Conditions of extremes
Inhabited Exo-Skeletons IDIL S. YUCE L I NAL RC 7 M.Arch Architectural Design (AD) The Bartlett School of Architecture
University College London Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Architectural Design RC 7 / BiotA Lab
Conditions of Extremes
Inhabited exo-skeletons Idil S. Yucel Inal
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Tutors: Prof. Marcos Cruz, Richard Beckett, Dr. Chris Leung, Javier Ruiz
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Part I
Research Pyrococcus Furiosus (Rushing Fireball)
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Vulcano Island, Italy
Photo: ANTONINO BARTUCCIO
Vulcano Island is one of the The Aeolian Islans in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily. The other islands are Salina, Stromboli, Filicudi, Alicudi, Panarea and Basiluzzo. It is named after the Roman god of Fire, Vulcan. According to Greek mythology, Vulcano was the location 4
of the blacksmiths of Hephaestus, the god of fire, metal work and the fine arts. Vulcano is a volcanic island and it is has several volcanic centers. The island has an active volcano (also called the Fossa) that
has had frequent eruptions documented since Ancient times. It last erupted from 1888 to 1890. The eruption deposited 15 feet (5 m) of pyroclastic material at the summit of Fossa. Bombs about 1 m in diameter fell 1 km from the vent. *
*Cortese, M., Frazzetta, G., and La Volpe, L., 1986, Volcanic history of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during the last 10,000 years: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
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ITALY
Adriatic Sea
Rome
Naples
Tyrrhenian Sea Eolie Islands
Palermo
Eoile Islands in Italy map
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Stromboli
Tyrrhenian Sea Basiluzzo
Salina
Panarea
Alicudi Filicudi
Lipari
Vulcano
Milazzo
SICILY
Vulcano island in Eoile Islands map
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Vulcano Island, Italy
Photo: Lonely Planet
Images from Vulcano island
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Vulcano Island, Italy
Photo: Aldo Pavan
Vulcano Island, Italy
Photo: Imperatoreblog
Images from Vulcano island
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It is possible to observe numerous volcanic phenomenons here, from smoke clouds, vapor spouts (at both the volcano’s mouth and under the sea) and sulphuric mud holes known for their therapeutic properties.* *Cortese, M., Frazzetta, G., and La Volpe, L., 1986, Volcanic history of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during the last 10,000 years: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
Pyrococcus Furiosus Photo: sciencephoto
Pyrococcus Furiosus lives in geothermally heated marine sediments at Vulcano Island, Italy. It is first described by Dr. Karl Stetter of the University of Regensburg and Dr. Gerhard Fiala in 1986.
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Facts about Pyrococcus Furiosus: *It is a hyperthermophilic (‘superheat-loving) *Lives in super-hot environments (geothermally heated marine sediments)
coccus Diagram of Pyrococcus Furiosus
flagella
*Growing at between 70 °C and 103 ° C~ with an optimal growth temperature of 100 °C *It rapidly swims at 100 °C * Anaerobic and heterotroph * Do not need oxygen for growth and is adapted to deal with oxygen at low temperatures. When organism is in the heat of vent there is no oxygen present. If its spewed out into cold sea water, where oxygen is present, antioxidant action takes place. * Optimally its pH is at 7, but it can stand between a pH of 5 and 9.
Image: by Joan Marti,Gerald G. J. Ernst
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http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/23013/6/Dissertation_Annett-Bellack.pdf
In their study, Flagella of Pyrococcus furiosus: multifunctional organelles, made for swimming, adhesion to various surfaces, and cell-cell contacts, Näther, Rachel and Wirth states that “Flagella can aggregate into cable-like structures, forming cell-cell connections between ca. 5% of all cells during stationary growth phase. P. furiosus probably uses flagella for swimming but that the cell surface appendages also enable this archaeon to form cable-like cell-cell connections and to adhere to solid surfaces.â€? Different experiments says that cells could attach to some surfaces via their flagella but also flagella enables them to grow in three dimensional manner, forming microcolonies in a biofilm like structure.
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http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/23013/6/Dissertation_Annett-Bellack.pdf
“An obvious question arises: why does P. furiosus form these cell-cell connections? At the moment we do not have a definite answer; a possible explanation is that the connections are a prerequisite for allowing gene transfer between P. furiosus cells. It can be argued that gene transfer takes place between P. furiosus cells and also with other species, although this has not been proven so far.” * * Daniela J. Näther,Reinhard Rachel, Gerhard Wanner, Reinhard Wirth,* , Flagella of Pyrococcus furiosus: Multifunctional Organelles, Made for Swimming, Adhesion to Various Surfaces, and Cell-Cell Contacts
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Sand
Sintered Quartz (From lava)
“Flagella of Pyrococcus furiosus: Multifunctional Organelles, Made for Swimming, Adhesion to Various Surfaces, and Cell-Cell Contacts� Daniela J. Nather, Reinhard Rachel, Gerhard Wanner, Reinhard Wirth
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Biofilm According to IUPAC Aggragate group of microorganisms in which cells are fully embeded within a self-produced matrix of extra cellular polymetric substance adhere to eachother and/or a surface.
“Cell architecture and flagella of hyperthermophilic Archaea�, Annett Bellack
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In bio-technology pyrococcus furiosus is engineering to be able to produce Bio fuels.
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Several studies on transfering the genes of pyrococcus furiosus to plants to improve their tolerence to different conditions such as martial conditions or low oxygen conditions.
“Expression of Pyrococcus furiosus Superoxide Reductase in Arabidopsis Enhances Heat Tolerance” by Im YJ, Ji M, Lee A, Killens R, Grunden AM, Boss WF
“Ordinary plants already possess a way to detoxify superoxide, but the researchers believe that a microbe known as Pyrococcus furiosus uses one that may work better. P. furiosus lives in a superheated vent at the bottom of the ocean, but periodically it gets spewed out into cold sea water. So, unlike the detoxification pathways in plants, the ones in P. furiosus function over an astonishing 100+ degree Celsius range in temperature. That’s a swing that could match what plants experience in a greenhouse on Mars.”* * Karen Miller (August 5, 2005). “Prozac for Plants”. National Space Science Data Center. NASA.
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Part II
Digital Investigations Scripts by Javier Ruiz
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Formal investigations with Houdini Software -1 21
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Formal investigations with Houdini Software -225
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Part III
Design Inhabited exo-skeletons
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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the world. It has already had observable effects on our environment. Investigations shows us, a 2°C rise in temperature will put 30 per cent of species at under threat of extinction, marine food chains will collapse and ecosystems would damaged, while shortages of food and water are predicted. Studies shows that it will be possible to adapt plants (with using pyrococcus furiosus genes) into though conditions which climate change will be the reason of. An exoskeleton with an inhabited structure is designed to host the organic growth of species.
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Formal studies of the habitat 31
Growth of the habitat 32
Inhabited exoskeleton 33
Formal studies 34
Habitat visualization before growth 35
Growth of the habitat 36
Inhabited exoskeleton 37
Inhabited exoskeleton
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Details from Inhabited exoskeleton
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Details from Inhabited exoskeleton
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Details from Inhabited exoskeleton
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How to make it?
Print Green Project
Print Green Project
Material,surface and fabrication research: plants. seeds. mosses, seed bombs, ceramics, composts. cork. plastics, mud, 3dprinting, casting...
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References: Cortese, M., Frazzetta, G., and La Volpe, L.; (1986), “Volcanic history of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during the last 10,000 years: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research”, Näther DJ1, Rachel R, Wanner G, Wirth R. “Flagella of Pyrococcus furiosus: multifunctional organelles, made for swimming, adhesion to various surfaces, and cell-cell contacts.” Uemori, T.; Sato, Y.; Kato, I.; Doi, H.; et al. (1997). “A novel DNA polymerase in the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus: gene cloning, expression, and characterization”. Genes to Cells. Robb, F. T.; Maeder, D. L.; Brown, J. R.; DiRuggiero, J.; (2001). “Genomic sequence of hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus: implications for physiology and enzymology”. Methods in Enzymology. Methods in Enzymology. Archaea, Annett Bellack “Cell architecture and flagella of hyperthermophilic” Machielsen, R.; Leferink, N.G.H.; Hendriks, A.; Brouns, S.J.J.; (2008). “Laboratory evolution of Pyrococcus furiosus alcohol dehydrogenase to improve the production of (2S,5S)-hexanediol at moderate temperatures”. Extremophiles. 12 (4): 587–594. doi:10.1007/s00792-008-0164-8. Im, Y.J.; Ji, M.; Lee, A.; Killens, R.; et al. (2009). “Expression of Pyrococcus furiosus Superoxide Reductase in Arabidopsis Enhances Heat Tolerance”. Plant Physiology. Karen Miller (August 5, 2005). “Prozac for Plants”. National Space Science Data Center. NASA.
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