 0 20 0 -20 0 -20 -40 -20 -40

The temperature in Johannesburg (a

Zulu ismajority relativelyof Thethe temperature Johannesburg large city population) closest tointhe mild. The temperature in Johannesburg (a100 The temperature in population) Johannesburg (a majority the Zulu isthe relatively (a large city closest to large city closest to the majority of large city closest mild. to the majority of 80 thethe Zulu Zulu population) is relatively of population) population) is the Zulu is relatively mild. mild. relatively mild. 60

40 20 0 -20

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION The area gets most of its annual PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) between rainfall during the months MONTHLY AVG (IN) The area gets most of(IN) its annual MONTHLY AVG

14 Zulu Beehive Hut

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE The+temperature in MIN MAX (° F)Johannesburg (a MIN + MAX MIN + MAX (°F)closest (°F) large city to the majority of

-40

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SEP OCT NOV DEC OCT NOV DEC

polar

October and March. rainfall during the months between The area and gets March. most of its annual 14 October The area gets of its annual The area gets most of its most annual rainfall during the months between rainfallrainfall during the months between October during and March. the 12 months October and March. between October and March. 10

8 6 4 2 0 DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT On average, the region recieves 14 DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO SUNSET hours of sunlight a day.recieves Combined On average, the region 14 DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO SUNSET with high levels of solar radiation, strategies critical. hours of sunlight aheat day. Combined On average, region recieves 14control thisthe makes passive 5:00 with high levels of region solar radiation, hours On of sunlight a day. Combined average, the recieves strategies critical. makes passive heat control 7:00 with high this levels of solar radiation, 14 passive hoursheat ofcontrol sunlight a day. critical. 9:00 this makesstrategies Combined with high levels11:00 of strategies critical.

solar radiation, this makes passive 13:00 heat control strategies critical.15:00 17:00

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JAN 3:00

domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

SEP OCT NOV DEC OCT NOV DEC

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent

7:00 5:00 3:00 9:00 7:00 5:00

11:00 9:00 7:00 13:00 11:00 9:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

15:00 13:00 11:00 17:00 15:00 13:00

frame

19:00 17:00 15:00

woven

21:00 19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00

19:00

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23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION JAN The region frequently experiences

USE communal

5:00 3:00

hours of sunlight a day. Combined

this average, makes passive heat control On theSUNSET region 143:00 SUNRISE TO with high levels of solarrecieves radiation,

14 12 14 12 10 12 10 8 10 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 0

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excavation MATERIAL brick

ANNUAL strong windsWIND from all DISTRIBUTION directions.

stone

The region frequently experiences

This makes ventilation easy, ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION strong windsnatural from all directions.

earth

but the need for The region frequently experiences ANNUAL Thisincreases makesWIND natural ventilation easy, protection against cold winds at strong winds fromneed all directions. but increases the for The region frequently experiences DISTRIBUTION night. This makes natural ventilation protection cold winds ateasy, strong winds from allagainst directions. but increases the need for night. This makes natural ventilation easy, Theprotection region frequently experiences against cold winds at but increases the need for night. strong winds from all directions. protection against cold winds at night.This makes natural ventilation

easy, but increases the need for stability and protection against cold winds at night.

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

122

123

14 Zulu Beehive Hut

Right: The lightness of the constrution and the stability of the behive structure allows easy relocation.

KwaZulu-Natal, S. Africa

Cha, Yoonseo Cheng, Kam Chi Oberoi, Tara

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal Right: The hut can simply be pulled out from the ground and moved by several men to another chosen site with most of the thatching still intact.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame

Drawing from illustration by Jabulani Ntuli.

woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

124

125

14 Zulu Beehive Hut

Right: Circular geometries occur at nearly every scale of the Zulu community. Hemispheric huts are positioned in an arc facing the cattle in the central circular kraal, with the chief â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hut in the center, facing east. The site is positioned on a slope, which allows rainwater to wash out and clean the kraal through gravity. The circular structure is suitable for nuclear families, defensive position, watching cattle, rituals and ceremonies.

KwaZulu-Natal, S. Africa

Cha, Yoonseo Cheng, Kam Chi Oberoi, Tara

126

127

14 Zulu Beehive Hut

Right: Day Cooling - The multiple layers of branches and thatching allow for sun shading, and the crosshatched pattern allows for heat to escape through the top. Far Right: Night Heating - In order to maintain a comfortable temperature inside the hut when the temperature drops, the fireplace in addition to providing direct heat creates a convective circulation, heat is trapped in the weaving slowing heat loss to the exterior.

KwaZulu-Natal, S. Africa

Cha, Yoonseo Cheng, Kam Chi Oberoi, Tara

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: the woven structure of the hut traps heat but allows for slow percolation of smoke through the structure which serves to preserve the structure and protect from insects. As the smoke is slowly drawn out through the structure bringing fresh air through the front door. Far Right: Daylighting - The thatched pattern allows for enough natural light to illuminate the hut. The overlapping loose thatch pattern allows for dappled natural sunlight to illuminate the interior of the hut.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

128

129

Sunken Courtyard House

Henan, China

Nowakowski, Piotr Wang, Hanxi Wong, Aquinnah Wood, Amy

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation The sunken courtyard houses of Tungkwan, China are representative of the efficient and inventive nature of their residents. Dug entirely out of flat ground (loess soil), sunken courtyard houses are comprised of a main, rectangular courtyard, with several rooms branching away, all underground. They are dug deep enough that the underground temperature is not drastically affected by the air temperature, enabling the residents to stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter without the need for any secondary heating/cooling system. Positioning the rooms so to maximize the amount of light that can shine through the openings, the stairs are often positioned on the least sunny side (south), whereas the most important rooms, those for the elder residents, are on the north side, with the most sun. Pit dwellings are structurally supported without the need for any other material besides the soil from which they are dug. The outermost eight inches of the loess soil, when exposed to air, hardens into a cement-like compound to provide structural stability in the pits.

MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

131

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

100

Include MIN + MAX (Â°description F) MIN + BRIEF MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

100 80 100 80 60 100 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 0 40 20 0 -20 200 -20 -40 0 -20 -40

Include BRIEF description

MIN + MAX

Include BRIEF description

-20 -40

PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION

-40

PRECIPITATION

14 12 14 12 10 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 108 6 4 86 4 2 64 2 0 42 0

China, is approximately 31.7 inches continental. andannual its climaterainfall is humid in Henan, TheChina, is approximately 31.7 inches continental. and its is climate is humid China, approximately 31.7 China, is approximately 31.7 inches continental. the four mountain ranges (Taihang, and itsand climate isclimate humid is humid inches its Funiu, andranges Dabie)(Taihang, located the fourTongbai mountain continental. continental. in the north, west, sides of Funiu, Tongbai andsouth Dabie) located the four mountain ranges (Taihang, province. in the north, west, south sides of Funiu, Tongbai and Dabie) located the four province. mountain (Taihang, Thethe precipitation is sides influenced in the north, west, ranges south of Funiu, Tongbai and Dabie) located the province. by inthe fourwest, mountain ranges the north, south sides of the province. (Taihang, Funiu, Tongbai, and

Dabie) located in the north, west, andDAYLIGHT south sidesHOURS of the province.

20 0

SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT

Include BRIEF description SUNRISE TO SUNSET Include BRIEF description

Located in the north of China, Henan experiences long days in the summer and very short days in the winter. The extreme sun angle of the winter is utilized to heat the northern rooms within the courtyard through passive solar gain.

3:00

Henan, China

Nowakowski, Piotr Wang, Hanxi Wong, Aquinnah Wood, Amy

CLIMATE tropical dry JAN JAN

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3:00 5:00 5:00 7:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 5:00 3:00 9:00 11:00 7:00 5:00 11:00 13:00 9:00 7:00 13:00 15:00 11:00 9:00 15:00 17:00 13:00 11:00 17:00 19:00 15:00 13:00 19:00 21:00 17:00 15:00 21:00 23:00 19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WINDstrong DISTRIBUTION Henan experiences winds

frequently and throughout the year. Henan experiences winds ANNUAL WINDstrong DISTRIBUTION The Loess Plateau, on which the pit

frequently WIND and throughout the year. ANNUAL Henan experiences strong winds courtLoess houses are most commonly The Plateau, on which the pit frequently and the found, is particularly windy dueyear. to the DISTRIBUTION court houses arethroughout most commonly Henan experiences strong winds

Sunken Courtyard House

PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION China, is approximately 31.7 inches MONTHLY AVG (IN) and its climate is humid

Include BRIEF description SUNRISE TO SUNSET DAYLIGHT HOURS Include BRIEF description DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO SUNSET

CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS.

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven

JAN JAN

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excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood

The Loess Plateau, onwindy whichdue the to pitthe flat nature of the land. found, is particularly frequently and throughout the year.

court houses commonly Henan experiences strong flat nature of are themost land. The Loess Plateau, on windy which due thewinds pit found, is particularly to the court houses are most commonly frequently and throughout the flat nature of the land. found, is particularly windy due to the year. The Loess Plateau, on which flat nature of the land. the pit court houses are most commonly found, is particularly windy due to the flat nature of the land.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

132

133

Sunken Courtyard House The proportions of interior spaces in relation to the height of the courtyard are designed to be the same as the courtyard is around twice as deep (~30 ft) as the height of the rooms (~15 ft). The walls of the courtyard are provided with a small sloping roofs covered in ceramic tiles, to route water off the walls and directing it towards the central depression of the courtyard water collection. Modest ornamentation is often present above the small roof; complementing the rich forms of the arches below.

Henan, China

Nowakowski, Piotr Wang, Hanxi Wong, Aquinnah Wood, Amy

134

135

Sunken Courtyard House The houses are provided with cross-ventilated through the orientation of the courtyard in relationship to the interior rooms and ventilating chimneys. Chimneys are built towards the rear of rooms, with openings close to the floor, to aid air circulation. The shaded chimneys are cooler than the outside, as the air cools and drops in the chimney it pulls more air from outside into the vent space. Ventilation is further aided by the addition of windcatching fins atop the chimneys. The downward convection current of cooled air brings fresh air into the rooms pushing out stale air to the courtyard space. The surfaces in the courtyard are warmer than the interior rooms, heating the air in the courtyard and allowing it to slowly rise up and out of the courtyard atrium. This in turn leaves creates a low-pressure area, which is filled up by the air from the rooms completenig the convection current of the natural cooling system driving humidity out of the interior spaces A similar process occurs via the entrance stairs. Secondary rooms without chimneys rely solely on ventilation provided through windows.

Henan, China

Nowakowski, Piotr Wang, Hanxi Wong, Aquinnah Wood, Amy

136

137

Sunken Courtyard House

Henan, China

Nowakowski, Piotr Wang, Hanxi Wong, Aquinnah Wood, Amy

138

139

Sunken Courtyard House Right: Site plan speculating the arrangement pattern in the community. Far Right: Program of the courtyard. Blue - Eldersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Room Red - Family Room Green - Kitchen Yellow - Bathroom Grey - Space for livestock

Henan, China

Nowakowski, Piotr Wang, Hanxi Wong, Aquinnah Wood, Amy

140

141

16 Tuyoq Grape Drying House Turpan, China Cheung, Stephanie Kido, Haruka Kimmel, Laura Park, Chaeeun

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation

The grape drying houses are located in the narrow-sloping Tuyugou Valley, China. The Tuyoq depression allows the amplification of the strong hot-dry winds and causes the air along the mountain surface that is warmer than free air at the same height to move up the sies of the valley. The reverse effect happens at night, allowing the mountain surface to cool more quickly than free air through radiation. The year-long high temperature difference and the frequency of sand storms that block out sunlight require a material that can absorb the heat during the day and release it slowly at night as the temperature drops. Mud-brick is used as thermal mass that absorbs heat of the sun on both the roof and the perforated surface. The structure adapts to the landscape by a man-made, elevated rock and concrete platform that extends into the sloping landscape which maximizes ventilation as wind velocity rises with height and avoids any ground-accumulating humidity.

MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

143

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

MINThe +Turpan MAXDepression (° F) experiences MIN + MAX (°F)

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE a cold desert climate with very hot The Turpan Depression experiences and long summers cold but + desert MAX (°F) and TheMIN Turpan Depression a cold climate with very hot short winters. The spring and

The experiences and Turpan long summers cold but experiences aDepression cold and desert climate temperatures are in aautumn cold desert climate with very hot short winters. The spring and The Turpan Depression experiences between. There is also acold high with very hot and long summers and long summers and but temperatures arevery in hot a autumn cold desert climate with temperature difference, with an short winters. The spring and between. There is and also a high long summers cold but The andand cold but short winters. average annual daily difference autumn temperatures are in anof temperature short winters. difference, The springwith and 14-16 degrees Celsius. spring and autum temperatures between. There is alsodifference a high average annual daily of autumn temperatures are in temperature difference, with an 14-16 degrees arebetween. in between. There There Celsius. is also a highis also a average annual daily difference of temperature difference, with an with high temperature difference, 14-16 degrees Celsius. average annual daily difference of an 14-16 average annual daily difference degrees Celsius. of 14-16 degrees Celsius.

Annual precipitation is very low PRECIPITATION MONTHLY (IN) content PRECIPITATION (0.62 in). TheAVG low moisture Annual precipitation is very low MONTHLY (IN) and extremeAVG heat and dryness of air MONTHLY AVG (IN)

(0.62 in). The low moisture content are optimal conditionsis for Annual precipitation verydrying low and extreme heat and dryness of very air Annual precipitation iscontent the grapes. (0.62 in). The low moisture are optimal conditions for drying Annual precipitation is very low and extreme heat andlow dryness of air low(0.62 (0.62in). The moisture the grapes. in). The low moisture content are optimal conditions for drying content and heat extreme heat and extreme and dryness of airand the grapes. are optimal conditions for drying dryness of air are optimal the grapes.

conditions for drying grapes.

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE SUNSET DAYLIGHTTOHOURS

The duration of the days do not SUNRISE TO SUNSET vary much during the year. Day and DAYLIGHT HOURS The duration of the days do not DAYLIGHT HOURS night lightTO patterns correlate with SUNRISE SUNSET vary much during the year. Day and the ofthe these as Theorientation duration ofSUNSET dayshouses do not SUNRISE night lightTO patterns correlate with the south-facing short side Day and vary much during the year. the orientation of these houses as The duration of the intense days dosunlight not experiences direct, night light patterns correlate with the south-facing short sideDay Thevary duration ofThe the days doand not much the year. during theduring day. of hung grapesas are the orientation these houses experiences direct, correlate intense sunlight light patterns withwall varynight during the year. Day and spaced further from theside sun-lit the south-facing short during the day.ofThe hung grapes the these houses as are to orientation avoid excessive heat. experiences direct, intense sunlight night light patterns correlate spaced further from the wall the south-facing short sidesun-lit during the day. The hung grapes to avoid excessive heat. sunlightare experiences direct, intense with the further orientation of these spaced from the sun-lit wall during day. Theheat. hung grapes are to avoid excessive houses asthethe south-facing short spaced further from the sun-lit wall sideto avoid experiences direct, intense excessive heat.

sunlight during the day. The hung grapes are spaced futher from the sun-lit wall to avoid excessive ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION heat. ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Strong hot-dry winds accumulate

Cheung, Stephanie Kido, Haruka Kimmel, Laura Park, Chaeeun

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PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

16 Tuyoq Grape Drying House Turpan, China

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excavation MATERIAL brick

ANNUAL WINDofDISTRIBUTION along the surface the

stone

Strong hot-dry winds accumulate

mountainside and allow the warm along the WIND surface of the ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION air along the mountain surface to

Strong hot-dry winds accumulate mountainside and allow the warm ANNUAL WIND move upwards. The to along thethe surface of 30 the minute air along mountain surface to Strong hot-dry winds accumulate day-long wind storms also the DISTRIBUTION mountainside theblock warm move upwards.and Theallow 30 minute to

earth

mountainside and allow the warm move upwards. The 30 minute to Strong hot-dry winds accumulate sunlight. air along the mountain surface to the day-long wind storms also block along the surface of the move upwards. The 30 minute to sunlight. day-long windand storms also block the mountainside allow the warm sunlight. air along the mountain surface to move upwards. The area also experiences wind and dust stroms which can last from thirty minutes to an entire day, blocking all sunlight.

grass

wood

along the surface of the surface to sunlight. air along the mountain day-long wind storms also block the

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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16 Tuyoq Grape Drying House Turpan, China

Right: As exploded axonometric demonstrating how the assembly maximizes ventilation and evaporation by controlling the spacing the drying racks from structure on all sides.

Cheung, Stephanie Kido, Haruka Kimmel, Laura Park, Chaeeun

CLIMATE tropical

The exterior shell promotes with ventilation while resisting oscillations in strong wind gusts.

dry moderate

The mudbrick lattice walls channel winds and block sunlight to maintain a consistent indoor conditions.

continental polar INSULATED ROOF (REEDS/WOOD, MUD LAYER)

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Far Right: Forming around the dimensions of the grape bunch, all elements of the structure reflect the optimal arrangment for drying. Grapes are hung on wooden hangers which line the long perimeter walls, attached with wire to the secondary beams of the roof. The hangers align with the gaps of the brick lattice, roughly one gap per row of grapes for effecent and complete drying for raisins.

permanent HANGING DRYING RACKS (REEDS/WOOD)

TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood

SCREEN WALLS (MUDBRICK)

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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16 Tuyoq Grape Drying House Turpan, China

DAY Air along the surface of the valley is hotter than flowing air at the same height. Up slope wind gusts result from hot air rising up the slope

Cheung, Stephanie Kido, Haruka Kimmel, Laura Park, Chaeeun

CLIMATE tropical

NIGHT The surface cools more quickly than free air, causing the opposite effect. The cooler surface air is forced down the slopes providing ventilation from the other side

dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry

LIFESPAN nomadic

Va l

le y

WINDWARD SIDE Optimizing the exposure to these winds, the huts are orientiented with the long side parallel to the valley., which runs along a northeastern to southwestern axis. THERMAL CONVECTION Cooler air surrounding the rows of grapes sinks while hot air from below is pushed up; lower pressure results near the ceiling that increases the inflow of hot air from the outside

50 ft

seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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17 Bangladesh Woven Hut

Bangladesh

Oh, Ha Nuel

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone Bangladesh woven huts posses a subtle material beauty without conspicuous ornament extreme complexity. Instead, their real beauty comes through their modest appreciation and diligent adaptation to basic material properties. The primary construction material, bamboo, can be processed into a variety of forms including canes, halved canes, laths, boards, ropes, etc. Bambooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fast growth rate and dense distribution in the region makes it a cheap and equitable building material. Structurally bamboo is light weight, posseses a high weightto-strength ratio, strong resistance to tension, compression, and deflection forces allowing versitile construciton. These properties, structurally, socially, and environmentally make bamboo the choice building material in the densly populated country of Bangladesh.

earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Bangladesh is categorized as MIN + +MAX (° MIN MAX (°F)F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

subtropical climate Bangladesh monsoon is categorized as region MIN + MAX with high temperatures. Highest Bangladesh is (°F) categorized as a subtropical monsoon climate region Bangladesh is(97°F) categorized asusually temperature occurs with high temperatures. Highest subtropical monsoon climate subtropical climate region from May tomonsoon July while it as gets Bangladesh is(97°F) categorized temperature occurs usually with high temperatures. slightly cooler from November to region with high temperatures. subtropical climate from May tomonsoon July while itHighest getsregion temperature (97°F) occurs usually February (50°F). with high temperatures. Highest cooler from November to Theslightly average high temperature from May(50°F). to(97°F) July while it gets temperature occurs usually February slightly cooler from November (97°F) usually occurs from May to July while it from gets to May Februarycooler (50°F). slightly from November to

to July. temperatures are slightly February (50°F). cooler from November to February (50°F).

Bangladesh

PRECIPITATION Heavy rainfall is an important MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION characteristic ofis Bangladesh. Heavy rainfallAVG an important MONTHLY (IN) Except MONTHLY AVG a few relatively dry (IN) regions, most

characteristic of Bangladesh. Except Heavy rainfall isdry an regions, important parts of the country get arond 80 fewand relatively most Wetacharacteristic extremely humid, ofisat Bangladesh. inches Heavy rainfall anminimum. important parts ofannually the country get arondExcept 80 ainches fewparts relatively dry regions, most Northeastern regions canBangladesh receive most of the characteristic of Bangladesh. Except annually at minimum. parts of the country get arond 80 precipitation of up to 160 inches a few relatively dry regions, most Northeastern regions can receive getinches a minimum of seasons. 80 inches of at minimum. duringofannually the parts themonsoon country arond 80 precipitation of up toget 160 inches precipitation per year. Coastal Northeastern regions can receive inches annually at minimum. during the monsoon seasons. precipitation of up to can 160receive regions andNortheastern delta regions caninches receive during the monsoon precipitation of up toseasons. 160 inches

of during up tothe160 inches during the monsoon seasons. monsoon seasons. High water can be experienced due to extremely intense bursts of rainfall, and flooding is a HOURS frequent occurance DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT during the monsoon.

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21 18 21 18 15 21 18 15 12 18 15 12 9 15 12 9 6 12 9 6 3 9 6 3 0 6 3 0 3 0 0 3:00

roughly 2 hours overtime the year. The hours). Sunrise and susnset to (11 hours) and longest invary Juneup (14

9:00 11:00 5:00 7:00 11:00 13:00 7:00 9:00

daylight hour is sunset shortest January Sunrise and time roughly hours over the in year. The do hours). 2 (11 hours) andislongest (14 hour shortestininJune January notdaylight vary greatly over the year, hours). (11 hours) and longest in June (14 roughly hours). 2 hours over the year. The daylight hour is shortest in January (11 hours) and longest in June (14 hours).

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frame

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ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

CLIMATE tropical

SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT Sunrise and susnset time vary up to SUNRISE TO SUNSET DAYLIGHT HOURS roughly and 2 hours overtime the vary year. up Theto Sunrise susnset DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TO daylight 2hour isSUNSET shortest January roughly hours over the in year. The Sunrise and susnset time vary up to (11 hours) and inin June (14 SUNRISE TO SUNSET daylight hour islongest shortest January

Oh, Ha Nuel

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-20 -40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

17 Bangladesh Woven Hut

woven JAN JAN

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excavation MATERIAL brick

Most of the wind rises from the

stone

Most of the wind from the its speed can exceed during ANNUAL WIND contains high levelrises of20km/h humidity and southeast to wind the northwest. the monsoon seasons. Most of the rises fromItthe its speed can exceed 20km/h during DISTRIBUTION contains high level of humidity southeast to the northwest. It and

earth

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION southeast to wind the northwest. Most of the rises fromItthe ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION contains high level of humidity southeast to the northwest. It and

wood

the monsoon seasons. its speed can exceed 20km/h during

contains high level of humidity and Wind is can most frequent from the monsoon seasons. its speed exceed 20km/h during thethesoutheast to the northwest, monsoon seasons. containing high levels of humidity. Bangladesh is subject ti seasonal monsoons with wind stregth up to 200 km/h.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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17 Bangladesh Woven Hut

Right: In urban areas, the houses in Bangladesh (including the woven huts) are direct their shorter sides towards closest water to lessen the damage from its overflow during the high precipitation periods and improve drainage. Far Right: Section through the roof and the floor level shows how the hut has developed in a way to effectively protect itself against the heavy rainfall in the region. A layer of double shingled bamboos is placed on top of another layer to prevent the penetration of rainwater. Floor level is raised with a solid earth foundation to reduce the damage from accumulated rainwater and promote drying after periods of high water.

Bangladesh

Oh, Ha Nuel

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Similarly, the houses located in more suburban regions are built around dense trees to gain protection from inclement weather conditions. Far Right: The annual typhoons during the monsoon season are the strongest enemies of the wooven huts. To combat high wind and water the roof utilizes a hip roof design over the more easily constructed gable roof to minimize exposure to forceful wind and driving rain. The roof and walls are built as a unified structure of bamboo trusses with intergral columns to create robust structure of lightweight materials. The huts have a single door and no windows - relying on the woven walls for ventilation. Huts are situated around a dense vegetation as a measure to reduce sun, wind and rain exposure. Some huts are anchored to the trees nearby to further reinforce the against the typhoon.

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permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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17 Bangladesh Woven Hut

Right: Due to its high temperature and humidity, ventilation is extremely important for a habitable dwelling in this climate. Mats of wooven bamboo strips are attached to the bamboo frame. These porous knit mats provide shade and protection but remain permiable to wind pressure and allow for evaporative cooling of the interior. Durable and versitle the mats are used for floor and interior partitions as well. Far Right: Examples of various bracing and knotting methods developed for specific joints and frames. These fabrication methods have developed consistently over the centuries to improve their performance in face of the typhoons.

Bangladesh

Oh, Ha Nuel

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Detail of wooven bamboo mat. The weaving provides a durable material that is has a manifold use; to provide strength against the battering of the wind, to provide shade and ventilative cooling of the interior during periods of heat. The readily availbale materials, simple construction and verstile use means that anyone can build a sturdy habitation. those skilled in weaving showcase their abilities with more complex patterning as a form of decoration.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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18 Stepped Well

Adalaj, India

Kaur, Manjinder Nguyen, Thanh Wong, Andrew

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood Perhaps one of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most unique contributions to architecture is the Adalaj stepwell. Using water and the earth as architectural media, the stepwell provides a reliable water source by reaching groundwater and collecting rainwater through its structure. Construction is defined by a three-step process: excavation, stratification, and trabeatation. Built deep within the ground, the stepwell adapts to the abrupt season changes with multiple levels of water accessibility, shading and passive cooling. Both a religious and communal space, the stepwell also allows for cool retreats during the hot summer months of the year.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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MIN + MAX (°F)

CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL CHANGE THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITIONONLY OF THE BARS. CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS.

100

The temperature in Adalaj is often extremely hot with the highs reaching more than 100 farenheit. The temperatures at the site provide ANNUAL no challanges in theTEMPERATURE winters + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE becuause MIN they are often in the ANNUAL TEMPERATURE comfort zone, it is in the MIN + MAX (°F)summers ANNUAL TEMPERATURE The+temperature in MIN MAX (°unbearable F)Adalaj is often that the heat MINbecomes + MAX (°F) hot with the highs and posesextremely a problem. This problem The temperature in Adalaj is often reaching more than 100 in farenheit. The temperature extremely hot with the highs Adalaj is solved by underground temperatures atAdalaj the siteisprovide Thethe temperature in often more than 100below farenheit. is reaching often extremely hot, often structure. The temperatures no challanges thethe winters extremely hot in with highs The temperatures at the site provide becuause they are often in theof 100 reaching more than 100 farenheit. the earth rarely flunctuate as much reaching highs in excess no challanges in the winters comfort it isatinthe thesite summers provide as theyfarenheit. doThe ontemperatures thezone, surface. becuause they are oftentemperatures in the Winter

80 60 40

Stepped Well

Adalaj, India

Kaur, Manjinder Nguyen, Thanh Wong, Andrew Wong, Andrew

100

100 80 0 100 80 60 80 -20 60 40 60 40 -40 20 40 20 0 20 0 -20 0 -20 -40 -20 -40

thatchallanges the heat becomes unbearable no in the winters

zone, it is in the summers and poses a problem. This problem arecomfort mild and provide no particular becuause they are often in the that the heat becomes unbearable is solved zone, by theitunderground comfort is in the summers challenges. the summers and poses aIn problem. This problemthe structure. Thebecomes temperatures below that the heat unbearable solved by the underground heatisthe becomes unbearable flunctuate muchand and earth posesrarely a problem. This as problem structure. The temperatures below as they do on the surface. is solved by the underground PRECIPITATION poses a significant problem. the earth rarely flunctuate as muchThe structure. The temperatures below as theyAVG doison the surface. MONTHLY (IN) structure built below grade the earth rarely flunctuate as much as they do on the surface. within the since the temperatures PRECIPITATION areinfar consistant. Adalajground is located themore monsoon

-40

region of MONTHLY India. That means that the AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION region experiences long months of MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION droughts but inisthe spring time it Adalaj located in the monsoon PRECIPITATION MONTHLY (IN) region offloods India.AVG That means also experiences due tomonsoon thethat the Adalaj is located in the MONTHLY AVG (IN) region experiences long months of rains that region comeofinIndia. fromThat themeans that the droughts but in the spring time it Adalaj is located in the monsoon region long months of southwest Arabian Sea.floods Adalaj isexperiences in the also experiences duemonsoon tothat thethe region oflocated India. That means

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droughts but in the spring time it

rains that come in from the region experiences long months of region of India, also experiences floodsmeaning due to the the southwestbut Arabian droughts in theSea. spring time it rains that come in from the months region experiences long also experiences floods due to the Arabian Sea. of southwest drought, except forthethe spring rains that come in from southwest Arabian Sea. when it experiences floods due to the rains that come in from the southwest Arabian Sea.

DAYLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TO SUNSET

14 12 8 14 12 10 12 68 10 10 486 8 6 24 6 4 2 04 2 0 2 0

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3:00 SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT 3:00 The city of Adalaj experiences long 5:00 3:00 SUNRISE TO SUNSET The city of Adalaj experiences long times of daylight throughout the 5:00 The city of Adalaj experiences long 7:00 DAYLIGHT HOURS 5:00 year. This throughout is important tothe the well 3:00 times of daylight times of daylight throughout the 7:00 9:00 because wellSUNSET is experiences athe construction The city the of TO Adalaj long 7:00 SUNRISE year. This is important to well 5:00 year. This is important to the well from the 15th century that relies times of daylight throughout the 11:00 9:00 9:00 because the well is a construction because the well is a construction 7:00 purely on sunlight for lighting. This year. Thisof is important toexperiences the well The15th city from the 15th Adalaj century that relies 13:00 from the century that relies 11:00 means that the hours of operation 9:00 because the well is a construction 11:00 purely on sunlight for lighting. This daylight hours throughout 15:00 purelylong onfrom fordetermined lighting. This ofsunlight the well15th are by the the century that relies 13:00 11:00 means that the hours of operation 13:00 daylight hours in aoperation day. purely on sunlight for This meansthe that hours of year. This is lighting. particularly 17:00 15:00 of the the well are determined by the 13:00 that the hours by of operation 15:00 of the important wellmeans are determined the daylight hours in a day. 19:00 considering 17:00 15:00 of the well arewhen determined by the daylight hours in a day. 21:00 hours in thatdaylight the well is a aday.15th century 17:00

seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven

19:00 17:00 23:00 21:00 19:00 19:00

construction, and relies purely 23:00 on the sun for lighting. This 21:00 21:00 23:00 means the hours of operation of 23:00 the well are determined by the ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION daylight hours. ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Wind has a huge impact on the ANNUAL region. In theWIND summerDISTRIBUTION months

industry

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MATERIAL brick stone

Wind has a huge impact on the

winds blow in from the southwest ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION region. In the summer months and bring them the on beloved Wind has awith huge impact the ANNUAL winds blowWIND in from the southwest monsoons. In summer the winter these region. In the months and bring with them the beloved DISTRIBUTION change so that they blow indirection fromon thethe southwest Wind haswinds a huge impact

earth wood

monsoons. In the winter these approach northeast. These and bring from with the them the beloved

change direction so thaton they region.Wind Inwinds thehas summer months impact winds helpa to keep city warm monsoons. Inhuge the winter theseeven the approach from thesouthwest northeast. These winds region. blow in from the in the winter months. winds change direction so that they In the summer winds help to keep city warmmonths even fromthe the beloved northeast. These and bringapproach withwinter them in the months. winds blow in from the southwest winds helpwinter to keep these city warm even monsoons. In the inbring the winter withmonths. them thethey beloved winds and change direction so that monsoons. In the winter approach from the northeast. These the winds winds help to change keep citydirection warm evenso that in the they winter months.from the northeast. approach

These winds help to keep the city warm even in the winter months.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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18 Stepped Well

Right: The stepwell is constructed through a series of excavation, stratification and stacking alternately. First, about 5 trenches are digged into the ground at the height of 8’. The wall of these trenches are reinforced by stone block sitting on a slab piercing into the earth. The residual baulk between the trenches are then cleared as floors and columns are inserted into these spaces. A series of voids and constructions are now created along the well .Construction continues downwards, and the wall treatment as above repeats once every 8’. Far Right: Sectional cuts reaveals the stratification of the whole structure into the earth. Each stone slabs and blocks get larger as the structure is digged deeper since the earth becomes heavier and less consistent.

Adalaj, India

Kaur, Manjinder Nguyen, Thanh Wong, Andrew Wong, Andrew

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Far Right: One of the most imporant performances of the building is its sloped stairs’ adaptation to seasonal water level in the area. During dry season (December-June), the well allows access to the lowest water level. During monsoon ( June September), water fills up more than half of the structure and becomes more easily available through the main staircase.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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18 Stepped Well

Adalaj, India

Right: The well mitigates to the hot and arid climate through: 1 Materials: Sandstone’s weight and micro structures support both the construction and help transfer heat and water, utilizing the conditions of the earth into the inhabited space 2 Lighting: Light intensity decreases at lower levels thanks to the thin opening and sloped structure 3 Passive Cooling: Water provides cooling for the whole structure, bringing the temperature down by almost 15oC 4 Shading: Shadows overlay with more levels stacked upon others.

Kaur, Manjinder Nguyen, Thanh Wong, Andrew Wong, Andrew

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal

Far Right: Circulation - The slabs in the well’s construction become thin, long terraces that are connected by stairs landings. This system spans across the well, creating multiple paths into the main well shaft.

domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Far Right: Program - The circulation patterns affect the organization of the well’s programs. The open main corridor is obviously the main path for fetching water, but also a place for resting and village gathering. The thin terraces and low-accessible areas become shrines for praying. The open top with platforms becomes a place for washing and other communal activities. Direct access to water is also realized by 2 spiral staircases.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation

Direct water fetching path

MATERIAL brick

Main water fetching path, sheltering

stone

Communal activities: washing, gathering

earth

Ritual spaces: shrines for praying

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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20 Batak House Indonesia

Boutros, Elie

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood The Toba Batak House is a traditional Indonesian home in North Sumatra, near lake Toba. The Batak are very talented in weaving and working with textiles. Their homes are immediately recognized by their tensile ship-shaped roofs that cantilever around the base of the house. A typical home houses eight to twelve people on average, giving shelter to families of several generations. The house, which is well elevated over the ground, offers a variety of occupiable spaces. It is built in a way that allows it to overcome the harsh environmental conditions of the region.

grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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100

th Sumatra, Indonesia, has a tropical climate, Koppen sification Af. moist and hot all year long.

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE 40 ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (째F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE 20 MIN + MAX (째F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE North Sumatra, Indonesia, has a MIN + +MAX F) MIN MAX (째 (째F) wet tropical climate, Koppen North Sumatra, Indonesia, has a

classification Af. Indonesia, North Sumatra, has wet tropical climate, Koppen North Sumatra, Indonesia, has a -20 It is moist andAf.hot all year long. classification a wet tropical climate, Koppen wet climate, It is tropical moist and hot allKoppen year long. classification Af. Af. classification -40 It is moist and hot all year long. It is moist and hot all year long.

ECIPITATION ONTHLY AVG (IN) 14

region receives year round fall, with an annual average of PRECIPITATION nches. PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

PRECIPITATION The region receives year round MONTHLY AVG (IN) average of rainfall, with an annual The region receives year MONTHLY AVG (IN)round 8 84 inches.

rainfall, with an annual average of Theinches. region receives year round 6 The84 region year round rainfall, withreceives an annual average of 84 inches. rainfall, with an annual average of

84 inches.

2 0

YLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT HOURS NRISE TO SUNSET

DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET 3:00 SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT region gets anThe annual of average regionaverage gets an annual of 5:00 SUNRISE TO SUNSET 12 hours ofgets sunlight per day. hours of sunlight per day. The region an annual average of DAYLIGHT HOURS 7:00 12 hours of sunlight per day. The regionTO gets SUNSET an annual average of SUNRISE 9:00 12 hours of sunlight per day.

11:00 The region gets an annual average of 12 hours of sunlight per day. 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

Batak House Indonesia

Boutros, Elie

100 100 80 100 80 60 80 60 40 60 40 20 40 JAN20 0 20 0 -20 0 -20 -40 -20 -40 -40

12 10

CHANGE ONLY THE HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL CHANGE THEBARS. HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITIONONLY OF THE CHANGE ONLY THEBARS. HEIGHTS AND VERTICAL POSITION OF THE DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. POSITION OF THE BARS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS. DO NOT CHANGE LAYER SETTINGS.

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moderate continental polar

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industry

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LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

3:00 3:00 5:00

permanent

5:00 7:00 3:00 7:00 9:00 5:00

9:00 11:00 7:00 11:00 13:00 9:00

TECHNIQUE masonry

13:00 15:00 11:00 15:00 17:00 13:00 17:00 19:00 15:00

frame woven

19:00 21:00 17:00 21:00 23:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 23:00

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excavation DEC

MATERIAL brick

Annual winds are almost evenly

stone

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

distributed in all with winds aredirections, almost evenly NUAL WINDAnnual DISTRIBUTION slightly predominant North with Eastern distributed in all directions, Annual winds are almost evenly winds. predominant ANNUAL WIND North Eastern slightly distributed in all directions, with winds. nual winds are almost evenly DISTRIBUTION slightly predominant North Eastern

earth wood

ributed in all directions, with winds. AnnualNorth windsEastern are almost evenly htly predominant distributed in all directions, with ds.

slightly predominant Eastern winds.

grass hide

North

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20 Batak House

Above: The roof is built on concepts of tensility. The extremities of the roof are often pulled down by weights. The prebent ridge is then streched and the rakes follow. Below: Due to the shape of the roof, hot air, which is denser than cold air, elevates itself and then gets carried outside of the habitable space. Far Right: Wind patterns in Indonesia are very incosnsistant. The direction of the wind varies all throughout the year. Cross ventilation is possible because of the sets of windows facing each other on the sides, and the gapped gables. There is also airflow underneath the house. This also helps in keeping the temperature cool enough for compfort.

Indonesia

Boutros, Elie

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20 Batak House

Right: The roof is cantilevered on all sides of the house, especially the front side. It extends over the land protecting it from rain and providing shade. This space is frequently used by residents who sometimes even set up tables. Far Right: Houses are usually grouped into sets of eight or ten, facing each other along a certain road. This road becomes common public space and is used for a lot of events. It is also used to dry rice. This layout of the houses does not let the houses interfere with each others ventilation.

Indonesia

Boutros, Elie

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: Due to the triangular shape of the house, all rain is drained on both ends. Far Right: The Toba Batak build structures other than this particular House. They mainly differ by their roof shapes, structure and size.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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20 Batak House

Right: The structure of the house allows it to resist winds and earthquakes. It is elevated from the ground by interesecting wooden beams, which are flexible and can attenuate earthquake shocks. The rest of the building is also constructed with wooden parts that intersect eachother. This allows the structure to be stiff and face strong winds.

Indonesia

Boutros, Elie

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Right: The wooden stilts under the house, built straight on rocks, allow it to overcome the harsh environmental conditions. The wooden structure helps in overcoming earthquakes. The elevation helps avoid damages from floods and dampness. The Batak found another use to this space. They consider it a livestock pen as well.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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21 Lumbung

Lombok, Indonesia

Mears, Aya Wang, Frank

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth Lumbungs (Indonesian rice barns) are multi-purpose structures built to hold rice after the bi-annual harvest, additionally serving as meeting places for the community. Although the primary function of the building is the elevated storage area for the rice (roughly six feet above the ground), the cultural significance and importance of the lower structure is equally as important. The lower platform serves as a place for business transactions, religious ceremonies, funerals, and other community events. Women can be found using the space to weave or do other work and men relaxing or have meetings. Its material and structural aspects protect it from the climate and other physical hazards as well.

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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Lombok, Indonesia

100 80 100 80 60 80 60 40 60 40 20 40 20 0 20 0 -20 0 -20 -40 -20 -40

average range is about 70 to 90 degrees. ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F)

-40

100 PRECIPITATION Lombok, Indonesia is located in the southern hemisphere, classified as a 80 MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION tropical rainforest. Because of this, there is little fluxtuation in the MONTHLY AVG (IN) 60 PRECIPITATION temperature; the annual average Although humid year(IN) round, 40 the MONTHLY AVG range is about 70 to 90 degrees.

and the rainy season lasts from JAN November to March.

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN)

14 12 10

3:00

3:00 5:00

location, Indonesia experiences 5:00 days that are either slightly 7:00 longer or slightly shorter than 9:00 12 hours throughout the year. 11:00

Note how there is minimal variation in the length of the day. Due to its location, Indonesia experience days that are either slightly longer or slightly shorter than 12 hours year long.

13:00 15:00

Most wind comes from the northwest and blows towards the southeast due to the ocean currents surrounding the island of Lombok.

MAR MAR

APR APR

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7:00 9:00 5:00 9:00 11:00 7:00 MAR FEB 11:00 13:00 9:00

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DEC

TECHNIQUE masonry

13:00 15:00 11:00 15:00 17:00 13:00 17:00 19:00 15:00

frame woven

19:00 21:00 17:00 21:00 23:00 19:00 23:00 21:00 23:00

19:00 ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION 21:00 ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION Most wind comes form the23:00 ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

Most wind comes form the northwest and blows towards the southeast due to the ocean currents surrounding the island of Lombok.

FEB FEB

5:00 7:00 3:00

17:00

northwest blows towards Most windand comes form the the JAN southeast due the ocean currents northwest andto blows towards the Most wind comes form theLombok. ANNUAL WIND surrounding the of southeast due to island the ocean currents northwest and blows towards the surrounding the island of Lombok. ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION southeast due to the ocean currents surrounding the island of Lombok.

JAN JAN

JAN

3:00

dry

14 12 14 12 10 12 10 8 10 8 6 8 FEB 6 MAR APR MAY JUN 4 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 0 FEB MAR JAN 0 FEB MAR JAN

rainiest months of Indonesia are Although humid year the rainy season lasts fromround, November November and December, and0round, the Although humid year rainiest months of Indonesia are to March. rainy season lasts from November and December, and -20the theNovember wettest months in Indonesia to March. rainy season lasts from November -40 areto November and December, March.

variation the length of the day. Note howinthere is minimal DAYLIGHT HOURS 2 Due to itsinlocation, Indonesia variation the length of the day. Note how there is minimal experience days are either 0 SUNRISE TO that SUNSET Due to its location, Indonesia variation in theorlength of shorter the day. slightly longer slightly experience days that are either JAN Due location, Indonesia than to 12 hours year long. There isits minimal variation in slightly longer or slightly shorter experience days that are either than 12 hours year long. hours oflongerdaylight DAYLIGHT HOURS slightly or slightly from shorter one SUNRISE TO 12 SUNSET than long. Due to its season tohours theyear next.

CLIMATE tropical

PRECIPITATION rainiest months ofyear Indonesia Although humid round, are the MONTHLY AVG (IN) 20the November and December, and

SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT Note how there minimal SUNRISE TO isSUNSET

Mears, Aya Wang, Frank

100

southern a Lombok, hemisphere, Indonesia is classified located inasthe tropical Because of this, Lombok, Indonesia is located southernrainforest. hemisphere, classified as a in Lombok, Indonesia is located in the there is little fluxtuation in the rainforest. Because of this, thetropical southern hemisphere and southern hemisphere, classified as a is temperature; the annual average there is little fluxtuation in the tropical rainforest. Because of this, range is about 70 to 90 degrees. classified as a tropical rainforest. temperature; the annual average there is little fluxtuation in the range is about 70 is to little 90 degrees. Therefore, there fluxuation temperature; the annual average about 70 to 90 degrees. in range the istemperature; the annual

Although humid year round, the rainiest months of Indonesia are November and December, and the rainy season lasts from November to March. DAYLIGHT HOURS

21 Lumbung

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Lombok, Indonesia MIN + +MAX (°(°F) F)is located in the MIN MAX

FEB

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excavation MATERIAL brick stone

DEC

earth

RETRIEVE ANNUAL RETRIEVE ANNUAL WIND ROSE RETRIEVE ANNUAL WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT WIND ROSE RETRIEVE ANNUAL FROM ECTOECT WIND ROSE FROM ECTOECT FROM ECTOECT

wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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21 Lumbung

Right: The cross beams interlock into the upright beams by sliding through a pre-cut hole. Far Right: The lumbung is built with the roof spanning eastwest because alang-alang grass is a strong insulator against heat. Shadows below the lumbung create a comfortable area for villagers to rest.

Lombok, Indonesia

Mears, Aya Wang, Frank

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal

Far Right: The difference in temperature between the outside and inside causes a cyclical wind effect when the warm air enters the lumbung. The four pillars raise the lumbung above annual flood waters.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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21 Lumbung

Right: Long section of lumbung. Far Right: An exploded axon showing the construction of the roof and details of material.

Lombok, Indonesia

Mears, Aya Wang, Frank

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal Right: Plan of storage level.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

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22 Thatched Roof House

Sumba, Indonesia

Girocco, Harris Jia, Yichen

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow The Thatched Roof House is a vernacular structure in Sumba, Indonesia. Its primary features consist of stilts, a rectangular platform, and a high-hat thatched roof. This traditional Sumbanese construction helps the house adapt to the hot and humid climate. The structural elements are made of bamboo and timber from the surrounding landscape, and fit together using plug-in methods or tied using natural fibers.

TERRAIN flat slope edge

185

Sumba, Indonesia

100 80 100 80 60 100 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 0 40 20 0 -20 20 0 -20 -40 0 -20 -40

temperature high throught In Indonesia,isthe monthly average MIN + toMAX (°F)year January with little with Indonesia isDecember warm round temperature is high throught In Indonesia, the monthly average variation. to December with little theJanuary monthly average temperatures temperature is high throught variation. In Indonesia, the monthly average January to December with little peaking throughout January to temperature variation. is high throught January towith December little December littlewith variation. variation.

-20 -40

PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION MONTHLY AVG (IN) PRECIPITATION

-40

CLIMATE tropical dry JAN JAN

FEB FEB

MAR MAR

APR APR

MAY MAY

JUN JUN

JUL JUL

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SEP SEP

OCT OCT

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DEC DEC

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moderate continental polar

PRECIPITATION Indonesia has aAVG high annual MONTHLY (IN) average PRECIPITATION precipitation. In January it has most Indonesia hasAVG a high annual average MONTHLY (IN) precipitation and in August MONTHLY AVG (IN) it has

14 12 14 12 10 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 6 4 2 0 4 2 0

precipitation. In January it has most Indonesia hasand a high annualtoitaverage the least. From dry precipitation in August has Indonesia hasInrain a season high annual precipitation. January it to hasdry season, precipitation varies amost lot. the least.itsFrom rain season Indonesia has a high annual average precipitation and in August it has average precipitation. In January season, its precipitation varies amost lot. precipitation. In January it has the least. From rain season to dry it has most precipitation and in precipitation and in August it ahas season, its precipitation varies lot. the least. to dry August it From has rain theseason least. From season, its precipitation varies a lot.

rain season to dry season, its precipitation varies a lot.

2 0

DAYLIGHT HOURS SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT SUNRISE TOHOURS SUNSET DAYLIGHT

January or December, while the shortest day occurs in June.

Girocco, Harris Jia, Yichen

100

In Indonesia, the monthly average MIN + +MAX (°(°F) F) MIN MAX ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

In Indonesia, theSUNSET annual average SUNRISE TO DAYLIGHT HOURS daylight hoursthe is comparatively In Indonesia, annual average DAYLIGHT HOURS high. Its hours longest occurs in SUNRISE TOis day SUNSET daylight comparatively In Indonesia, the annual average January or December, while the SUNRISE TO SUNSET high. Its longest day occurs in daylight hours is comparatively shortest or day occurs in June. January December, while the In Indonesia, the annual average high. Its day longest dayin occurs In shortest Indonesia, the annual occurs June. inaverage daylight hours is comparatively January or December, while the high. Itshours longest day daylight is inoccurs comparatively shortest day occurs June. in January or December, while the high. Its longest day occurs in shortest day occurs in June.

22 Thatched Roof House

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MIN + MAX (°F) ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

0 3:00

USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry JAN

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ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION

LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven

JAN JAN

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excavation MATERIAL brick

From January to March, the ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION prevailing wind in Sumba,

stone

From January to March, the

Indonesia is from From ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION prevailing wind insouthwest. Sumba,

From January to its March, the From ANNUAL April to August, prevailing wind Indonesia isWIND from southwest. prevailing in Sumba, changes towind east wind. From wind April to August, its prevailing From January to March, the From DISTRIBUTION Indonesia is from southwest. September to December, its changes

earth

September tofrom December, its changes Indonesia southwest. From From January tochanges March, changes toiseast wind. From average wind speed a little the to northeast wind. monthly April to August, itsThe prevailing wind September to December, throughout the year with theachanges prevailing wind inits Sumba, average wind speed changes little changes to east wind. From to northeast wind. The monthly highest speed occurs in July. throughoutto year with southwest. thechanges September December, its Indonesia isthespeed from average wind changes highest speed occurs in monthly July. a little to northeast wind. The throughout the year with the From April to August, its average wind speed highest speed occurschanges in July. a little prevailing wind changes to throughout the year with the speed occurs easthighest wind. Fromin July. September to December, its changes to northeast wind. The monthly average wind speed changes a little throughout the year with the highest speed occurs in July.

grass

wood

changes towind east wind. From prevailing in April to August, itsSumba, prevailing wind to northeast wind. The monthly

186

hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

187

22 Thatched Roof House

Far Right: The cutaway axon shows the basic structure of the thatched roof house in Sumba. The dwelling space is on the bamboo platform supported by timber stilts and four main post, which also carry a small square attic as well as the high-hat roof. The roof is consist of bamboo structure and layers of thatches. Below the attic is a hearth at the center of the house.

Sumba, Indonesia

Girocco, Harris Jia, Yichen

188

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22 Thatched Roof House

Sumba, Indonesia

Girocco, Harris Jia, Yichen

CLIMATE tropical dry moderate continental polar USE communal domestic agriculture aquaculture industry LIFESPAN nomadic seasonal Right: The space is divided into quadrants. The front-right section is strictly for men while the backleft corner is stricly for women. The spaces between are neutral and serve multiple pursposes. Corners designated by walls are sleeping areas. Primarily due to environmental conditions, division of space in Sumbanese architecture is largely conceptual, rather than concrete. Far Right: The two diagrams at the bottom right show the roof detail: how the bamboo is constructed and how the thatche is connected with the bamboo. Builders arrange binds of thatch layer upon layer, so the roof can keep rainfall out.

permanent TECHNIQUE masonry frame woven excavation MATERIAL brick stone earth wood grass hide snow TERRAIN flat slope edge

190

191