Institute for Domestic & International Affairs, Inc.
Non-Governmental Organizations Corps Background Information Director: John Lee
Š 2009 Institute for Domestic & International Affairs, Inc. (IDIA) This document is solely for use in preparation for Philadelphia Model United Nations 2009. Use for other purposes is not permitted without the express written consent of IDIA. For more information, please write us at idiainfo@idia.net
About Non-Governmental Organizations __________________________________________ 1 NGOs and Funding________________________________________________________________ 2 Components of International Aid ____________________________________________________ 3 NGOs and the Global Anti-Trade Movement __________________________________________ 4 NGOs in Eastern Europe ___________________________________________________________ 5
Introduction to Specific Non-Governmental Organizations ___________________________ 6 Agricultural Cooperative Development International / Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Development Association - ACDI/VOCA ______________________________________________ 6 Amnesty International _____________________________________________________________ 8 Counterpart International _________________________________________________________ 11 East West Institute _______________________________________________________________ 12 European Movement _____________________________________________________________ 14 Greenpeace International _________________________________________________________ 14 Human Rights Watch _____________________________________________________________ 16 Mercy Corps ____________________________________________________________________ 17 Microfinance Center______________________________________________________________ 18 National Democratic Institute ______________________________________________________ 20 Pact____________________________________________________________________________ 21 Service Civil International _________________________________________________________ 22 Transparency International________________________________________________________ 23 World Resources Institute _________________________________________________________ 24
Works Cited ________________________________________________________________ 26
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About Non-Governmental Organizations Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been in existence for centuries. Prior to being given the official title of NGOs, these organizations were founded on the principles of civil society. Civil society is a “third party group, free from the influence of governments and businesses.”1
Acting as intermediary institutions, civil society
organizations are based on the civic response, which is the voluntary response of the people. Civil society propels groups of voluntary citizens to come together in hopes of creating organizations to help society function better as a whole.2 The official title NGO was introduced in 1945 when the United Nations (UN) was created. The UN saw the need to recognize NGOs to foster civic prosperity. With that in mind, NGOs today have teamed up with the Department of Public Information (DPI) to provide the UN and people around the world with valuable information. This partnership has allowed the UN to disseminate public information and to reach out to those in need of help.3 Without NGOs, the UN would lack a major networking response to the issues people face worldwide. NGOs are one of the main reasons the UN has been successful in implementing change. The official definition of NGOs are “not-for-profit, voluntary citizens’ groups, organized on a local, national or international level to address issues in support of public good.”4 In other words, they are organizations built by volunteers to assist other people. Because NGOs are free from governmental influence, they have the ability to perform actions that are driven by civic desire. Therefore, they have been able to acquire large donations to fund their respective operations and keep the organizations alive. The success of NGOs today has attracted public recognition. The World Bank defines an NGO as a “private organization that pursues activities to relieve suffering, 1
Civil Society International, "What is Civil Society." 2003. http://www.civilsoc.org/whatisCS.htm (accessed July 20, 2008). 2 Ibid. 3 Department of Public Information, "NGOs and the DPI." November 2005. http://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/brochure.htm (accessed July 20, 2008). 4 Ibid.
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promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development.”5 The humanitarian efforts of NGOs today offer hope to the international community. As NGOs continue to show how people can come together to create change, more organizations with similar goals have come together to help promote civil society. With the number of NGOs growing every day, the world cannot ignore the benefits of such organizations.
NGOs and Funding The UN is the biggest multinational organization that distributes funds for development and relief. As crises emerge and conflicts continue to arise, the need for aid has increased. The UN has also seen a rise in the number of member states, which has allowed the organization to address a multitude of new problems within the past thirty years.6
With the burgeoning costs of developing aid relief, economic stability, and
peacekeeping, the UN is approaching a budgetary crisis.7 As the political, social, and economic climates of the world have changed over the past five decades, the international community realizes that stabilizing the jurisdictional borders of one’s own nation does not guarantee global stability. The international community continues to see states and communities struggle to cope with a variety of circumstances, necessitating the cooperation of the international community in addressing these issues.8 Recently, the UN has become more reliant on funding and action from international NGOs. The UN expects NGOs to play a greater role in solving international problems. Because NGOs have the ability to gain funding from private institutions, the total amount of funds generated can be endless. Another distinct advantage that an NGO has is its ability to bypass fees and taxes. Since NGOs work on a civic level without government influence, NGOs are exempt from certain duties that governments need to 5
Shreve, C. “Categorizing NGOs: World Bank Criteria” Non-Governmental Organizations Research Guide, Duke University Public Documents, http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/define.htm (accessed July 22, 2008). 6 McDermott, Anthony, The New Politics of Funding the UN, St. Martin’s Press, Inc.: 2000, New York, New York, 13. 7 Ibid, 15. 8 Ibid, 17.
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pay in order to accomplish a goal.9 The ability for NGOs to utilize the private sector is one of the main reasons why the UN increasingly seeks the help of these organizations.
Components of International Aid NGOs seek two different types of international funding.
The first and more
common form of aid is government aid. Government aid can be bilateral or multilateral. With bilateral aid, governments generate funds from taxes and fees that it imposes on its citizens.
Examples include using this money to advance the institutionalization of
education, provide healthcare advancements, and ensure overall economic stability. Multilateral aid is when governments believe that aid should go towards helping other states in hopes that the aid will trickle down to ultimately benefit their own state. Multilateral aid goes directly to the UN so that the organization can determine where to concentrate the funds.10 As the need for funds and programs arise throughout the world, multilateral aid can no longer support the international demand. Hence NGOs have started to play a unique role in helping the UN achieve its goals.
NGOs attract funding from
governmental sources, and more commonly from the private sector. The private sector includes individual donors, financial institutions, businesses, and other non-government affiliated organizations.11 This type of funding comes in the form of grants from charities and
other
philanthropic
organizations, bypassing head costs, fees, and taxes. Most NGOs today rely heavily on the private sector for funding. About 95 per cent of
9
NGOs play a more and more important role not only in the policy debates but equally important, maybe even more important are critical, in implementing many of these policies. A lot of the aid and emergency humanitarian assistance, like food distribution by the World Food Program, is done through the NGOs. There really is a public-private partnership, or a public NGO partnership, that is very important. NGOs are effective, and part of the reason is they are private and they are accountable, they watch their pennies. People have a choice as to whom to give their money. John Negroponte, Former US Ambassador to the United Nations
Ibid, 19. Fowler, Alan, “Civil Society, NGOs and Social Development: Changing the Rules of the Game,� UNRISD, Geneva 2000 Occasional Paper No. 1, January, 2000, 4. 11 IAPAD, "Funding Opportunities for NGOS." 2008. http://www.iapad.org/funding_sources.htm (accessed July 20, 2008). 10
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NGO funding comes directly from the private sector. When philanthropists or institutions donate large sums of money to NGOs, many times the donor is attempting to enhance their public image. This act places added pressure on NGOs to ensure that their funding goes directly towards accomplishing a particular goal, as the donor usually supervises the use of their funds.12 As NGOs continue to show success with their work, they achieve greater recognition, leading to greater amounts of funding, and ultimately expansion. The limitless cap on NGO funds has been one of the main reasons to their successes today.13 When NGOs receive donations, they utilize them in three different ways. On average, an NGO will spend 85 per cent of its funds on direct aid or programming, 5 per cent on fundraisers, and the rest on operating expenses. Direct aid and programming help NGOs implement the strategies they use to achieve their goals. Fundraising allows NGOs to achieve public recognition, disseminate information, and attract grants and donations from individuals and charities. Operating expenses include salaries, utilities, and maintenance of offices and headquarters.
NGOs and the Global Anti-Trade Movement Globalization is one of the major focuses of many international NGOs today. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), globalization is “the process through which an increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services, and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies.”14 Since the end of World War II, globalization has become a focal point for many major countries seeking to achieve development. Its popularity grew especially during the Cold War when many third world states tried to globalize in an attempt to achieve world recognition. Regions such as Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe strived for globalization. During the 12
Gidley, Ruth, “Donor Input into Aid Operations Growing,” Alertnet, 24 January 2003, http://www/globalpolicy.org/ngos/fund/0124donor.htm (accessed July, 20, 2008). 13 Regional Environmental Center, "NGO Funding Sources." October 2001. http://www.rec.org/REC/Databases/Funders/Default.html (accessed July 19, 2008). 14 International Monetary Fund, “Glossary of Selected Financial Terms.” October 2006. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/glossary/showTerm.asp#91 (accessed November 18, 2008).
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Cold War, the US and Soviet Union vied for power and influence amongst the states of the world by supporting them financially and economically. However, as the Cold War ended, the support system built by the US and Soviet Union dissolved and many states were left to develop for themselves.15 States that strive to gain international recognition believe that globalization is key to achieving the status of a world power.
An example of globalization is when
multinational corporations enter states to build factories and businesses.
The
corporations believe they are helping these states achieve globalization and international recognition by providing cheaper goods to purchase and creating jobs to enhance the economy. These corporations only provide temporary relief and in the long run produce inequality and affect free trade. As a result of the negative impacts of globalization, the Anti-Trade Movement, a movement to prevent corporate globalization, was created.16 Today NGOs promote institutionalized enhancement.
By stimulating already
existing institutions and grassroots movements, NGOs believe that they can enhance civil society and help nations achieve stability and international recognition. NGOs affirm that through globalization, an increase of inequality and barriers to eradicating poverty will be produced.17 It is important to recognize that NGOs are strong supporters of the global anti-trade movement and try to accomplish their goals by avoiding the short-term temporary relief of rapid globalization.
NGOs in Eastern Europe The beginning of the new millennium saw an end to the financial crisis overseas and the beginning of state collapse in Africa. Recently, the international community has overlooked many parts of Europe, failing to address the needs of some under developed states. Because Europe is often associated with the European Union whose states are modernizing and developing well, Europe is not seen as a major concern. However, there 15
African Studies Center, The Transnational Institute, The center of Social Studies, The Peace Research Center, "Failed and Collapsed States in the International System." December 2003. http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf (Accessed July 21, 2008) 16 Sandbrook, Richard, Ed., Civilizing Globalization: A Survival Guide, SUNY Press: 2003, Albany, New York, 3. 17 Ibid.
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are many countries in Europe, particularly Eastern Europe, such as Bosnia and Georgia that require attention.18 Recently, NGO participation in Eastern Europe has increased. NGOs are reevaluating the problems facing the international community and are refocusing their efforts on Eastern Europe.19 Currently, there are two types of NGOs working in the region. There are more international based NGOs and NGOs specific to the region. International NGOs maintain more funds due to international recognition and thus have more power in controlling funds to their desired projects. As the situation in Africa is receiving most of the attention, these international NGOs have not been as concerned with Eastern Europe. However, NGOs specific to the Eastern Europe region have seen an increase in funding due to a renewed perspective of the region.20 NGOs play a crucial role in the development and progress of the world. It is important that NGOs begin to re-focus their attention on the growing and industrializing region of Eastern Europe.
Introduction to Specific Non-Governmental Organizations Agricultural Cooperative Development International / Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Development Association - ACDI/VOCA Agricultural Cooperative Development International (ACDI) was founded in 1963 as the International
Cooperative
Association (ICDA).
Development
ICDA, composed of
several major U.S. Farm Cooperatives, unified to
ACDI/VOCA Mission Statement ACDI/VOCA identifies and opens economic opportunities for entrepreneurs worldwide by promoting democratic principles and market liberalization, building international cooperative partnerships, and encouraging the sound management of natural resources.
provide management for foreign developing economic enterprises. With a focus on enhancing the global economy, ICDA was able to establish the “IFFCO (a solution to India’s largest fertilizer concern), re-establish cooperative banking in Poland, 18
Kostic, Roland. "Nationbuilding as an Instrument of Peace?." Civil Wars 10, no. 4 (2008): 384-412. de Jonge, Wilco. "Supporting civil society and NGOs in Eastern Europe: Some lessons learned." Helsinki Monitor 17, no. 4 (2006): 307-312. 20 Helsinki Monitor, "Summaries." Helsinki Monitor 17, no. 4 (2006): 352-354. 19
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[implement] a major contract to establish business support organizations in [various countries such as Uganda, Rwanda, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan] and set up vast businessoriented farmer organizations in East Africa.21 In Armenia, ACDI/VOCA was one of the first international NGOs to get involved after the fall of the Soviet Union. They introduced a Farmer-to-Farmer Program to help Armenian farmers with basic skills and introduced some new techniques as well.22 One example of a success of the program was the introduction of Oltermanni Cheese technology to the Elola Dairy Company and the perfection of the process through continuous collaboration between the ACDI/VOCA and the company.23 Volunteers in Oversees Cooperative Association (VOCA) was founded in 1970 as the Volunteer Development Corps (VDC). VDC served as a volunteer conglomerate of business officials, crop specialists, coffee roasters, and bankers. One of VDC’s major accomplishments was helping newly formed independent states of Central and Eastern Europe with the dynamics of the private sector and modern commercial operations after the fall of the Soviet Union.24 In 1997, the non-governmental organization ACDI/VOCA was officially formed. The two organizations decided to merge to help strengthen their common goals and to expand their ability to aid overseas development economically and socially.25 Currently ACDI/VOCA maintains over 90 projects worldwide with revenue of $90 million a year. With over 840 employees, the organization also manages 400 short-term technical consulting projects a year.26
With a focus on improving the global economy,
ACDI/VOCA continues to support the international community by “establishing 21
ACDI/VOCA, "ACDI/VOCA Our Story." 2008. http://www.acdivoca.org/852571DC00681414/ID/OurStory (accessed July 24, 2008). 22 ACDI/VOCA, “Armenia – Farmer-to-Farmer Program (FtF).” October 2008. http://www.acdivoca.org/acdivoca/PortalHub.nsf/ID/armeniaFtF (accessed November 19, 2008). 23 Ibid. 24 ACDI/VOCA, "ACDI/VOCA Our Story." 2008. http://www.acdivoca.org/852571DC00681414/ID/OurStory (accessed July 24, 2008). 25 Volounteer Match, "ACDI/VOCA Detail." May, 31, 2008. http://www.volunteermatch.org/search/org4206.jsp (accessed July 24, 2008). 26 ACDI/VOCA, "ACDI/VOCA at a glance." 2008. http://www.acdivoca.org/852571DC00681414/ID/AtAGlance (accessed July 24, 2008).
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associations, cooperatives and financial institutions, improving business practices, building partnerships to expand trade, and training tomorrow’s farmers and entrepreneurs.”27 Since the merge in 1997, ACDI/VOCA has been an integral component in the development of many emerging global economies. Its roles have expanded since the merge bringing in new members and employees, which have allowed them to take on more projects. With its large influence and support worldwide, ACDI/VOCA has been able to gain the recognition and publicity it needs to produce the revenue necessary to handle the projects that arise. ACDI/VOCA has clearly shown in the past that they are able to benefit the international community with its strong focus on enhancing the global economy.
Amnesty International Founded in 1961 through the movement Appeal for Amnesty, a group of human rights supporters, Amnesty International (AI), has worked towards stopping human rights abuses. AI is a “movement of people campaigning for internationally recognized human rights
Amnesty International Mission Statement Amnesty International's vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. In pursuit of this vision, Amnesty International's mission is to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience and expression, and freedom from discrimination, within the context of its work to promote all human rights.
to be respected and protected for everyone.”28 Forged by its international supporters, AI operates by conducting research and generating action by mobilizing public pressure to disseminate information. AI derives its leadership from its International Executive Committee (IEC), the movement’s core group of leaders who provide guidance to its followers. With more than 2.2 million
27
ACDI/VOCA, "Our Work." 2008. http://www.acdivoca.org/acdivoca/PortalHub.nsf/ID/ourwork (accessed July 24, 2008). 28 Amnesty International, "About Amnesty International." 2008. http://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/aboutamnesty-international (accessed July 23, 2008).
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members, supporters, and subscribers in over 150 countries, AI is one the leading NGOs that addresses human rights.29 As an organization striving for the autonomy of the individual, AI functions through its continual interest in matters of equality and sovereignty. Currently the organization is working on campaigns to control unregulated global arms, address the international community’s fight on terror with justice, and stop violence against women. Other interests of AI include economic and social rights, death penalties, and refugees.30 Amnesty International is independent from all governments, political ideologies, economic interests, and religions. The movement receives 99 per cent of its funding from individual donations and the rest from investments and fundraisers.31 Financially supported by donations, AI believes it can achieve its goals through non-partisan methods and universal ideologies of civic duty. Amnesty International operates through the use of the media in order to illuminate some of the controversies behind human rights violations. With tactical use of funding, AI mobilizes its global support and influence to alleviate abuses and tensions towards committed and probable violations of human rights. By utilizing operative clauses such as pushing, demanding, and urging, AI hopes to achieve rapid awareness of controversial issues. An example of AI’s work is the release of a new report titled Civilians in the line of fire: The Georgia-Russia conflict. Even though the war only lasted for five days, Amnesty International reports that there will be lasting consequences.32 The document also “strongly suggests that serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law were committed by all parties, both during the course of the conflict
29
Amnesty International, "Amnesty International Executive Committee." 2008. http://www.amnesty.org/en/whowe-are/our-people/international-executive-committee (accessed July 23, 2008). 30 Amnesty International, "Amnesty International Compaigns."2008. http://www.amnesty.org/en/ (accessed July 23, 2008). 31 Amnesty US, "Amnesty 2005 Financial Statement." 2008. http://www.amnestyusa.org/about/pdf/financial_statements_2005.pdf (accessed July 23, 2008). 32 Amnesty International, “Counting the Civilian Loss of the Georgia-Russia Conflict.” November 2008. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/counting-civilian-cost-Georgia-Russia-conflict-20081118 (accessed November 19, 2008).
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and in its aftermath.”33 AI calls for international monitors to report on the region to investigate these abuses and publicly report on their findings.
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere International CARE International is a humanitarian organization that focuses on the fight against global poverty. In its attempt to address the cause of poverty, CARE puts a special emphasis on the
empowerment
women.
of
CARE believes
poor that
women equipped with proper
CARE International Mission Statement Our mission is to serve individuals and families in the poorest communities in the world. Drawing strength from our global diversity, resources and experience, we promote innovative solutions and are advocates for global responsibility. We facilitate lasting change by: • • • • •
Strengthening capacity for self-help Providing economic opportunity Delivering relief in emergencies Influencing policy decisions at all levels Addressing discrimination in all its forms
Guided by the aspirations of local communities, we pursue our mission with both excellence and compassion because the people whom we serve deserve nothing less.
resources can help their families and communities overcome poverty. CARE has created community-based efforts to eradicate poverty through preventing of HIV/AIDS, increasing clean water and sanitation, and improving basic education to “expand economic opportunity and protect natural resources.”34 CARE International maintains over 30 corporate partnerships, which has made them one of the most philanthropic organizations. In 2006, CARE received over $591 million in which 90 per cent went towards fighting poverty and the remainder was directed towards administrative and fund-raising costs.35
Through their generous
supporters, CARE has been able to use the funding they receive to make global differences in impoverished areas. One of CARE’s most successful initiatives is the 33
Ibid. Care Intl, "About Care." 2008. http://www.care.org/about/index.asp?source=170860510000&channel=default (accessed July 25, 2008). 35 Care International, "Care 2007 Income Report." 2007. http://www.care.org/about/financialinfo/990_fy2007.pdf?source=170860510000&channel=default (accessed July 25, 2008). 34
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World Hunger Campaign, which has been disseminating information about world hunger, setting up food drives, and recruiting donors to help fight hunger. In April of 2007, CARE introduced the “Strengthening Democracy Efforts in Kosovo through Peace-Building Initiatives” (SDEKPI), which received funding from the United Nations Democracy Fund.36 The main goal of the project is to “reduce interethnic conflict in targeted communities in Kosovo through initiatives that strengthen reconciliation.”37 The completion date of the project is in October 2009 and constant monitoring of the program is being carried out by two local NGOs, which will then create capacity building programs for their own organizations to carry out in the region. Through CARE’s ability to attract funding, the organization has been able to focus on eliminating poverty and helping transition economies develop. As an NGO that maintains a large funding reserve, CARE is capable of establishing projects on many different levels.
Whether it’s direct financial support or the spreading of public
information, CARE can impact the global community.
Counterpart International Counterpart International (CI) was founded in 1965 as an international nonprofit organization dedicated to building a fair world through service and partnership.
Counterpart International Mission Statement Giving people a voice in their own future through smart partnerships offering options and access to tools for sustained social, economic and environmental development.
The organization conducts its operations through partnerships with already existing institutions such as other NGOs.
Through Counterparts unique ability to aid other
organizations, smaller organizations can carry out CI’s mission on a more local, grassroots level. CI’s ultimate vision is to aid in “institutional development, advocacy, community mobilization, community foundation development, and conflict prevention and mitigation to ultimately help in self-sustainability.”38 36
CARE, “Project Information,” http://www.care.org/careswork/projects/KSV043.asp (accessed November 19, 2008). 37 Ibid. 38 Counterpart International, "About Us." 2008. http://www.counterpart.org/Default.aspx?tabid=327
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Counterpart International has been one of the leading international NGOs in Eastern Europe. The organization gained most of its notability in the region by helping the former Soviet Union foster civil society through humanitarian assistance programs. CI has also been involved in Bosnia to promote ethnic diversity and alleviate tension in the Balkan Area.
In Bosnia, they also address the refugee situation and have
“[improved] sustainable rural livelihoods through agricultural enterprise development and micro-enterprise/business training, agricultural credit, market linkages, and new resources so families can build a new life.”39 CI’s main focuses include promoting civil society and economic development, tourism and conservation (ecology), agricultural growth, health and child survival, and humanitarian assistance. As a global NGO, CI uses its stature and resources to gain funding for smaller organizations that will carry out CI’s mission statement.40 As an NGO that operates under partnerships with other NGOs, CI maintains a global network of relief operations to advocate civil society.
East West Institute The East West Institute (EWI) classifies itself as a non-partisan entrepreneurial organization. East West Institute Mission Statement Founded in 1980, the EastWest Institute (EWI) works to make the world a safer place by addressing the seemingly intractable problems that threaten regional and global stability. EWI is an international, non-partisan, entrepreneurial organization with centers in Brussels, New York and Moscow. EWI's track-record of mentoring, partnering and networking has made us an institution of choice for state and non-state actors seeking to cooperate, prevent conflict, and manage regional and global challenges. EWI is more than a think-tank. Through our programs we translate our values and ideas into action.
Through the EWI’s
methods of “mentoring, partnering, and networking,” the EWI believes that it has become the NGO of choice for “state and non-state actors seeking to cooperate, prevent conflict, and mange
regional
and
global
challenges.”41 In short, the EWI functions as a mediator. Countries seeking to resolve issues usually look towards non(accessed July 23, 2008). 39 Counterpart International, “Bosnia,” http://www.counterpart.org/Default.aspx?tabid=184 (accessed November 19, 2008). 40 Counterpart International, "Annual reports and Financing." 2006. http://www.counterpart.org/Default.aspx?tabid=328 (accessed July 23, 2008). 41 EWI - East West Institute, "About the EWI." 2008. http://www.iews.org/aboutewi/index.cfm?title=About%20EWI (accessed July 24, 2008).
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partisan organizations such as the EWI to help formulate resolutions to prevent conflict. The EWI focuses on conflict prevention, global security, leadership, and education to achieve its goal of international stability. The EWI’s operations are funded by individual donors, institutions, and businesses from around the world. With numerous supporters, the EWI feels that it possesses the networking tools and resources to be the choice organization for the prevention of conflict and the promotion of stability. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the ownership of banks was falling into new hands and the EWI was there to make this transition smoother. In the early 1990s, the EWI conceived the Budapest based Banking and Finance Assistance Centre, which was created to address the shortcomings of Western aid in Eastern Europe. They “launched a series of targeted training seminars bringing bankers together from Eastern Europe and the West to educate the top managers on reforming and operating financial institutions.”42 In 2006, the East West Institute received $10.5 million. The organization spent 75 per cent towards programming, 16 per cent towards administrative expenses, and the rest towards fundraising. The organization sees a growth rate of 14.6 per cent in revenue with only 8.6 per cent in programming expenses.43 With a solid growth, the EWI continues to expand and strengthens itself through use of its networking abilities. One of EWI’s biggest accomplishments was its potential arms reduction in the Soviet Union. They have managed to bring down conflict by advocating disarmament and reducing missile defense. EWI believes firmly in development and works towards procuring viable solutions to achieve stability and global expansion. As a well known NGO with a plethora of powerful resources in its network, EWI maintains a notable presence within the European Union. EWI is considered one of the biggest NGOs in the region in its attempts to quell conflict and solidify the European Movement. As a well-known and respected NGO, EWI maintains a lot of influence in EastWest Institute, “Economic Realities Hit Home, 1992,” http://www.iews.org/aboutewi/twentystories/index.cfm?title=The%20Debt%20Bomb%20%26%20the%20Collapsin g%20Cores&view=detail&sid=13 (accessed November 19, 2008). 43 Charity Navigator, "EWI Charity Rating and Finances." 2006. http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3869 (accessed July 24, 2008). 42
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areas including missile defense, disarmament, and development which are all ideals of civil society.
European Movement The European Movement (EM), dating back to 1947, was founded with the aim of creating a unified block of European states. Since then, the EM has become a large international organization interested in the cultural, social, economic and political trends in civil society. The organizations goal is to “contribute towards the establishment of a united, federal Europe founded on the respect for basic human rights, peace principles, democratic principles of liberty and solidarity and citizens’ participation.�44 The 44 national councils and 23 associate members of the organization work together to help the EM achieve its goals. The European Movement operates as a study and information group.
The
organization spreads information about European affairs and activities. It also functions to influence sectors of European public affairs such as national parliaments, authorities, governments, businesses, industry associations, NGOs, and other parties to promote the aims of the EM. As the EM represents most of Europe, the organization plays a large role in Eastern European politics as the biggest and most influential organization of the region.
Greenpeace International
44
European Movement, "History." 2008. http://www.europeanmovement.org/history.cfm (accessed July 23, 2008).
PhilMUN 2009 Founded
in
1971,
Greenpeace International has been
an
opponent
environmental throughout
of
degradation the
world.
Greenpeace works as a nonprofit organization that aims to stop climate change, protect ancient nuclear
forests, threats,
prevent eliminate
15 Greenpeace International Mission Statement Greenpeace is a global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace by: • Catalyzing an energy revolution to address the number one threat facing our planet: climate change • Defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves • Protecting the world’s remaining ancient forests and the animal, plants, and people that depend on them • Working for disarmament and peace by reducing dependence on finite resources and calling for the elimination of all nuclear weapons • Creating a toxic free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today’s products and manufacturing • Supporting sustainable agriculture by encouraging socially and ecologically responsible farming practices
toxic chemicals, save the oceans, and encourage sustainable trade. With the threat of global warming, the destruction of ancient forests, deterioration of the oceans, and threat of nuclear disaster, Greenpeace has become important in promoting global stability. Through the use of research, lobbying, and quiet diplomacy, Greenpeace and its supporters have been able to enact their influence in the international community’s environmental control.45 Greenpeace International was victorious in Estonia on September 26, 2007 after a three-day blockade of the toxic tanker, Probo Koala. The blockade resulted in the attention of the Estonia government, who then decided to conduct an investigation of the ship. Greenpeace says that Probo Koal was “responsible for the deaths of at least 8 people in the Ivory Coast -- and the illnesses of thousands more, due to irresponsible dumping of toxic waste.”46 They were excited to hear that those responsible for the toxic dump would be brought to justice and further actions could be taken to prevent such acts of irresponsibility in the future. Greenpeace International maintains over 2.8 million donors worldwide today. In 2006, Greenpeace received an estimated $230 million, spending around 82 per cent on 45
Greenpeace International, "About Greenpeace." 2008. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/about (accessed July 25, 2008). 46 Greenpeace International. “Victory! Estonia launches toxic tanker investigation.” September 2006. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/estonia-seizes-probo-koala-060927 (accessed November 19, 2008).
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campaigns against environmental degradation and nuclear proliferation.47
Some of
Greenpeace’s accomplishments have been the protection of South American forests. In November of 2007, Greenpeace was able to protest against Argentine law, gaining over 1.5 million signatures against forest degradation.
Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) was founded in 1978 as the Helsinki Watch. The original purpose of the Helsinki Watch was to monitor Soviet Bloc countries for violations of the Helsinki Accords.
As the years
progressed, other watch groups such
Human Rights Watch Mission Statement Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to bring offenders to justice, to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom and to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those holding power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all.
as Americas Watch were established with the goal of preventing abuses on human rights and protecting individual sovereignty. In 1988, these individual watch groups united to form the HRW. Today, the HRW is the biggest known human rights group. Their headquarters are located in the US, and they have satellite branches throughout the world. With a dedication to protecting human rights worldwide, HRW has been operating to end human rights abuses and protect international human rights law.48 Human Rights Watch believes that by exposing human rights abuses to the international community, a feeling of shame will be felt on the part of the abuser, which will ultimately end and prevent future abuse. HRW exposes abuses by sending reporters and investigators throughout the world. When violations are discovered HRW funds campaigns to publicize them hoping to simultaneously call for international action and embarrass the government responsible for the abuses. As a non-profit organization, HRW receives money from private institutions and individual supporters, classifying them as an NGO. In 2006, they received $37.8 million, spending $24.8 million on 47
Greenpeace International, "2006 Annual Report." 2006. http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/usa/presscenter/reports4/greenpeace-annual-report-2006.pdf (accessed July 25, 2008). 48 Human Rights Watch, "HRW - About Us." 2008. http://www.hrw.org/about/ (accessed July 29, 2008).
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campaigns and the rest on other expenses.49 One of HRW’s biggest accomplishments has been the reduction of child abuse. Through an international coalition and treaty, HRW was able to prevent children under the age of eighteen from becoming soldiers. HRW successfully raised the age at which children could become soldiers from fifteen to eighteen. Recently HRW has been active in reporting on the ethnic abuse of minorities in Serbia. They released a 74-page report titled "Hostages of Tension: Intimidation and Harassment of Ethnic Albanians in Serbia after Kosovo's Declaration of Independence,” which details the attacks on ethnic Albanians and other minorities in early 2008.50 The HRW blames the Serbian government for not taking a more proactive stance against the abuses and recommends that the new government institute hate crime laws, suggests that communication between law enforcement and the government is improved, and calls for justice to be brought to those involved in the attacks.51 As a well known and publicly recognized organization, HRW has the capability to effectively bring an end to human rights abuse. By gathering information on potential abuses and making them publicly known, HRW has been able to effectively deter abuses.
Mercy Corps With a focus towards providing secure, productive and just communities, Mercy Corps has alleviated suffering, poverty, and oppression in different areas of the world. Mercy Corps was
Mercy Corps Mission Statement Mercy Corps exists to alleviate suffering, poverty and oppression by helping people build secure, productive and just communities.
founded in 1979 and since then has utilized over $1.5 billion to meet its goals. The organization has a little over 3,500 staff members and has helped over 16 million people.
49
Charity Navigator Rating, “Human Rights Watch,” Charity Navigator Rating, http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3845 (accessed July 15, 2008). 50
Human Rights Watch, “Serbia Failed to Prevent Minorities from Attack,” November 2008. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/11/03/serbia-failed-protect-minorities-attack (accessed November 19, 2008). 51 Ibid.
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By working in areas of conflict, disasters, poverty, and areas of instability, Mercy Corps has made a difference in over 35 countries today.52 In 2006, Mercy Corps received over $220 million from donations and fundraisers. With headquarters across the world, Mercy Corps helps rebuild many areas of conflict and secure a means for a stable society.53 Mercy Corps accomplishes its mission through helping communities on a needs basis. They focus on a wide range of issues including agriculture, children and education, climate development, and economic development. One of Mercy Corps most recent accomplishments was its presence in Southern China, an area that was recently hit by a series of massive earthquakes. Mercy Corps helped the local province of Sichuan rebuild and redevelop as a strong, stable community. In Eastern Europe, they aided in the recovery of devastated areas in Bosnia. Additionally, In the aftermath of the Georgia-Russia conflict, Mercy Corps has been assisting families that have been displaced from their homes. Mercy Corps was one of the first organizations to reach out to Gori, which was destroyed by the war and is the only international organization working behind enemy lines in Russia.54 They have been distributing essentials, such as food, cots, blankets, and other necessities to shelter displaced families from the upcoming winter.
Microfinance Center Since Muhammad Yunus won the Nobel Prize in 2006 for starting the Grameen
Bank,
Microfinancing
has
become a popular solution to fight against
Microfinance Center Mission Statement Based on the results of the diagnostic analysis, MFC initiates policy work aiming to put into practice recommendations set out in the diagnostic analysis. In each case the final goal is to prompt the establishment of a comprehensive legal and regulatory environment.
poverty. Microfinancing requires the use of several different banking organizations that offer small, interest-driven loans. These loans cost the banks that participate very little 52
Mercycorps, "About us - Overview." 2008 . http://www.mercycorps.org/aboutus/overview (accessed July 29, 2008). 53 Mercycorps, "2006 Annual Report." 2006. http://www.mercycorps.org/files/file1181760415.pdf (accessed July 29, 2008). 54 Mercy Corps, “Behind the Lines,� September 2008. http://www.mercycorps.org/countries/georgia/2325 (accessed November 19, 2008).
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and the yield from proper microfinancial investing is greater than the input. Because these loans are considered to be micro, they implicate little to no risk for participant banks. After loans are collected, a centralized bank in a rural sector or other parts that require microfinancing is established. These small banks then use the loaned money for community-based projects. For example Muhammad Yunus established the Grameen Bank to help a number of small rural Bangladeshi communities become self-sufficient by manufacturing Saris. Based on the success of the Muhammad Yunus microfinancing strategy, the Microfinance Center (MFC) was established in Europe to “prompt the establishment of a comprehensive legal and regulatory environment,” ultimately helping developing areas become self-sufficient.55 Today the MFC works to secure developing communities in Europe and promote self-reliance through the establishments of microfinance institutions (MFIs).
With support from many European states and multi-national banks, MFC
maintains the funding and support to make a difference through the use of microfinancing. At the end of 2005, MFC accumulated $8 billion towards microfinancing loans with 4.1 million borrowers.56
The MFC does not only provide these loans. They also
establish MFIs, helping other groups become microfinancing centers. With a focus on East Europe and Central Asia, MFC has become the leading microfinancial consultant in these regions. One of MFC’s notable accomplishments was their ImpAct Project, which successfully institutionalized a method of client tracking. This established a way for MFC to see how their micro loans have been applied in different communities. As the benefits of Microfinancing continue to help both multi-lateral banks and small rural communities, microfinancing has gained more support. Its uses have become a practical tool in solving many issues such as poverty, refugee reintegration, and sustainable development. 55
Microfinance Center, "Policy Initiative." 2008. http://www.mfc.org.pl/index.php?section=LRP&page=Policy%20Initiative (accessed July 26, 2008). 56 Microfinance Center, "MFC 2006 Annual Report." 2006. http://www.mfc.org.pl/images/pliki/111annual_report_final.pdf (accessed July 27, 2008).
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National Democratic Institute The Institution
National (NDI)
of
Democratic International
Affairs is a “non-profit organization seeking to strengthen and expand democracy worldwide.”57
Through
strengthening democratic institutions globally, NDI feels that it has the ability
National Democratic Institution Mission Statement The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strengthen and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practical assistance to civic and political leaders advancing democratic values, practices and institutions. NDI works with democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, safeguard elections, and to promote citizen participation, openness and accountability in government.
to “build political and civic organizations, safeguard elections, and…promote citizen participation, openness and accountability in government.”58 The NDI recognizes that when governments go unchecked, they may become corrupt, squander resources, and reduce the overall stability of the international community. NDI receives requests from weak states seeking to strengthen democracy and stability. By focusing on political party building, citizen participation, election processes, strengthening of legislatures, and participation of women, the NDI has been able to achieve its goals. Since 1999, the NDI has been active in Kosovo, working to “promote sustainable, democratic governing institutions in the wake of armed, inter-ethnic conflict.”59 After the low voter turnout in 2007, NDI made an effort to work with political party leaders, develop party platforms addressing the issues that matter to their constituents. They also reached out to women’s branches and staff to ensure that the policies were reflecting voter concerns. Some trainees of the NDI have actually moved on to win seats in municipal councils and one mayoralty.60 The NDI uses both a multinational and functional approach when carry out its duties.
Their first approach entails having a strong volunteer network through a
multinational approach. By paneling experts from around the world with strong political 57
National Democratic Institute, "About NDI."2008. http://www.ndi.org/about/about.asp (accessed July 27, 2008). Ibid. 59 National Democratic Institute, “Europe: Central &Eastern: Kosovo,” March 2008. http://www.ndi.org/worldwide/cee/kosovo/kosovo.asp (accessed November 19, 2008). 60 Ibid. 58
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backgrounds combined with numerous supporters, the NDI believes they can effectively promote strategies to strengthen democracy worldwide.
Their second approach is
functional, and it works to gather information on democracy to better inform the international community. One of NDI’s notable accomplishments has been its Project Vote, in which the organization helped millions of South Africans become more aware of the democratic voting procedures and the power that voting has to bring about change in a democratic society.61
Pact With a motto of building capacity
worldwide,
Pact
has
dedicated itself to building strong global communities by strengthening local organizations.
Pact believes
that it can provide opportunities for
Pact Mission Statement Pact's mission is to build empowered communities, effective governments and responsible private institutions that give people an opportunity for a better life. We do this by strengthening the capacity of organizations and institutions to be good service providers, represent their stakeholders, network with others for learning and knowledge sharing, and advocate for social, economic and environmental justice. Interdependence, responsible stewardship, inclusion of vulnerable groups, and respect for local ownership and knowledge are core values across all of our programs.
dignified living, healthy families, and democratic lifestyles by strengthening local grassroots organizations, coalitions, networks, businesses, and people. Through sound financial investments, Pact believes that it can help with capacity building so that institutions can be more effective. The organization also offers training and technical support to help local organizations increase productivity. By forging networks and coalitions, and creating strategic alliances, Pact has monitored existing institutions and helped them become more effective. Pact also believes that sharing information to become better organizations is also important. In 2007, Pact recorded its net asset to be a little over $160 million. $114 million was spent on programming while the remainder went towards expenses. Some of Pact’s focuses include empowering women, influencing governments to make systematic changes,
61
Ibid.
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helping societies maintain and control HIV/AIDS infections, and managing natural resources.62 Pact currently works with populations in Africa, Eurasia, and Latin America. By strengthening already existing institutions, Pact does not have to create institutions, saving resources and time. Because Pact maintains the resources to augment already existing institutions instead of creating new ones, the organization is able to devote resources towards project development.
Service Civil International With a strong commitment and focus on civil society, Service Civil International (SCI) was created.
Founded in
1920, SCI believes that when people work with others from different backgrounds, societies
Service Civil International Vision/Mission Statement Our vision is a world of peace, social justice and sustainable development, where all people live together with mutual respect and without recourse to any form of violence to solve conflict. Our mission is to promote peace and intercultural understanding through volunteering and international voluntary projects.
can help eliminate prejudices and stereotypes.
SCI is built around a core of dedicated and passionate volunteers. They
promote the volunteering experience as a personal and social transformation.63 The organization has a hierarchy of advisors. At the top is the international staff, which oversees the election of an international executive committee. That committee works on establishing volunteer centers and projects in different areas across the globe.64 An example of one of these projects was in Croatia on the Island of Pasman. In May 2008, volunteers travelled to the region to “[clean] garbage off the beach and also run on beatification projects on the island, such as wall paintings, planting, [and] decorating.”65
62
Pact, "Pact 07-08 Annual Report." 2008. http://www.pactworld.org/galleries/annual-report/Pact_AR%20200708_COMP_Web.pdf (accessed July 29, 2008). 63 Service Civil International, "About - Volunteers." March 3, 2007. http://www.sciint.org/volunteers.phtml (accessed July 28, 2008). 64 Service Civil International, "International Bodies." 2007. http://www.sciint.org/international_bodies.phtml (accessed July 28, 2008). 65 Service Civil International, “Current Workcamps,” April 2008. http://www.sci-ivs.org/new/index.php?currentworkcamps (accessed November 19, 2008).
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Based on necessity, SCI organizes volunteer projects with a wide range of focuses. Whether it’s planting trees in Iceland, teaching English to Nepalese children, or organizing a multicultural art festival in Finland, SCI continues to produce successful efforts. With their executive staff of experts and volunteers, SCI can mobilize resources to support the many focuses encompassed in their mission statement.
Transparency International Since
1993,
Transparency
International (TI) has been a global agent towards the fight to end corruption. TI has challenged the inevitability of corruption by working towards diminishing apathy and
Transparency International Mission Statement Transparency International, the global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption, brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. TI’s mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption.
tolerance towards the issue. TI claims that “corruption has dire global consequences, trapping millions in poverty and misery and breeding social, economic, and political unrest.”66 The global civil society organization thinks that corruption is the main reason why poverty still exists and uses this philosophy as a tenant towards strengthening anticorruption movements. TI also believes in strengthening local governments through decentralization and opening of borders. By accessing non transparent states, TI feels that governments and political leaders can begin to achieve legitimate means of democracy to ensure the eradication of poverty and promote the well being of a state’s citizens.67 Transparency International operates primarily by first analyzing and diagnosing corruption. Through a panel of experts of non-residents and residents of particular states, TI accumulates information to publish their annual Corruptions Perception Index.68 TI strengthens its support on fighting corruption through affiliations with other organizations to increase information sharing, close legal loopholes, and increase cooperation between 66
Transparency International, "About Us." 2008. http://www.transparency.org/about_us (accessed July 23, 2008). Ibid. 68 Transparency International, "2007 Corruption Perception Index." 2007. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 (accessed July 23, 2008). 67
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the organization and state leaders. TI is able to work closely with state leaders through a systemic approach the organization calls National Integrity Systems. Through these systems, TI remains connected with states to increase transparency and ensure that anticorruption campaigns are upheld. Prior to the founding of TI, corruption was a concept that was not generally deemed important to the international community. Until 1996, the World Bank had not explicitly discussed corruption. However, the World Bank now considers corruption as the “single greatest obstacle to economic and social development.”69 Through raising awareness of corruption, TI has become an influential organization towards the fight on corruption.
World Resources Institute Aware of the need for an organization to
research
and
propose
solutions
to
environmental, resource, population, and development problems around the world, the
World Resources Institute Mission Statement Our mission is to move human society to live in ways that protect Earth's environment and its capacity to provide for the needs and aspirations of current and future generations.
World Resources Institute (WRI) was established. Founded in the 1960s and 1970s, the WRI has been aiming to change the global environment by promoting ways to preserve the world’s ecology and aiming to protect the planet for future generations. WRI believes that they can change the world through dissemination of information and by implementing institutional change. By working with people and ecosystems, allowing access to information, reducing climate change, and influencing markets and enterprises, WRI has been able to accomplish their goals.70 With a focus on banks that are supportive towards the environmental cause, the World Resources Institute has been able to generate a sizable amount of funds to aid in their cause.
Through partnerships with multilateral development banks, private
institutions, and export credit and guarantee agencies, WRI has gained the influence of 69
Transparency International, "About Us Approach." 2008. http://www.transparency.org/about_us (accessed July 23, 2008). 70 World Resources Institute, "WRI About Us." 2008. http://www.wri.org/about (accessed July 26, 2008).
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many businesses. They also focus on making information about businesses advocating green practices publicly known and work towards boosting the public images of those businesses, which in turn has attracted stock investors.
One example of WRI’s
accomplishments is its influence on IKEA. WRI operates a project that provides satellite imaging to locate areas where deforestation will produce the minimum amount of damage so that forests can naturally heal after their trees are logged. By using this software, WRI has helped IKEA harvest lumber in stable areas, which has in turn reduced forest degradation.71 Currently the WRI is focusing on the upcoming United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) conference that will take place in Poznan, Poland in December 2008. The WRI hopes to “see an effective international climate agreement in place by 2012, supported by effective national implementation by major countries, including the U.S.”72 They will be conducting workshops and briefings for negotiators to observe and they hope to influence the discussions on critical issues involving climate change.73 With a strong focus on biodiversity, deforestation, and development, WRI has become a very influential organization in their fight for a more sustainable globe. WRI’s partnerships with businesses and banks have made it a prominent and well-respected organization to date. Using research and strategic planning, WRI has been successful in disseminating information and causing many to be more environmentally conscious.
71
World Resources Institute, "International Financial Flows and the Environment (IFFE)." 2008. http://www.wri.org/project/international-financial-flows (accessed July 26, 2008). 72 World Resources Institute, “Poznan Prognosis,” November 2008. http://www.wri.org/stories/2008/11/poznanprognosis-key-questions-and-answers (accessed November 19, 2008). 73 Ibid.
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Volunteer Match, "ACDI/VOCA Detail." May, 31, 2008. http://www.volunteermatch.org/search/org4206.jsp (accessed July 24, 2008). World Resources Institute, “Poznan Prognosis,� November 2008. http://www.wri.org/stories/2008/11/poznan-prognosis-key-questions-and-answers (accessed November 19, 2008). World Resources Institute, "WRI About Us." 2008. http://www.wri.org/about (accessed July 26, 2008). World Resources Institute, "International Financial Flows and the Environment (IFFE)." 2008. http://www.wri.org/project/international-financial-flows (accessed July 26, 2008).