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Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Robotic, Mechanical Engineering and Design 2011

Reduction of Co Emission Levels in 4-Stroke 2 Wheelers S.Sathish1, Venkatesh Reddy2 and Venkatraman.K3, 1, 2 FACULTY, 3 UG STUDENT

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore -560056, India Email: 3venkatraman243@gmail.com are essentially specific while the last two may be composed of dozens of different compounds and elements. Table 1.1 shows the extract of a report published in the journal Chemical Week on the amount of annual emission.

Abstract: In a country like India, people use different modes of transportation, including bus, car and motor bikes. The number of petrol driven vehicles is relatively very large and hence control of pollution is very vital in all major cities. It is reported that in Bangalore the number of 2-wheelers surpasses the number of 4-wheelers and the emission they create is a major source of pollution. Therefore there is a necessity to check the levels of pollution emitted by these 2-wheelers. As we know that reason for global warming is release of CO2 and CO from Exhaust. So if we want to save earth from global warming we have to reduce the carbon which comes out from exhaust of automobile. This study consists of two parts: Survey and classification of 2-wheelers used in the authors’ college; study of emission levels and exhaust gas temperature of these selected vehicles.

TABLE 1.1: AMOUNT

It seems from the above table that emission of CO alone is about 75% of the total. The concentration of the CO gas is normally higher in underground garages and that in streets is strongly influenced by the width of road, height of buildings and other factors. These exhaust gases cause several health problems, CO causes heart diseases. It also has an effect on the central nervous system, even in low concentrations. The formation of car boxy-hemoglobin in the blood stream is due to CO. It is understood that oxygen transport in blood stream is affected if CO exceeds its threshold limit. Sulphur dioxide, in high concentration, is toxic to human body. The oxides of nitrogen are inhabited to breathing and cause discomfort to eyes. The presence of hydrocarbon in air also causes some adverse effect on human health. Some of them are carcinogens and are known to causing cancer in human body. Air pollution is usually high in densely populated metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries, where environmental regulations are less seriously obeyed or nonexistent. Unfortunately, populated areas in even developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution. Air pollution comes from both natural and man-made sources even though globally man-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico and Japan are the major air pollution emission causing countries. The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur reports that air in 4 major cities in India, namely Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi and Kanpur, is significantly contaminated to cause harm to life.

Keywords: Air pollution, emission levels, 4-stroke 2-wheelers, gas check exhaust analyser, thermocouple.

I. INTRODUCTION People use different types of vehicles for transportation. In countries like India, 2-wheeled and motorized vehicles are one of the most important modes of transportation. This study is a survey on the emission levels of 4–stroke 2-wheelers, between maintenance services. Furthermore, attempt is made to study the thermal pollution of exhaust gases. This study deals only with 4-strokes 2-wheelers as the government of India is planning to ban 2-stroke vehicles. Even though the cost of 2-stroke vehicles is very less, they exhaust a very high level of pollution. A survey conducted in our college shows that most students use 4-stroke motor cycle rather than 2-stroke motor cycle. 1.1. Air pollution by automobiles: An inventory of air contaminants is a necessary first step towards the control of air pollution. Air pollution can be either natural or may be the result of various human activities. The introduction of internal combustion (IC) engines is no doubt a great achievement to fulfill man’s desire for high mobility and convenience. However, studies show that 50% of air pollution is due to all types of transportation vehicles. The air of most big cities in India is much polluted. The contaminants from the exhaust emission of internal combustion engine driven vehicles are one of the main pollutants of the atmosphere. The main constituents of automobile exhaust are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrogen oxide (NO 2), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2), hydrocarbons and other particulate matters. The first three © 2011 AMAE DOI: 02.ARMED.2011.01.501

OF ANNUAL EMISSION IN I NDIA.

1.2. Air pollutants: The five primary air pollutants are Sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and lead. They 40

Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Robotic, Mechanical Engineering and Design 2011 are introduced into the atmosphere not only as a result of man’s activity but also from natural sources. In addition, ozone is a secondary air pollutant. 1.2.1 Primary pollutants produced by automobiles: Sulfur oxides (SO2), especially sulfur dioxide (SO2), are produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus causes acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these coal and petroleum fuels as power sources. Nitrogen oxides (NO2), especially nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are emitted from high temperature combustion and can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. NO2, a reddish-brown toxic gas, has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, nonirritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuels such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO 2), a colorless, odorless, nontoxic greenhouse gas and associated with ocean acidification, is emitted from sources such as combustion, cement plants and respiration. Particulate matter – the form particulate refers to solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in air. Particulates are referred to aerosol, where dust and soot are used for solids, and mist and fog refer to the liquids. The following industrial operations are regarded as the anthropogenic sources of particulate matter.  Crushing, grinding and blasting of solid materials, processing of materials like coal, cement and asbestos (dust).  Incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials (smoke).  Burning of coal which leaves behind a mixture of noncombustible in organic oxides (ash).  Toxic metals such as lead, cadmium and copper. 1.2.2 Secondary pollutants: Photochemical smog – It is caused by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxide and un-burnt hydrocarbons fuels that are emitted into the air by IC engines. Ozone (O 3 ), formed from NO x and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is a key constituent of the troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere, commonly known as the Ozone layer). Several photochemical and chemical reactions involving ozone occur in the atmosphere during day and night. At abnormally high concentrations, brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuels), it is a pollutant and a constituent of smog. Lead oxides – The most important anthropogenic sources of lead oxides are automobile exhaust gases and lead based paints and material. When air borne lead enters into the human body, it first gets accumulated in the blood. Beyond a permissible level of concentration, lead enters various organs, in particular the brain. It also gets deposited in bones, dissolved later and again enters the blood stream, where it © 2011 AMAE DOI: 02.ARMED.2011.01.501

causes toxic effects. At high concentrations lead may inhibit the production of hemoglobin and cause anemia. It may also cause kidney malfunctions and permanent brain damage. In addition, lead appears to have serious effects on the intelligence of children. 1.3 Aim:  Control the CO emission Level in 2 wheelers  To determine the emission levels of 4-stroke 2wheelers engines between the periods of maintenance services  To determine the exhaust gas temperature at same time. 1.4 Scope: A recent study in Bangalore shows that 40% of its people are infected by different kinds of diseases due to air pollution. Therefore this matter is of a grave concern and sincere effort is needed to control air pollution. The present study throws some light on the following points, which help in reducing air pollution.  Importance of proper maintenance of a vehicle engine.  Importance of regular servicing of a vehicle. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following devices were used in this study. 2.1 Gas check exhaust analyser: The gas check emission analyzer) is a non-dispersive infrared device that is capable of measuring the emission amount of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in n-hexane (HC). The analyser has a sample probe and a 4-windows display. It operates on 220 volts AC, 50 Hz. It gives the analysis output of CO HC in petrol engine exhaust gas as four, four digit display, Fig. 2.1. The front panel house,  Push button main switch for power ON/OFF.  STANDBY switch with LED indicator.  CALIBRATE switch with LED indicator.  CHECK switch with LED indicator.  PRINT switch with LED indicator.

Figure 2.1: Gas check exhaust analyzer

The vehicle to be tested should be running idle and at normal temperature. The probe is inserted into the tail pipe, at least 40 cm inside the exhaust pipe, with the analyser in the sample mode. The analysis of CO, HC etc. will be displayed. After 2030 rounds the values can be noted down. 2.2 Thermocouple: The thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the exhaust gas. The probe is made up of iron–constantan. The usable temperature range is up to 870oC. The 41

Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Robotic, Mechanical Engineering and Design 2011 thermocouple is plugged into a multimeter and the room temperature in read as 19 °C, Fig. 2.2. The Basic principle of a thermocouple is that the two dissimilar wires are joined to form a complete electric circuit, and the two junctions are maintained at different temperatures. An electromotive force (emf) is established due to the sum of  An emf that is developed between two dissimilar metals placed in contact, which is known as the See beck effect.  An emf that is developed between two ends of a homogeneous wire when one end is heated, known as the Thomson effect.

3.1.1 THE EMISSION

LEVEL OF

WAS

1.36

AT MILEAGE

7,140

KM, BEFORE A

MAINTENANCE SERVICE.

Fig. 3.1: km run Vs CO emission 3.1.2 THE EMISSION

LEVEL OF

WAS

1.80

AT MILEAGE

27523

KM, BEFORE A

MAINTENANCE SERVICE.

Figure 2.2: Multi-meter with Thermocouple

III. METHODOLOGY  The survey was conducted to know the total number of 2-wheelers at the authors’ institute.  A classification of the vehicles was made, based on the make.  A questionnaire requesting the details of the student, vehicle used, make, and model, year of manufacturing, mileage and frequency of use was distributed to those students who use 4-stroke 2-wheelers.  Vehicles were grouped according to mileage.  Emission level was noted down, before a maintenance service, using smoke analyser according to standard procedure.  A maintenance servicing was performed at respective authorized service centers. Worn out parts and oil were Changed.  Again the emission level was noted for the vehicles after the service as shown in the figure 3.1 below.  Exhaust gas temperature was also measured using a thermocouple and a calibrated graph. For the measurement, one junction of the thermocouple was placed in water and the other junction was placed in the exhaust pipe.  The emission level of CO and HC and the exhaust gas temperature were noted down for every vehicle. Changes in emission and exhaust gas temperature were measured.

Fig. 3.2: km run Vs. CO emission

IV. RESULT  The emission levels are tabulated in log sheets for different vehicles.  A sample data’s is shown in Table 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 above for each particular vehicle.  The Km run Vs CO emission is plotted, as shown in Fig. 3.1, 3.2 respectively. V. CONCLUSION  The level of CO in the exhaust gas was measured and analyzed in 4 different Vehicles. The level of pollution was measured before and after a maintenance service at definite intervals  The level of CO in the exhaust gas was measured and analyzed in 5 different Vehicles  The results confirm that the level of pollution reduces after a maintenance service. The obvious reason is proper utilization and combustion of fuel in a well maintained

Figure 3.1: Vehicle inserted with the probe

Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Robotic, Mechanical Engineering and Design 2011 REFERENCES

vehicle ď&#x192;&#x2DC; This study shows that students use more 4 stroke motor cycles than two stroke motor cycles.

[1] Economics of Carbon sequestration in forestry by Roger A.Sedjo, R. Neil Sampson, Joe Wisniewski, Lewis Publishers 1997. [2] Combustion Characteristics and emission of Fischer Tropsch Petrol Fuels in IC engines by S.S. Gill, A.Tsolakis. [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_emissions_control. [4] Automobile Engineering by Dr.Kirpal Singh. Volume 1, Standard Publishers. [5] Environmental Chemistry by Stanley E. Manahan. 8th Edition, Willard Grant Press, 1975. [6] http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in [7] Engineering Chemistry by B.S. Jai Prakash, R.Venugopal, Shivakumaraiah, Pushpa Iyengar. Subhas Stores, 2007 edition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT We acknowledge the Continued Support and encouragement bestowed upon us by our beloved, Principal Dr.P.Martin Jebaraj and Professor and Head of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. B.M. Nandeeshaiah. We look forward for your continued patronage.

ÂŠ 2011 AMAE DOI: 02.ARMED.2011.01. 501