Toolkit: Scaling Up HIV-Related Legal Services (Chinese)

ᢧሩ㡒⒟⮙Ⳍ݇⊩ᕟ᳡ࡵᎹ‫݋‬᠟‫ݠ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ߾ਏ๮֩

ቛᆓբᅳ ॊೝDŽዐࡔඇ൰एূ࠵ִၜణDžၯۨ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩ǖ Ӳ඄໯ᆶ © ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯDŽIDLODž ᷣ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDŽUNAIDSDž2009

௨ሴำ௽ Ԩ‫؜‬Ӳ࿿໯֑ᆩ‫ڦ‬ఁ‫׬‬Ăยऺࢅాඹժփ՗௽૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈईࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ৽ࡔॆĂ ‫ں‬൶Ă‫׭‬๨ई൶ᇘई၎ᆌ‫ړ‬ਆ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ں‬࿋݀՗ඪࢆᅪ९Ljᄺփ՗௽૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈईࡔा݀ ቛ݆ୱፇኯ৽໲்‫ڦ‬ՉঀईՉহ‫݀ۨࣄڦ‬՗ඪࢆᅪ९ă ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯժփԍኤԨ‫؜‬Ӳ࿿ዐ‫ڦ‬႑တྜኝܸጚඓLj‫ܔ‬ᇀᅺ๑ᆩኄ ၵ႑တܸ‫ڞ‬ዂ‫ڦ‬ඪࢆ໦฿փ‫څ׶‬ሴඪă Ԩ֌ଙ๴Ӳ඄ԍࢺ ,ժԍା໯ᆶ඄૧ă ‫ڍ‬ሎႹ‫؜‬ᇀঞᇣణ‫ڦ‬௨‫ްݯ‬዆Ljമ༵๟Ⴔᄲጀ௽ጨଙઠ ᇸăැᄲሞഄ໱൧઄ူް዆ईሞഄ໱‫؜‬Ӳ࿿ዐް዆Ԩ֌ଙLjՂႷ๚ံइ‫ڥ‬Ӳ඄໯ᆶට‫ڦ‬ກ௬Ⴙ ੗Ljཞ้੗ీႴᄲኧ޲‫ݯ‬ᆩăැᄲ‫؜‬ᇀฆᄽణ‫ްڦ‬዆Ԩ֌ଙLjႷၠࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ༵‫؜‬ฤ൩ă

‫؜‬Ӳऐࠓǖ International Development Law Organization ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ ‫ں‬኷ǖViale Vaticano, 106 00165 Rome, Italy ‫ࣆۉ‬ǖ+39 06 4040 3200 ‫د‬ኈǖ+39 06 4040 3232 idlo@idlo.int; www.idlo.int

ᷣ UNAIDS China Ofſce ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈጂࣀӸ๚‫ت‬ ‫ࣆۉ‬ǖ86 10 8532 2226 ‫د‬ኈǖ86 10 8532 2228 ‫ۉ‬ጱᆰၒǖchina@unaids.org ྪበǖwww.unaids.org.cn ‫ں‬኷ǖԛ৙๨‫ו‬ᄞ൶ଋகࢋళୟ14ࡽ໴ᇴྔ঍Ӹࠅ‫୍ٷ‬2-8-1 ᆰՊǖ100600

ಇӲ tr e associati ‫ں‬኷ǖVia Rubicone 18 00198 Rome, Italy

ᆇຘǖ ԛ৙ఏႯᆇຘᆶ၌ࠅິ Beijing Maxshow Printing Co., Ltd. ‫ں‬኷ǖԛ৙๨‫ו‬ᄞ൶ၭ࿴ए߾ᄽ൶8ࡽ

ISBN 978-88-96155-02-8

ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ - ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ - ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯDŽIDLODž ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ๟ᅃॆአުक़ፇኯLjዂ૰ᇀٝ৊݆ୱĂ݆዆ࢅ዆‫ڦ܈‬ Վ߫Ljܸٗླྀ‫ۯ‬ገ႙೺ࡔॆࢅ݀ቛዐࡔॆ‫ڦ‬ঢ়षࢅมࣷ݀ቛăࡔा݀ቛ ݆ୱፇኯ‫ׯ‬૬ᇀ1983౎Lj๟݆ዎኧ‫׼‬ଶᇘ‫ڦ‬ଶ‫ڞ‬૰ଉኮᅃLjഄ࠽‫߾ڦݘ‬ ፕ‫ݛ‬ኍۙ‫ۯ‬କมࣷ߳঩֫‫ڦ‬૧ᅮᎸ࠲‫וݛ‬ጣ༹዆Վ߫‫ڦ‬ణՔ஝৊Ljܸٗ ํ၄କ‫׊‬৳‫ڦ‬૧ᅮăᆯᇀࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ‫ڦ‬ႜྺփ֖ሗඪࢆአዎణ‫ڦ‬Lj ժ൐ഄ‫ܔ‬ᇀ߳ૌ݆ୱဣཥࢅႎ႗‫ڦ‬ඇ൰࿚༶ᆶศਗ਼‫ڦ‬ණኪLjᅺܸ߳ૌට ඖࢅ૧ᅮཷ༹‫ۼ‬ๆ‫ݴ‬႑ඪࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯă޿ፇኯᇑ݀ቛዐࡔॆ‫ڦ‬አ ުଶ‫ڞ‬Ăևோऐࠓࢅ‫ܠ‬Չፇኯᆶ኱থ‫૴ڦ‬ဣLjԈઔୱ฾Ă݆ბॆĂአ֧ ዆ۨኁĂ‫ڞב‬ට๗Ăბຍহට๗ࢅࠅ௷มࣷ‫پ‬՗ă ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯਸቛत้Ăᆶኍ‫ܔ‬Ⴀ‫ڦ‬Ăඇ௬‫ڦ‬ჺ৯Ljჺ৯ଶᇘภत ݆ୱĂ༹዆ࢅິ݆‫ڦ‬੗‫׼‬Ⴤ݀ቛăཚࡗኄૌჺ৯Ljࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯዂ ૰ᇀٝ৊ඤ‫݆ۅ‬ୱ࿚༶‫ڦ‬၄ᆶํ७ࢅბຍჺ৯Ljժٝ৊ࡔा঍ୁĂፌॅ ํ७ࢅঢ়ᄓঞჟ‫ݴڦ‬ၛă ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ዆ፕ‫ܠ‬ዖጆᄽ݆ୱ߾ਏጨଙLjภत‫ܠ‬ბ੔ዷ༶ࢅ‫ں‬൶ ๚ᅓǗഄዐԈઔ٘ກĂࡔ՚ჺ৯Ăჺ৯ԒߢĂአ֧࿔ॲĂಢჟ๮֩Ăຍ ᇕ՗ࢅ݆ୱ‫ײ‬Ⴞ๮֩ăཚࡗᇑࡔाࢅࡔాࢇፕअӵऐࠓࢇፕLj޿ፇኯ‫ڦ‬ ߳ࡔӸ๚‫ت‬ኧ‫׼‬ਸቛᆶ࠲ኄၵ‫؜‬Ӳ࿿‫܀ڦ‬૬ჺ৯ăwww.idlo.int

૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDŽUNAIDSDž ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ๟૴ࢇࡔဣཥ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲‫ظ‬ႎ႙ࢇፕ༹ဣLjኝࢇକ૴ࢇ ࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ௞ກ‫ࡔࢇ૴ࢅت‬ဣཥాๆ߲ፇኯ‫߾ڦ‬ፕࢅጨᇸLjࠌཞሞ ඇ൰ਸቛҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕă૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ௞ກ‫ت‬ጺևยሞ෌๗න ాྑLjཞ้ሞඇ൰80‫ںࢅॆࡔ߲ܠ‬൶ᆶԨཱིᇵ߾ăཚࡗ૴ࢇࡔጆ༶߾ፕ ፇᅜतҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎࢇፕၜణLj૴ࢇࡔဣཥၹۙഄሞ߳ࡔ‫ڦ‬ཥᅃҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ ዎႜ‫ۯ‬ă૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ‫ڦ‬ๆ߲ࠌཞ݀ഐፇኯ๟ǖ૴ࢇࡔవ௷๚ခ ߛपጆᇵຈĂ૴ࢇࡔܹཡएূࣷĂ๘হଂ๋ऺࣄຈĂ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄ ຈĂ૴ࢇࡔට੨एূࣷĂ૴ࢇࡔ‫۾‬೗ࢅ‫ݖ‬ፍ๚ခӸࠅ๪Ăࡔाહ߾ፇ ኯĂ૴ࢇࡔঞ੔࿔ፇኯĂ๘হ࿐ิፇኯࢅ๘হᆀႜă൩‫ݡ‬࿚૴ࢇࡔҸጪ թࡀࣄຈ‫ྪڦ‬በǖwww.unaids.org

૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈDŽUNDPDž ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ๟ඇ൰ፌ‫݀ڦٷ‬ቛऐࠓLjሞ166߲ࡔॆࢅ‫ں‬൶ਸቛ߾ፕă ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈศኪҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ‫ܔ‬ᇀํ၄Đഥ౎݀ቛణՔđ‫ڦ‬ዘ ᄲႠăፕྺ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ‫ࠌڦ‬ཞ݀ഐፇኯኮᅃᅜतට඄ࢅ݆ୱଶ ᇘ‫ڦ‬ଶ‫ڞ‬ऐࠓLj૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈጣᄅᇀٝ৊݆዆࣍ৣॺยĂ३ณഇ๫Ă Ն௨փ‫ۨڦړ‬ፍLjᅜतٝ৊ິ݆ĂႠ՚DŽԈઔႠณຕඖ༹Džࢅටૌ݀ቛă ൩‫ݡ‬࿚૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ‫ྪڦ‬በǖwww.undp.org

1

Ⴞ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

Ⴞ Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩ᆯࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈࠌ ཞፇኯਸ݀ă Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩๟ሞࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ ૴ࢇቻਸ‫ڦ‬Đेഽࢅક‫ٷ‬௬ၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ٤ෑඖ༹‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခđࡔा ጆॆჺ༪ࣷDŽ2009౎5ሆ3න዁6නLjஆகDž‫ڦ‬ए‫إ‬ฉՊႀܸ‫ׯ‬ă ሞჱ໿‫ں‬൶ࡔाҸጪթ‫ࣷٷ‬DŽә૑‫ڜ‬Lj2009౎8ሆ8නDž೺क़‫ڦ‬Đेഽࢅક‫ٷ‬Ҹ ጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခđჺ༪ࣷDŽᆯࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈĂ૴ ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈࢅჱ໿Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏDŽAPN+Dž૴ࢇቻਸDžฉLjՊኁቛ ๖କ߾ਏ๮֩‫ߡ؛ڦ‬ăჺ༪ࣷᇑࣷට๗‫ܔ‬ᇀ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦߡ؛‬ᅪ९ࢅॺᅱ༹၄ሞ ߾ਏ๮֩ዕߡዐă

ዂႇ Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩ᆯJohn Godwin዆ۨLjJohn๟ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀ ࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ࠥڦ‬࿚ăࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇ ኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈߌႇሞԨ߾ਏ๮֩዆ۨࡗ‫ײ‬ዐ༵ ࠃକԐࡍᅪ९ࢅॺᅱ‫ڦ‬ዚ‫ܠ‬ට๗ă ็ᆳ๼‫ࡔ؜‬ፇኯࡔाਸ݀एূDŽOFIDDž༵ࠃକঢ়‫ݯ‬ኧ‫׼‬ă็ᆳ๼‫ࡔ؜‬ፇኯࡔ ाਸ݀एূ๟็ᆳ๼‫ࡔ؜‬ፇኯ‫ׯ‬ᇵࡔ‫݀ڦ‬ቛएূፇኯLjዂ૰ᇀྺมࣷঢ়ष݀ቛ DŽዷᄲ௬ၠ‫گ‬๭෇ࡔॆDž༵ࠃ֎ခኧ‫׼‬ă

2

മჾ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

മჾ ࿢࢔ߛ႗ࢅඵ႞ీྺࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺ ࣄຈࠌཞਸ݀‫ڦ‬ኄ߲ዘᄲܸᆶᆩ‫ڦ‬ႎ߾ਏ๮֩༶ႀമჾăፕྺᅃఁ૬ፁᇀ݆ୱ ํ७߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ए‫إ‬ฉ‫࠳݆ڦ‬Lj࿢‫ܔ‬ᇀҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲႠᆶጣၵႹጆᄽ ฉ‫ڦ‬ණ๎ăܸፕྺᅃఁิऄሞ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚፌศዘ‫ݥڦ‬ዞ‫ߌڦ‬කକҸጪթթ‫۾‬ ‫ݥڦ‬ዞටLj࿢߲ට߸๟ศኪ݆ୱࢅइ‫ڥ‬๢‫݆ڦړ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ܔ‬ᇀ३ൟҸጪթ‫ڦ‬ሚవ Ⴀᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲᅪᅭă සࡕ࿢்փీඓԍఫၵට඄๴‫ڟ‬ൔ‫ڦݖ‬Ă๴ഇ๫‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁइ‫ڥ‬ଆ ࡻĂᆶၳ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjఫ஺Ҹጪթᅧ൧ዐට඄‫ڦ‬ԍࢺ৽ࣷ‫ྺׯ‬ᅃኽ੣༌ăଷ ྔLj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌ‫ړ‬Ԉઔ๢‫݆ڦړ‬ୱ႑တĂጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခă ᆶକଆࡻ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ႑တࢅጧკ‫ޜ‬ခLj๴Ҹጪթᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ටLjԈઔҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ Ҹጪթթටࢅ໱்‫ڦ‬ൕටLjሞᆌ‫߾ܔ‬ፕĂॆབྷĂมࣷԍ၃ĂටวҾඇĂᆆຳ඄ࢅ ፎჹ‫ݛ‬௬‫ྰڦ‬ၾ้৽ᆶକएԨ‫߾ڦ‬ਏăܸසࡕுᆶ݆ୱ႑တࢅጧკ‫ޜ‬ခLj໱் ‫ڦ‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀ৽ࣷᇺᇺ‫ٷ‬ᇀኄዖയሞ‫ڦ‬ዂຶႠदթԨวᅙঢ়ߴ໱்ሰ‫ڦׯ‬DŽฅ ࡞DžLjܸኄዖदթ‫ڦ‬࿫ఁࣅ‫܈ײ‬Lj੗ీ‫ࡗג‬କ૦๏ฉ໯ᆶ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱թዖă ఫၵፕ‫؜‬ፌྺᆶၳᆌ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬ሚవႠᆖၚ‫ࢅॆࡔڦ‬ม൶Ljྫ​ྫ‫ۼ‬๟‫ۼ‬๟Ҹጪ թթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ๴ᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ටඖኪၬጲว‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ࢅට඄Ljժ൐ओटዷቧኄၵ ඄૧‫ںڦ‬൶ă ᆯҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ໱்‫ڦ‬ኧ‫׼‬ට๗݀ഐ‫ڦ‬ሏ‫ۯ‬ሞٝ৊इൽິ༹݆ဣDŽ‫ޜ‬ ခDž‫ݛ‬௬ᅙঢ়ഐ‫ڟ‬କ࠲॰‫ڦ‬ፕᆩăܸ੗޶‫݆ڦڅ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခྫ​ྫ๟ሏ‫࠲ڦࠀׯۯ‬॰ ໯ሞă ໯ᅜLjԨ߾ਏ๮֩૙ᆌ๴‫࣌ڟ‬ᆓă໲‫ాڦ‬ඹ༹၄କՊኁԨว‫ܔ‬ᇀҸጪթᅧ൧‫ڦ‬ ศਗ਼ණ๎ăԨກాඹ௽ඓĂᆶ૙ᆶ਍Ljժ൐ߴ‫؜‬କႹ‫ܠ‬Ԑࡍ‫ॺڦ‬ᅱăُྔLj໲ ࣏ྺࡀࣄĂጨዺĂํแࢅક‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ڦ‬ፇኯऐࠓ༵ࠃକԐࡍ ܸํᆩ‫ڦ‬ኸళă ࿢ᇼᅪၠ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణᆶ႗඀‫߳ڦ‬ૌፇኯऐࠓĂአުࢅጨዺऐࠓ ഽଜླྀ४ُ߾ਏ๮֩ă࿢‫ڦ‬ᇼྭDŽᄺ๟ӻዺ዆ۨԨ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬໯ᆶට‫ڦ‬ᇼྭDž ๟໲ॽᆶዺᇀሞፌႴᄲኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ม൶ક‫ٷ‬ኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခăྺକٝ‫ࠅׯ‬ኟĂᆶၳ‫ڦ‬ Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎႜ‫ۯ‬Lj࿢்፹Ⴗક‫ٷ‬ૌຼ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ү‫ڤ‬࿒ ő ਸ਼஽୿ Edwin Cameron ళ‫ݥ‬၊݆​݆ᇾ 3

໫୼ᇕ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

໫୼ᇕ

AIDS

इ‫ڥ‬Ⴀ௨ᅧඍ။ጹࢇኙ

ARV

ੇొገ୤թ‫۾‬ᄱ࿿

AusAID

Ӑ‫ٷ‬૧ჱࡔा݀ቛຈ

CBO

ᅜม൶ྺए‫ڦإ‬ፇኯ

DFID

ᆈࡔࡔा݀ቛև

GIPA

ٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ߸‫֖ڦ܈ײٷ‬ᇑ

Global Fund

ඇ൰ੇऍҸጪթĂ঳ࢃթࢅ౳दएূ

HIV

ටૌ௨ᅧඍ။թ‫۾‬DŽҸጪթթ‫۾‬Dž

ICASO

ࡔाҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခፇኯ૙๚ࣷ

ICTC

ࡔाҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎरຍࢇፕዐ႐

IDLO

ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ

ILO

ࡔाહ߾ፇኯ

NGO

‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ

OHCHR

ට඄ߛपጆᇵӸ๚‫ت‬

OSI

ਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯

PEPFAR

ጺཥҸጪթᆌथ৸ዺऺࣄ

PMTCT

జᆊ‫د‬խፆ܏

SIDA

෌‫ࡔۆ‬ा݀ቛຈ

STI

Ⴀ‫د‬խߌක

UNAIDS

૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ

UNDP

૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ

UNGASS

૴ࢇࡔ‫ࣷٷ‬༬՚ࣷᅱ

UNICEF

૴ࢇࡔܹཡएূࣷ

USAIDS

ெࡔࡔाਸ݀ຈ

4

ణ୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ణ୤

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ຍᇕຫ௽

7

०঻

8

Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬ణՔᆩࢽ

8

ణ‫ڦ‬

8

ԝৠࢅ૙ஃᅈ਍

8

કቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲႠ

9

๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခǛ

10

ࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࢅ޹े‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

11

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ኸ‫ڞ‬ᇱሶ

16

ᅜਜ਼ࢽྺዐ႐‫ޜڦ‬ခ

16

‫ݥ‬ഇ๫

16

֖ᇑ

16

Ⴀ՚ೝ‫ڪ‬

16

ԍ௢Ⴀ

16

ཪ௽‫ࢅ܈‬࿚ሴ዆

17

੗‫׼‬ჄႠ

17

࿮ฅ࡞

18

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

19

ఇ๕1ǖ‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ

19

ఇ๕2ǖభ෇‫ڟ‬አު݆ୱᇲዺऐࠓዐ

20

ఇ๕3ǖభ෇‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎፇኯई३‫࡞ླگ‬ፇኯዐ

21

ఇ๕4ǖཚࡗม൶ྔቛ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

21

ఇ๕5ǖభ෇‫ڟ‬ᆶጣ࠽‫ݘ‬ට඄࠲ጀ‫ڦ‬ऐࠓ߾ፕዐ

22

ఇ๕6ǖຳᆐևோୱ฾࿮‫ࠃ༵׋‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

23

ఇ๕7ǖᆯม൶ፇኯ೘ᆩ‫ڦ‬ຳටୱ฾༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

23

ఇ๕8ǖᆯ‫ٷ‬ბ݆ბᇾ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

24

ยऺ๢ࢇ‫ޜڦںړ‬ခఇ๕

25

କ঴Ԩ‫ڦں‬ᅧ൧൧઄तԨࡔҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ

25

֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ೠࠚ

25

ሞ൧઄‫ݴ‬ဆࢅႴ൱ೠࠚዐ๑ᆩ၄ᆶຕ਍

27

ࠥ࿚ፇ

27

‫د‬ཥ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ༹ဣ

28

5

ణ୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย

30

ᆶၳ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย֧୼ࢅ‫݆ݛ‬

30

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

34

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲႠ

34

‫ڞ۽‬

34

ೠࠚ

35

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚဣཥ

35

֖ᇑ๕‫݆ݛ‬

36

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ዊଉ

36

ᅜට඄ྺए‫ڞ۽ڦإ‬ᇑೠࠚ

38

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚᅜतሞࡔॆ֫௬ક‫݆ٷ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

39

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

40

֎ခጨᇸ

40

ට૰ጨᇸ

40

रຍጨᇸ

41

঳‫ׯ‬቟୼अӵ࠲ဣLjኧ‫׼‬ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

41

ၠጨዺऐࠓ௮ຎၜణႴ൱

42

ࢃ႐‫ׯ‬Ԩ

44

9.

঳ஃ

49

10.

޹୤

50

޹୤1ǖኍ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁ‫ڦ‬ಢჟၜణ๖૩

50

޹୤2ǖಢჟ‫ڇ‬ᇮዷ༶๖૩

52

޹୤3ǖঢ়‫ݯ‬ฤ൩ກాඹ߁ᄲ

56

޹୤4ǖஇड઀ॐࢅ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ઀ॐ

57

޹୤5ǖ঳ࡕೠࠚࢅࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ

57

޹୤6ǖᆶ࠲ጨዺऐࠓ‫ڦ‬႑တ

62

޹୤7ǖ֖੊࿔၅

66

6.

7.

8.

޹୤8ǖࡔाҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခጆॆጧკࣷᇑࣷኁఁ‫ڇ‬ (ஆகLj2009౎5ሆ)

72

޹୤9ǖेഽᇑકቛҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခჺ༪ࣷᇑࣷኁఁ‫ڇ‬ (ә૑‫ڜ‬Ljᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱLj2009౎8ሆ)

6

74

ຍᇕຫ௽

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ຍᇕຫ௽ ຍᇕĐዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖđ‫ڦ‬ᆩ݆ ሞԨ߾ਏ๮֩ዐLjຍᇕĐዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖđኸᆯᇀߌකҸጪթթ‫ޅڦ۾‬၃ ሺेࢅ/ई‫ܔ‬๴Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කईᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ᅮ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀሺेܸ௬ଣড ߛ‫ޅ‬၃‫ڦ‬ටඖăኄ߲ຍᇕഽۙǖ໚඗ኄၵටඖᆶ੗ీࣷेਗҸጪթ ᅧ൧‫ڦ‬ணჽLj‫ڍ‬໱்ཞ้ᄺ๟ᆶၳᆌ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթᅧ൧‫ڦ‬ዷ૰ਬă ሞኄዖᇕৣူLjĐ‫ޅ‬၃đᅃَኸ߲ටߌකҸጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬੗ీႠă༬ ۨႜྺࣷ‫ڞ‬ዂĂሺഽࢅेࠦ‫ޅ‬၃ăਏ༹‫ڦ‬๖૩ԈઔᇑҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කጒ઄࿄ኪ‫ڦ‬Ⴀӵ݀ิ࿮ԍࢺႠႜྺĂᇑ‫߲ܠ‬Ⴀӵԍ‫׼‬࿮ԍࢺ‫ڦ‬Ⴀ ࠲ဣĂ๑ᆩ๴࿫ක‫ڦ‬ኍਏጀพ‫۾‬೗‫ڪ‬ă ଷᅃ‫ݛ‬௬LjĐᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀđ๟ዚ‫ܠ‬ᅺ໎ጹࢇഐઠ‫ڦ‬঳ࡕLjኄၵᅺ໎ ࣷই‫߲گ‬ටࢅม൶Ն௨Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ක‫ీڦ‬૰ăਏ༹ᅺ໎੗ీԈઔ ߲ටᅺ໎DŽසඍ݄ኪ๎ࢅरీઠԍࢺጲวࢅ໱ටDžĂᇑ‫ޜ‬ခዊଉࢅ ޮ߃௬ᆶ࠲‫ڦ‬ᅺ໎DŽԈઔ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݯ‬ᆩDžᅜतมࣷᅺ໎DŽසഇ๫ࢅԊ‫ܡ‬ ༬ۨටඖ඄૰‫ڦ‬มࣷࢅ࿔ࣅࡀ‫ݔ‬Ăํ७Ă႑ᄠࢅ݆ୱDžăኄၵᅺ໎ ‫܀ڇ‬ईࢇഐઠࣷ‫ڞ‬ዂईेਗ߲ට‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞ႠLjժፌ ዕ‫ڞ‬ዂඖ༹‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀă ැᄲൽ‫ڥ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ‫ࠀׯڦ‬Lj৽ခՂᄲቴ‫ܔ؜‬Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬ፌᅟ ๴ฅ࡞‫ڦ‬ටඖLjժኍ‫ܔ‬ኄၵටඖਸቛᆶኍ‫ܔ‬Ⴀ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬Ăዎ ଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခăᆶ࠲޿ຍᇕᆩ݆‫ܠ߸ڦ‬႑တLj൩֖९Ėेഽ Ҹጪթᇨ‫ํڦݞ‬७ኸళėDŽPractical guidelines for intensifying HIV preventionDžă1 ຍᇕĐ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁđ‫ڦ‬ᆩ݆ ሞԨ߾ਏ๮֩ዐLjĐ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁđኸ኱থ๴‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬ᆖၚ‫ڍ‬ ுᆶߌකҸጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ටLj૩සҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ཞਃӵ୪ࢅॆ ටᅜतҸጪթሰ‫ڪܹࠜڦׯ‬ă

1 ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDŽ2007DžăĖPractical guidelines for intensifying HIV preventionėăනాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈă ྪ኷ǖhttp://data.unaids.org/pub/Manual/2007/20070306_ prevention_guidelines_towards_universal_access_en.pdfă

7

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

1. ०঻

Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬ణՔᆩࢽ Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬ణՔᆩࢽ๟ዂ૰ᇀॺ૬ĂेഽईકቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ‫ڦ‬ටă ߾ਏ๮֩ዷᄲᆩᇀǖ ő ߴҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ୱ ฾Ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခঢ়૙ࢅഄ໱ටᇵă ő ऺࣄॺ૬ईકቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ටᅜतጉႀ၎࠲ॺᅱກĂጚԢ ༵঍ߴጨዺऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ටăਏ༹੗ీԈઔҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏĂዂ૰ᇀ ਸቛҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ፇኯᅜतߴҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚ ኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃഄ໱‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ፇኯă ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P.Virot

߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬ణՔᆩࢽ࣏Ԉઔ޶ሴࡀࣄ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᅜሺഽࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ ፕ‫ڦ‬አު߾ፕටᇵĂጨዺऐࠓĂरຍኧ‫׼‬ටᇵࢅፇኯLjԈઔጨዺ‫૴ࢅݛ‬ ࢇࡔऐࠓă

ణ‫ڦ‬ ߾ਏ๮֩ኼሞ༵ࠃਏᆶํ७ᅪᅭ‫ڦ‬ጨᇸᅜӻዺ߀฀Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ ዊଉࢅᆖၚLjᅜतકቛኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬੗ᆩႠă߾ਏ๮֩ྺยऺࢅકቛҸጪթ ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణଚ‫؜‬କႴᄲ੊୯‫߳ڦ‬ዖᅺ໎ă໲࣏ଚ‫؜‬କᆩᇀ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠ ࠚҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬փཞఇ๕ࢅ‫݆ݛ‬Lj༵ࠃକᆶ࠲ጨᇸۙ‫ڦۯ‬႑တă

ԝৠࢅ૙ஃᅈ਍ Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ๟ᆶၳਸቛࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲ዘᄲፇ‫ׯ‬և ‫ݴ‬ăҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခǖ 1 ੗ᅜԍࢺࢅٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬ට඄ă 2 ੗ᅜඓԍํ၄ଆࡻ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬࿐ิࢅ݀ቛၳᅮă Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ኱থᆶዺᇀྺᆶၳ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణᆐሰᅃዖᆶ૧ ‫ৣ࣍ڦ‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜ༵ߛҸጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ‫ڦ‬੗त Ⴀă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခӻዺට்ዷቧࢅ஌ํጲमइ‫ڥ‬Ҹጪթ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬඄૧Ljܸٗሺ े‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ă ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခྺ‫ڞ‬ዂईഐᅺᇀ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀ‫݆ڦ‬ୱࢅมࣷ࿚༶༵ ࠃਏ༹‫ڦ‬঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄăሺഽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆶዺᇀԥมࣷՉᇹࣅ‫ڦ‬ඖ ༹໕ዮິ༹݆ဣઠ঴ਦҸጪթ၎࠲࿚༶Ljᅜतइ‫ڥ‬ԍࢺࢅց‫׋‬ă ူ௬ਉ‫؜‬ᅃၵ๖૩ઠຫ௽݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခසࢆኧ‫׼‬Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅ ኧ‫׼‬ऄ‫ۯ‬ă 8

०঻

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ǖ য়ִ‫ڦ‬ႜྺᆶ้ࣷ‫ڞ‬ዂዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖԥಇ‫أ‬ሞҸጪթᇨ‫ࢅݞ‬ॠ֪‫ޜ‬ခ ኮྔLjܸٗሺेҸጪթᇨ‫߾ݞ‬ፕ‫ڦ‬వ‫܈‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜ‫ੇڸ‬য়ִ ሞ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ڦ‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞ኁई๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁኴ݆‫ײࡗڦ‬ዐ٪ሞ ‫ڦ‬փࢇ݆ႜྺLj૩ස෡ඡĂഇ๫Ăԓ૰Ă‫ڂ݆ݥ‬վࢅഽढ़LjҸጪ թ‫ڦ‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞ኁई๴ҸጪթᆖၚኁԈઔႠ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂ ՎႠኁࢅဌ‫۾‬ኁă ő ߴ࡞಄ሦ๴ॆབྷईม൶ԓ૰‫޺ڦ‬౰ࢅ౰࡚༵ࠃ݆ୱԍࢺ੗ᅜᇨ‫ݞ‬ Ⴀൔ࡞Ljܸٗ३ณ޺౰ࢅ౰࡚ߌකҸጪթթ‫ޅڦ۾‬၃ăߴ޺౰ࢅ ౰࡚༵ࠃ௨๴ԓ૰‫݆ڦ‬ୱԍࢺ࣏ᅪ࿆ጣ໳்੗ᅜᆩ߸ॕۨ‫ڦ‬૬‫ׇ‬ ઠॕ‫׼‬๑ᆩҾඇ༫ई਌ਨႠႜྺă ő

ҸጪթዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫׼‬ǖ ő ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜӻዺҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁइ‫ڥ‬࿐ิ‫ޜ‬ခĂ๭෇ኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ ዿ‫ݝ‬Ljᅜत‫ت‬૙ቐခ௨‫ࢅأ‬ଣዕࡀࣄă ő ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜඓԍҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂႠ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂ ՎႠኁࢅဌ‫۾‬ኁփࣷᅺྺมࣷഇ๫Ⴀༀ‫܈‬ईࡀሶܸԥಇ‫أ‬ሞมࣷ ࢅ࿐ิ‫ޜ‬ခኮྔă ő ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜӻዺ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁዷቧጲमࢇ݆‫ࢅׂ֎ڦ‬ी‫׶‬඄૧ă ő ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜӻዺට்ሞ߾ፕĂ࿐ิԍॳĂბၯࢅइൽ‫ޜ‬ခዐሦ ᇜҸጪթ၎࠲ഇ๫ࢫइ‫ڥ‬၎࠲ց‫׋‬Lj૩සԍ၃ăُૌӻዺ੗ᅜඟ ๴ഇ๫ኁ኱থ๴ᅮă໲࣏ీᆐሰᅃዖ߸ेਏᆶኧ‫׼‬ፕᆩ‫ڦ‬มࣷ࣍ ৣLj๑‫ڥ‬ට்੗ᅜጲᆯ‫ں‬ლ൱ॠ֪ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခLjܸ փՂ࡞಄ሦ‫ڟ‬ഇ๫ă

ሞ3112౎૴ࢇࡔ‫ࣷٷ‬Ҹጪթ༬՚ࣷᅱฉLj‫ׯ‬ᇵࡔ‫׶‬౷ǖ Đ஌ํĂेഽईࠈࠦ๢‫ڦړ‬૬݆Ă݆ࡀࢅഄ໱‫ٯ‬แઠၩ‫ܔأ‬Ҹ ጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ/Ҹጪթ࣒ኁࢅ٤ෑඖ༹‫ڦ‬ᅃൎႚ๕‫ڦ‬ഇ๫Lj ඓԍ໱்ೝ‫ںڪ‬ၛᆶ߳ၜට඄ࢅएԨጲᆯǗᆮഄᄲඓԍ໱்इ ‫ڥ‬ঞᇣĂी‫׶‬Ă৽ᄽĂ࿐ิԍॳĂมࣷࢅ࿐ิ‫ޜ‬ခĂᇨ‫ݞ‬Ăኧ ‫׼‬ĂዎଐĂ႑တࢅ݆ୱԍࢺ‫ڪ‬Ljཞ้ፎዘ໱்‫ڦ‬ᆆຳࢅԍ௢ ႠǗ዆֧ۨ୼ᅜ঴ਦᇑҸጪթ၎࠲‫ڦ‬࿫ఁࢅมࣷಇ؈ăđ DŽĖ࠲ᇀҸጪթթ‫۾‬/Ҹጪթ࿚༶‫׶ڦ‬౷ჇჾėDŽ2001౎Dž‫ڼ‬58 ੼Dž

કቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲႠ ၄ႜҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ࿮ஃ๟ሞࡀఇฉ ࣏๟ሞޮ߃௬ฉ‫ۼ‬٪ሞ࢔‫ڦٷ‬փፁăኻᆶ ඇ௬೵त݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLj֍ీํ၄Ҹጪթᇨ ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ڦ׼‬೵Փ੗तă੊୯ ‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅ ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ๴‫ڦݘ࠽ڟ‬มࣷՉᇹࣅࢅഇ๫Lj કቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ৽၂‫ڥ‬ᆮഄዘ ᄲă໯ᆶ๴Ҹጪթᅧ൧ᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ඖ༹‫ۼ‬ᆌ޿ ీइ‫ڥ‬ժ൐޶‫ڥڅ‬ഐ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăᅺُLj‫أ‬ କક‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬

සࡕణՔඖ༹࿮݆इ‫ڥ‬੗޶‫݆ڦڅ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjฉຎ‫ܔ‬ට඄‫׶ڦ‬౷ ৽ࣷ‫ྺׯ‬ᅃኽ੣࿔ă

ခ‫ڦ‬੗तႠLj࣏Ⴔᄲકቛߛዊଉ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjᅜ༵ߛ‫ޜ‬ခ‫߃ޮڦ‬௬ă

9

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

2. ๊஺๟Ҹጪ թ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခǛ

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ๟ኸ‫ړ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ට ඖሞ௬‫ܔ‬኱থᆖၚഄ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀࢅ/ईेਗҸጪթ‫ܔ‬໱்ิ ऄ‫ڦ‬ᆖၚ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࿚༶้Lj ໯ᆌ‫݆ڦڟڥ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăኄၵҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ੗ᅜཚࡗ߳ዖ‫ݛ‬๕ઠ༵ࠃLj૩සᇑҸጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ၎ ঳ࢇĂᇑ঴ਦഄ໱Ⴔ൱DŽփᅃۨᇑҸጪթ၎࠲Dž‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ၎঳ࢇLjᄺ੗ ᅜ‫ࠃ༵܀ڇ‬ă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/A. Gutman

සࢆඓ݆ۨୱ࿚༶๟‫ޏ‬ᇑҸጪթᆶ࠲Ǜ ᆖၚփཞมඖ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀ‫ڦ‬ᅺ໎߳փ၎ཞăᅺُLj੗ీᇑҸጪթ၎࠲‫ڦ‬࿚༶ሞԨዊฉ‫ܔ‬ᇀփཞ มඖᄺ߳ᅴăକ঴‫ޜ‬ခ໯ሞ‫ڦں‬ᅧ൧ࢅᆌ‫ܔ‬၄ጒ‫ܔ‬ᇀ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ยऺ‫࠲׉ݥ‬॰ă ૩සLj‫ܔ‬ᇀጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁඖ༹ዐ٪ሞҸጪթᅧ൧‫ॆࡔڦ‬ईม൶Ljྺጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁ༵ࠃᆶ࠲ԥ‫ڂ‬վ้‫ڦ‬၎࠲඄૧‫ॺڦ‬ ᅱ੗ᅜԥ๫ྺᅃၜҸጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခăසࡕጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁփ‫څ‬႐য়ִࣷરᆩ඄૧Ăൔ‫ݖ‬໱்‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧Ljኍਏ঍࣑ ၜణ‫ڪ‬३‫گ‬३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ခࣷ߸ᆶၳࡕă Ӑ‫ٷ‬૧ჱᅃॆҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ૧ᆩူଚኸళઠඓۨగ߲࿚༶๟‫ޏ‬ᇑҸጪթᆶ࠲ăኄ๟ᅃዖုᅭۨᅭ‫ݔڦ‬ ૩ă໲ᄲ൱݆ୱ࿚༶ՂႷᇑ໯ਜ਼ࢽਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄၎࠲Ljᅺُ੗ీփԈઔዮසࣷሺेҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ ක‫ޅ‬၃ईᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀ‫ڦ‬࿚༶ăኄኻ๟ኍ‫ޜ޿ܔ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ኸళăॺᅱ֑ൽ߸ྺଳऄ‫ۨڦ‬ᅭ‫ݛ‬๕ă

ĐҸጪթ݆ୱዐ႐๭‫ڦڟ‬໯ᆶঢ়‫ݯ‬ኻీᆩᇀߴ٪ሞҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ට༵ࠃ௨‫݆ݯ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă݆ୱ๚ၜኻᆶ ሞഐᅺᇀҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄ईᇑഄ၎࠲้֍ీ໙๟ᇑҸጪթ၎࠲ăਏ༹੗ీԈઔᆯᇀҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄ԥ Ԋ‫߾ܡ‬ፕऐࣷईߵ਍Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄ઠࡀࣄॽઠ‫ڦ‬ᅅბዎଐăᇑҸጪթփ၎࠲‫݆ڦ‬ୱ๚ၜԈઔҸጪթթ‫۾‬ ߌකኁԥਝ෇‫כ‬ऌዐईҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁᆯᇀཧ൒๴‫ڟ‬ኸ੦ăđ Ҹጪթ݆ୱዐ႐DŽӐ‫ٷ‬૧ჱDžDŽ֖९iuuq;00xxx/ibmd/psh/bvDžă

10

๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࢅದ༫‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ᆌ޿ॽ௬ၠ߲ට‫ࢃڦ‬႐Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᇑ௬ၠม൶ࢅඖ༹‫ڦ‬ದ༫‫ޜ‬ခ ൶‫ݴ‬ਸઠăጹࢇႠ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခԈઔᅃၵࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࢅᅃၵದ ༫‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă௬ၠ߲ටĂඖ༹ࢅม൶‫߳ڦ‬ዖ‫ޜ‬ခᆌ޿‫ํںړࢇޙ‬ा൧ ઄LjԈઔᅧ൧၄ጒतഄ‫ټ‬ઠ‫݆ڦ‬ୱࢅมࣷ཈቟ă

੗ీᇑҸጪթ၎࠲‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࿚༶๖૩ Ŗ ᆯᇀҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄ĂႠൽၠࢅႠ՚ሦ‫ڟ‬ഇ๫LjԈઔՎ Ⴀว‫ݻ‬ĂҸጪթ၎࠲֘ቱĂ‫۾‬೗๑ᆩईฆᄽႠႠႜྺă Ŗ ሞლ൱ዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခዐᇜ‫ڦڟ‬࿚༶ă Ŗ ൔ‫ݖ‬ᆆຳࢅԍ௢Ⴀ‫ڦ‬࿚༶ă Ŗ ޺౰ĂҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂՎႠኁĂႠ߾ፕ ኁࢅഄ໱ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖሦᇜ‫ڦ‬ԓ૰ႜྺă Ŗ ᅃ‫ݛ‬๟Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁई๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁ‫ॆڦ‬བྷৰ‫ݵ‬DŽ૩ සጱ౰॔ࢺ඄Ă෾ᄢ‫݆ߪݴׂ֎ࢅݯ‬Džă Ŗ ܹࠜ‫ࢺ॔ڦ‬ኰሴࢅቷଙኁ‫ڦ‬ඓۨă Ŗ ഽ೨ਨᇣईഽ೨ୁׂă Ŗ ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթթ‫د۾‬խ‫ڦ‬႘݆ă Ŗ ᆖၚႠ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂՎႠኁࢅဌ‫۾‬ኁ‫ڦ‬႘݆ă Ŗ փࢇ݆‫ڦ‬য়ִႜྺLjԈઔ෡ඡĂഽढ़Ăԓ૰Ăໜᅪ‫ڂ‬վࢅ ુ໭ă Ŗ ಒਦࢅሞფටᇵ‫ڦ‬඄૧DŽԈઔइ‫ڥ‬Ҿඇ༫Ăᇨ‫ݞ‬ঞᇣࢅҸጪ թዎଐDžă Ŗ Ⴀӵཚኪࢅথ‫ة‬ኁጕጷă Ŗ ৽ᄽ࿚༶LjԈઔഇ๫ࢅթ्඄૧ă Ŗ ཱི‫ں‬ԍᆶ඄Ăፀନࢅዿ‫ݝ‬ă Ŗ ֎ׂࢅी‫׶‬ă Ŗ ๴ঞᇣ඄ࢅঞᇣੜ‫࠶ײ‬૙ă Ŗ ࠅࠌ࿐ิ݆ᅜतॠ֪ࢅዎଐኪ൧ཞᅪ඄ă Ŗ อֱ዆‫ࢅ܈‬௃༹Քጚă Ŗ ว‫ݻ‬ኤ௽Ă‫ऻکྨຶࢅิ؜‬Ăဌ‫۾‬ኁ‫ऻک‬ă Ŗ ᄱ೗ጆ૧ࢅइ‫ڥ‬੗޶‫ڦڅ‬ᄱ࿿‫ڦ‬඄૧ă Ŗ ܹཡ‫ڦ‬඄૧Lj૩සཞᅪĂԍ௢Ă࠲ࣉࢅዎଐ඄ă Ŗ ԽࢺĂవ௷ว‫ݻ‬Ăദᅎ݆ࢅ୫ႜጲᆯă Ŗ ሞփ஢ፁՔጚ‫ڦ‬൧઄ူԥ೨থ๴Đዎଐđă Ŗ ჺ৯‫ܔ‬ၡ‫ڦ‬඄૧ă

ࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခኸీඓԍ߲ට‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧‫ڥ‬ ‫ڟ‬ԍࢺࢅ஌ํ‫ޜڦ‬ခăࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခཚ‫׉‬ ጣᄅᇀ༵ࠃ݆ୱጧკĂ‫߲ྺׯ‬ටሞ݆ᇾ໕ ໅ईࢅ঴ዐ‫پڦ‬૙Ăӻዺ߲ටइ‫ڥ‬ತ‫׋‬ई ঴ਦৰ‫ݵ‬ă ࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခԈઔǖ 2! ݆ୱ႑တࢅገ঻ ੗ᅜཚࡗၭ֩ጱĂඤ၍‫ࣆۉ‬Ăࢻ૴ྪई ௬‫ܔ‬௬঍ୁ‫ݛڪ‬๕ߴ߲ට༵ࠃᆶ࠲݆ۨ ඄૧‫ڦ‬႑တă௬ଣ݆ୱ࿚༶‫߲ڦ‬ට੗ీ ࣷԥገ঻‫ڟ‬փཞ‫݆ڦ‬ୱኧ‫ݛ׼‬LjԈઔຳ ටୱ฾Ăአު݆ୱᇲዺӸࠅ๪ई‫ݥ‬አު ፇኯ༵ࠃ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă 3! ݆ୱጧკ ཚ‫׉‬ᆯୱ฾ߴ߲ට༵ࠃ݆ୱጧკLjᆶ้ ᄺࣷᆯୱ฾ዺ૙༵ࠃ݆ୱጧკăጧკ੗ ీᇑ௷๚ई႘๚ӄॲᆶ࠲Ljኄዷᄲൽਦ ᇀ‫ޜ‬ခԨวăᅃၵ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ޶ሴߴԥ਀ վई๴‫ݖڟ‬ፍኸ੦‫ڦ‬ට༵ࠃ݆ୱጧკă 4! ݆ୱ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ੗ీԈઔກ௬ࢅ੨ཀྵՑࢺĂৰ ‫ݵ‬༌ಒࢅጚԢ݆ୱ࿔ກă‫پ‬૙੗ీ݀ิ ሞ߳ዖኟ๕ࢅ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕‫ࢇׇ‬LjԈઔ໕໅DŽ݆ ᇾDžĂࢅ঴Ăۙ঴Ăዙ֋ࢅۙཕăዙ֋Ă ۙ঴ࢅۙཕ‫ڪ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ݛ‬๕ཚ‫׉‬Բ݆ᇾ ‫ت‬૙ࡗ‫ׯڦײ‬Ԩ߸‫گ‬Ă໏‫੺߸܈‬Ă‫ײ‬Ⴞ ߸०‫ڇ‬ă ࣏੗ᅜሞ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕‫ڦ‬Ă‫د‬ཥ‫ڦ‬ईጸঞ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ ༹ဣዐ༵ࠃ‫پ‬૙ᄽခăᅃၵ݆ୱఇ๕एᇀ 11

๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

‫د‬ཥິ༹݆ဣLjᅈ੍‫׊‬ԜĂጸঞଶႰईഄ໱ม൶ටᇵઠӻዺ঴ਦ؋ ཭ăኄၵఇ๕ཚ‫׉‬Բኟ๕‫݆ڦ‬ᇾ༹ဣ߸ᅟᇀํแLjܸ൐‫ׯ‬Ԩ߸‫گ‬Ă ໯Ⴔ้क़߸‫܌‬ă ཚࡗ݆ᇾอ૙‫ײ‬Ⴞ੗ᅜᆩઠ঴ਦ߲ටৰ‫ݵ‬Ljईኁਸ‫ظ‬ᅃ߲ံ૩Lj๑ ᇑ‫ړ‬๚ටᆶૌຼৣ઄‫ڦ‬ഄ໱ටీ๴ᅮă๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲईĐ֧୼໕໅đᆶ ዺᇀॺ૬ႎ‫݆ڦ‬ୱࡀሶLj‫׃‬௽݆ୱ‫ڦ‬๢ᆩ‫ྷݔ‬Ljई঴ਦ‫ټ‬ᆶഇ๫Ⴀ ‫ڦ‬አ֧ईํ७ă2 ๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲ੗ీࣷ‫ް׉ݥ‬ሗĂ‫ޅ‬၃‫ׯࢅٷ‬ԨߛLjᄲ൱ ਏԢ‫ڦߛ׉ݥ‬ጆᄽኪ๎ࢅरీăᅃၵ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ీထྭॽ๬‫ۅ‬ ӄॲገ঻‫े߸ڟ‬ጆᄽ‫݆ڦ‬ୱጧკă ದ༫‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ᇑฉຎࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခႚ‫ׯ‬၎ࢻኧ‫࠲׼‬ဣ‫ڦ‬ದ༫‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခԈઔ݆ۨ ඄૧ࢅට඄ঞᇣĂ݆ბჺ৯Ă॔‫۽‬Ă݆ୱ߀߫ࢅ‫ڞב‬ऄ‫ۯ‬ăኄၵऄ ‫ۯ‬੗ీࣷ၂ዸ‫݆ߛ༵ں‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ڦ‬૧ᆩ‫ࢅ܈‬มࣷᆖၚă

2

૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈLjेధ‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթ݆ୱྪஏ DŽ2006DžăĖCourting rights: case studies in litigating the human rights of people living with HIVėă නాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈă ྪ኷ǖhttp://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/jc1189courtingrights_en.pdfă

12

ದ༫‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ీԈઔǖ 1 ߴҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃঞᇣLjඟ ໱்କ঴ጲम‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ࢅට඄DŽĐ݆ୱኪၬ୲đࢅޯ඄ၜణDžă ኄዖঞᇣ‫׉ݥ‬ዘᄲLj੗ᅜඓԍ࿮݆ཚࡗഄ໱཰০କ঴ጲว‫݆ۨڦ‬ ૧ࢅට඄ᅙԥൔ‫ݖ‬ईසࢆ஌ํጲว඄૧‫ڦ‬ටᄺీइ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă 2 ߴୱ฾Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ă݆࠳Ă‫ݥ‬አުፇኯĂॠִ࠳ࢅয়ִ༵ࠃঞᇣLj ඟ໱்କ঴‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթኪ๎Ăට඄Ă݆ୱኪ๎ᅜतҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ᆶၳ༵ࠃă 3 ߴ௃༹Ă࿐ิԍॳ߾ፕኁĂࠧዷĂ߾ࣷࢅഄ໱ཷ༹༵ࠃঞᇣLjඟ ໱்କ঴ҸጪթĂට඄ࢅ݆ୱ‫ڦ‬၎࠲ኪ๎ă 4 ਸቛۙჺLjକ঴Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱӄॲ‫݀ڦ‬ቛ൵๞LjԈઔൔ‫ݖ‬ට඄ ӄॲ ‫ࢅ۽॔ڦ‬࿔Ԩु୤ă 5 ླྀ‫ۯ‬አ֧ࢅ݆ୱ߀߫‫ࢅڞבڦ‬มࣷሏ‫ۯ‬Ljईླྀ‫ํۯ‬७Վ߫ࢅሺे ጨᇸ‫ࢅڞבڦ‬Ⴧ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬ăኄ੗ీԈઔഐ֥๖‫ݔ‬Ⴀ݆ୱࢅླྀ‫݆ۯ‬ୱ ߀߫৊‫ײ‬ă ኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခཚ‫׉‬ᆯୱ฾Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ă݆ୱჺ৯ටᇵĂมࣷჇ‫د‬ሏ‫࠳ۯ‬ ᇵࢅথ๴ࡗ݆ୱಢჟ‫ڦ‬ঞᇣኁઠ༵ࠃă

๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

཮1ǖ๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခǛ

௬ၠҸጪթթ‫۾‬ ߌකኁĂ๴Ҹጪթ ᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ ‫ڦ‬ม൶݆ୱঞᇣ

௬ၠ࿐ิԍॳ߾ ፕኁĂࠧዷࢅ௃༹‫ڦ‬ ݆ୱঞᇣLjాඹภत Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬඄૧

ࢃ႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ௬ၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖ ၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬ ݆ୱጧკĂ႑တ ࢅ‫پ‬૙

௬ၠୱ฾Ă݆࠳Ă ୱ฾ዺ૙ࢅয়ִ‫݆ڦ‬ ୱঞᇣLjాඹภतҸ ጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴ Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖ‫ڦ‬඄૧

݆ۨ඄૧ࢅට ඄ൔ‫ݖ‬ӄॲ‫۽॔ڦ‬ ࢅ࿔Ԩु୤Ljӄॲ ݀ቛ൵๞‫ݴڦ‬ဆ ࢅۙჺ

௬ၠҸጪթթ ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪ թᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ට ඖ‫ڦ‬ม൶݆ୱ ঞᇣ

཮1ਉ૩঻ถକ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ఇ๕ăዐक़‫ڦ‬ᇶං‫پ‬՗Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࢃڦ‬ ႐ऄ‫ۯ‬ăኄၵऄ‫ۯ‬ඓԍҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖీ ࠕዷቧࢅ஌ํ໱்‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ăྔ௬‫߳ڦ‬ᇶං‫پ‬՗ದ༫Ⴀ‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬Lj૩සঞ ᇣĂ݆ୱ߀߫Ă‫ۙࢅڞב‬ჺLjኄၵऄ‫ۯ‬ᆶዺᇀ༵ߛ݆ۨ඄૧ࢅට඄‫ڦ‬ኪၬ ୲Ăሺे‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ăඓԍ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခޮ߃ፌՉᇹࣅ‫ڦ‬ඖ༹ᅜतྺҸ ጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫׼‬ၜణᆐሰᅃዖᆶ૧‫ৣ࣍ڦ‬ă ࢔ณᆶፇኯీࠕ‫ࠃ༵܀ڇ‬ฉຎ໯ᆶ‫ޜ‬ခă཮1၂๖Ⴙ‫ܠ‬ዘᄲ‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۼۯ‬၎ࢻ࠲ ૴Ljጹࢇഐઠ੗ᅜ༵ߛኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬૧ᆩ‫܈‬Ljժྺਸቛᆶၳ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ ፕᆐሰᅃዖᆶ૧‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࣍ৣă

13

๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

཮2ǖҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऄ‫ۯ‬

ᅜට඄ྺए‫݆ڦإ‬ୱ

݆ୱࢅአ֧Վ߫‫ڞבڦ‬

௬ၠୱ฾ࢅୱ฾

ࢅมࣷሏ‫ۯ‬

ዺ૙‫ڦ‬ঞᇣ

॔‫۽‬Ă࿔Ԩु୤ࢅ

௬ၠม൶‫ڦ‬ঞᇣĂ

ӄॲ݀ቛ൵๞‫ݴڦ‬ဆ

༵ߛ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱

ߴ߲ට༵ࠃ݆ୱ႑တĂ ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ

཮2၂๖କඇ௬‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခዐփཞऄ‫ۯ‬ኮक़‫ڦ‬თ࣍࠲ဣăҸጪթ ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణዐ߳ၜऄ‫ۯ‬ᇑഄሞ‫ړ‬ዐሏፕ‫ڦ‬มࣷࢅ݆ୱᇕৣኮक़٪ሞႹ ‫ۯܠ‬ༀ࠲ဣLjኄኻ๟ഄዐ‫ڦ‬ᅃዖ࠲ဣă޿๖ᅪ཮०ࣅକ߳ዖ࠲ဣLjኼሞຫ௽ փཞऄ‫ۯ‬ኮक़੗ీ٪ሞ߳ዖ૴ဣăሞ၄ํዐLjํा࠲ဣ੗ీᄲްሗ‫ܠڥ‬ă ߴม൶༵ࠃᆶ࠲݆ୱĂට඄Ă݆ۨ඄૧ࢅ݆ୱ༹ဣ‫ڦ‬ঞᇣ‫׉ݥ‬ዘᄲLj੗ᅜ ඓԍට்କ঴ጲว‫ڦ‬ට඄ࢅ݆ۨ඄૧๊஺้ࢪ๴‫ڟ‬କൔ‫ݖ‬Ljᅜतසࢆཚࡗ ݆ᇾĂഄ໱ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄई‫ݥ‬ኟࡀർ‫ڢ‬ઠዷቧࢅ஌ํጲว‫ڦ‬඄૧ăม൶݆ ୱঞᇣᆶዺᇀ༵ߛ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ă ໜጣሁઠሁ‫ڦܠ‬ට໕ዮᇀິ݆Lj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခీࠕ॔‫۽‬ཨ໕ࢅӄ૩‫݀ڦ‬ቛ൵ ๞ăཚࡗኄዖ‫ݛ‬๕Lj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜቴ‫ܔ؜‬ม൶߳‫ݛ‬௬ׂิ࠽‫ݘ‬ᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ဣཥ 14

๊஺๟Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

Ⴀ๚ॲă૩සLj॔‫۽‬ӄॲ੗ᅜত๖‫؜‬ഇ๫‫ڦ‬ૌ႙ă߲ӄჺ৯ࢅ݀ቛ൵๞‫ݴ‬ ဆᆶዺᇀेഽ݆ୱĂአ֧ࢅํ७Վ߫‫ڞבڦ‬ăᅃ‫ڦࠀׯڋ‬มࣷሏ‫ۯ‬ٝ‫ׯ‬କ ԍࢺႠ݆ୱ‫ڦ‬ӰքLj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ৽ᆌ޿ߴ݆ୱহට๗༵ࠃᆶ࠲݆ୱՎ߫‫ڦ‬ঞ ᇣLjᅜतᆶ࠲සࢆ༵ࠃߛዊଉҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ঞᇣă ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခภत‫߳ڦ‬ၜऄ‫ۯ‬ሞຩႾฉࢅ၎ࢻ࠲૴ฉ٪ሞႹ‫ܠ‬ՎଉLjኄዷᄲൽ ਦᇀ‫ํںړ‬ा൧઄ă૩සLjሞగၵ൧઄ူLjփႴᄲ৊ႜ݆ୱ߀߫Ljᅺྺ၄ ႜ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ৽ᅙঢ়ీࠕ஢ፁႴ൱ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዘ‫ۅ‬੗ీ๟ཚࡗ݆ᇾेഽኄၵ ݆ୱ‫ڦ‬஌ํLjܸփ๟Վ݆߫ୱă

߲ӄჺ৯ǖ֧୼໕໅ ֧୼໕໅ཚࡗԍࢺణՔටඖइ‫ڥ‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ‫ڦ‬඄૧Ljᅜत༵ߛࠅዚ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬ኪၬ୲Ljᅙঢ় ߀Վକᅃၵ‫ں‬൶‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ৊‫ײ‬ă Үߵཔ݆ୱࢅมࣷჺ৯ዐ႐๟ᅃ߲ዂ૰ᇀྼࢺට඄‫ݥڦ‬አުፇኯă2002౎Lj޿ዐ႐‫پ‬՗ଇఁҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ ᄲ൱አުӰքᅃၜአସLjඓԍੇొገ୤թ‫۾‬ᄱ࿿‫ࠃڦ‬ᆌă‫้ړ‬࿐ิևժுᆶ༵ࠃኄၵᄱ࿿ăӄॲԥ༵঍݆བྷอ ૙Lj݆࠳ంସ࿐ิև༵ࠃੇొገ୤թ‫۾‬ᄱ࿿LjඓԍߴҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ༵ࠃዎଐă 2003౎LjҮߵཔҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ݀քକᅃ‫ݻ‬ԒߢLj‫׬‬ධ඗ᆶᅃၵዎଐᄱ࿿ுᆶ‫ڟ‬࿋ă݆ୱࢅมࣷჺ৯ዐ ႐ምْॽӄॲ༵঍݆བྷอ૙ă݆ᇾంସ࿐ิև৑੺ඓԍᄱ࿿‫ڦ‬੗तႠă޿ӄॲຫ௽‫܀ڇ‬ᅃْ݆བྷ฼໕ᇺᇺփ ࠕăႴᄲਸቛ‫׼‬Ⴤ‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬Lj֍ీඓԍአުྜඇ஌ํ݆ᇾ‫ۨ֋ڦ‬ă ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈĂेధ‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթ݆ୱྪஏDŽ2006DžăĖCourting rights: case studies in litigating the human rights of people living with HIVėăනాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈăྪ኷ǖhttp://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/ jc1189-courtingrights_en.pdfă

ࡔॆට඄ऐࠓǖ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࢅકቛິ݆੗तႠ ֖ेҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ‫ॆࡔڦ‬ට඄ऐࠓ੗ᅜ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjժᇑአުࢅ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ༵ࠃ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခႚ‫ࢻׯ‬ցă໱ ்੗ᅜፕྺ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱ፇኯ‫ڦ‬቟୼ࢇፕअӵăࡔॆට඄ऐࠓᆶጣ‫܀‬༬‫ڦ‬ᆫ๞Lj੗ᅜཚࡗ‫܀‬ ༬‫ݛڦ‬๕ઠླྀ‫ۯ‬ᅜ඄૧ྺए‫ॆࡔڦإ‬ጹࢇҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕăፕྺ‫܀‬૬‫ॆࡔڦ‬ऐࠓLjࡔॆට඄ऐࠓज़޶ጣٝ৊ࢅ ԍࢺට඄‫ڦ‬๑ంLj੗ᅜ‫ॽڞב‬ට඄ᄲ໎భ෇ࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎࡀࣄዐă ࡔॆට඄ऐࠓ੗ᅜӻዺ඄૧ᆛᆶኁDŽ૩සҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖDžዷቧ໱்‫ڦ‬඄૧LjԈઔփ๴ഇ๫‫ڦ‬඄ ૧Ăइ‫ڥ‬Ҹጪթᇨ‫ࢅݞ‬ዎଐ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬඄૧Ăփ๴Ⴀၾ೨ࢅԓ૰‫ڦ‬ጲᆯ‫ڪ‬ăፕྺॳ੃ࢅ‫ݥ‬ഇ๫඄‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬Ljኄၵऐ ࠓ࣏ీၹዺ॔‫۽‬ሞํ၄Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခඇ௬೵त‫ݛ‬௬ൽ‫ڦڥ‬৊ቛă ֖९ǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈĂ૴ࢇࡔට඄๚ခߛपጆᇵӸࠅ๪DŽ2007DžăĖHandbook on HIV and human rights for national human rights institutionsėăනాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈăྪ኷ǖhttp://data.unaids.org/pub/ Report/2007/jc1367-handbookhiv_en.pdfă

15

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

3. Ҹጪթ၎࠲ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ ኸ‫ڞ‬ᇱሶ

ူଚ߳ၜᇱሶᆶ૧ᇀٝ৊Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခሞኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ፎዘට඄ԍ ࢺ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ፕᆩLj๑‫ޜ‬ခ߸‫୿ࢇޙ‬૙ᄲ൱Ă߸ेᆶၳă3 ॺᅱ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ऐࠓ௢ൎ॔੦ኄၵᇱሶ‫ڦ‬஌ํ൧઄DŽ֖९‫ڼ‬7ব)ă ፎዘට඄๟ᅃၜएԨ‫ڦ‬ཚሀ‫ڦ‬ᇱሶă

ᅜਜ਼ࢽྺዐ႐‫ޜڦ‬ခ ᅜਜ਼ࢽྺዐ႐‫ޜڦ‬ခ๟༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࢃڦ‬႐ᇱሶă໲ᅪ࿆ጣ༵ࠃ݆ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ణՔ๟ඟਜ਼ࢽሞྜඇኪ൧‫ڦ‬൧઄ူਦۨጲमထྭසࢆ‫ت‬૙ ‫ޜ‬ခईጧკ໯ኍ‫ڦܔ‬࿚༶ࢅ၎࠲๚ၜăᆌ޿ߴਜ਼ࢽޯ඄Ljඟ໱்ጲ मਦۨසࢆ૧ᆩࠥ࿚ईٗᄽටᇵ༵ࠃ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăਜ਼ࢽ‫߲ڦ‬ටႴ ൱Ăࠥ୯ࢅፌ‫ٷ‬૧ᅮᆌ๔ዕፕྺࠥ࿚ईٗᄽටᇵਸቛ߾ፕ‫ࢃڦ‬႐ă ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခॽඓԍਜ਼ࢽ૙঴ጲम੗ᅜ჋ስ‫ڦ‬໯ᆶ‫ݛ‬ӄLjܸٗӻዺ໱் ৽݆ୱ๚ၜፔ‫ྜ؜‬ඇኪ൧‫ڦ‬Ă‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬ਦۨăኄᄲ൱ᅜፎዘ‫ڦ‬ༀ‫܈‬ණ ኈ‫ں‬ൡདਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ຫ௽ă໲࣏ᄲ൱݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခඓԍਜ਼ࢽీࠕൣည‫ں‬ຫ௽ ጲम‫ڦ‬ᅪ཮ă੗ీႴᄲ঺ዺ੨ᅳටᇵ‫ڦ‬ӻዺLjܸٗඓԍਜ਼ࢽీ௽ඓ ‫ٳدں‬ጲम‫ڦ‬ᅪ཮ă

‫ݥ‬ഇ๫ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခփᆌ‫؜‬ᇀ߳ዖᇱᅺഇ๫ඪࢆਜ਼ࢽLjԈઔഄҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ක ጒ઄ĂႠ՚ĂႠൽၠĂՎႠว‫ݻ‬Ă֘ቱĂሞფටᇵว‫ݻ‬ईຌᇀዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖ‫ڪ‬ă༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ටᆌ‫ݥ׼‬ഇ๫‫ڦ‬Ă࣌ᆓ‫ڦ‬ༀ‫ځܔ܈‬Ҹጪթ թ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖLjԈઔဌ‫۾‬ኁĂႠ߾ፕ ኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂՎႠኁࢅሞფටᇵă

֖ᇑ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌዂ૰ᇀඓԍҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖᆶႾ֖ᇑ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ࣄࡀڦ‬Ă࠶૙Ăํแࢅೠࠚ‫࣍ڪ‬বă

Ⴀ՚ೝ‫ڪ‬ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌٝ৊౰ႠĂఴႠࢅՎႠኁ‫ڦ‬ೝ‫ڪ‬Ljඓԍ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ܔ‬ᇀ໯ᆶට ‫ۼ‬Ҿඇ੗तĂ੗޶‫څ‬LjܸփஃഄႠൽၠईႠ՚ว‫ݻ‬සࢆă

ԍ௢Ⴀ 3

ଷ൩֖९ǖ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯଆࡻႜྺࡀ‫ݔ‬྿ ᇵࣷDŽ2004DžăĖCode of good practice for NGOs responding to HIV/AIDSėă ྪ኷ǖhttp://www.hivcode.orgă

16

݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌፎዘ߲ටᄲ൱ԍ௢‫ڦ‬඄૧Ljሞ࿄इ‫ړڥ‬๚ට‫ڦ‬ཞᅪኮ മLjփᆌॽഄԈઔॳ੃ጒ઄ምా‫߲ڦ‬ට௺ߌ႑တႅ୞ߴഄॆටईഄ ໱‫ڼ‬ෙ‫ ݛ‬ă

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ኸ‫ڞ‬ᇱሶ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/G.Pirozzi

ᆶ࠲ҸጪթĂ݆ୱࢅට඄‫ڦ‬ዘᄲ֖੊࿔၅ ᆶ࠲ᅜට඄ྺए‫ڦإ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ‫ݛ‬ኍLj੗֖੊ǖ૴ࢇࡔට඄๚ ခߛपጆᇵӸࠅ๪Ă૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDŽ2006DžăĖҸጪթ ᇑට඄ǖࡔाኸళėDŽHIV/AIDS and human rights: international guidelinesDžăනాྑLj૴ࢇࡔට඄๚ခߛपጆᇵӸࠅ๪ă ྪ኷ǖhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/hiv/guidelines.htmă ူଚ࿔၅Ԉࡤᆶ࠲ᅜට඄ྺए‫݆ڦإ‬ୱ߀߫‫ڦ‬ኸళࢅ߲ӄჺ৯ǖ ߳ࡔᅱࣷ૴௑Ă૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ DŽ2007DžăĖ֑ൽႜ‫ۯ‬ᆌ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթᅧ൧ėDŽTaking action against HIV and AIDSDžăනాྑLj߳ࡔᅱࣷ૴௑ă ྪ኷ǖhttp://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/aids07-e.pdfă ๘হᆀႜDŽ2007DžăĖҸጪթ‫݆ڦ‬ୱາ੊ǖአ֧ࢅ݆ୱ߀߫ ኸళėDŽLegal aspects of HIV/AIDS: a guide for policy and law reformDžăࣀฺ‫ܙ‬༬൶Lj๘হᆀႜă ྪ኷ǖhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTHIVAIDS/ Resources/375798-1103037153392/LegalAspectsOfHIVAIDS.pdfă

ཪ௽‫ࢅ܈‬࿚ሴ዆ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌԍ‫׼‬ཪ௽‫܈‬Ljժ‫ܔ‬໯‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ ม൶޶ሴăᆶ࠲සࢆ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ਦ ֧໯ภत‫ڦ‬ม൶ᆌ޿ీࠕཚࡗ๢‫ړ‬٬ฆ ࢅ֖े‫ޜ‬ခ࠶૙ऐࠓ‫ݛڪ‬๕ྺ༪ஃࢅਦ ֧၅ऺ၅֧ă࠶૙ਦ֧໯ภत‫߾ڦ‬ፕට ᇵࢅม൶ᆌ޿ీࠕኪ‫ڢ‬ኄၵਦ֧ᆯຣፔ ‫؜‬ᅜतྺ๊஺ፔ‫؜‬ă‫ޜ‬ခᆌথ๴ဣཥࣅ ‫ࢅڞ۽ڦ‬ೠࠚLj‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚ‫ڦ‬঳ࡕᆌ‫ݒ‬ ઍߴ߾ፕටᇵĂม൶ࢅጨዺऐࠓă

੗‫׼‬ჄႠ ᆶ࠲કቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࣄࡀڦ‬ᆌ ޿੊୯ม൶Ăአުࢅ݆ୱহට๗ሞ࿄ઠ ‫׼‬Ⴤ༵ࠃኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ీڦ‬૰ă

17

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ኸ‫ڞ‬ᇱሶ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

࿮ฅ࡞ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌ੊୯గၜ߅ᇨ੗ీߴ߲ටࢅม൶‫ټ‬ઠ‫ࢅ࡞ླڦ‬ᅮ‫ت‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခփᆌํแՁ‫ٷ‬ᇀ૧‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌ޿௽ඓၠਜ਼ࢽຫ௽ႜ‫ײࡗۯ‬ዐ ੗ీ‫؜‬၄‫ޅڦ‬၃Ljժ๔ዕӀቷਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ᇼྭႜ๚ăُྔLjኄ࣏‫ړ‬ጀዘሞ‫؜‬ ၄ླ࡞‫ޅ‬၃้༵ࠃඇ௬‫ڦ‬ԍࢺă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ

߲ӄჺ৯ǖሁళࠅࠌ࿐ิአ֧ႜ‫ࣄऺۯ‬ ࠅࠌ࿐ิአ֧ႜ‫ࣄऺۯ‬ሞሁళํแᅃ߲݆ୱᇲዺၜణLjࢇፕअӵԈઔॳ੃ᇑҸጪթ݆ୱአ֧ጧკዐ႐Ăሁళୱ ฾ၹࣷࢅҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏă޿ऺࣄᆯெࡔࡔाਸ݀ຈጨዺLj༵ࠃ݆ୱঞᇣĂྔቛĂጧკĂ‫پ‬૙ᄽခࢅᅃ ߲ඇࡔႠ݆ୱጧკඤ၍ă‫ޜ‬ခޮ߃࿵ู߲‫ݻ‬ă௅߲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ۼ‬ᆶᅃఁጆኰୱ฾Ăଇఁग़ኰୱ฾Ăᅃఁၜణ ኧ‫࠳׼‬ᇵࢅ຺‫ڟ‬࿵ఁҸጪթթ‫۾‬ᄞႠཞӵጧკᇵăቲఠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ੗ᅜඓԍ‫ޜ‬ခत้ၚᆌਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Lj ӻዺҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࡹ࿮ࠥ୯‫ں‬ლ൱‫ޜ‬ခă ူ௬ଇ߲ӄ૩๭‫ڟ‬କሁళࠅࠌ࿐ิአ֧ႜ‫݆ࣄऺۯ‬ୱᇲዺၜణ‫ڦ‬ᇲዺă

ܹཡথ๴ბၯঞᇣ‫ڦ‬඄૧ ਜ਼ࢽतഄ೾ጱ‫ۼ‬๟Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁăᆯᇀഄ໱ॆ‫ܔݒڦ׊‬Ljბၯঞ฾਌ਨথ๴໱்‫࡚ڦ‬ጱฉბăঞ฾ຫኄ‫ܔ‬ ‫޺ސ‬ՂႷ༵ࠃ࡚ጱ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪঳ࡕLjኻᆶ‫ړ‬঳ࡕྺᅽႠ้Lj֍ࣷሎႹ࡚ጱฉბă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓҾಇକᅃ ఁᅅბጆॆᇑঞ฾ࢅॆ‫׊‬༌ஃҸጪթ๚ᅓLjӻዺ३ൟփՂᄲ‫ڦ‬੤ਕߌăፌࢫLj࡚ጱසᇼฉକბă

ሞფටᇵ‫ڦ‬඄૧ ਜ਼ࢽ‫ܹڦ‬ጱ๟ᅃఁጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁLjԥಒ෇ᇢෙ౎ăܹጱ࣒ฉକᅃዖҸጪթ၎࠲दթLjӵໜ݀ඤĂ༹ዘ३ൟĂ੖໊ ࢅኈਪߌකă݆ୱࡀۨኄዖ൧઄੗ᅜ࣐႘Lj๑ߌකକҸጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ሞფටᇵ੗ᅜሞม൶ాლ൱ዎଐă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ऐࠓӻዺਜ਼ࢽഐ֥କᅃ‫ݻ‬ԍྔ৽ᅅฤ൩ກă॔ᇢ޶ሴට಼ጚକኄ‫ݻ‬ฤ൩Ljਜ਼ࢽ‫ܹڦ‬ጱԥገᅎ‫ڟ‬ม൶থ๴ዎଐă ሁళ࿐ิአ֧ऺࣄDŽ2009DžăĖ஌ํአ֧ėDŽMaking policies workDžă ྪ኷ǖhttp://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/index.cfm?id=news&year=2009ă

18

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

4. Ҹጪթ ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆶႹ‫ܠ‬փཞ‫ڦ‬ఇ๕ă‫ܠٷ‬ຕ‫ޜ‬ခ‫੊ࣷۼ‬୯ ‫ںړڟ‬ᅺ໎Lj૩සਜ਼ࢽ‫ޜڦ‬ခႴ൱Ă‫ݛں‬ኟ๕ࢅ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕݆ୱ༹ဣ‫ڦ‬ ႠዊĂয়ִ‫ڦ‬ႜྺĂঢ়‫ڦݯ‬؊ᇧ‫܈‬Ă߾ፕටᇵࢅኾᇼኁ‫ڪ‬ă ᅜူ๟ߵ਍ሞփཞ࣍ৣዐሏፕ‫߳ڦ‬ዖ‫ޜ‬ခ໯ጺ঳‫ڦ؜‬ӗዖ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕ă ሞยऺႎ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ้Lj੗ߵ਍‫ںړ‬൧઄ۙኝኄबዖఇ๕‫ڦ‬ᄲ ໎ăม൶ᆌ‫ߵړ‬਍‫ํݛں‬ा൧઄ਸ݀ࢅ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခLjॺ૬ഐ‫܀‬༬‫ޜڦ‬ ခఇ๕ă ሞగၵ‫ں‬൶LjॽҸጪթ၎࠲࿚༶බ෇၄ᆶม൶݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓई ට඄ፇኯ‫߾ڦ‬ፕ੗ీࣷ߸ᆶၳLjܸփ๟ඁॺ૬‫ڦ܀ڇ‬ጆᄽҸጪթ၎ ࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓăᅃၵࡔॆॺ૬କྜ฀‫ڦ‬ม൶݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓLj ᆩᅜ஢ፁՉᇹࣅඖ༹ࢅೖઓටඖ‫ڦ‬ዘ‫݆ۅ‬ୱႴ൱ăُૌ‫ޜ‬ခᇑഄ໱ ‫ޜ‬ခኝࢇࢫ੗ᅜ߸ࡻ‫ں‬঴ਦҸጪթ၎࠲࿚༶ă૩සLj੗ॽҸጪթ၎ ࠲࿚༶ኝࢇ‫ڟ‬௬ၠ޺౰Ăഽढ़႞٪ኁई࿮ॆ੗ࡃ‫ڦ‬൞ณ౎‫ڦ‬၄ᆶ݆ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခዐă

ఇ๕2ǖ‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ ‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ᅜጆ߿Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ࿚༶Ljߵ਍‫ړ‬ ‫ں‬๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱༵ࠃ၎࠲‫ޜڦ‬ခăኄᅃఇ๕੗ᅜ๢ᆩᇀփ ཞ‫ںڦ‬൶ࢅᅧ൧൧઄ăሞҸጪթ၄࣒୲ডߛ‫ڦ‬ටඖዐLj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ ᅜ‫ڦݘ࠽߸ྺׯ‬ҸጪթዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခྪஏ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬ăሞ‫گ‬ ୁႜ୲‫ں‬൶Lj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ᇑ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅม൶ፇኯ૴ဣഐઠLj ኍ‫ܔ‬ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖዐ‫߳ڦ‬ዖมࣷĂॳ੃ࢅ‫ޟ‬૧࿚༶ቛਸࢇፕă

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕๖૩ 1 ‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓă 2 ॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇‫ڟ‬አު݆ୱᇲዺऐࠓዐă 3 ॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎፇኯई३‫ླگ‬ ࡞ፇኯዐă 4 ཚࡗม൶ྔቛ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă 5 ॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇‫ڟ‬ට඄ऐࠓዐă 6 ຳᆐևோୱ฾࿮‫ࠃ༵׋‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă 7 ᆯม൶ፇኯ೘ᆩ‫ڦ‬ຳටୱ฾༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă 8 ᆯ‫ٷ‬ბ݆ბᇾ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă

ᅜူ๟ᅃၵ๖૩ǖ ձ‫ྑو‬భ୿૙Ă݆ୱᇑҸጪթྪஏ DŽBONELADžၠට்༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjԈઔጧ კĂۙ঴ࢅ໕໅ă݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐ᆯᅃఁୱአ ටᇵ޶ሴၹۙă݆ୱၜణภतഇ๫Ⴀӄॲ‫تڦ‬ ૙Ăᅍዶ‫ڦ‬ጉႀࢅຶኁᅍׂ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ă୿૙Ă݆ ୱᇑҸጪթྪஏ࣏๟ࡔॆҸጪթ୿૙Ă݆ୱᇑ ට඄૙๚ࣷ‫ڦ‬௞ກ‫ت‬Ljձ‫ྑو‬భ݆ୱၹࣷ޶ሴ ዷ‫׼‬૙๚ࣷ‫ڦ‬න‫߾׉‬ፕăࡔॆҸጪթ૙๚ࣷ ኼሞٝ৊ට்‫ܔ‬ձ‫ྑو‬భ၊݆ࢅࡔाට඄࿔ ກዐҸጪթ၎࠲ට඄‫ڦ‬ፎዘDŽ֖९http://www. bonela.orgDžă Ҹጪթ݆ୱၜణDŽALPDž๟ళ‫ڦݥ‬ᅃ߲ට඄ፇ 19

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ኯLjኼሞᆖၚĂਸ݀ࢅ૧ᆩᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬ට඄݆ୱăҸጪթ݆ୱၜణ૧ᆩ ‫ڞב‬Ăአ֧ਸ݀ࢅ໕໅‫ڪ‬๮܎ઠԍࢺĂٝ৊ࢅླྀ‫ۯ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬඄ ૧ăҸጪթ݆ୱၜణཚࡗਸቛۙჺઠၹዺአ֧ࢅ݆ୱ߀߫߾ፕăُྔLjҸ ጪթ݆ୱၜణᇑഄ໱ට඄ፇኯਸቛࢇፕLjᆮഄ๟ዎଐႜ‫ۯ‬ሏ‫ۯ‬DŽTACDžLj ᅜՍ༵ࠃᆶ࠲݆ୱࢅට඄‫ڦ‬ঞᇣࢅಢჟăҸጪթ݆ୱၜణዘ‫ۅ‬ਸቛ֧୼໕ ໅Ljժ৽ᅃဣଚ࿚༶‫ںࠀׯ‬ሏፕକ๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲLjԈઔথ๴ዎଐ‫ڦ‬඄૧Ljࡔॆ Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕᅺُ‫ڟڥ‬କ࢔‫߀ڦٷ‬฀DŽ֖९http://www.alp.org.zaDžă

߲ӄჺ৯ǖᆇ‫܈‬໽௝ܻభ‫ڤ‬Ӻ ӺҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹࣷĂአު݆ୱᇲዺӸࠅ๪ᇑҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏኮक़ ‫ࢇڦ‬ፕ࠲ဣ ໽௝ܻభ‫ڤ‬ӺҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹࣷᇑ໽௝ܻభ‫ڤ‬Ӻ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ړ‬ਆࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺ ࣄຈਸቛࢇፕLjሞ‫ں‬൶ْ֫ฉ༵ࠃ݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခDŽᅜĐዐ႐đ‫ڦ‬ႚ๕Džă޿ ၜణᅜአުጹࢇᅅᇾ݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခ๬‫ۅ‬ൽ‫ྺࠀׯڦڥ‬ए‫إ‬ăோኑ௅ዜၠҸጪ թթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ༵ࠃଇْ݆ୱጧკLjᅜՍ঴ਦ໱்‫ऺิࢅׂ֎ڦ‬࿚༶ă ௅߲݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐ᆶᅃఁୱ฾Lj޶ሴ༵ࠃ݆ୱጧკࢅၹዺӄॲ‫ڦ‬ጚԢ߾ፕă ᆇ‫܈‬Ҹጪթୱ฾ၹࣷDŽᆇ‫܈‬ᅃ߲ዂ૰ᇀྼࢺҸጪթ၎࠲ࢇ݆඄૧‫ڦ‬ጆॆፇ ኯDž๚ံᄲ‫ܔ‬ୱ฾்৊ႜಢჟLjժٗዐ჋‫ڦ߭ࢇ؜‬ୱ฾ă޿ၜణԈࡤᅃ߲ෙ प঳ࠓǖ Ŗ ए֫ࠅ௷য়শཷ༹ǖ޶ሴ࣓ഐม൶‫ڦ‬඄૧ᅪ๎Ljժᇑ‫ڦںړ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කኁྪஏࢇፕă Ŗ ݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐ǖ༵ࠃ௨‫݆ڦݯ‬ୱጧკĂᇲዺࢅมࣷ႐૙ኧ‫׼‬ăྔቛ߾ፕኁ ‫ۯ‬ᇵҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁথ๴‫ޜ‬ခă Ŗ ӺҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹࣷ‫ڦ‬඄૧ஃ༇ǖ༵ࠃጆॆኸ‫ڞ‬Ă॔‫ں۽‬൶݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐‫ڦ‬ ߾ፕLjଷྔ༵ࠃ‫ܠ‬ևோஃ༇ᅜ঴ਦӺా‫ڦ‬඄૧࿚༶ă 2009౎Lj݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐ሞ࿵߲‫ں‬൶ਸቛକ߾ፕăӺҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹ࣏ࣷऺࣄሞ ଷྔ10߲‫ں‬൶ॺ૬݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐ă௅߲ዐ႐‫߾ڦ‬ፕටᇵԈઔӺ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ړ‬ਆ ྿ಋ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾Ăᅃఁมࣷ߾ፕኁࢅଇఁྔቛ߾ፕኁă Mohan H (2007). Local governance and empowerment for sustainable HIV responses: experiences from India. Governance of HIV/AIDS responses: conference papers. University of Warwick, UK. Legal aid clinics for HIV-positive people to open in 10 districts of Indian state. The Hindu, 14 January 2009. See www.medicalnewstoday.com/ articles/135370.php and http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/pdf/health/ aids_control_society.pdf.

20

ఇ๕3ǖॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခభ෇‫ڟ‬አު݆ୱᇲዺऐࠓዐ አު੗ᅜ࢔ᆶၳ‫݆ࠃ༵ں‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခăॽҸጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခభ෇አ ު݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓዐDŽ૩ස ࠅยՑࢺටӸࠅ๪ई݆ୱᇲዺ ‫ڇ‬࿋Dž๟ᅃၜᆶ૧ᇀํ၄੗‫׼‬ Ⴤ݀ቛࢅඇࡔླྀ࠽‫୼֧ڦ‬ă޿ ఇ๕੗ᅜՆ௨ೝႜ዆‫܈‬Ljᆶዺ ᇀٝ৊አުሞ஌ํࡔాࢅࡔा ට඄ᅭခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ሴඪߌă‫ڍ‬ ๟LjႹ‫݀ܠ‬ቛዐࡔॆሞ‫ݥ‬አު ፇኯኮྔுᆶย૬አު݆ୱᇲ ዺऐࠓईඪࢆ݆ୱᇲዺ༹ဣă ᆶၵࡔॆ‫ܔ‬አު݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခ ৊ႜକ၌዆Ljኻీྺ႘๚ԥߢ ༵ࠃ‫پ‬૙ᄽခLjኄ৽ᅪ࿆ጣ޿ ఇ๕੗ీ࿮݆๑‫؜‬၄ഄ໱݆ୱ ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ටᇵ๴ᅮLj૩සॆབྷৰ ‫ݵ‬ईഇ๫ăሞ݆ዎփॳඇ‫ࡔڦ‬ ॆLjՉᇹࣅටඖ੗ీփߎၠᆶ ࠲አުևோฉԒ࿚༶DŽ૩සഇ ๫DžLjᆮഄ๟ሞኍ‫ܔ‬አުևோ ༵ഐཨ໕้ăአު݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခև ோႴᄲඟม൶‫ܔ‬ഄీࠕᆶၳ‫ں‬ ‫پ‬૙ኍ‫ܔ‬য়ִĂ࠳ᇵईአުአ ֧໯༵ഐ‫ڦ‬ཨ໕ׂิ႑႐ă ሞ༵ࠃአު݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࡔڦ‬ ॆాLj‫ޜ‬ခ੗ీ࿮݆ޮ߃໯ᆶ

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ටඖăُ้አު੗ᇑ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅຳᆐևோ঳‫ࢇׯ‬ፕअӵ࠲ဣLjࠌཞ༵ࠃ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ᆶ࠲໽௝ܻభ‫ڤ‬Ӻ‫߲ڦ‬ӄჺ৯ቛ๖କአު݆ୱᇲዺऐࠓᆌ޿සࢆᇑม൶ཷ ༹ࢇፕLjᅜՍၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ޺౰༵ࠃᆶၳ‫ޜڦ‬ခăኄ߲๖૩බࢇ

߲ӄჺ৯ǖ࿪ਖ਼ન ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᇑ३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ခ၎঳ࢇ ࿪ਖ਼ન‫߲ܠڦ‬३‫࡞ླگ‬ၜణၠጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăᆶ‫ڦ‬ ၜణࠧᆩඇኰୱ฾Ljᆶ‫ڦ‬ၜణᇑຳ૬ୱ฾๚ခ໯ധ૬ࢇཞLjᆯ ๚ခ໯ߵ਍Ⴔᄲ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ኄၵၜణሞጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁথ๴३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ခDŽኍਏ঍࣑ၜణईெ ෭ཛྷዎଐDž‫ݛںڦ‬Ҿಇୱ฾Ljᅜُઠሺे݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬੗तႠă ཞ้Lj༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ᅜဌభႎ‫ڦ‬ਜ਼ࢽLjܸٗሺे३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ ခ‫ڦ‬੗तႠăದᆶୱ฾‫ݥڦ‬አުፇኯᅙঢ়ᇑਜ਼ࢽ݀ቛ‫؜‬ᅃዖ႑ ඪ࠲ဣă

ĐҾಇጆᄽ݆ୱට๗‫څ‬ඪ߾ፕටᇵ੗ᅜ๑ၜణࢅਜ਼ࢽ၂ዸ๴ ᅮăሞ૧ྼ‫ސ‬Ljਜ਼ࢽԒߢຫ໱்থ๴݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခᅙঢ়ᆖၚକ য়ִ‫ځܔ‬໱்‫ݛڦ‬๕ăđ ࿪ਖ਼ન‫ڦ‬ෙ߲ፇኯDŽTime of LifeĂMangustࢅLight of HopeDž‫ۼ‬ ᅙॽ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခබ෇‫ڟ‬३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ခዐăኄၵፇኯၠҸጪթթ‫۾‬ ߌකኁĂጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁĂሞფටᇵࢅമሞფටᇵ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခăᇑ݆ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခཞ้༵ࠃ‫ޜڦ‬ခ࣏ᆶዎଐĂኧ‫ࢅ׼‬३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ခă ภत‫݆ڦ‬ୱ๚ᅓԈઔয়ִ‫ڦ‬փ‫ړ‬ႜྺĂྵ݆໇ֱࢅு๭Ă԰ ࠃĂࣵୠĂሞয়‫਀ݛ‬ା೺क़࿮݆इ‫ڥ‬Ҹጪթዎଐईெ෭ཛྷዎ ଐĂߢ݀ൣলኍਏ঍࣑ၜణĂഇ๫ࢅܹཡ਀ାă‫ޜ‬ခԈઔ݆ୱ ႑တࢅገ঻Ă‫ࣆۉ‬႑တࢅጧკĂ݆བྷ‫پ‬૙ᄽခĂୱ฾ईมࣷ߾ ፕኁ৊ႜۙ঴Ă݆ۨ඄૧ঞᇣࢅྔቛ‫ޜ‬ခă Carey C, Tolopilo A (2008). Tipping the balance: why legal services are essential for the health of drug users in Ukraine. New York, Open Society Institute. Available at http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/ focus/law/ articles_publications/publications/balance_20080624.

କఇ๕2DŽ݆ୱᇲዺӸࠅ๪DžĂఇ๕3DŽᆯ Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎፇኯ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခDžࢅఇ๕4DŽྔቛ ‫ޜ‬ခDžă

ఇ๕4ǖॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇ ‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎፇኯई३‫࡞ླگ‬ፇኯዐ ޿ఇ๕ॽ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခබ෇ഄ໱Ҹጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ ခዐLj૩සዎଐĂ࠲ࣉĂኧ‫׼‬ईᇨ‫ޜݞ‬ ခă޿ఇ๕ᆶጣံཀᆫ๞ăཚࡗኝ༹ᅃበ ๕‫ޜ‬ခ஢ፁᅃဣଚ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲Ⴔ൱ă໲ ੗ᅜ༵ߛ࿐ิ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰Lj๑໱்‫ྺׯ‬ ྼࢺ࿐ิਜ਼ࢽ݆ۨ඄૧‫ڞבڦ‬ኁă࿮ஃ๟ ሞጆோ‫ޜڦ‬ခ‫ׇ‬໯࣏๟ሞม൶ୁ‫ޜۯ‬ခ ‫ۅ‬Ljথ๴࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ‫ܔڦ‬ၡ࣏੗ᅜཞ ้इ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă

ఇ๕5ǖཚࡗม൶ྔቛ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎ ࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ޿ఇ๕ॽ‫ޜ‬ခۨ࿋ᇀม൶Ljሞม൶ლቴ๴ ᅮටඖăྫ​ྫႴᄲᇑഄ໱ए֫ፇኯࢇፕLj ई๟ᆯୱ฾‫ڟ‬ਜ਼ࢽਃዿ‫ݛںڦ‬Lj૩ස॔ ᇢĂᅅᇾईনཀྵă ਉ૩සူǖ ‫چ‬஛‫ڦ‬নཀྵୱ฾ নཀྵୱ฾௅ዜࣷၠনฉ‫ڦ‬ဌ‫۾‬ኁĂ࿮ॆ੗ ࡃኁࢅ৛หदթ࣒ኁ༵ࠃଇْ݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ ခLjഄዐԈઔႠ߾ፕኁă‫أ‬କ݆ୱᇲዺᅜ ྔLjਜ਼ࢽ࣏੗ᅜइ‫ڥ‬Ҿඇ༫ࢅল৫ኍਏă নཀྵୱ฾ࠧᆜକᅃఁ႐૙ბॆLj໱ᇑୱ฾ ࢇፕ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခLjසࡕਜ਼ࢽႴᄲीჄዎଐLj ႐૙ბॆ੗ᅜ༵ࠃᆶ࠲শ‫ݛ۾‬ӄ‫ڦ‬ጧკ‫ޜ‬ ခDŽ֖९http://www.gadejuristen.dkDžă 21

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

஍෶ᬨҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణDŽBQMBDžࢅெࡔҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ૴௑ࠅ ິDŽIBMTBDž 20๘ु90౎‫پ‬Lj஍෶ᬨҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణਸ๔ၠม൶ፇኯ༵ࠃྔቛ ‫ޜ‬ခLjਜ਼ࢽዷᄲ๟ณຕፃᅩăಢჟ๟ᇑ஍෶ᬨ࢒ට౰ୱ฾ၹࣷᅃ ഐਉӸăಢჟኮࢫLjኾᇼୱ฾ࣷሞྔቛ‫ۅں‬ၠਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခă஍ ෶ᬨҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణᇑҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခዐ႐Ă஍෶ᬨཞႠ૿‫ޜ‬ခዐ ႐Ă஍෶ᬨ၆ୱ฾ၹࣷࢅࠅࠌୱ฾ၹࣷᅃഐॺ૬କҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခ૴௑ăኄၵҸጪթࢅ݆ୱፇኯ༵ࠃཥᅃ‫ޜڦ‬ခLjժࠧᆜྔቛୱ ฾DŽ֖९http://www.halsaservices.orgDžă

ఇ๕6ǖॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇‫ڟ‬ᅜට඄ྺ࠲ጀ‫ۅ‬ ‫ڦ‬ऐࠓ߾ፕዐ

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/O.OďHanlon

޿ఇ๕༵‫݆ॽב‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခබ෇‫࠲ڟ‬ጀ߳ዖมࣷ࿚༶‫ݥڦ‬አުፇኯĂ ม൶ፇኯईጸঞፇኯዐLjԈઔҸጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခDŽ૩ස޺౰඄૧ࢅ ൞ณ౎඄૧Džăኄᄣ੗ᅜᆶၳ‫ॽں‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᇑ‫ڞב‬Ă ௃༹࠲ဣĂۙჺĂؕጨࢅჇ‫د‬ऄ‫૴ۯ‬ဣഐઠă޿ఇ๕ණ๎‫ڟ‬କ໯ ᆶට඄࿚༶‫ڦ‬၎ࢻ࠲૴Ⴀă ਉ૩සူǖ ৄәքྴళև‫ݥ‬ዞ޺౰ᇑ݆ୱჺ৯ঞᇣ႑ྂ ޿‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓዘ‫࠲ۅ‬ጀ޺౰‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ࢅ඄૧LjԈઔ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁă ऄ‫ۯ‬ԈઔۙჺĂአ֧‫݆ࢅڞב‬ୱ߀߫Ăࢇ݆඄૧ঞᇣࢅಢჟLj ᅜत݆ୱጧკࢅᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခDŽ֖९http://www.wlsa.org.zm/profile. htmDžă భ௝Բჱ݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐ ޿݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐๟ᅃॆࠅᅮႠዊ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾๚ခ໯ăᄽခภत຺߲‫ݛ‬ ௬ǖට඄ࢅ၊݆ևோǗႠ՚ჺ৯ᇑ‫ڞב‬ၜణǗཱི‫ں‬Ă࣍ৣᇑ݀ቛ ၜణǗҸጪթ݆ୱևோDŽ֖९http://www.lac.org.naDžă ᆇ‫܈‬ୱ฾૴ࢇ༹ ᆇ‫܈‬ୱ฾૴ࢇ༹ཚࡗഄҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎևோਸቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ߾ፕăୱ฾ၹࣷԈઔୱ฾Ă݆ୱဣბิࢅට඄ऄ‫ۯ‬ට๗Ljኼሞྺ ෑ๞ඖ༹DŽᆮഄ๟޺౰ࢅܹཡDžĂ‫ݥ‬ፇኯևோ‫߾ڦ‬ፕኁࢅՉᇹࣅ ටඖ༵ࠃጆᄽ‫݆ڦ‬ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခă‫أ‬କҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎևோྔLjୱ฾ၹ ࣏ࣷํแᅃၜ޺౰඄૧ऺࣄĂᅃၜ௷඄ऺࣄࢅᅃၜ੦ჶऺࣄDŽ֖ ९http://www.lawyercollective.orgDžă

22

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ఇ๕7ǖຳᆐևோୱ฾࿮‫ࠃ༵׋‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ޿ఇ๕੗ᅜइ‫ڥ‬ຳ૬ୱ฾๚ခ໯࿮‫ڦࠃ༵׋‬ጨᇸLjԈઔጨศ݆ୱহ ට๗ă࿮‫ޜ׋‬ခ੗ᅜ‫ܔ‬ม൶‫ޜ‬ခ৊ႜց؊Ljई๟බ෇‫ڟ‬ม൶‫ޜ‬ခ ዐă૩සLjຳ૬ୱ฾๚ခ໯‫߾ڦ‬ፕටᇵ੗ᅜࠋ၅‫؜‬ᅃև‫้ݴ‬क़‫څ‬ඪ ኾᇼኁLjྺ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăሞగၵࡔॆLjୱ฾ၹࣷĂୱ ฾ኴቷ࠶૙‫ت‬ईአު੗ీഽ዆ᄲ൱၎࠲‫ࠃ༵ݛ‬࿮‫݆׋‬ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခă ੗ᅜཚࡗኄၵ࿮‫ޜ׋‬ခ‫ݛ‬ӄ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ਉ૩සူǖ ళ‫ݥ‬Probono.orgҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ໯ Probono.orgҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ໯‫ࢇڦ‬ፕअӵԈઔ৵ॆຳ૬ୱ฾๚ခ ໯ăҸጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ໯ၠኧ޲փഐୱ฾‫ࢅݯ‬ᇜ‫ࠅڟ‬ᅮ݆ୱ࿚༶‫߲ڦ‬ ටईཷ༹༵ࠃጧკ‫ޜ‬ခăࠅᅮ໕໅ӄॲࣷ঍ᆯୱ฾๚ခ໯‫پ‬૙ăස ࿚༶փ๢ࢇ݆ୱಒਦLj੗঍ᆯഄ໱ऐࠓ‫ت‬૙ă‫ޜ‬ခ໯ᇑዚ‫ܠ‬Ҹጪթ ‫ݞ‬ዎ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯԍ‫׼‬ጣ߾ፕ࠲ဣLjժྺ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅୱ฾๚ခ໯ Ҿಇᆶ࠲ࠅᅮࣆ༶‫ڦ‬ಢჟࢅჺ༪ࣷDŽ֖९http://www.probono-org. orgDžă ዐࡔሊళชᅭୱ฾๚ခ໯ ሊళชᅭୱ฾๚ခ໯ᇑ݆ୱᇲዺӸࠅ๪Ă݆ୱဣბิኾᇼኁࢅ‫ݥ‬ አުፇኯ঳‫ࢇׯ‬ፕअӵLjၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁDŽႹ‫ܠ‬ට‫ۼ‬๟ጀพ ဌ‫۾‬ኁDžतഄॆට༵ࠃ௨‫݆ݯ‬ୱጧკă޿ୱ฾๚ခ໯࣏ӻዺਉӸ ኍ‫݆ܔ‬ୱহට๗‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱీ૰ॺยऄ‫ۯ‬LjԈઔၹዺ‫؜‬Ӳ ĖሊళҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱኸళėDŽ֖९http://www.idlo.org/publications/ Guidebook_to_HIVAIDS_and_the_Law_EN_July_2008.pdfDžă

ఇ๕8ǖᆯม൶ፇኯ೘ᆩ‫ڦ‬ຳටୱ฾༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ᆶၵม൶ፇኯ౮૰ٝ๑ਜ਼ࢽ৽ਏ༹࿚༶ᇑม൶ຳටୱ฾ۨ೺থ‫ة‬Lj ૩සয়௷࠲ဣ࿚༶ăਜ਼ࢽ੗ీᄲ൱ሞ‫้܌‬क़ాᆯୱ฾༵ࠃ‫ݥ‬ೠಒႠ ‫پڦ‬૙ᄽခLjୱ฾‫ܔ‬ᇀ‫݆ڦںړ‬ୱ༹ဣᄲକසኸቨLjժ൐৛ཚᆶ࠲ ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࿚༶Lj૩ස႘݆ࢅሦ਀վ้໯ᆌၛᆶ‫ڦ‬඄૧ă ૩සǖ ᆇ‫ڦ܈‬ఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁీࠕ૴ဣ‫ںړڟ‬೘൩‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ă໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬ ‫ޜ‬ခዷᄲᇑ‫ڂ‬վࢅয়ִ෡ඡᆶ࠲ă໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬ᇲዺཚ‫׉‬๟ᇑয়ִ঍ภLj ܸժ‫݆ݥ‬བྷ‫پ‬૙ᄽခă ೘൩‫ڦ‬ୱ฾৛ཚ‫ڦںړ‬႘݆Lj‫׉ݥ‬କ঴‫ںړ‬য়ִ‫ڦ‬Ӹ๚‫ࢅ݆ݛ‬ഐ໕ 23

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

‫ײ‬Ⴞă೘൩ୱ฾‫ݯڦ‬ᆩઠጲҸጪթჺ৯एূࣷDŽamfARDžၠUDAAN ႑ྂࡔॆఴఴႠႜྺኁᇑҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎአ֧‫ڞב‬ᇑට඄߾ፕፇ༵ࠃ‫ڦ‬ ሽ੼ঢ়‫ݯ‬ăཚࡗ޿ၜణLj߾ፕፇᇑට඄ୱ฾৊ႜࢇፕLjሞᆇ‫݆ິ܈‬ ዆‫܈‬ዐྺఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁ৊ႜՑࢺă

ఇ๕9ǖᆯ‫ٷ‬ბ݆ბᇾ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ޿ఇ๕ፌ‫ٷ‬၌‫ں܈‬૧ᆩକბิኾᇼኁࢅୱ฾Lj๑ბኁࢅጆॆփምᄫ փ੗तă޿ఇ๕ਏᆶ‫ׯڦߛ׉ݥ‬Ԩၳᅮă‫ٷ‬ბ݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐੗ᅜਏ Ԣྔቛీ૰Ljժᇑຳ૬ୱ฾๚ခ໯ॺ૬ଆࡻ࠲ဣLjᅜՍइ‫ڥ‬࿮‫ڦ׋‬ ገ঻‫ޜ‬ခă ሞ‫ݥ‬ዞҸጪթߛ၄࣒୲‫ں‬൶Lj݆ୱဣ‫ڦ‬ბิ༵ࣷࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjԈઔ ձ‫ྑو‬భĂेభĂ੝౅ჱĂટ໭ྂĂ෗ઙ૧ӆĂ།ෝ౅ჱࢅৄәք ྴăәဇĂዐࡔࢅళჱᄺᆶኄᄣ‫ڦ‬૩ጱă඗ܸሞႹ‫ॆࡔܠ‬Ljᆯᇀ݆ ୱဣ‫ڦ‬ბิሞ‫؜‬བྷമ࿮݆৊ႜํ७Lj໯ᅜ໱்ሞਜ਼ࢽ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫ݛ‬௬ ࣷ๴‫ڟ‬၌዆ă

߲ӄჺ৯ǖళ‫݆ݥ‬ბᇾ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ሞళ‫ݥ‬Lj݆ბᇾ༵ࠃ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ࠽๴࣌ᆓLjᇱᅺ๟໱்੗ᅜၠೖઓඖ༹༵ࠃ‫ׯگ‬Ԩई௨‫ڦݯ‬ጧკत‫پ‬૙ᄽခă ੲፄ୛భ໴ܻ‫ٷ‬ბᆶᅃ߲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓLj޿ऐࠓᆶଇ‫ٷ‬ጸኼǖ༵ࠃ௨‫݆ڦݯ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjၠ݆ୱဣბิ༵ࠃํᆩ݆ ୱಢჟă޿‫ٷ‬ბ༵ࠃ‫݆ڦ‬ୱࢅঞᇣ‫ޜ‬ခภत‫߲ܠ‬ଶᇘǖཱི‫ࢅں‬ዿ‫ݝ‬ĂิऺĂႠ՚ࢅܹཡ඄૧Ă൞ณ౎ິ݆ࢅҸ ጪթă޿‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓཚࡗ‫ڞ۽‬Ă‫ڞב‬Ă࿔ॲऻ୤ࢅྪஏࣅઠ঴ਦට඄࿚༶‫ڦ‬ဣཥႠᇱᅺă ޿‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ت‬૙‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲๚ᅓԈઔ߾ፕ‫ׇ‬໯ഇ๫ࢅԍ၃ĂҸጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪๚ᅓĂዎଐࢅ࠲ࣉ‫ڪ‬ăሞᆶၵ൧ ઄ူLjਜ਼ࢽ‫پڦ‬૙ᄽခԈઔ݆བྷՑஃă‫ڍ‬ሞ‫ܠ‬ຕ൧઄ူLj࿚༶‫ۼ‬๟ཚࡗᇑ၎࠲ऐࠓၹฆઠ঴ਦă޿‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓᅙ ঢ়ॽҸጪթ၎࠲๚ᅓభ෇‫ڟ‬ኝ༹߾ፕዐLjᅜՍٗኝ༹‫ڦ‬ঙ‫ت܈‬૙࿚༶ă ֖੊ǖRamgobin A (2003). Discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS. Paper delivered at the First All-Africa Colloquium on Clinical Legal Education, Durban, South Africa. Open Society Justice Initiative. Combining learning and legal aid: CLE in Africa. Durban, South Africa.

߲ӄჺ৯ǖሢԲჱბิ݀ഐඇࡔҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjሢԲჱҸጪթ݆ୱჺ৯ᇑ‫ྪڞב‬ஏ ሢԲჱҸጪթ݆ୱჺ৯ᇑ‫ྪڞב‬ஏDŽZARANDžፌ‫؛‬๟ሢԲჱ‫ٷ‬ბ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲ၹࣷă޿ၹࣷᆯᅃඖ݆ୱဣ‫ڦ‬ბิ݀ ഐLjኄၵბิᆶኾᇀ঴ਦҸጪթ၎࠲‫݆ڦ‬ୱࢅ୿૙‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬཈቟࿚༶ă2001౎LjZARAN ঢ়ࡗકቧࢫጀ֩‫ׯ‬କᅃॆ ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯăਏ༹Վ‫ۯ‬Ԉઔॺ૬௞ກ‫ت‬Ăቲఠ߾ፕටᇵĂॺ૬࠶૙ऐࠓĂྺፇኯሏፕۙ‫ۯ‬ጨᇸ‫ڪ‬ăZARAN ‫ڦ‬ᄽ ခ‫ྷݔ‬ԈઔۙჺĂ݆ୱহට๗ీ૰ॺยࢅ‫ڞב‬Ljཞ้࣏ঢ়ᆐጣᅃॆ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ໯ăZARAN ᇑళև‫ݥ‬ዞ໕໅ዐ႐৊ ႜࢇፕLjথ๮ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ၎࠲ഇ๫‫ڦ‬๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲLjၠሢԲჱ੣ਬ঴ࠧҸጪթթ‫۾‬ᄞႠටᇵ‫ڦ‬ႜྺ݀ഐ཈቟ă

24

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

5. ยऺ๢ࢇ ‫ޜڦںړ‬ခ ఇ๕

ᅃӯ൧઄ူLjሞዐ‫گ‬๭෇ࡔॆኻᆶ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ༵ࠃ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăኄၵ‫ޜ‬ခৈీ஢ፁᅃၭև‫ݴ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹ ጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ă࿢்࣏Ⴔᄲፔ߸‫߾ڦܠ‬ፕLjક‫ٷ‬ Ҹጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခăኄഄዐ੗ీภतփཞ‫ڦ‬ᆶၳ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕LjᅜՍ஢ ፁփཞඖ༹‫߳ڦ‬ዖ݆ୱႴ൱Ljᆌ‫߳ܔ‬ૌᅧ൧໯‫ټ‬ઠ‫ڦ‬փཞ཈቟ă ௅߲ࡔॆࢅม൶Ⴔᄲ၎ᆌ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕LjᅜՍፌ‫ٷ‬ ‫ں܈ײ‬஢ፁႴ൱ă

କ঴Ԩ‫ڦں‬ᅧ൧൧઄तԨࡔҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ ခՂᄲ௽କҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခሞࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕዐ‫ۨڦ‬࿋ă Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణᆌ‫ྺׯړ‬ᅃኝ༫ࡔా֧୼‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲ᄲ໎Lj޿ ֧୼ᅜࡔా‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթᅧ൧ྺᅈ਍Ljժኍ‫ܔ‬ᅧ൧ඓ૬၎ᆌ‫ݞڦ‬ዎႜ ‫ۯ‬ăඪࢆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణᄺᆌ‫ړ‬ᅜକ঴‫ڦںړ‬ᅧ൧൧઄ࢅ‫ݞ‬ዎႜ‫ۯ‬ ྺए‫إ‬LjԈઔକ঴၎࠲‫ڦ‬ඍ။ईփፁă4 ሞࡀࣄҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ้Lj࿮ஃၜణࡀఇ๟‫ٷ‬๟ၭLjᅃۨ ᄲ௽ඓ޿ၜణሞࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ֧୼ዐ‫ۨڦ‬࿋ăࡔॆ֧୼ᆌ‫ړ‬ඓԍ ‫ܔ‬ᇀၜణ‫ڦ‬ኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ጨዺDŽසࡕኄၵၜణுᆶഄ໱ঢ়‫ݯ‬ઠᇸ‫ࣆڦ‬DžLj ૩ස‫ٷ‬ბాև‫ڦ‬ၜణăཚࡗᇑ޶ሴํแࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ֧୼‫ڦ‬ऐࠓ ࢇፕLjၜణํแऐࠓᄺ੗ᅜᆶऐ֖ࣷᇑ၎࠲ࡔॆࡀࣄ৊‫ײ‬ă

֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ೠࠚ ยऺ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ᅃၜዷᄲᇱሶ๟ඟҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖ ၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ֖ᇑ‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕‫ڦ‬ਸ݀߾ፕLjኄᄣ੗ᅜᆶၳ‫ں‬஢ፁ໱ ்‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ljժਸ݀കࢇ‫ںړ‬൧઄‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ੗ీ‫ࣆڦ‬Ljยऺ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ้ᆌᅜ൧઄‫ݴ‬ဆࢅႴ൱ೠࠚྺᅈ਍ăႴ൱ ೠࠚᆶዺᇀྺሞඇࡔॺ૬ࢅક‫ޜٷ‬ခ዆֧ۨ୼ăႴ൱ೠࠚࡗ‫ײ‬ᆌ‫ړ‬ ๟֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬ă൩Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ၎࠲ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖዐ‫ׯڦ‬ᇵၹዺย ऺࢅਸቛႴ൱ೠࠚLjኄᄣ੗ᅜ๑ణՔඖ༹ీࠕፌ‫ں܈ײٷ‬๴ᅮᇀҸ ጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă

4

ැᄲକ঴ᆶ࠲Đକ঴Ԩ‫ں‬ᅧ൧൧઄đतยऺ၎ᆌ‫ݞڦ‬ዎ ႜ‫ܠ߸ڦۯ‬႑တLj֖९ǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDŽ2007౎Dž ĖPractical guidelines for intensifying HIV preventionėLjන ాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈăྪ኷ǖhttp://data.unaids.org/ pub/Manual/2007/20070306_prevention_guidelines_towards_ universal_access_en.pdfă

֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ೠࠚኼሞǖ 1 ඓԍٗ‫ڦںړ‬ঙ‫ݴ܈‬ဆ݆ୱႴ൱ࢅ཈቟๚ᅓă 2 ඓۨ‫؜‬గมඖዐ٪ሞ‫ܔڦ‬ᇀኛ‫܋‬঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄ੗ీፕ‫؜‬യሞࠋ၅‫ڦ‬ᅺ ໎Lj૩සLj٪ሞగዖ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕‫݆ڦ‬ୱ዆‫܈‬ă 3 ሞణՔඖ༹ࢅႴ൱ೠࠚํแऐࠓक़ॺ૬႑ඪ࠲ဣLjಢᄢణՔඖ༹ ‫ܔ‬ᇀၜణ‫ڦ‬ዷට࿜ᅪ๎ă

25

ยऺ๢ࢇ‫ޜڦںړ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ೠࠚ੗ీႴᄲᇑᅜူ߳‫ݛ‬৊ႜ٬ฆǖ 1 ‫ݥڦںړ‬አުፇኯࢅม൶ཷ༹LjԈઔ‫پ‬՗Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫༹ཷڦ‬ă 2 አު݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࢅഄ໱‫ݥ‬አު݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓă 3 ‫ںړ‬ୱ฾Ă݆࠳Ăয়ִࢅິ݆‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓă 4 ට඄ፇኯLjԈઔࡔॆට඄ऐࠓDŽට඄྿ᇵࣷࢅნִ࠳Džă 5 ࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷतูपई‫ݛں‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P. Virot

ඇ௬‫ڦ‬൧઄‫ݴ‬ဆࢅႴ൱ೠࠚᆌ༑༪ᅜူ࿚༶ǖ 1 ‫ںړ‬ม൶ዐనၵටඖ๴ҸጪթᆖၚፌྺศዘǛ 2 ኄၵටඖ‫ړ‬മ੗ᅜइ‫ڥ‬నၵ݆ୱࢅҸጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခǛຣ༵ࠃኄ ၵ‫ޜ‬ခǛ 3 ኄၵටඖፌႴᄲనၵ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခǛཚ‫׉‬ኄၵටඖ‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ࣷ๴ ‫ڟ‬ሹᄣ‫ڦ‬ൔ‫ݖ‬Ǜኄᄣ‫ڦ‬ൔ඄ࣷ኱থٝ‫ߌׯ‬කҸጪթթ‫ޅڦ۾‬၃ ईᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀ஘Ǜኄၵ݆ୱ࿚༶ᇑҸጪթ၎࠲஘Ǜ 4 አު༵ࠃ݆ୱᇲዺ஘Ǜአު݆ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓሞ஢ፁҸጪթթ ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫݆ڦ‬ୱႴ൱‫ݛ‬௬‫ీڦ‬૰සࢆǛ 5 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓᆌ‫ړ‬සࢆ஢ፁ‫׭‬ၕ‫ں‬൶փཞ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ǜ 6 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓᆌ‫ړ‬සࢆ஢ፁߛHIVୁႜ୲‫ں‬൶ࢅ‫گ‬HIVୁႜ୲‫ں‬൶ փཞ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ǜ 7 ሞྺ༬ۨටඖยऺ‫ޜ‬ခ้Ljᆶுᆶ๊஺इ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ںڦ‬ ૙ቱҹईഄ໱ቱҹႴᄲᇎᅜ੊୯Ǜ 8 ᆶுᆶഄ໱༺‫پ‬Ⴀ‫ڦ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ײ‬ႾDŽԈઔ‫د‬ཥĂጸঞई‫ݥ‬ኟ๕ ‫ڦ‬ၕ٩዆‫܈‬DžǛኄၵ‫ײ‬Ⴞ๟‫ీޏ‬஢ፁҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖ‫݆ڦ‬ୱႴ൱Ǜ 9 ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬യሞࢇፕअӵࢅገ঻‫ۅ‬๟ຣǛ 10 ᆶనၵ֎ခጨᇸĂरຍጨᇸࢅට૰ጨᇸ੗ᆩᇀҸጪթ၎࠲݆ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခǛ 11 ၄ᆶ‫ॺెࢅڦ‬૬‫ڦ‬ፇኯሞဌభঢ়‫ࢅݯ‬ᆶၳ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬ਏԢ ሹᄣ ‫ీڦ‬૰Ǜ ยऺࡗ‫ײ‬ᆶዺᇀඓۨҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ణՔĂ঳ࡕࢅׂ‫؜‬ DŽ֖९޹୤4ዐ‫ڦ‬ยऺ઀ॐ๖૩Džă؊‫ڦݴ‬Ⴔ൱ೠࠚᆶዺᇀඓԍ ఫၵፌႴᄲ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ටࢅ‫ࠕీݛں‬इ‫ޜڥ‬ခLj࣏੗ᅜ༵ࠃए၍Ⴔ൱ ຕ਍Ljᅜࢫ੗ᅜ૧ᆩኄၵຕ਍ઠೠࠚҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ਸቛႴ൱ೠࠚ้੗ཚࡗม൶ֱۙ๭ण႑တăཚࡗ௬‫ܔ‬௬‫ڦ‬༪ஃ੗ ᅜ߸ྺศ෇‫ں‬๭ण႑တLjᅜՍց؊ม൶ֱۙ໯๭ण‫ڦ‬႑တă௬

26

ยऺ๢ࢇ‫ޜڦںړ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

‫ܔ‬௬‫ڦ‬٬ฆ੗ᅜ๟ӷ‫ײ‬๕ࣅ‫ݡڦ‬༌Ljሞ‫ݡ‬༌ࡗ‫ײ‬ዐ๚ံඓۨब߲࿚ ༶LjᅜՍᆅ‫ݡڞ‬༌‫ڦ‬৊ႜLjփࡗᄺ੗ᅜ༵‫؜‬ഄ໱࿚༶৊ႜ༪ஃăႴ ൱ೠࠚ้ᄺ੗֑ᆩጆ༶ၭፇኄᅃ֖ᇑ๕‫݆ݛڦ‬ă ခՂᄲඓۨҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခኍ‫ڦܔ‬๟నၵዘ‫ۅ‬ణՔටඖă๴ᅮ ටඖॽࣷᆖၚ‫ޜ‬ခᆌ‫݆ڦ߃ࡥړ‬ୱ‫ڦ‬ૌ႙Ă‫ޜ‬ခ‫ۅںڦ‬Ăइ‫ޜڥ‬ခ ‫ݛڦ‬๕Ăྔቛ‫ۅں‬Ă߾ፕටᇵ໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬रీࢅঢ়ᄓĂገ঻ටᅜत࿐ิ ࢅິ݆ևோ‫ࢇڦ‬ፕअӵፇኯă

ሞ൧઄‫ݴ‬ဆࢅႴ൱ೠࠚዐ๑ᆩ၄ᆶຕ਍

5

૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ‫ྪڦ‬በฉᆶࡔॆԒߢǖhttp://www. unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/CountryProgressǗ ࡔाҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခፇኯ૙๚ࣷ‫ྪڦ‬በฉᆶࠅ௷มࣷፇኯ዆ۨ ‫ڦ‬ᆖጱԒߢǖhttp://www.icaso.org/shadow_reports.htmlă

ሞਸቛ൧઄‫ݴ‬ဆ้੗ᅜ૧ᆩ၄ᆶჺ৯ă૩සҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခፇኯ੗ీᅙ ঢ়ਸቛକ݆ୱ๚ᅓ‫ڦ‬ჺ৯LjᅜՍྺ‫߾ڞב‬ፕ༵ࠃᅈ਍ă ٗ2003౎ਸ๔Lj߳ࡔ௅ଇ౎‫ۼ‬ᄲၠ૴‫ٷ‬Ԓߢᅃْํ၄Ė࠲ᇀҸጪթ թ‫۾‬/Ҹጪթ࿚༶‫׶ڦ‬౷Ⴧჾėዐ‫׶ڦ‬౷DŽ૴ࢇࡔ‫ׯ‬ᇵࡔᇀ2001౎ཚ ࡗDž‫ڦ‬৊ቛ൧઄ăፕྺԒߢ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ాݴ‬ඹLj߳ࡔᅙঢ়༵঍କĐࡔॆ ጹࢇአ֧ኸຕđLj޿ኸຕኼሞೠࠚ዆ۨࢅํแҸጪթ၎࠲አ֧ࢅ֧ ୼‫ڦ‬৊ቛ൧઄ăࡔॆጹࢇአ֧ኸຕ੗ᅜ༵ࠃᆶ࠲߳ࡔ၄ᆶҸጪթ၎ ࠲݆ୱत݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬႑တă ሞ‫ܠٷ‬ຕࡔॆ૛Ljࠅ௷มࣷፇኯᅙঢ়֖ᇑ‫ڟ‬କࡔॆԒߢࡗ‫ࢅײ‬አު ऐࠓ‫߾ڦ‬ፕዐăሞగၵࡔॆLjࠅ௷มࣷፇኯሞ૴ࢇࡔ‫ࣷٷ‬༬՚ࣷᅱ

ࠥ࿚྿ᇵࣷ ሁళᅙঢ়ॺ૬କࠥ࿚྿ᇵࣷLj໲்ၠĐࠅࠌ࿐ิአ֧ऺࣄđ DŽHPIDžሏፕ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ༵ࠃኧ‫׼‬ăࠥ࿚྿ᇵࣷ ‫ׯڦ‬ᇵઠጲǖҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏǗ࿐ิᇑҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱࢅ አ֧࿚༶ጧკዐ႐Ǘሁళୱ฾ၹࣷǗูपҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷ‫پڦ‬ ՗ǗูपአުऐࠓLjԲසહ߾Ă֘दටࢅมࣷ๚ခևǗᅜत࿐ิ አ֧ऺࣄăॽኄၵऐࠓཷ༹ቻण‫ڟ‬ᅃഐᆶዺᇀٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කኁᇑአު৽߾ፕ‫ׇ‬໯Ăბၯࢅ࿐ิԍॳဣཥ‫ݛ‬௬‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ቛ ਸ‫ࣆܔ‬ă ֖९ǖሁళĐࠅࠌ࿐ิአ֧ႜ‫ࣄऺۯ‬đDŽ2009౎DžăMaking policies work ă൩‫ݡ‬࿚http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/index. cfm?id=news&year=2009ă

॔‫ײࡗ۽‬ዐ‫ڦ‬አުԒߢዐे෇କĐᆖ ጱԒߢđăኄၵԒߢᆶ้੗ᅜ‫ݒ‬ᆙ‫؜‬ ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬ᅪ९Ljዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ੗ీ࢔వ ᆶऐ֖ࣷᇑ߸ྺኟ๕‫ڦ‬Ԓߢࡗ‫ײ‬ă5

ࠥ࿚ፇ ሞ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ้੗ీࣷ ภत௺ߌ‫ڦ‬አዎࢅมࣷ࿚༶ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခऐࠓ੗ᅜॺ૬ᅃ߲߾ፕፇLj૩සᅃ ߲ᆯઠጲม൶ࢅഄ໱၎࠲ևோ‫ڦ‬ᄲට ፇ‫ࠥڦׯ‬࿚ၭፇăภतॺ૬‫܀‬૬ፇኯ ‫ڦ‬ఇ๕੗੊୯ᆯፇኯ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ऐࠓઠႜ ๑޿ኰీăࠥ࿚ፇ੗৽࠲॰‫୼֧ڦ‬࿚ ༶ၠၜణํแऐࠓ༵ࠃॺᅱă໲࣏੗ ᅜߴၜణ༵ࠃᆶᆖၚ૰‫ڦ‬ኧ‫׼‬૰ଉLj ૩සሞฤ൩ঢ়‫้ݯ‬੗ᅜლ൱ኧ‫׼‬ኁ‫ڦ‬ ӻዺă

27

ยऺ๢ࢇ‫ޜڦںړ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

‫د‬ཥ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ༹ဣ ሞยऺ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ้LjခՂᄲೠࠚ๟‫ޏ‬ᆶม൶ྺए‫ڦإ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ײ‬ႾLj Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ੗ᅜཚࡗৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ײ‬ႾՆ௨݆བྷ‫ײ‬Ⴞă ૩සሞᆇ‫܈‬Ljᅜമ೵ཚ࿚༶‫ۼ‬๟ᆯ‫׊‬Ԝઠۨ‫ܡ‬Lj၄ሞĐlok adalatđ DŽට௷݆ᇾDž૧ᆩঢ়ࡗಢჟ‫ۙڦ‬঴ටઠ঴ਦኄၵ࿚༶ăሞ௕ेઙ ࡔLjॆབྷ࿚༶ࢅཱི‫ں‬඄૧‫ڪ‬ৰ‫ۼݵ‬๟ཚࡗĐshalishđઠ঴ਦ‫ڦ‬Lj shalishԈઔ٩૛‫ڦ‬ఴႠଶ‫ڞ‬ă໚඗ᆯshalishۙ঴ৰ‫ݵ‬੗ీࣷ‫޺ܔ‬౰փ ૧Lj‫ܔڍ‬Ⴙ‫ܠ‬ටઠຫLjኄ๟ྸᅃ੗ᅜ঴ਦৰ‫ݛڦݵ‬๕ăMaduripur݆ ୱᇲዺၹࣷDŽ௕ेઙࡔ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲‫ݥ‬አުፇኯDžཚࡗঞᇣत჋ᆩ౰Ⴀۙ ঴ට‫ݛڦ‬๕३ณକ‫ܔ‬ᇀ޺౰‫ڦ‬ೋ९ă

߲ӄჺ৯ǖᆇ‫܈‬ୱ฾ୱ฾૴ࢇ༹Ҹጪթևđ Đୱ฾૴ࢇ༹Ҹጪթևđ๟ᆇ‫ࠃ༵܈‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ଶ‫ڞ‬ኁă Ⴀ߾ፕኁ‫ڦ‬඄૧ ߵ਍ᅃሶႎ࿕Ԓ‫ڢ‬Lj௕ச‫ڦ‬෥൧ᄽዐᆶ࿄‫ڦ౎ׯ‬౰࡚Lj݆ᇾሴ‫ׯ‬য়‫ݛ‬ቴ‫ڟ‬໳்ժᇎᅜ਀ାă݆ᇾᄲ൱໯ᆶ‫ڦ‬౰ ࡚‫ۼ‬ᄲথ๴Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪Ljփ࠶໳்ཞᅪփཞᅪăႹ‫޺ܠ‬౰ࢅ౰࡚ᅺُܸሦ‫਀ڟ‬ାLjԥሡ้Ҿዃሞዝ૬ԍࢺ ऐࠓ૛ăႹ‫ܠ‬ԥ਀ା‫ۼڦ‬փ๟࿄‫౎ׯ‬ටăୱ฾૴ࢇ༹‫؜‬௬৊ႜକ߅ภLjժኛൽ‫ڟ‬କ݆ᇾኸସLjᄲ൱ߴᇎ޺౰ࢅ ౰࡚๢‫ڦړ‬ዎଐLjܸ൐փ‫ڥ‬ሞ࿄ঢ়ሎႹ‫ڦ‬൧઄ူ৊ႜҸጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪ăୱ฾૴ࢇ༹࣏༵൩݆ᇾᄲ൱๥‫౎ݣ‬஢18 ዜ໠‫ڦ‬Ⴀ߾ፕኁLj‫݆ڍ‬ᇾ࿄֑భُၜ༵ᅱă ৽ᄽഇ๫ MX๟ᅃఁଣ้߾ăࠅິ‫ڦ‬ᆩ߾አ֧ᄲ൱ଣ้߾‫ऻک‬Lj඗ࢫ‫ິࠅځڪ‬ಋऄܹăว༹ॳ੃‫ڦ‬ፌࢫ੗ᅜገኟă1993 ౎LjMXথ๴କᅃْ༹ॠLjഄዐԈઔҸጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪ăMX‫ڦ‬ॠ֪঳ࡕྺHIVᄞႠLjഄ໱‫ݛ‬௬਩ኟ‫׉‬ăኟ๟ᅺྺ ኄْ༹ॠLjࠅິॽMX‫ڦ‬ఁጴٗଣ้߾‫ऻک‬ֆዐ‫أ‬ඁକă ፕྺMX‫پڦ‬૙Ljୱ฾૴ࢇ༹݀၄ࠅິ݀քࡗҸጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪‫ڦ‬ກ௬ཚߢăཚߢዐኸ‫ິࠅ؜‬փࣷ೘ᆩHIVᄞႠ‫ڦ‬ ටᇵLjժ൐၄ᆶ‫ڦ‬HIVᄞႠᇵ߾ᄺࣷᇎᅜ঴ኰăୱ฾૴ࢇ༹৽ُ༵‫؜‬କ݆ୱ໕໅ă݆ᇾණྺMX‫ڦ‬඄૧๴‫ڟ‬କൔ ‫ݖ‬Ljᆌ޿ሞ‫ऻک‬ֆዐॽഄ࣬ްă݆ᇾంସ޿ࠅິሞඓණMX‫׬‬ኰࢫॽ໱থభྺኟ๕߾Ljժኧ޲ഄ໦฿‫ڦ‬๭෇ă ݆ᇾᄲ൱փ‫ࠅڥ‬ਸMX‫ߌڦ‬කጒ઄LjᅜՍԍࢺഄփሦ๴࿫ఁࢅഇ๫ă ጨଙઠᇸǖ Aggleton Pet. al. (2005). HIV-related stigma, discrimination and human rights violations: case studies of successful programmes. Geneva, UNAIDS. Available at http://data.unaids.org/publications/irc-pub06/JC999-HumRightsViol_en.pdf.

UNAIDS & Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2006). Courting rights: case studies in litigating the human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS. Geneva, UNAIDS. http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/jc1189-courtingrights_en.pdf.

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ยऺ๢ࢇ‫ޜڦںړ‬ခఇ๕

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ଷᅃ߲૩ጱ๟੝౅ჱĐҸጪթ୿૙ᇑ݆ୱ๚ᅓྪஏđDŽKELINDžLj ޿ፇኯᇑ‫د‬ཥևோऐࠓࢇፕLj࣬ްକߌකҸጪթթ‫ࢅ۾‬๴Ҹጪթᆖ ၚ‫ڦ޺ࠫڦ‬ी‫׶‬඄ă ᆯୱ฾ዺ૙༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခᅜत֑ᆩ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕ई‫د‬ཥ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ༹ဣDŽ૩සၕ٩ ݆བྷDžᆶ้੗ᅜᆶၳ‫ں‬ԍࢺ၎࠲ටඖ‫ڦ‬඄૧Lj༬՚๟݆ᇾ࿮݆ޮ߃ ‫ڦڟ‬౫٩ม൶ăُྔLjኟࡀ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ీ໏‫܈‬໿஥Ăࡗᇀࠅਸ ࣅĂࡗᇀްሗĂ‫ׯ‬ԨࡗߛLjժ൐ภतฆᄽ૧ᅮăగၵৰ‫ۙڦݵ‬঴ࢅ ዙ֋੗ీཚࡗ‫د‬ཥऐ዆DŽ૩ස‫઻׊‬ᇾDžઠ঴ਦ߸ࢇ๢ၵă ᅜม൶ྺए‫ڦإ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ༺‫ݛپ‬ӄ੗ᅜ࣬ްมࣷౡ਋૰Lj३ณ‫ܔ‬ᇀ য়ִࢅ਀ା໯Ă॔ᇢኴ݆߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ᅈડăሞ‫ࢇޙ‬ට඄Քጚ‫ڦ‬മ༵ူLj ᆌ‫ړ‬ኧ‫݆׼‬ᇾ໕໅ᅜྔ‫ݛپ༺ڦ‬ӄă සࡕ‫د‬ཥ዆‫܈‬໯ኴႜ‫ڦ‬သ࠹݆‫ܔ‬ᇀ޺౰ᆶഇ๫‫ࣆڦ‬DŽ૩සሞ঴ਦॆ བྷ࠲ဣࢅी‫׶‬඄ৰ‫ڪݵ‬࿚༶้DžLjఫ஺໲੗ీ๟փ๢‫ڦړ‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခऐࠓခՂᄲᇑ‫׊‬ኁ༑༪Ҹጪթ၎࠲඄૧‫ڪ‬๚ᅓLjᅜՍӻዺ໱்କ ঴ᅜ඄૧ྺए‫ݞڦإ‬ዎႜ‫ۯ‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ᇑ‫׊‬ኁࢇፕLj߀৊‫د‬ ཥ዆‫܈‬Lj๑ഄ߸े‫ࢇޙ‬ට඄ࡀ‫ݔ‬ăኄᄣ੗ᅜ‫ॺظ‬ᅃዖ݆ୱጧკࢅኧ ‫׊ڦ׼‬ၳऐ዆Ljٝ‫ׯ‬ม൶Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎႜ‫ڦۯ‬ኧ‫׼‬૰ଉă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P. Virot

29

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

6. ݆ୱ߾ፕኁ ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย

Ⴙ‫ܠ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ۼ‬ภतీ૰ॺยऄ‫ۯ‬Lj૩සኍ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ߾ፕ ኁ‫ڦ‬ಢჟᅜत዆ፕᆶ࠲Ҹጪթࢅ݆ୱ‫ڦ‬ጨଙLj݆ୱ߾ፕኁԈઔ݆ ࠳Ăୱ฾Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ăኾᇼኁࢅ݆ୱဣბิă ᅜူටᇵႴᄲҸጪթࢅ݆ୱ‫ݛ‬௬‫ీڦ‬૰ॺยǖ 1 Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓᄲࠧᆩ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ईୱ฾ዺ૙Ljईኾᇼୱ฾ ईୱ฾ዺ૙ă 2 ୱ฾Ă݆࠳Ăয়ִĂॠִ࠳ࢅഄ໱݆ୱဣཥ߾ፕටᇵLj໱்Ⴔᄲ ཚࡗీ૰ॺย߀৊ߴҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖ༵ࠃ ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬຤ೝă ᅜူටᇵ੗ీᄺႴᄲҸጪթࢅ݆ୱ‫ݛ‬௬‫ీڦ‬૰ॺยǖ

݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย!lj! ୱ฾૴ࢇ༹ҸጪթևDŽᆇ‫܈‬Dž

1 ሞഄ໱ևோ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ටᇵLj૩ස࿐ิԍॳ߾ፕኁĂࠧ ዷĂ߾ࣷࢅ௃༹߾ፕኁLjీ૰ॺยᆶዺᇀ໱்Ն௨ ൔ‫݆ۨݖ‬඄૧Ljᅜतॽ௬ଣҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ࿚༶‫ڦ‬

ୱ฾૴ࢇ༹Ҹጪթև‫؜‬Ӳժၠୱ฾Ă݆࠳ࢅ݆ბᇾ ‫݀ݴ‬କᅃ‫ݻ‬ሗኾLjഄዐጺ঳ࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆକҸጪթ၎࠲݆ ୱ‫݀ڦ‬ቛ൧઄ăሞྪฉ੗ᅜֱੂኄ‫ݻ‬ሗኾLjྪበฉ ࣏ᆶഄ໱݆ୱ֌ଙă2003౎޿ፇኯ‫؜‬ӲକᅃԨఁྺ ĖLegislating an epidemicėDŽĖྺᅃዖदթ૬݆ ėDž ‫ڦ‬ກLjժॽഄ‫े֖ߴ݀ݴ‬ಢჟ‫ࢅ࠳݆ڦ‬ୱ฾ăణമ ኄԨກ݀ႜକ2000‫ܠ‬Ԩă௅౎޿ፇኯ‫݆ྺࣷۼ‬ୱဣ ‫ڦ‬ბิ༵ࠃํသऐࣷăᅃၵํသิԹᄽࢫे෇କ޿ ፇኯă

ਜ਼ࢽገ঻‫݆ڟ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓă 2 Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖLj ీ૰ॺย੗ᅜӻዺ໱்କ঴ጲम‫ڦ‬඄૧ժइ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခă Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩࠲ጀ‫ڦ‬๟݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺยႴ൱LjԈ ઔୱ฾Ă݆࠳Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ăኾᇼኁࢅ݆ୱဣბิă

ᆶၳ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย֧୼ࢅ‫݆ݛ‬ ీ૰ॺย߾ፕ‫֨ڦ‬ዘ‫ࣷۅ‬ᅺగၵᅺ໎‫ڦ‬Վࣅܸᆶ໯փ

Ҹጪթ݆ୱၜణDŽళ‫ݥ‬Džࢅेధ‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթ݆ୱྪஏ

ཞLjኄၵᅺ໎Ԉઔਜ਼ࢽ‫ׯࠓڦ‬Ă‫ںړ‬ኟࡀࢅ‫د‬ཥ݆ୱ ዆‫ڦ܈‬ႠዊĂ‫ںړ‬Ҹጪթᅧ൧‫ڦ‬Ⴀዊࢅ‫ڦںړ‬มࣷ൧

ళ‫ݥ‬ĐҸጪթ݆ୱၜణđࢅेధ‫ٷ‬ĐҸጪթ݆ୱྪ ஏđᇀ1999౎ധ۩କኟ๕‫ࢇڦ‬ፕၹᅱă ኄ๑‫ڥ‬ଇ߲ፇኯ‫ڥ‬ᅜਸቛࢇፕLjᅃഐሺഽ‫ܔ‬ᇀҸጪ թ‫݆ڦ‬ୱĂ୿૙ࢅට඄ᆖၚ‫ڦ‬ණ๎ࢅକ঴Ljٝ৊ፇ ኯ࠶૙֫ࢅᄽခ֫௬‫ۨڦ‬೺঍ୁLjࠌཞਸቛჺ৯ࢅ ‫؜‬Ӳऄ‫ۯ‬Ljॺ૬ժኧ‫׼‬ጆᄽྪஏࢅ‫ྪڞב‬ஏĂࣷᅱ ࢅঞᇣऄ‫ۯ‬ă ኄᅃࢇፕअӵ࠲ဣࠞ૤ມ‫߾ڦݛ‬ፕටᇵ৊ႜথ‫ة‬Lj Ԉઔሞࡔाऄ‫ۯ‬ዐࣷ࿾ăኄዖࢇፕᆶዺᇀມ‫߾ݛ‬ፕ ටᇵ‫ڦ‬ኰᄽ݀ቛă

30

઄Ljኄၵᅺ໎ࣷ๑ਜ਼ࢽׂิփཞ‫݆ڦ‬ୱጧკत‫پ‬૙‫ޜ‬ ခႴ൱ă ‫ڦ܀ڇ‬ᅃْಢჟ‫ܔ‬ᇀेഽ݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰࢔੗ీփ ׂࣷิ‫ڦٷܠ‬ၳࡕă߸ਏ‫׊‬ၳႠ‫݆ݛڦ‬๟ඓԍୱ฾ࢅ ୱ฾ዺ૙ጺ๟ᆶऐ༵ࣷߛ໱்ሞҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ݛ‬௬ ‫ڦ‬रీࢅኪ๎຤ೝă ‫أ‬କಢჟӬᅜྔLj࣏ᆶႹ‫ܠ‬ഄ໱‫݆ݛڦ‬੗ᅜᆩઠਸ݀ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခටᇵ‫ీڦ‬૰ăԈઔኟ๕ࢅ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕‫ڦ‬ጆᄽྪ

݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ஏĂ‫ڞޤ‬ईጆᄽኸ‫ڞ‬Ă०ԒĂ‫ۉ‬ጱ༪ஃӱĂ೺਽ஃ࿔ࢅഄ໱ኍ‫݆ܔ‬ ୱဣბิĂୱ฾Ăॠִ࠳ई݆࠳‫ڦ‬ঞᇣ֌ଙă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓक़‫ࢇڦ‬ ፕअӵ࠲ဣᆶ૧ᇀටᇵ঍ୁĂ‫ࢅڞޤ‬ഄ໱ኰᄽ݀ቛăᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ၎ ࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࣷॆࡔڦ‬ᅱत൶ᇘࣷᅱ੗ᅜॽ૧࡞࠲ဣට਋ण‫ڟ‬ᅃഐLj ᅜՍेഽጆᄽྪஏLjժ‫ݴ‬ၛᆶၳ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ঢ়ᄓă ీ૰ॺยྪஏ‫ܔ‬ᇀ‫ݴ‬ၛኪ๎๟࢔ዘᄲ‫ڦ‬Lj૩ස࠲॰‫ڦ‬ಒ܏૰Ăీ૰ ॺยरേᅜत݆ୱঞᇣࢅಢჟጨᇸă ྺၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ༵ࠃᆶၳ‫ޜڦ‬ခLjୱ฾ᆌ‫ںࡻ࢔ړ‬କ঴Ҹጪ թ‫ڦ‬Ⴀዊतഄ႐૙Ăมࣷࢅ݆ୱᆖၚăሞਸቛඪࢆಢჟၜణ้Lj‫ۼ‬ ᆶՂᄲ༑৯มࣷༀ‫܈‬DŽԈઔୱ฾‫ڦ‬ༀ‫܈‬Džăሞಢჟࡗ‫ײ‬ዐ੗ᅜ༪ஃ ‫ڦ‬ༀ‫܈‬Ԉઔ‫ܔ‬ᇀҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂဌ‫۾‬ኁĂ޺౰ԓ૰ĂႠ߾ፕ ኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂՎႠኁࢅሞფටᇵ‫ڦ‬ༀ‫܈‬ăሞඓԍҸጪթթ‫۾‬ ߌකኁइ‫ڥ‬ᆫዊ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬Lj঴ਦༀ‫܈‬࿚༶DŽԈઔ঴ਦೋ९ࢅ‫ٱ‬ ဃ‫्ۨڦ‬Ljᅜत‫ܔ‬ᆶ࠲ႠൽၠࢅႠ՚ණཞ‫ڦ‬ဃ঴Džྫ​ྫԲ঴๥݆ୱ ߸ྺዘᄲă ሞಢჟዐ੗ᅜᆅ෇ᅜူᄲ໎ǖ 1 ᆯ‫ںړ‬ม൶‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ঻ถ໱்‫ڦ‬ঢ়૦ᅜतන‫ิ׉‬ऄዐ ᇜ‫ڦڟ‬ට඄࿚༶ăҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ጲຎྫ​ྫ੗ᅜᆶ૰‫ں‬཈቟ ට்‫ٱڦ‬ဃༀ‫܈‬Lj๑ට்କ঴໱்‫ڦ‬ኈํิऄăኄ߲և‫ాڦݴ‬ඹ ᆌ‫ړ‬Ҿಇሞഄ໱և‫ݴ‬ኮമ ĊĊ փᆌ‫ړ‬ሞ৊ႜᆶ࠲ༀ‫ࢅ܈‬ᅧ൧Ⴀዊ ‫؛ڦ‬օಢჟኮമ৽ภतํዊႠ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࿚༶ă 2 ‫׃‬๥Ҹጪթ၎࠲ኪ๎LjԈઔ‫د‬խ཰০ࢅᇨ‫ݞ‬๮܎Ă‫ںړ‬၄ᆶ‫ڦ‬ዎ ଐ๮܎Ăዎଐ‫ޭڦ‬ፕᆩᅜतदթ‫ڦ‬৊ቛă 3 ௮ຎมࣷ‫ৣ࣍ٷ‬LjԈઔ‫ୁڦںړ‬ႜթბ൧઄Ăᅧ൧‫ڦ‬มࣷൻ‫ۯ‬ᅺ ໎Ăዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖࢅႠ՚ᅺ໎ă 4 ঻ถҸጪթ၎࠲‫ڦ‬ට඄֧୼Ljᅜतට඄ԍࢺ๟සࢆ‫ྺׯ‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬Ă࠲ ࣉĂኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ዎଐ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ए‫ڦإ‬LjԈઔአުሞ૴ࢇࡔĖ࠲ᇀҸጪթ թ‫۾‬/Ҹጪթ࿚༶‫׶ڦ‬౷ჇჾėDŽ2001౎DžࢅĖҸጪթ࿚༶አዎჇ ჾėDŽ2006౎Džዐ໯ፔ‫ڦ؜‬ᆶ࠲ට඄ࢅ݆ୱ‫׶ڦ‬౷ă ֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬ბသ‫༹ࢅ݆ݛ‬ᄓ๕‫ڦ‬ბသरേԲགღ๕‫ڦ‬ੜ༗ঞბ߸ྺ ᆶၳă

31

݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ሞඟҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ֖ᇑಢჟ้LjခՂᄲඟ໱்ሞ༪ ஃ߲ට࿚༶้ߌਥҾඇLj༬՚๟‫ړ‬໱்‫څ‬႐ࠅਸॳ੃ጒ઄तࡗඁई ၄ሞ‫ޅڦ‬၃ႜྺ໯‫ڞ‬ዂ‫݆ڦ‬ୱᆖၚ้ă૩ස੗ᅜ༵മᅃཀᄥ൩‫ںړ‬ Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫پ‬՗ઠ‫ڟ‬ಢჟ၄‫ׇ‬LjᅜՍඟ໱்ፔࡻ݀ჾ‫ڦ‬ጚ Ԣăኄ้੗ߵ਍໱்‫ڦ‬ᅪ९‫ܔ‬න‫ײ‬৊ႜۙኝă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P.Virot

ీ૰ॺย࣏੗ጣᄅᇀҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬༬๺Ⴔ൱Lj૩සǖ 1 ᆶ‫ڦ‬ਜ਼ࢽထྭጲम‫ऻڦ‬୤‫ڟڥ‬ჹ߭ԍ௢LjՆ௨ࠅਸLjԈઔሞ݆བྷ อ૙ࡗ‫ײ‬ዐԍࢺᆆຳă 2 փ‫߲ࣅؙ‬ටႜྺLjᅜतሞᇑਜ਼ࢽतഄॆටথ‫้ة‬փ๑ᆩೠಒႠ‫ڦ‬ ᇕჾă 3 ༺‫پ‬Ⴀৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ײ‬Ⴞ‫ܔ‬ᇀҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫تࡻڦ‬DŽ૩ස঴ਦ࿚ ༶‫ڦ‬໏‫܈‬Ă‫ׯ‬ԨĂՆ௨უ૰Džă 4 କ঴‫ںړ‬Ҹጪթ࠲ࣉĂዎଐࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ‫ڦ‬ገ঻ටतҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කኁፇኯă ీ૰ॺย࣏੗஢ፁ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱DŽ֖९‫ڼ‬ 7বDžăሞీ૰ॺยዐᆌ‫ړ‬ඟҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ֖ᇑೠ ࠚࡗ‫ײ‬LjᅜՍٗ‫ޜ‬ခਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ঙ‫܈‬ඓۨ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉࢅᆖၚăሞႹ‫ݛܠ‬ ௬LjҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ۼ‬๟ጆॆă໱்‫߲ڦ‬ටঢ়ᄓኵ‫ڥ‬ ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁბသ঺६ăႹ‫ܠ‬ਜ਼ࢽ‫څ‬႐݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁ‫ܔ‬໱்ኸኸ‫ۅ‬ ‫ۅ‬ă‫׼‬ᆶೠಒༀ‫ޜڦ܈‬ခ༵ࠃኁ࿮݆༵ࠃኈኟ๢ᅓ‫ޜڦ‬ခă ీ૰ॺย‫݆ݛ‬੗ᅜԈઔǖ 1 Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ঄ຎժ༑༪໱்ᆶ࠲ൔ඄ࢅ݆ୱ༹ဣ‫ڦ‬ঢ়૦Lj ঴๥ᅃူĐٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ߸‫֖ڦ܈ײٷ‬ᇑđᇱሶLjᅜत ሹᄣ֍੗ᅜኈኟፔ‫ڟ‬Đٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ߸‫֖ڦ܈ײٷ‬ᇑđă 2 ํ‫ִ੊ں‬ഄ໱Ҹጪթ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓLjӻዺბᇵକ঴ഄ໱‫݆ݥڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ईኁ੗ᅜ൩‫ݛں‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ‫پڦ‬՗֖ᇑ৊ઠLj঻ถม ൶૛‫ڦ‬ഄ໱‫ޜ‬ခă 3 ༪ஃժዊᅑට்‫ܔ‬ᇀႠĂႠ߾ፕĂႠൽၠࢅႠ՚ණཞ‫ڦ‬ༀ‫܈‬ă 4 ሞ঄঴ई༪ஃࡗ‫ײ‬ዐ൩ጆॆ֖ᇑLj૩සୁႜթბॆईҸጪթዎଐ ᅅิăጆॆ੗ᅜ৽Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬Ⴀዊत‫د‬խ‫ݛ‬๕ߴ‫؜‬඄ྰ‫ٴ࣮ڦ‬ă 5 ֑ᆩ֖ᇑ๕‫ڦ‬ბသ‫݆ݛ‬Lj૩ස߾ፕፇࢅၭፇଁသLjኄᄣ੗ᅜ߸ࡻ ‫ں‬༪ஃ၎࠲࿚༶ժ၎ࢻბသă

32

݆ୱ߾ፕኁ‫ీڦ‬૰ॺย

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ሞยऺಢჟၜణ้Ljᆌጀᅪᅜူᄲ‫ۅ‬ǖ 1 සࢆॽಢჟබ෇‫ڟ‬ጆᄽ݀ቛࢅీ૰ॺย‫ڦ‬ኝ༹ࡗ‫ײ‬ዐă 2 සࢆඓۨბᇵ‫ڦ‬၄ᆶీ૰ࢅ႑တႴ൱ă 3 ಢჟᆌ‫׼ړ‬Ⴤ‫ܠ‬ณ߲ၭ้ई‫ܠ‬ณཀă 4 ড‫׊‬ईড‫ڦ܌‬ಢჟੜ‫تࡻڦײ‬ă 5 ํ‫ִ੊ں‬ă 6 සࢆඓۨბᇵට჋ă 7 ೠࠚಢჟ‫׊ڦ‬೺ᆖၚࢅ঳ࡕLjԈઔසࢆॽಢჟభ෇‫׼‬Ⴤ‫ڦ‬ბသࢅ ీ૰ॺยࡗ‫ײ‬ኮዐă

ට඄ᇑҸጪթኮक़‫ڦ‬ல‫ܜ‬ ‫ܔ‬ୱ฾்৊ႜҸጪթĂ݆ୱࢅට඄ঞᇣ‫࠲ڦ‬॰‫ڼڦ‬ᅃօ๟ ӻዺ໱்૙঴Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬ல‫ܜ‬ஃ‫ۅ‬ă ኄዖல‫ܜ‬ஃ‫ۅ‬ኸ‫؜‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬Ҹጪթ‫د‬խፌᆶၳ‫ݛڦ‬๕๟ԍࢺ๴ Ҹጪթᆖၚኁ‫ڦ‬ට඄LjԈઔ੗ీᆶྵ݆ႜྺ‫ڦ‬ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖLj ԲසႠ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅဌ‫۾‬ኁă ኮ໯ᅜຫ໲๟ᅃ߲ல‫ܜ‬ஃ‫ۅ‬Lj๟ᅺྺࡗඁට்ණྺᇨ‫ࠅݞ‬ ࠌ࿐ิྰၾႴᄲ၌዆߲ට඄૧Ljܸփ๟ԍࢺ߲ට඄૧ă੦ ዆ᅧ൧ྫ​ྫႴᄲॠᅧĂ߰૗ࢅഄ໱݆ۨഽ዆‫ٯ‬แăல‫ڦܜ‬ ‫ݛں‬ሞᇀLjሞภतҸጪթ‫ڦ‬࿚༶ฉLjُૌ၌዆඄૧‫ٯڦ‬แ ੗ీࣷे໏ᅧ൧‫ڦ‬ணჽLjܸփ๟‫ݞ‬ኹᅧ൧‫ڦ‬ணჽă ᅃ‫׶ڋ‬ණժ૙঴ኄዖல‫ܜ‬ኮࢫLjՍ੗ᅜ௽ӣԍࢺҸጪթթ ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ඄૧‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ܔ‬ᇀࠅࠌ࿐ิ๚ᄽ๟ ᅃዖኧ‫׼‬Ljܸփ๟ᅃዖԝ૗ă

֖९ǖ Kirby M (1996). Human rights and the HIV paradox. Lancet , 348 (2) : 1217–1218.

࣏ᄲ੊୯๟‫ޏ‬ኻႴᄲߴୱ฾༵ࠃ݆ୱಢჟLjᅞ ईߴୱ฾ࢅม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵDŽ૩සҸጪթଶᇘऄ‫ۯ‬ට ๗Džཞ้༵ࠃಢჟăୱ฾ࢅऄ‫ۯ‬ට๗ᅃഐಢჟ ᆶዺᇀୱ฾କ঴ม൶၄ᆶ‫ڦ‬࿚༶ăඍ‫ۅ‬ሞᇀ‫ܔ‬ ᇀୱ฾ๆ‫ݴ‬ᆶᆩ‫݆ڦ‬ୱጆᄽಢჟాඹ੗ీփࣷ ๑ୱ฾ᅜྔ‫ڦ‬ბᇵׂิ႗඀ă ޹୤1༵ࠃକಢჟၜణ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲๖૩ă޹୤2༵ࠃ କಢჟ‫ڇ‬ᇮዐ੗ᅜԈࡤ‫ڦ‬ዷ༶๖૩ă ߵ਍‫ں‬൶‫ڦ‬փཞLjᆶ࠲ํ༹݆‫ڦ‬ಢჟᄺᆌᆶ໯ փཞă‫ܔ‬ᇀᆶጣ༬՚‫݆ڦ‬ୱႴ൱‫ڦ‬ටඖLj૩ස ဌ‫۾‬ኁĂႠ߾ፕኁĂሞფටᇵĂఴఴႠႜྺኁ ࢅՎႠኁLjᆌ‫ࠃ༵ړ‬ጆோ‫ڦ‬ಢჟăಢჟాඹᆌ ภतํ༹݆Lj࣏ᆌภतኴ݆ୁ‫݆ࢅײ‬བྷอ૙‫ڦ‬ ༺‫ݛپ‬ӄ‫ాڪ‬ඹăᄲߵ਍Ⴔ൱‫ݴ‬ဆ‫ڦ‬঳ࡕਸቛ ಢჟLj‫܀ڇ‬ᅃْಢჟ࿮݆ࡥ߃ኄ஺‫ాڦܠ‬ඹă ᆶၵၜణᅙঢ়ྺୱ฾Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ăऄ‫ۯ‬ට๗ ࢅ࿐ิԍॳ߾ፕኁ዆ۨକᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ ୱ‫ڦ‬ጹࢇঞ֌Lj૩සళ‫ݥ‬ĐҸጪթ݆ୱၜణđ Ս዆ۨକĖHIV/AIDS and the law: a resource manualėDŽҸጪթᇑ݆ୱǖጨᇸ๮֩DžDŽ‫ڼ‬3 ӲLj2003౎DžDŽhttp://www.alp.org.zaDžă ࣏ᆶᅃၵྪฉጨᇸ੗ࠃ֖੊Lj૩සAIDS and Law ExchangeDŽҸጪթᇑ݆ୱ঍ୁLjAIDSLEXDž DŽhttp://www.aidslex.orgDžă

33

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

7. ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲႠ ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚࡗ‫ײ‬੗ᅜ๭णࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆຕ਍LjᅜՍၠአ֧዆ۨኁࢅഄ໱ට ༵ࠃ႑တLjࠃ໱்ሞၜణࡀࣄࢅၜణ࠶૙ዐ๑ᆩă ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခਸቛ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ᇱᅺԈઔǖ 1 ़ٗྫ߾ፕዐधൽঢ়ᄓঞჟLjᅜՍ߀฀‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉࢅޮ߃௬ă 2 ඓԍ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ణՔඖ༹޶ሴă 3 କ঴‫ޜ‬ခ๟‫ޏ‬ኟሞํ၄ኍ‫߲ܔ‬ටࢅม൶‫़ۨڦ‬ణՔࢅᇨ೺ၳࡕă 4 ቛ๖‫ࡕׯ‬Ljྺ৊ᅃօฤ൩ঢ়‫ݯ‬ᅜક‫ޜٷ‬ခޮ߃‫ࠃ༵ྷݔ‬ᅈ਍ă 5 ‫ॆࡔڞ۽‬ሞ೵तҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬৊ቛă 6 ྺჇ‫د‬ऄ‫ۯ‬๭णຕ਍ă 7 ඓԍ‫ܔ‬ጨዺ‫޶ݛ‬ሴă

‫ڞ۽‬ ‫݆ڞ۽‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ํڦ‬แႴᄲ‫׼‬Ⴤ‫ں‬๭णຕ਍LjᅜՍକ঴৊ቛ൧઄ࢅణ Քํ၄൧઄ă‫ڞ۽‬ᄲ൱ۨ೺ጕጷऄ‫ࢅۯ‬঳ࡕă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ኁᆌ ඓԍ֑ᆩဣཥࣅ‫݆ݛ‬ઠ‫ޜڞ۽‬ခ຤ೝĂ‫ޜ‬ခޮ߃௬ࢅ‫ޜ‬ခዊଉă ૩සLj੗ۨ೺ऻ୤ᅜူຕ਍ǖ 1 ‫ڼܔ‬3ব‫׃‬ຎ‫୿ڦ‬૙ࢅᆶၳ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ླྀڪ‬४ᇱሶ‫ڦ‬ᅈٗႠDŽ֖९ူ ࿔ᆶ࠲‫ޜ‬ခዊଉ‫ڦ‬༪ஃDžă 2 ਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ටຕă 3 ݆ୱ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ૌ႙ᅜत‫ت‬૙‫݆ݛ‬DŽԈઔ݆བྷईഄ໱‫ײ‬Ⴞ‫ڦ‬ဦবDžă 4 ‫ت‬૙௅ጸӄॲᅜत঳ӄ໯Ⴔ‫้ڦ‬क़LjԈઔਸབྷཀຕă 5 ਜ਼ࢽ०঻LjԈઔਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬Ⴀ՚Ă౎ମĂ๟‫ޏ‬ຌᇀዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖĂᆰՊᅜत DŽঢ়ࡗཞᅪDžᆶ࠲Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄‫ైڦ‬ఁຕ਍DŽྉ฀٪‫ݣ‬Lj ᇑഄ໱ຕ਍‫ݴ‬ਸDžă

ཨ໕ࢅӄॲ‫ڞ۽ڦ‬ᇑ࿔Ԩऻ୤ ဣཥࣅ‫݆ڞ۽‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ๴૙‫ڦ‬ཨ໕ࢅӄॲ੗ᅜፕྺᅃዖഽ‫ٷ‬ ‫߾ڞבڦ‬ਏă‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ऻ୤ᅃၵ൵๞LjԲසᇑҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කጒ઄ᆶ࠲‫ڦ‬ഇ๫ईԓ૰ӄॲ‫ڦ‬ຕణăऻ୤ཨ໕ईӄॲ้੗ᅜ փཪ୞ਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ว‫ݻ‬ăසࡕਜ਼ࢽཞᅪLj੗֑ᆩᅈྂᇀኈํԝৠ‫ڦ‬ ߲ӄჺ৯ઠਸቛ‫ڞב‬ă߲ӄჺ৯੗ᆶၳ‫৽ں‬ഇ๫Ⴀईփࠅኟ‫ڦ‬ አ֧ࢅํ७༵‫؜‬Վ߫Ⴔ൱Ljई๟༵‫݆؜‬ୱ߀߫Ⴔ൱ă

34

6 ਜ਼ࢽ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬஢ᅪ‫ݒ܈‬ઍă 7 ᆶ࠲‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃ‫ݛ‬๕‫ڦ‬ཨ໕ई՗ᄙ‫ڦ‬ຕ ణࢅႠዊă 8 ᆶ࠲ഄ໱ऄ‫ၘڦۯ‬ဦऻ୤LjԲසਉӸ ‫ڦ‬ಢჟӬĂׂ‫ڦ؜‬ጨᇸᅜतഄ໱ీ૰ ॺยऄ‫ۯ‬ă૩සLjಢჟӬ‫ڞ۽‬੗ᅜऻ ୤֖ेಢჟӬ‫ڦ‬ბᇵ‫ڦ‬ටຕDŽӀႠ՚ ࣄ‫ݴ‬DžLj੗ᅜٗბᇵఫ૛๭णᆶ࠲ঞ

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ბ‫݆ݛ‬ᆶၳႠ‫ݒڦ‬ઍLjඓۨბ‫ڦڟ‬ঢ়ᄓঞჟ๟‫ޏ‬ᆶᆩᅜतසࢆሞ ಢჟࢫॽ໯ბ޲ዮํ७ă ༵ࠃጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓᆌ‫ړ‬ԍାᅃ‫ݻ‬ӄॲऻ୤՗Ljᅜ Սࡀ‫ऻݔ‬୤ࢅࣹՊጨଙă

ೠࠚ ೠࠚ੗ᅜဣཥ‫࢚ں‬ଉ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణᇨ೺঳ࡕ‫ํڦ‬၄൧઄ă ೠࠚཚ‫ิ݀׉‬ሞ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ڦ‬༬ۨ঩܎ई้ࠦۨ‫ۅ‬LjԲස௅ଇ‫ڟ‬ ෙ౎ᅃْăೠࠚ๟‫ܔ‬৊ቛ൧઄৊ႜ‫ִ੊ڦڹן‬Ljጺ঳ၜణํแዐ໯ इ‫ڦڥ‬ዘᄲঢ়ᄓঞჟăೠࠚ঳ࡕ੗ᆩઠඓۨ๟‫ޏ‬Ⴔᄲߵ਍ֶਐĂ൧ ઄‫ڦ‬ՎࣅईႎิႴ൱ઠۙኝၜణణՔă

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚဣཥ ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚဣཥᆌ݆ٗୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణഔ‫৽้ۯ‬஌ํ‫ڟ‬࿋ă‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ ဣཥॽ‫׼‬Ⴤ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑۨ೺ೠࠚ঳ࢇഐઠLjኼሞೠॏǖ 1 ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ᆶၳႠLjन݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခణՔ‫ํڦ‬၄൧઄ă 2 ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ၳ୲Ǘᇑ༺‫ݛپ‬ӄ၎ԲLj‫ړ‬മ‫ޜڦ‬ခ๟‫ీޏ‬ᅜፌณ‫ڦ‬ጨᇸ ํ၄ᇨ೺঳ࡕDŽ૩ස঴ਦഇ๫ཨ໕࿚༶Ăጉႀᅍዶࢅ༵ߛ݆ۨ඄ ૧ᅪ๎‫ڪ‬Džă ਸቛ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ߾ፕ้੗ံඓۨजၳኸՔăजၳኸՔ๟࢚ଉ‫ޜ‬ခణ Քํ၄൧઄‫ڦ‬ՔጚăኸՔ़੗ᅜ๟ۨଉ࢚ଉLjᄺ੗ᅜ๟ۨႠ࠵ִă जၳኸՔࣷඓۨႴᄲ๭ण‫ڦ‬ຕ਍LjᅜՍ࢚ଉ৊ቛ൧઄Ljժॽൽ‫ڦڥ‬ ‫ࡕׯ‬ᇑ़ۨణՔ၎Բডă ޹୤4༵ࠃକᆶ࠲݆ୱጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခĂට඄ঞᇣࢅ‫ڦڞב‬जၳኸՔ ๖૩ăժփᅃۨ‫֑ڥݥ‬ᆩഄዐ໯ᆶ‫ڦ‬ኸՔăሞํाዐLjᆌ޿ߵ਍ਏ ༹‫ޜڦ‬ခਸ݀०‫ڇ‬ᅟ‫܁‬ĂՍᇀํแ‫ڞ۽ڦ‬ᇑೠࠚဣཥă ޹୤4ዐଚ‫ڦ؜‬ኸՔᅜᅃዖĐஇड઀ॐđ‫߭ڦ‬๕‫װ‬၄‫؜‬ઠăᆶၵጨዺ ‫ݛ‬ᄲ൱ሞၜణഔ‫ۯ‬മߵ਍இड઀ॐ௮ຎ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚాඹLjሞၜణํ แࡗ‫ײ‬ዐ੗ߵ਍൧઄Վࣅໜ้ۙኝኄၵాඹăஇड઀ॐ੗ᅜፕྺᆶ ᆩ‫ڦ‬ၜణࡀࣄࢅ࠶૙߾ਏă

35

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

޹୤5༵ࠃକᆶ࠲঳ࡕೠࠚࢅࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ‫ڦ‬႑တă ሞยऺ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚဣཥ้LjခՂᄲ৑ଉ३ൟᅴ‫ް׉‬ሗ‫ڦ‬Ԓߢई‫ܠ‬ዘ Ԓߢ໯‫ټ‬ઠ‫څ޶ڦ‬ăසࡕᄲॽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᇑଷᅃၜ‫ޜ‬ခ৊ ႜኝࢇLjԲස࿐ิ‫ޜ‬ခLjሶ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚాඹᄺᆌ޿ኝࢇă

֖ᇑ๕‫݆ݛ‬

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P. Virot

֖ᇑ๕‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫݆ݛ‬๑݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬໯ᆶ૧࡞࠲ဣට‫ۼ‬ᆶऐ֖ࣷ ᇑ‫ڟ‬ਦ֧ዐઠăม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵ੗ᅜ঺ُሺഽ‫ܔ‬঳ࡕ‫ڦ‬ዷට࿜ᅪ๎Ljժ ኍ‫ܔ‬ೠࠚ༵‫ॺ؜‬ᅱă֖ᇑ๕ࡗ‫ײ‬๑Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ੗ᅜइ‫ڥ‬ኪ ๎ࢅरీLjܸٗ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴀዊࢅዊଉแेᆖၚă֖ᇑ๕‫݆ݛ‬ ኧ‫׼‬ਜ਼ࢽĂ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁࢅೠࠚኁኮक़၎ࢻბသăኄᄣ੗ᅜ๑‫ॆٷ‬ ࢇፕྜ‫݆ׯ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ೠࠚࢅࡀࣄ߾ፕă֖ᇑ๕‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ੗ᅜ๑ փཞ‫ڦ‬ม൶૧࡞࠲ဣට၎ࢻࢇፕLjᅜՍඓۨ࿚༶Ă๭णࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆ႑ တĂइ‫ॺڥ‬ᅱ‫ڪ‬ă ۨ೺ၠਜ਼ࢽࢅม൶๭ण‫ݒ‬ઍᅪ९ᆌ‫ړ‬ፕྺ‫ޜ‬ခยऺ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬Lj ܸ൐‫ݒ‬ઍᅪ९‫ܔ‬ᇀ‫ڦڞ۽‬ዊଉᄺ࢔࠲॰ăྺُ੗൩Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ක ኁᅜतዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫پڦ‬՗‫څ‬ඪአު݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ׯڦ‬ᇵăኄᄣ࣏ᆶዺ ᇀม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵኍ‫ޜܔ‬ခ൧઄༵‫؜‬ᅪ९Lj૩ස௅౎ई௅ӷ౎ቻਸᅃْࠅ ࠌࣷᅱLj൩ม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵࢅ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ࠶྿֖ࣷेă ጆ༶ၭፇ੗ፕྺೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ᅃዖႚ๕Lj໲ᆶዺᇀඓۨ࿚༶໯ሞLj༑໭঴ ਦ࿚༶‫݆ݛڦ‬ăጆ༶ၭፇ‫ׯڦ‬ᇵ੗ᅜԈઔਜ਼ࢽĂ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ፕටᇵ ईഄ໱Ҹጪթ‫ޜ‬ခ‫߾ڦ‬ፕටᇵăጆ༶ၭፇ༪ஃ੗֑ᆩ੨ཀྵࢅ๫ਥर േLjᅜՍփ๎ጴ‫ڦ‬ටᄺీ֖ᇑ৊ઠă

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ዊଉ ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓਸቛ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ้Lj़ᄲ࢚ଉ໯༵ࠃ‫ޜڦ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ຕଉ DŽ૩ස௅ሆথ‫ڦځ‬ਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ටຕDžLjᄺᄲ࢚ଉ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉă ࢚ଉ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉ้Lj੗ᅜߵ਍ᄽᅙ዆ۨ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခՔጚईᇱሶ ઠೠࠚ‫ޜ‬ခă‫ܔ‬ᇀ֑ᆩ‫ڼ‬3ব໯ླྀ४‫߳ڦ‬ၜᇱሶ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓLj੗ ཚࡗკ࿚ᅜူ࿚༶ઠ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚ၎࠲ऐࠓ‫ܔ‬ኄၵᇱሶ‫ڦ‬ᅈٗႠǖ 1 ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓසࢆඓԍഄ‫ޜ‬ခ๟ᅜਜ਼ࢽྺዐ႐Ljժ൐փࣷᅜҸጪ թթ‫ߌ۾‬කጒ઄ĂႠ՚ว‫ݻ‬ĂႠൽၠĂ֘ቱĂටዖई௷ፃ‫ྺڪ‬ᆯ ഇ๫ਜ਼ࢽǛ 36

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

2 Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ/ईዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖසࢆ֖ᇑ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࣄࡀڦ‬Ă࠶૙ तऄ‫ۯ‬DŽփ๟ፕྺਜ਼ࢽDžǛ 3 ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓසࢆඓԍ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃ‫ݛ‬๕‫ܔ‬ᇀ໯ᆶణՔਜ਼ࢽ‫ۼ‬๢‫ړ‬൐ ੗तLjԈઔ஢ፁ౰ႠĂఴႠࢅՎႠኁሞ໯ภ݆ୱ๚ၜĂ߲ටҾඇ Ⴔ൱Ă้၌ࢅ࿿૙DŽ࣍ৣDž੗तႠ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ǜ 4 ֑ൽକనၵ‫ٯ‬แઠඓԍǖ a ਜ਼ࢽᆶ࠲ԍ௢Ⴀࢅᆆຳ‫ڦ‬ᇼྭ‫ڟڥ‬੝ۨĂፎዘࢅԍࢺǛ b ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ዎ૙ཪ௽൐‫ܔ‬ม൶ࢅጨዺ‫޶ݛ‬ሴǛ 5 ๟‫ࠃ༵ޏ‬ईࡀࣄକፁࠕ‫ڦ‬ට૰ࢅ֎૰ጨᇸᅜኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခऐࠓ࿄ઠ‫ڦ‬ ݀ቛǛ ፕྺ‫ڦڞ۽‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬Lj੗ሞۨ೺॔‫۽‬ዐᅜतሞ߾ፕටᇵࣷᅱࢅ࠶૙֫ ࣷᅱฉၠ߾ፕටᇵࢅኾᇼኁ༵‫؜‬ኄၵ࿚༶ăᅨ੗ሞᅃ߲ӄॲ঳ӄᅜ ࢫLjሞ‫ܔ‬ਜ਼ࢽਸቛֱ้༵ۙ‫؜‬ኄၵ࿚༶ă ፕྺೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬Lj੗ၠጆ༶ၭፇDŽᆯਜ਼ࢽĂ߾ፕටᇵࢅኾᇼኁፇ ‫ׯ‬Dž༵‫؜‬ኄၵ࿚༶Ljई๟ሞ‫ܔ‬ਜ਼ࢽࢅ૧࡞࠲ဣටਸቛֱ้༵ۙ‫؜‬ă ᄓኤ‫ޜ‬ခዊଉDŽԈઔ‫ޜܔ‬ခᇱሶ‫ڦ‬ᅈٗႠDž‫݆ݛڦ‬Ԉઔ߲ӄჺ৯Ă ࠲॰ኪ൧ට‫ݡ‬༌ᅜतጆ༶ၭፇ༪ஃă සࡕኍ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခजၳ‫ڦ‬ೠࠚॺ૬ഐዊଉՔጚLjሶࣷᆶዺᇀ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ ೠࠚ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉă዆ۨՔጚ้੗঺६Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩ླྀ४‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခᇱሶLjՔጚ੗ᅜኝࢇ‫ײڟ‬ႾĂኸళĂ‫ݛ‬ӄĂरీ௮ຎࢅ߾ፕඪခ ກዐă భ෇Ⴔᄲ‫ڦڞ۽‬Քጚዐ‫ڦ‬ዊଉ๚ၜ࣏Ԉઔǖ 1 ݆ୱጧკ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬࿿૙࣍ৣฉ‫ڦ‬੗तႠࢅᆐᄽ้क़‫ڦ‬Ս૧Ⴀă 2 ᆶ࠲݆ۨ඄૧‫ڦ‬ঞᇣ֌ଙሞ࿔ࣅฉ๟‫ޏ‬๢ᅓĂ๟‫ޏ‬ᅟ‫ۮ‬Ă๟‫׼ޏ‬ Ⴤ੗ᆩժԥ࠽‫ݘ‬૧ᆩă 3 ‫ޜ‬ခ๟‫ీޏ‬஢ፁਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ă๟‫ీޏ‬ሞࢇ૙‫้ڦ‬क़܎ాᆶၳ‫ں‬঴ ਦ࿚༶Ă๟‫ྺޏ‬ኧ‫׼‬Ⴀࢅ‫ݥ‬ೠಒႠă 4 සࡕਜ਼ࢽ‫ܔ‬ጲमথ๴‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခߌ‫ڟ‬փ஢ᅪLj๟‫ޏ‬ᆶᅃ߲०‫ڇ‬ᅟ ‫ీײୁڦ܁‬ඟਜ਼ࢽ༵‫؜‬ཨ໕ă ‫ڞ۽‬ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉ้ᆌ৉ัLjခՂᄲፎዘਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬૧ᅮLjԈ ઔਜ਼ࢽၙᄲ‫ܔ‬႑တԍ௢‫ڦ‬ᇼྭă‫ݥأ‬इ‫ڥ‬ਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ཞᅪLjईሞೠࠚമ ‫ܔ‬႑တ৊ႜైఁ‫ت‬૙Lj‫ޏ‬ሶփᆌᆯ‫ڼ‬ෙ‫ݛ‬ઠ࠵ִĂ॔‫ࢅ۽‬Ԓߢ݆ୱ ጧკ‫ݛࠃ༵ڦ‬๕ăӄॲ঳ӄࢫ‫ܔ‬ਜ਼ࢽ஢ᅪ‫܈‬ਸቛጲᇼֱۙLjኄ๟‫۽‬ 37

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

ೠࠚፌዘᄲ‫ڦ‬Վࣅ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

‫ڞ‬ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခዊଉ‫ڦ‬ᅃዖ‫ݛ‬๕ăኵ ‫ڥ‬ጀᅪ‫ڦ‬๟Ljᅃۨᄲඓԍሞঢ়ࡗਜ਼ࢽཞ ᅪࢫ֍ీӝ๭ण‫ڦڟ‬႑တၠ໱ටཪ୞Lj ᄲ‫ࢇޙ‬ᅜਜ਼ࢽྺዐ႐‫ڦ‬ᇱሶă

Đፌዘᄲ‫ڦ‬Վࣅđኄᅃ‫݆ݛ‬๟֖ᇑ๕‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲๖૩ă

ᅜට඄ྺए‫ڞ۽ڦإ‬ᇑೠࠚ ޿‫݆ݛ‬࿮Ⴔᅃ༫ࠦۨ‫ڦ‬ኸՔă໲ࠞ૤֖ᇑኁ‫ݴ‬ၛĂ༪ஃժऻ୤ ߳ၜऄ‫ۯ‬DŽԲසၠม൶ᆅ෇݆ୱጧკ‫ޜ‬ခࢅට඄ঞᇣDžٝ‫ڦׯ‬ ዘ‫ٷ‬Վࣅă ޿‫݆ݛ‬ኼሞඓۨ‫ࠕీۼॆٷ‬૙঴‫ڦ‬ՎࣅLjԲසĐට்ิऄ‫ڦ‬Վ ࣅđăኄၵ੗ీຌᇀহۨփ໿௽ඓ‫ݘ࠽ڦ‬ૌ՚LjԲසजၳኸ ՔLjኄᄣፔጲ඗ᆶഄణ‫ڦ‬ăՎࣅࠤ๚๟ٗ኱থ֖ᇑ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ ටዐ๭णܸઠLjԲසҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁăཚࡗ༵‫؜‬०‫ڦڇ‬࿚༶ ઠ๭णࠤ๚LjԲසǖĐሞࡗඁ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲ሆాLj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခٝ‫ׯ‬ට் ิऄ݀ิ‫ڦ‬ፌዘ‫߀ٷ‬Վ๟๊஺Ǜđ࣮‫ٴ‬ኁፌࡻీ঴๥ྺ๊஺గ ၜ߀Վ๟ፌዘᄲ‫ڦ‬Վࣅă ඗ࢫ࿢்ࣷ‫ݴ‬ဆࠤ๚Lj჋‫؜‬ፌዘᄲ‫ڦ‬ᅃၵՎࣅă֖ᇑኁࣷಸ‫ڟ‬ ኄᄣ‫ڦ‬࿚༶ǖĐሞኄ஺‫ܠ‬ᆶ࠲ට்ิऄዘ‫߀ٷ‬Վ‫ࠤڦ‬๚ዐLj౞ ණྺన߲๟ፌዘᄲ‫ڦ‬ՎࣅǛđ௅ْ჋ስࠤ๚‫ࢪ้ڦ‬Ljᄲॽ჋ስ ࠤ๚‫ڦ‬Քጚऻ୤ူઠLjժ‫ݒ‬ઍߴ૧ᅮ၎࠲ኁ૧࡞࠲ဣටăጨዺ ‫ݛ‬੗ᅜ჋ስఫၵీࠕ‫ݒ‬ᆙ໱்ፌၙੂ‫ڦڟ‬ጨዺ঳ࡕ‫ࠤڦ‬๚Ljժ ঴๥ᇱᅺă޿႑တࣷԥ‫ݒ‬ઍߴ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ኁă ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓණྺኄዖೠࠚ‫݆ݛ‬ᆶᆩ‫ڦ‬ᇱᅺԈઔǖ 1 ໲๟ᅃዖ֖ᇑ๕‫݆ݛڦ‬LjփႴᄲጆோ‫ڦ‬रీă໲੗ሞփཞ ࿔ࣅक़ൟ຿঍ୁă࿮Ⴔ঴๥๊஺๟ኸՔă௅߲ට‫ۼ‬੗ᅜ঄ ຎ໱்ණྺዘᄲ‫ڦ‬๚൧ă 2 ໲ࠞ૤‫ݴ‬ဆࢅຕ਍๭णă 3 ໲੗ᆩઠ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚ๚ံுᆶඓۨࡻ঳ࡕ‫ڦ‬ጲူܸฉ‫ڦ‬ ၜణă ֖९ǖDavies R, Hart J (2005). The 'most signiſcant change' (MSC) technique, a guide to its use ă ൩‫ک‬୤ǖwww.mande.co.uk/docs/MSCGuide.pdfă

38

ᅜට඄ྺए‫ڞ۽ڦإ‬ᇑೠࠚ๟ᅃዖٗට ඄ঙ‫݆ڞ۽܈‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ፕत‫ޜ‬ခၳࡕ‫ڦ‬ ֧୼ăኄዖ֧୼੗ླྀ৊Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ܔ‬ට඄‫ڦ‬ሴඪ዆ă‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ ੗ᅜ֑ᆩට඄ᆖၚೠࠚ‫݆ݛ‬Ljᅜ௽ඓ‫ڦ‬ ට඄֧୼ྺᅈ਍ă ࡔाට඄݆ୱ໯ࡀۨ‫ڦ‬ᅭခ‫ܔ‬ᇀࡔॆአ ުਏᆶ݆ୱሀຐ૰ăኄԈઔࠅࠌևோࠧ ᆩ‫ڦ‬໯ᆶටᇵLjԲසሞࡔॆ݆ୱᇲዺऐ ࠓా߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ă੗ཚࡗࡔाට඄݆ୱ ‫ڦ‬Քጚࢅࡀ‫ݔ‬ઠ॔‫݆ॆࡔ۽‬ୱᇲዺऐࠓ ‫ڦ‬ႜྺࢅႜྺ঳ࡕLjԲස‫ݥ‬ഇ๫ࢅᆆຳ ‫ڪ‬๚ᅓăሞට඄઀ॐాLjሞຳᆐևோࢅ ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾੗ߵ਍߲ටࢅཷ ༹‫ڦ‬एԨට඄ਸቛ߾ፕă‫ॆࡔݥ‬ႜ‫ۯ‬ኁ DŽԲස‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅຳᆐևோDžժփ኱ থ๴‫ࡔڟ‬ाට඄ཉሀᅭခ‫ڦ‬ሀຐă‫ڍ‬ ๟Lj੗ߵ਍‫ॆࡔݥ‬ႜ‫ۯ‬ኁ‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬๟‫ޙޏ‬ ࢇࡔाට඄Քጚᇑࡀ‫ܔݔ‬ഄ৊ႜ॔‫۽‬Lj ሞၠม൶༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခत࠶૙ࢅႜአ߾ ፕዐᄲጀᅪ ԍࢺĂٝ৊ࢅํ၄ට඄ăᄺ ੗ߵ਍ࡔా݆ୱत၊݆඄૧ࢅᅭခઠೠ ࠚ‫ޜ‬ခă ᇡକ঴ᆶ࠲ට඄ᆖၚೠࠚ߾ਏ‫ڦ‬႑တLj ੗‫ک‬୤ http://www.humanrightsimpact. orgăᆶ࠲ࡔॆ಼ጚ‫ڦ‬ට඄ཉሀ‫ڦ‬႑တLj ੗‫ک‬୤ http://www.unhchr.ch/ tbs/doc.nsfă

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚᅜतሞࡔॆ֫௬ક‫݆ٷ‬ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ‫ࡔܔڞ۽‬ा‫׶‬౷‫ڦ‬஌ํ൧઄ ‫ࡔܔڞ۽‬ा‫׶‬౷‫ڦ‬஌ํ൧઄ ሞཚࡗĖ࠲ᇀҸጪթթ‫۾‬/Ҹጪթ࿚༶‫׶ڦ‬౷ჇჾėDŽ2001౎Dž ࢫLj૴ࢇࡔ߳‫ׯ‬ᇵࡔ‫׶‬౷ၠ૴ࢇࡔ‫ࣷٷ‬Ԓߢᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ‫ڦ‬ ৊ቛ൧઄ăፕྺԒߢ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬Lj߳ࡔႴᄲ৽Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ၎࠲݆ ୱĂአ֧ࢅ֧୼‫ڦ‬ਸ݀ࢅํแ൧઄༵ࠃၘဦ႑တă ᅜူ๟ߵ਍૴ࢇࡔ‫઀ڞ۽‬ॐ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ᅃၵ࿚༶ǖ Ŗ ሞࡗඁ‫ڦ‬ଇ౎ాLjິ݆ටᇵDŽԈઔહ߾݆བྷ/৽ᄽ݆བྷDžᆶ ுᆶথ๴ࡗᇑഄ߾ፕᆶ࠲‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթࢅට඄๚ᅓಢჟǛ Ŗ ࡔా๟‫ޏ‬ยᆶᅜူ݆ୱኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခऐࠓǛ - ኍ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ߲ӄֱۙ‫݆ڦ‬ୱᇲዺ዆‫܈‬ă - ຳᆐୱ฾๚ခ໯ईᅈྂᇀ‫ٷ‬ბ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓၠҸጪթթ ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ༵ࠃ௨‫ݯ‬ईᆫࣳ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă - ༵ߛҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྼ඄ᅪ๎‫ڦ‬ঞᇣၜణă Ŗ ጺ༹ઠ঄Ljසࢆೠۨ၄ႜኼሞٝ৊ࢅԍࢺҸጪթ၎࠲ට඄‫ڦ‬ አ֧Ă݆ୱࢅ݆ࡀDŽሞࡗඁ‫ڦ‬ᅃ౎ాDžǛDŽሞᅃ߲0዁10‫ڦ‬ Ք؅ฉDžă Ŗ ଇ౎ઠ޿ଶᇘᆶࢆዘᄲ‫৽ׯڦ‬Ǜ Ŗ ޿ଶᇘ࣏௬ଣనၵ཈቟Ǜ Ŗ ጺ༹ઠ঄Ljසࢆेഽ၄ᆶ‫ڦ‬አ֧Ă݆ୱࢅ݆ࡀDŽৃ౎DžǛ DŽሞᅃ߲0዁10‫ڦ‬Ք؅ฉDžă

‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ߾ፕᆌሞඇࡔ‫ాྷݔ‬ቛਸLj ཞ้ᄺᄲኍ‫߳ܔ‬ၜ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫܀ڇ‬ቛਸă ߳֫௬‫ڞ۽ڦ‬ᇑೠࠚ߾ፕᆌ‫ړ‬၎ࢻ૴ ဣă߳ၜ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ྺ߸࠽‫ںݘ‬ક‫݆ٷ‬ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခፔ‫ࠋ؜‬၅Lj੗ඓԍ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ೠࠚీ ࠕ੊୯‫ڟ‬ඇࡔ‫ڦ‬൧઄Ljժඓԍ‫ޜ‬ခԥభ ෇‫ڟ‬၎࠲ࡔॆपೠࠚዐăೠࠚ঳ࡕ੗ၠ ഄ໱݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓतࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹ ۙևோDŽ૩සࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷDž ࠅਸăೠࠚాඹԈઔǖ 1 ٗ޿݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခዐ੗သ‫ڥ‬ሹᄣ‫ڦ‬ঢ়ᄓঞ ჟᅜ๑໱ට๴ᅮǛ 2 నၵॺᅱ੗ᇑ໱ට‫ݴ‬ၛᅜՍ߀৊Ҹጪ թ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉࢅક‫ٷ‬ഄ੗त ႠǛ 3 ሞࡔాഄ໱‫ں‬൶ླྀ࠽޿Ҹጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ ခ༵ࠃఇ๕‫ڦ‬੗ీႠᆶ‫ٷܠ‬Ǜසࢆํ ၄Ǜ ࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹۙևோᆌॽҸጪթ၎ ࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇‫ॆࡔڟ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎࡀࣄ ዐLjժ‫ڞ۽‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခሞඇࡔ ‫ڦ࠽ླྀాྷݔ‬৊ቛ൧઄ă

૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDŽ2009౎DžăMonitoring the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS: guidelines on construction of core indicators, 2010 reporting. Geneva, UNAIDS. ᇡକ঴ࡔॆԒߢLj੗‫ک‬୤ǖhttp://www.unaids.org/en/Knowledge Centre/HIVData/CountryProgress/2008_NCPI_reports.aspă

39

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

8. ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

֎ခጨᇸ Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬യሞጨূઠᇸԈઔǖ 1 ࡔॆአުDŽິ݆ևோईࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణDžă6 2 ຳ૬एূࣷLjԲසਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯त໭ஆຯएূࣷྪஏĂ‫ޟ‬༬ए ূࣷĂҸጪթჺ৯एূࣷĂଚྼ.ຯ‫ن‬एূࣷࢅүܻ‫ܙ‬ŖሀࡪҸጪթ एূࣷă 3 ມՉጨዺऐࠓLjԲසெࡔࡔाਸ݀ຈĂᆈࡔࡔा݀ቛևĂ෌‫ࡔۆ‬ ा݀ቛຈĂӐ‫ٷ‬૧ჱࡔा݀ቛຈǖ Ŗ Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణă Ŗ ݆ୱࢅິ݆Ăዎ૙ࢅට඄ၜణă 4 ඇ൰ੇऍҸጪթĂ঳ࢃթࢅ౳दएূDŽඇ൰एূDžă 5 ‫ܠ‬ՉऐࠓLjԲස૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈĂ૴ࢇࡔܹཡएূࣷĂࡔाહ ߾ፇኯĂ๘হᆀႜă 6 ‫ٷ‬ბă 7 ୱ฾๚ခ໯DŽࠅᅮ‫ޜ‬ခࢅሢዺDžă 8 Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎഓᄽ૴௑ă ခՂᄲ౬ൣ‫ؤ‬ጨዺऐࠓDŽԲසຳ૬एূࣷDž‫߳ڦ‬ၜᄲ൱ă޹୤6༵ ࠃକᅃၵኸళăฤ൩ກᄲߵ਍ጨዺऐࠓփཞ‫ںڦ‬૙ࢅጆ༶ዘ‫ۅ‬৊ႜ ۙኝă ሞగၵ൧઄ူLj੗ᅜॽ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခభ෇Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ ‫ޜ׼‬ခ‫ڦ‬ጹࢇฤ൩ກాLj඗ࢫ༵঍ߴጨዺऐࠓă૩සLj੗ॽ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခభ෇‫༵ڟ‬঍ߴඇ൰एূ‫ॆࡔڦ‬ฤ൩ກాLjࡔॆฤ൩ກภत‫ڦ‬๟ᅃ ဣଚ‫ޜڦ‬ခႴ൱ăኄᄣᅃઠLj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခՍ‫ྺׯ‬କ૶Ⴤ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթᇨ ‫ݞ‬Ă࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬ă݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᆌ‫ړ‬భ෇‫ॆࡔڟ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ ዎ֧୼‫ړ‬ዐLjኄᄣՍ੗ॽഄ‫ړ‬ፕ๟ࡔॆၜణ‫ڦ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬ઠጨዺĂ‫ڞ۽‬ ࢅೠࠚă

6 ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈॺᅱ໯ᆶአު‫ۼ‬ᄲඓԍ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ၜణ‫ܔ‬ᇀᆶႴ൱ኁ‫ڦ‬੗तႠLjᅜُፕྺᆶၳ‫ॆࡔڦ‬Ҹጪ թ‫ݞ‬ዎႜ‫ڦۯ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬ăአުᆌ‫ړ‬ඓԍُૌ‫ޜ‬ခీࠕ‫ڟڥ‬ ᆌᆶ‫ڦ‬ጨዺă ֖९ǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈĂ૴ࢇࡔට඄ߛपጆᇵӸࠅ ๪DŽ2006౎Džă International guidelines on HIV/AIDS and human rightsă නాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈă ൩‫ک‬୤ǖhttp://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC- pub07/ jc1252-internguidelines_en.pdfă

40

‫أ‬କ૧ᆩሽ੼ऐࠓྔLj࣏੗ཚࡗٌ฀ਘሽĂࠅິሢዺDŽ૩සୱ฾๚ ခ໯Džࢅؕ੼ऄ‫ۯ‬ઠఠणঢ়‫ݯ‬ă‫أ‬କ၄ূਘሽྔLjగၵፇኯ੗ీᇼ ᅪ༵ࠃ௨‫ڦݯ‬Ӹࠅ‫ׇ‬໯ĂӸࠅยԢईऺ໙ऐยԢă

ට૰ጨᇸ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ᅜဌభኾᇼኁLjԈઔୱ฾DŽ໯ሞ๚ခ໯ሎႹ໱்༵ ࠃ࿮‫ޜ׋‬ခDžă݆ୱဣბิྫ​ྫ࢔ᇼᅪྺࠅᅮӄॲ༵ࠃኾᇼ‫ޜ‬ခLj ᅜՍओેঢ়ᄓăม൶݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ᅜᇑ‫ڦںړ‬ୱ฾ၹࣷत‫ٷ‬ბ݆ ბᇾॺ૬ଆࡻ‫࠲ڦ‬ဣLjᅜՍဌᆅኾᇼኁമઠ‫ޜ‬ခă

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

रຍጨᇸ ሞҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬޷ᆶঢ়ᄓ‫ڦ‬ፇኯ੗ᅜྺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ॺڦ‬૬ ࢅ࠶૙༵ࠃॺᅱDŽ֖९޹୤7Džă ૴ࢇࡔऐࠓDŽԲස૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDž‫ࡔڦ‬ ॆपӸࠅ๪ࢅ൶ᇘӸࠅ๪ᄺ੗༵ࠃरຍኧ‫׼‬ă૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ ࡔॆपӸࠅ๪ཚࡗ݀ഐፇኯ৽ᅃဣଚ࠽‫ݘ‬๚ᅓ৊ႜၹۙLjժٝ৊र ຍኧ‫ڦ׼‬੗तႠă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/O.OďHanlon

‫܌‬೺रຍኧ‫׼‬੗ᆯ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈሢዺ‫ڦ‬रຍኧ‫׼‬ऐࠓઠ༵ ࠃLjܸٗཚࡗ߲ටࠥ࿚ईऐࠓ஢ፁ߳ࡔ‫ڦ‬रຍኧ‫׼‬Ⴔ൱ă‫أ‬କአު ࢅ૴ࢇࡔऐࠓྔLjरຍኧ‫׼‬ऐࠓ੗૴ဣ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ༵ࠃरຍኧ‫ޜ׼‬ ခăरຍኧ‫׼‬ऐࠓ੗༵ࠃᆶ࠲ࡀࣄĂ‫ׯ‬Ԩࢃ໙ࢅᇨ໙Ă‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠ ࠚĂ֎ခ࠶૙ࢅፇኯ݀ቛ‫ݛڪ‬௬ᆶዊଉԍኤ‫ڦ‬ኧ‫׼‬ă ੗ཚࡗᅜူब߲཰০इ‫ܔڥ‬ඇ൰एূሽ੼ฤ൩ࢅํแ‫ݛڪ‬௬‫ڦ‬रຍ ኧ‫׼‬ǖ 1 रຍኧ‫׼‬ऐࠓă 2 ጺཥҸጪթᆌथ৸ዺऺࣄጨዺ‫ڦ‬ሽ੼࠶૙঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄၜణă 3 ‫ࡔڤ‬ፇॺ૴௑Ă‫ظ‬ႎኪ๎ࢅ࠽భࢇፕअӵၜణă 4 ࡔाҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခፇኯ૙๚ࣷă ࡔाҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခፇኯ૙๚ࣷ‫௷ڦ‬क़ፇኯႜ‫߾ۯ‬ፕፇ๟रຍኧ‫ڦ׼‬ዐ ঻ऐࠓă ྪฉᆶ࢔‫ܠ‬ጨᇸLjAidspanኸళ৽๟࢔ࡻ‫ڦ‬ጨᇸDŽhttp://www.aidspan. org/index.phpǛpage=guidesDžă әဇ‫ࡔڦ‬ाҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎरຍࢇፕዐ႐DŽICTCDžዂ૰ᇀٝ৊ઙۡெ ዞࢅ‫ݥ‬ዞेુԲत೯ᇕࡔॆኮक़‫ڦ‬ళళरຍࢇፕDŽ֖९૴ࢇࡔҸጪ թࡀࣄຈDŽ2007౎Džăᆶၳ૧ᆩঢ়‫ݯ‬ǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ‫ࡔ߳ܔ‬ ‫ڦ‬रຍኧ‫ ׼‬DŽMaking the money work: UNAIDS technical support to countriesDžăනాྑLj૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈDžă

঳‫ׯ‬቟୼अӵ࠲ဣLjኧ‫׼‬ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬ ม൶ཷ༹ీࠕၠጨዺऐࠓඓණҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱Ljܸٗኧ ‫׼‬ঢ়‫ݯ‬ฤ൩߾ፕLjཚࡗᇑม൶ཷ༹঳‫ࢇׯ‬ፕअӵ࠲ဣ੗ᅜॺ૬ࢅક ቛ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခăኄၵཷ༹࣏੗ᅜۙ‫ۯ‬रຍጨᇸईට૰ጨᇸă 41

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ኄၵཷ༹੗ీԈઔǖ 1 Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅม൶ፇኯǗ 2 ‫ॆࡔࢅݛں‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁཷ༹ईྪஏǗ 3 ‫ॆࡔࢅݛں‬ဌ‫۾‬ኁཷ༹ईྪஏǗ 4 ‫ॆࡔࢅݛں‬Ⴀ߾ፕኁཷ༹ईྪஏǗ 5 ‫ݛں‬ईࡔॆఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁཷ༹ईྪஏǗ 6 ‫ݛں‬ईࡔॆ௷߾ईୁ‫ۯ‬ට੨ཷ༹ईྪஏǗ 7 ࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷࢅูप‫ݞ‬ҸӸǗ 8 ൶ᇘҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခፇኯ૙๚ࣷतഄࡔॆၹۙፇኯǗ 9 ୱ฾ၹࣷǗ 10 ‫ٷ‬ბ݆ბᇾǗ 11 ට඄ፇኯǗ 12 ሞფටᇵ඄૧ፇኯǗ 13 ᅅბࣷĂᅅᇾோኑࢅጨศҸጪթዎଐᅅ฾Ǘ 14 ޺౰ཷ༹Ǘ 15 ൞ณ౎ཷ༹Ǘ 16 ߾ࣷǗ 17 ᅱᇵǗ 18 ‫د‬௃ऐࠓǗ 19 ࡔॆऐࠓLjԲසິ݆ևோĂ݆ᇾႜአටᇵĂ॔ᇢ‫ړ‬ਆࢅ࿐ิևோă

ၠጨዺऐࠓ௮ຎၜణႴ൱ ᆶ࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ڦ‬ฤ൩ກᆌ‫ړ‬௽ඓ‫׃‬௽‫ޜ‬ခ૙౒Ă‫ځ‬ጨዺ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ ႠዊĂ߾ፕටᇵ‫ڦ‬ᄲ൱Ă‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዎ૙ᅜतࢇ૙‫ڦ‬ᇨ໙ă ޹୤3߁ຎକጨዺฤ൩ກ‫ాڦ‬ඹLj৽සࢆ‫ت‬૙ኄၵᅺ໎༵ࠃକኸళă Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ੗ߵ਍ၜణᄲ໎৊ႜۨᅭLjԲසǖ๴ᅮටඖǗ ໯ภ݆ୱ๚ॲ‫ڦ‬ዖૌǗᇨऺ‫߃ޮڦ‬௬Ǘᅜत༵ࠃ߳ዖ‫ޜ‬ခ໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬ᇨ ໙DŽ݆ୱጧკĂ໕໅Ăม൶ঞᇣࢅྔቛĂ༺‫پ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄĂಢჟ ‫ڪ‬Džă ๴ᅮටඖ ੗ߵ਍ᅜူև‫ݴ‬ईඇևᅺ໎৊ႜۨᅭă ‫ں‬૙ᅺ໎ǖగၵ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခኻీၠగၵ‫ݛں‬Ă‫׭‬ኔई‫ں‬ ൶‫ڦ‬ਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃăአު‫݆ڦ‬ୱᇲዺ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓDŽԲස݆ୱᇲዺӸࠅ๪Dž ੗ీࣷޮ߃߸࠽‫ݻูڦ‬ईࡔॆă 42

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ᇑҸጪթ‫૴࠲ڦ‬Ⴀǖగၵ‫ޜ‬ခኻၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁई๴Ҹጪթᆖ ၚኁ༵ࠃLj๴૙‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࿚༶ᇑҸጪթ኱থ၎࠲ईᇑҸጪթթ‫۾‬ᅟ๴ ฅ࡞Ⴀ኱থ၎࠲ă ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖዐ‫ׯڦ‬ᇵǖᅃၵጆᄽ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခኻၠగၵටඖਸ‫ݣ‬LjԲසఴ ఴႠႜྺኁĂՎႠኁĂဌ‫۾‬ኁĂሞფටᇵĂႠ߾ፕኁĂ൞ณ౎Ă࿮ ॆ੗ࡃኁई޺౰ă ๭෇ǖႹ‫݆ܠ‬ୱᇲዺĂ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ‫ޜ‬ခĂ࿮‫׋‬ईม൶݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခኻ‫ܔ‬ ฿ᄽኁई‫گ‬๭෇ටඖਸ‫ݣ‬ă ݆ୱ๚ॲ‫ڦ‬ૌ႙ గၵ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ༵ࠃᆶ࠲႘݆ࢅ‫ݥ‬႘݆DŽ௷݆तࠅ݆/ႜአ݆Dž‫݆ڦ‬ ୱጧკăగၵऐࠓሶߛ‫܈‬ጆᄽࣅLj໲்ৈ༵ࠃᆶ࠲గၵ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ጧკ ࢅᇲዺLjԲසᅜူ࿚༶ǖ႘๚ӄॲࢅሞფටᇵ඄૧Ăॆටࢅॆབྷ࠲ ဣĂഇ๫Ăፀନࢅዿ‫ݝ‬ĂᅍዶࢅᅍׂĂ৽ᄽई‫ޟ‬૧ă ‫ܠٷ‬ຕ‫݆ڦ‬ୱᇲዺई‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓփࣷ৽ฆᄽ࿚༶༵ࠃ ጧკ‫ޜ‬ခăᆶၵ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓၠᅃၵፇኯ༵ࠃጧკ‫ޜ‬ခLjԲසҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ ခፇኯĂҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁཷ༹ࢅ߾ࣷLjཞ้ᄺߴ߲ට༵ࠃጧკ‫ޜ‬ ခăᆌ޿੊୯ӄॲ๟‫ޏ‬ᇑҸጪթ၎࠲໯֑భ‫ڦ‬ՔጚDŽ֖९‫ڼ‬2বDžă ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫୲߃ޮڦ‬ ခՂᄲඓۨᅃ߲ၜణၙᄲํ၄‫ޜڦ‬ခޮ߃୲‫ڦ‬Ⴀዊࢅ຤ೝă ๘হ࿐ิፇኯॽޮ߃୲ۨᅭྺĐሞႴᄲగዖ߅ᇨ‫ڦ‬ටඖዐᅙঢ়इ‫ڥ‬ ᆶၳ߅ᇨ‫ڦ‬ටᇵ໯቞‫ڦ‬Բ૩đă7 ࢚ଉޮ߃୲੗ᅜඓۨǖ Ŗ ሞᅃ߲༬้ۨ೺ాLjइ‫݆ڥ‬ୱጧკĂ‫پ‬૙ᄽခई႑တ‫ڦ‬ణՔටඖ ‫ڦ‬Բ૩Ǘई Ŗ ሞᅃ߲༬้ۨ೺ాLj٪ሞҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ࿚༶ժइ‫ڥ‬ᆫዊ݆ୱ႑ တĂጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫ڦ‬ణՔටඖ‫ڦ‬Բ૩ă

7

Hogarth J (1975). Glossary of healthcare terminology. ߣԨࡘߵLj๘হ࿐ิፇኯă ੗‫ک‬୤ǖhttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/ 9290201231.pdfă

‫ܠٷ‬ຕ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ۼ‬๬཮ඓԍ༬ۨ‫ں‬൶ా٪ሞҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ ໯ᆶට‫ీۼ‬इ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ႑တĂጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခăඓۨҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ፌॅޮ߃຤ೝ௬ଣጣ཈቟Ljܸኄዖ཈቟ਦۨጣሞඪࢆߴۨ‫ڦ‬ ้क़ాႴᄲ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ටຕईԲ૩ăᆯᇀՉᇹ 43

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ࣅටඖዐ‫ڦ‬Ⴙ‫ܠ‬ට੗ీփକ঴ጲว‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ईฤ໕‫݆ݛ‬Lj໯ᅜኄᅃ ‫࢔ۅ‬వೠࠚăኄᅪ࿆ጣ໱்ࡗඁ੗ీுᆶฦቧጲว‫݆ۨڦ‬඄૧ă‫݆ړ‬ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ঻෇ม൶ࢫLjໜጣม൶փ܏থ๴݆ۨ඄૧‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ঞᇣLj໱ ்‫ܔ‬ᇀ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ࣷՎ‫ڥ‬ሁઠሁ‫ܠ‬ă੗ీႴᄲ߸‫ڦܠ‬ጨᇸLjኄᄣ ֍ీԍ‫׼‬ईሺे‫ޜ‬ခ‫୲߃ޮڦ‬LjᅜՍ஢ፁփ܏ሺे‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ă ࢚ଉޮ߃௬้࣏ᆌ‫࢚ړ‬ଉ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࡀڦ‬ୱႠă૩සLj௅ዜߴᅃॆ॔ᇢ༵ ࠃᅃْጧკ‫ޜڦ‬ခऐࠓ໯ํ၄‫୲߃ޮڦ‬ᄲԲ௅߲ሆ༵ࠃᅃْጧკ‫ڦ‬ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ߛ୲߃ޮڦ‬ă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/O.OďHanlon

࢚ଉޮ߃௬้ᆌ‫੊ړ‬୯ణՔටඖ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱DŽঢ়ᆯႴ൱ೠࠚ໯ඓۨDž๟ ‫ޏ‬ᆯඪࢆഄ໱‫ݥ‬አުၜణईአުၜణ໯஢ፁăසࡕᆶഄ໱ऐࠓ༵ࠃ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခLjሶెۨ‫ڦ‬ၜణሞยۨޮ߃ణՔ้ᆌ੊୯‫ڟ‬ኄᅃ‫ۅ‬Ljժ௮ ຎऐࠓक़‫ࢇڦ‬ፕईࠌၛ൧઄ă‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓक़‫ڦ‬ၹۙ੗ᅜ߀฀ᆶၳႠĂ ၳ୲त੗‫׼‬ჄႠă ၜణᇨ໙ ॺ૬ࢅྼ‫׼‬ᅃ߲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ׯڦ‬Ԩࣷᅺࡔॆࢅ݆ୱ༹ဣ‫ڦ‬փཞܸ‫ٷ‬ ၎০བྷă݆ୱጆᄽ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ׯڦ‬Ԩᆯᇀࡔॆ‫ڦ‬փཞܸ٪ሞ၂ዸ‫ֶڦ‬ᅴLjܸ ᇑ݆བྷ‫ײ‬Ⴞतഄ໱ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫݆ݛ‬၎࠲‫ׯڦ‬Ԩᄺᆶጣ࢔‫ֶڦٷ‬՚ă ྺ݆ୱၜణ዆ۨᇨ໙้Ljॺᅱံऺ໙‫݆؜‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڇ‬࿋‫ׯ‬ԨDŽ૩ස௅ ْጧკDž‫ऺࠚڦ‬ኵLjኄᄣ੗ᅜࠚ໙‫ޜ׼ྼ؜‬ခ໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬ጨᇸLjᅜतક ‫ޜٷ‬ခ஢ፁႴ൱໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬ጨᇸăҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခዐภत‫ڦ‬Քጚऄ ‫ۯ‬੗ᅜ৊ႜ‫ׯ‬Ԩࢃ໙DŽ૩ස௅ْጧკ‫ׯڦ‬ԨĂ‫؜‬ဝ‫݆ݛں‬བྷ‫ׯڦ‬ ԨĂ‫؜‬ဝฉप݆ᇾ‫ׯڦ‬ԨĂᅃْۙ঴‫ׯڦ‬ԨĂቻਸม൶݆ୱ႑တჺ ༪ࣷ‫ׯڦ‬ԨĂ֥ెᅍዶ‫ׯڦ‬Ԩ‫ڪ‬Džăॽጺ‫ׯ‬Ԩ‫أ‬ᅜӄॲຕଉ੗ᅜ‫ڥ‬ ‫ڇ؜‬࿋‫ׯ‬Ԩăሏᆐ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ࢃڦ‬႐‫ׯ‬ԨᄺႴᄲ੊୯ሞాăᇨऺࢃ႐ ‫ׯ‬Ԩ‫߁ٷ‬੗ᅜ቞‫ڟ‬ጺ‫ׯ‬Ԩ‫ڦ‬10%‫ڟ‬20%ă

ࢃ႐‫ׯ‬Ԩ ᇨ໙੗ీႴᄲॽࢃ႐ሏᆐ‫ׯ‬ԨDŽፀূĂዷ࠶ईၹۙᇵᅜतႜአኧ‫׼‬ ටᇵ‫ڦ‬ႉؐĂཚ႑‫ݯ‬ᆩDžᇑਏ༹‫ڦ‬ၜణ‫ׯ‬Ԩ‫ݴ‬ਸăට๚‫ׯ‬Ԩྫ​ྫሞ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခጺ‫ׯ‬Ԩዐ቞࢔‫ٷ‬ᅃև‫ݴ‬ăኄၵ‫ׯ‬ԨԈઔቲ೘ĂႉؐĂ‫܌‬೺ DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾‫੼ڦ‬ၜᅜतጆᄽਸ݀‫ׯ‬ԨLjԲසᇵ߾ಢჟᅜत֖े ჺ༪ࣷࢅࣷᅱă‫ޜ‬ခఇ๕փཞLjට๚‫ׯ‬Ԩᄺࣷ‫ྺٷ‬փཞă ‫ܔ‬ႴᄲԈઔሞ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణᇨ໙ዐ‫߳ڦ‬ၜ‫ׯ‬Ԩ৊ႜࠚऺ้Lj੗ᅜ੊ ୯՗1໯ଚ‫߲߳ڦ‬ᅺ໎ă 44

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

՗2ǖࠚऺҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ׯڦ‬Ԩ

2/!ࢃ႐‫ׯ‬Ԩ

1 ᇑ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓሏᆐᆶ࠲‫ࢃڦ‬႐‫ׯ‬ԨᆶనၵǛ ૩සǖӸࠅ๪ፀূǗӸࠅ๪ยԢLjԈઔॆਏĂऺ໙ऐᆘॲࢅ෉ॲĂ࿔ਏᆩ೗Ǘࠅ ᆩ๚ᄽDŽ຤‫ۉ‬DžǗԍ၃DŽጆᄽತ‫ࠌࠅࢅ׋‬ሴඪ၃DžǗཚ႑‫ݯ‬ᆩDŽ‫ݯࣆۉ‬Ăฉྪ ‫ݯ‬Ăᆰ‫ݯ‬Džă

3/!‫ޜ‬ခၹۙࢅ࠶૙‫ݯ‬ᆩ

‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷࠧᆩዷ࠶ࢅ/ईၹۙᇵ஘Ǜ Ⴔᄲ‫ܠ‬ณఁႜአኧ‫׼‬ටᇵǛ ‫݆ݥ‬ୱ߾ፕටᇵႴᄲ๊஺ᄣ‫ڦ‬ጨ߭຤ೝDŽ૩ස֎ခ࠶૙ࢅට૰ጨᇸ‫ݛ‬௬DžǛ ዷ࠶ࢅ/ईၹۙᇵᅜतႜአኧ‫׼‬ටᇵ๟‫ޏ‬Ⴔᄲࡼ‫ݯ‬ቲ೘Ăጆᄽ݀ቛࢅႉؐ‫ݛڪ‬௬ ‫ׯڦ‬ԨǛ 5 ᆶ࠲ዎ૙‫ׯڦ‬ԨᆶనၵǛ 6 ֖ᇑዎ૙ࢅ࠶૙‫ڦ‬྿ᇵࣷ‫ׯ‬ᇵႴփႴᄲಢჟ‫ڪ‬ᇑഄ୬ኰᆶ࠲‫ݯڦ‬ᆩLjԲසֶ୫Ǜ 7 ሞኧ‫׼‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁईഄ໱ม൶‫پ‬՗ओटᆶႾ֖ᇑዎ૙ऐࠓࢅ/ई࠶૙྿ᇵ ࣷ‫߾ڦ‬ፕ‫ݛ‬௬๟‫ޏ‬ᆶ༬๺‫ݯ‬ᆩDŽಢჟĂኸ‫ڞ‬Ăֶ୫DžǛ

4/!‫݆ݥ‬ୱਜ਼ࢽኧ‫ݯ׼‬ᆩ

1 2 3 4

‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷࠧᆩมࣷ߾ፕኁ஘Ǜ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓႴᄲധ۩ၭ้ࢇཞ‫ڦ‬มࣷ߾ፕኁ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခ஘Ǜ සࡕႴᄲ‫ࣆڦ‬Lj‫ݯ‬ᆩሹ஺ऺ໙Ljᅃዜ߾ፕ‫ܠ‬ณၭ้Ǜ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷၠਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃᆌथጨূ஘Ǜ૩සྺഄኧ޲‫؜‬བྷ໯Ⴔ‫ڦ‬୫‫ݯ‬Ǜ

5/!༵ࠃ݆ୱጧკࢅ႑တ !!!‫ݯڦ‬ᆩ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

௅ዜᆶ‫ܠ‬ณْ௬‫ܔ‬௬‫ڦ‬ጧკǛ ௅ዜᆶ‫ܠ‬ณْ‫ࣆۉ‬ጧკई႑တጧკǛ ༵ࠃኄၵጧკࢅ႑တ‫ޜ‬ခႴᄲࢾ‫ݯ‬ୱ฾‫ܠ‬ณၭ้‫้ڦ‬क़Ǜ Ⴔᄲ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾ઠ༵ࠃኄၵጧკࢅ႑တ‫ޜ‬ခǛ ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾๟ኾᇼኁǛ ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾Ⴔᄲ޲ႉǛ ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾‫ڦ‬ጧკ‫ޜ‬ခ๟Ӏၭ้ईӀཀऺ‫ݯ‬Ǜ Ⴔᄲ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾ዺ૙ၹዺ༵ࠃጧკࢅ݆ୱ႑တ‫ޜ‬ခǛ ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾ዺ૙Ⴔᄲ޲ႉǛ ‫ܠ‬ณୱ฾ዺ૙๟ኾᇼኁǛ ᇑࠧᆜୱ฾ࢅୱ฾ዺ૙ᆶ࠲‫ׯڦ‬Ԩࠚऺኵ๟‫ܠ‬ณǛ

1 2 3 4

45

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ኄၵ‫ݯ‬ᆩ੗ీԈઔǖ Ŗ ቲ೘‫ׯ‬ԨǗ Ŗ ኰᄽԍ၃Ǘ Ŗ ኴᄽୱ฾࣑ኤ‫ݯڦ‬ᆩǗ Ŗ ጆᄽ݀ቛ‫ݯ‬ᆩLjԲසಢჟĂ዆ፕࢅ‫݀ݴ‬ᇵ߾ಢჟ๮֩तഄ໱ጨᇸĂ݆ୱၹࣷ‫ࣷڦ‬ ‫ݯ‬ᅜत֖ेࣷᅱࢅჺ༪ࣷ‫ݯڦ‬ᆩă

6/!ӄॲ࠶૙‫ݯڦ‬ᆩǖၹฆĂ !!!༺‫پ‬Ⴀৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ࢅ݆ݛ‬ !!!‫د‬ཥ݆ୱ༹ဣ‫֑ڦ‬ᆩ

1 2 3 4

‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ௅౎‫ٶ‬໙ཚࡗၹฆࢅ༺‫پ‬Ⴀৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ت݆ݛ‬૙‫ܠ‬ณഐৰ‫ݵ‬ӄॲǛ ೝ਩ઠ঄LjᅃഐӄॲႴᄲୱ฾ईୱ฾ዺ૙ࢾ‫ܠݯ‬ณၭ้‫้ڦ‬क़Ǜ ኄၵ๟๴೘‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ࢅୱ฾ዺ૙Ăኾᇼኁ࣏๟DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾Ǜ සࡕ๟DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾Lj໱்௅ၭ้๭‫ܠݯ‬ณǛ

‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷথ๮໕໅ӄॲ஘Ǜ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ௅౎‫ٶ‬໙থ๮‫ܠ‬ณ໕໅ӄॲǛ ௅౎Ⴔᄲ‫ܠ‬ณཀ‫้ڦ‬क़ᆩᇀؕԢࢅ‫؜‬བྷǛ ኄၵӄॲ੗ీࣷฉ໕‫ڟ‬నᅃप݆བྷǛ ໕໅ӄॲ๟‫ޏ‬ᆶ༬๺‫ݯ‬ᆩLjԲස૬ӄ‫ݯ‬Ăฉ໕DŽ૬ӄDž‫ݯ‬Ăጆॆኤට‫ࢅݯ‬ᅅଐԒ ߢ‫ݯ‬Ǜ 6 ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫݆ڦ‬ୱටᇵ༵ࣷࠃ໕໅‫پ‬૙‫ޜ‬ခ஘Ǜईኁ๟‫ޏ‬Ⴔᄲଷ೘ጆᄽୱ฾‫؜‬ བྷՑࢺǛ 7 සࡕႴᄲጆᄽୱ฾Lj๭‫ݯ‬ՔጚසࢆǛ 8 සࡕ฼໕Lj྿ྂට‫ڦ‬໕໅‫ݯ‬๟‫ޏ‬ᄲᆯӨ໕‫ڦ‬ᅃ‫ݛ‬ኧ޲Ǜ 1 2 3 4 5

7/!ӄॲ࠶૙‫ݯڦ‬ᆩǖ !!!໕໅

ጨዺऐࠓ੗ీփକ঴໕໅၎࠲‫ڦ‬༬՚‫ݯ‬ᆩLj໯ᅜᄲၠጨዺऐࠓ঴๥໕໅‫ڦݯ‬๚ᅓă

8/!ӄॲ࠶૙‫ݯڦ‬ᆩǖᇑ‫ݥ‬ !!!ৰ‫ݵ‬๚ၜᆶ࠲‫ڦ‬ᅍዶࢅ !!!݆ୱഐ֥߾ፕ

46

‫ޜ‬ခ๟‫ޏ‬Ԉઔഐ֥ᅍዶᅜतഄ໱ᇑਦ֧Ă֎ခ࠶૙ࢅᅅଐ๚ခ࠶૙ᆶ࠲‫ڦ‬࿔ॲǛ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ௅౎‫ٶ‬໙ഐ֥‫ܠ‬ณ‫ݻ‬ᅍዶࢅഄ໱݆ୱ࿔ॲǛ ೝ਩ઠ঄Lj௅ഐӄॲႴᄲࢾ‫ݯ‬ୱ฾ईୱ฾ዺ૙‫ܠ‬ณ้क़Ǜ ߾ፕ๟ᆯ๴೘‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ࢅୱ฾ዺ૙Ăኾᇼୱ฾Ăኾᇼୱ฾ዺ૙Ăბิ࣏๟DŽྔԈDž ࢇཞ߾ྜ‫ׯ‬Ǜ 5 සࡕ๟DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾Lj໱்ሹ஺๭‫ݯ‬Ǜ 1 2 3 4

ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

9/!ྔቛ‫ݯ‬ᆩDŽ॔ᇢĂᅅ !!!ᇾĂႠ߾ፕ‫ׇ‬໯‫ڪ‬Dž

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ॽၠనၵม൶‫ׇ‬໯༵ࠃྔቛጧკ‫ޜ‬ခǛ ‫ܠ‬৳༵ࠃᅃْྔቛ‫ޜ‬ခǛ ೝ਩ઠ঄LjႴᄲࢾ‫ݯ‬ୱ฾ईୱ฾ዺ૙‫ܠ‬ณၭ้‫้ڦ‬क़Ǜ ྔቛ‫ޜ‬ခ๟ᆯ๴೘‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ࢅୱ฾ዺ૙Ăኾᇼୱ฾࣏๟DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾༵ࠃǛසࡕ ๟DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾Lj໱்සࢆ๭‫ݯ‬Ǜ 5 ༵ࠃྔቛ‫ޜ‬ခ๟‫ޏ‬ᆶ༬๺‫ݯ‬ᆩLj૩ස঍ཚ‫ݯ‬ᆩĂ‫ݝ‬क़ፀନ‫ݯ‬ᆩ‫ڪ‬Ǜ 1 2 3 4

:/!௬ၠม൶ࢅ݆ୱևோ༵! !!!ࠃҸጪթࢅ݆ୱঞᇣ‫ڦ‬ !!!‫ݯ‬ᆩ

1 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷၠม൶༵ࠃ݆ୱঞᇣ஘Ǜ 2 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷၠୱ฾Ă݆࠳Ăୱ฾ዺ૙ࢅഄ໱݆ୱ߾ፕኁ༵ࠃᆶ࠲Ҹጪթࢅ݆ୱ‫ݛ‬ ௬‫ڦ‬ঞᇣ஘Ǜ 3 සࡕཚࡗಢჟӬ༵ࠃঞᇣLjሶ‫ܠ‬৳ਉӸᅃْಢჟӬǛሞనਉӸǛਉӸ‫ܠ‬ณཀǛ 4 ‫ںׇ‬ፀନDŽසࡕႴᄲDž‫ڦ‬ೝ਩‫ݯ‬ᆩ๟‫ܠ‬ณǛ 5 ຣઠዷ‫׼‬ಢჟӬǛ 6 සࡕಢჟӬփ๟ᆯ߾ፕටᇵዷ‫׼‬Ljሶׂࣷิሹᄣ‫ݯڦ‬ᆩǛ 7 ྺಢჟӬਸ݀ಢჟ֌ଙतഄ໱ঞᇣጨᇸࣷภतనၵ‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ 8 ຣઠ዆ፕ֌ଙǛᆇຘ‫ݯ‬ᆩසࢆǛ 9 ኧ‫׼‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅഄ໱ม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵ֖ᇑಢჟӬ‫ํࢅࣄࡀڦ‬แ้ࣷภतనၵ ‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ 10 ዷ঄ूՠDŽԲසҸጪթጆॆDžႴᄲኧ޲ؐહ஘Ǜ 11 ბᇵႴᄲֶ୫Ă֕ᆃࢅዿ໔‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ցዺ஘Ǜ

21/!‫݆ڞב‬ୱࢅአ֧߀߫ !!!!‫ׯڦ‬Ԩ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷਸቛჇ‫د‬ऄ‫ۯ‬஘ǛසࡕਸቛLj௅౎‫ܠ‬ณْǛ ऄ‫ۯ‬ႴᄲჇ‫֌د‬ଙ஘LjԲස०Ԓࢅ࡛ԒǛ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࣷਸቛᆶ࠲݆ୱࢅአ֧‫ڦ‬ჺ৯஘Ǜ ݀քᆶ࠲݆ୱࢅአ֧߀߫‫ڦ‬Ԓߢᅜतᆇຘ०Ԓࢅ࡛Ԓ‫ݛ‬௬ࣷภतనၵ‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ ჺ৯ࢅჇ‫߾د‬ፕ๟ᆯ߾ፕටᇵĂኾᇼኁ࣏๟‫܌‬೺DŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾ྜ‫ׯ‬Ǜ ๟‫ࣷޏ‬ሞె݆ۨୱࡗ‫ײ‬ዐᅺྺლ൱रຍኧ‫ิׂܸ׼‬ඪࢆ‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ සࡕႴᄲDŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾Lj໱்සࢆ๭‫ݯ‬Ǜ ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ௅౎‫ٶ‬໙዆ۨ‫ܠ‬ณ‫ݻ‬ԒߢǛ Ⴧ‫د‬ऄ‫ۯ‬ዐ๟‫ޏ‬ᆶ༬๺‫ݯ‬ᆩLjԲස‫ڟ‬๯‫ۼ‬ඁ९࠳ᇵࢅᅱᇵǛ

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ጨᇸۙ‫ۯ‬

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

22/!रຍኧ‫ݯڦ׼‬ᆩ

1 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓႴᄲጆॆ‫ڦ‬रຍኧ‫׼‬஘ǛසࡕႴᄲLj‫้׊ܠ‬क़Ǜ ૩ස‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ๟‫ޏ‬Ⴔᄲ੨ᅳටᇵĂ‫ڞ۽‬ೠࠚࠥ࿚ĂႠ՚࿚༶ࠥ࿚ईీ૰ਸ݀ ࠥ࿚Ǜ 2 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ๟‫ޏ‬Ⴔᄲरຍኧ‫׼‬ઠॺ૬ࢅྼࢺऺ໙ऐྪஏࢅຕ਍ੰĂྪበईഄ໱႑တ रຍǛ 3 ኄၵDŽྔԈDžࢇཞ߾සࢆ๭‫ݯ‬Ǜ‫ܠ‬৳Ⴔᄲ໱்ᅃْǛ

23/!௃༹ĂჇ‫࠲ࠌࠅࢅد‬ !!!!ဣ‫ݯ‬ᆩ

1 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ๟‫ޏ‬Ⴔᄲ঺ዺჇ‫֩د‬ईഄ໱௃༹ઠ‫ޜܔ‬ခऐࠓĂ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࢅۅں‬ਸ‫้ݣ‬क़৊ ႜჇ‫د‬Ǜ 2 ਸ݀Ăᆇຘࢅ‫݀ݴ‬Ⴧ‫֌د‬ଙภतనၵ‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ 3 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ٶ‬໙ย૬ྪበ஘Ǜ 4 ྪበྼࢺࢅۨ೺߸ႎภतనၵ‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ

13. ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ݯ‬ᆩ

1 ๟‫ޏ‬዆ۨକ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚऺࣄժ৊ႜକ‫ׯ‬Ԩࢃ໙Ǜ 2 ኧ‫׼‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ֖ᇑ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ߾ፕ้ภतనၵ༬՚‫ݯ‬ᆩǛ

ᅃӯ൧઄ူLj‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ‫ݯ‬ᆩࣷ቞‫ڟ‬ጺၜణ‫ׯ‬Ԩ‫ڦ‬5%ᅜฉă

48

9. ঳ஃ

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ਸቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫߲ڦ‬ටࢅፇኯཚ‫ۼ׉‬๟ሞްሗ‫ڦ‬มࣷ ࢅአዎ࣍ৣዐࠜਬ‫ݺ‬቟Lj࢔ณీइ‫ྔڥ‬ևኧ‫׼‬ă໚඗੗ᆩ‫ڦ‬ጨᇸ‫ݥ‬ ‫׉‬ณ൐փ੗ᇨ९Lj‫߾޿ڍ‬ፕଶᇘ‫ံڦ‬ൻኁ࣏๟ྺม൶ࢅࡔॆҸጪթ ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕፔ‫؜‬କ਎‫ࠋڦٷ‬၅ăሞਨ‫ܠٷ‬ຕ൧઄ူLjኄၜ߾ፕ‫ۼ‬ுᆶ ‫ڟڥ‬ፁࠕ‫ڦ‬ዘ๫Lj‫ڍ‬໲ඐ๟Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ‫ࢃڦ‬႐ፇ‫ׯ‬և‫ݴ‬Lj‫ܔ‬ᇀ ༵ߛᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫׼‬ၜణ‫ׯڦ‬ၳ‫࠲׉ݥ‬॰ă ߳ࡔՂႷકቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణLjժඓԍഄ‫ڥ‬ᅜ๢‫ํںړ‬ แĂጨዺĂ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚLjܸٗํ၄ᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခ೵ Փ੗त‫ڦ‬ణՔă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P.Virot

Ԩ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬዆ۨ๢‫ވ‬ඇ๘হ၎࠲ଶᇘ‫ڦ‬ጆॆ৽Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခߴᇎሁઠሁ‫࠲ڦܠ‬ጀࢅ঍ୁăሞԨ߾ਏ๮֩዆ۨࡗ‫ײ‬ዐLjᅃ ဣଚࣷᅱ‫ڥ‬ᅜቻਸLjࣷฉ৽ኄ߲ᅱ༶ᆶ‫ٷ‬ଉ‫ڦ‬႑တ঍ୁăࡔा݀ ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈๆ‫ߌݴ‬ႇ ྺԨ߾ਏ๮֩‫ڦ‬዆༵ۨࠃኧ‫ॺࢅ׼‬ᅱ‫ڦ‬໯ᆶටLjᅜतӻዺࡔा݀ ቛ݆ୱፇኯĂ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈࢅ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈණൣ࿄ઠ ཈቟‫ڦ‬໯ᆶටă

49

10. ޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

޹୤2ǖኍ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁ‫ڦ‬ಢჟၜణ๖૩ ኄ߲๖૩๟ᅃْྺ೺ଇཀ‫ڦ‬ಢჟӬă޿ಢჟၜణཚࡗᆶ࠲Ҹጪթթ ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫߲ڦ‬ӄჺ৯Ljၠୱ฾்ഽۙҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ ‫ڦ‬၄ํ൧઄ᅜतҸጪթ‫ټ‬ઠ‫ڦ‬มࣷࢅ݆ୱᆖၚăၜణԈઔ߾ፕፇࢅ ֖ᇑ๕༪ஃă ಢჟӬࡀࣄᆌ‫ړ‬ሞፌዕുۨ๲ੜాඹࢅන‫ײ‬മೠࠚბᇵ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ăኄ ᄣ੗ᅜඓԍ႑တ๢ࢇბᇵăಢჟമକ঴ბᇵ‫ڦ‬ኪ๎຤ೝ੗ᅜፕྺᅃ ߲ए၍Ljᆩᇀೠࠚბᇵሞ঳ੜ้‫ڦ‬ኪ๎ሺ‫ࢅ׊‬ቨ࿥൧઄ă ॺᅱॽ֖ᇑಢჟ‫ڦ‬ม൶‫پ‬՗ᄺे෇‫ڟ‬ၜణࡀࣄ‫߾ڦ‬ፕዐLjᅜՍඓԍ ໱்‫ڦ‬ओट֖ᇑă੗ీႴᄲሞၜణਸ๔മᅃཀ‫ټ‬ม൶‫پ‬՗‫ڟ‬ಢჟ‫ׇ‬ ‫ں‬ඁLjܸٗඓԍ໱்੗ᅜ‫ܔ‬ၜణ঳ࠓࢅాඹ༵‫؜‬ᅪ९ă ޿๖૩߀Պጲ2006౎ᆯेુԲࠌཞ༹ࢅ‫ુेݘ‬Բ࡛‫ں‬൶Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ ࢇፕअӵፇኯ‫݆ڦ‬ୱĂ୿૙ᇑට඄ၜణࠌཞਉӸ‫ڦ‬Đ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃ ኁಢჟӬđDŽ֖९ http://pancap.orgDžăၜణᆌ‫ߵړ‬਍‫ںړ‬൧઄৊ႜ ۙኝLjժሞਸੜമဌభม൶‫پ‬՗‫ॺڦ‬ᅱăසࡕ‫ॆٷ‬ထྭे෇ᆶ࠲ዘ ‫༹݆ํۅ‬ୱ࿚༶‫ాڦ‬ඹLjሶᆌ޿ሞ‫ڼ‬1ཀా৊ႜă‫ڼ‬1ཀ‫ڦ‬ዘ‫ۅ‬๟঻ ถփཞඖ༹‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎঢ়ᄓă ణՔ 1 ༵ߛ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခටᇵၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ ీ૰ă 2 ඓۨҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ௬ଣ‫ڦ‬ዷᄲ݆ୱ๚ᅓĂሞ༵ࠃ ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࡗ‫ײ‬ዐᇜ‫ڦڟ‬཈቟ᅜतᆌ‫ܔ‬཈቟‫݆ݛڦ‬ă 3 ৽݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁසࢆ஢ፁҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ ༵‫ူ؜‬ᅃօॺᅱă ‫ڼ‬2ཀ 08:30 ധ‫֌ݣ݀ࢅڟ‬ଙă 09:00 ਸ‫ׇ‬ӣࢅ঻ถă ბᇵጲ࿢঻ถă঴๥ಢჟӬ‫ڦ‬ጺణՔࢅਏ༹ణՔăዷ‫׼‬ටඓۨए Ԩࡀሶă

50

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

10:00 ! ‫ڼ‬2ੜǖණኪ༵ืଁသă ཚࡗ༹ᄓऄ‫ۯ‬Ljბᇵደॷକ঴Ҹጪթሞ‫دڦںړ‬խ‫ݛ‬๕LjᅜतҸ ጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ໯௬ଣ‫߲ڦ‬ටĂมࣷࢅঢ়ष‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬཈቟ă 10:45 Ⴉတă 11:00 ! ‫ڼ‬3ੜǖม൶๫ঙࢅ݆ୱ๚ၜă Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ໯௬ଣ‫ڦ‬มࣷࢅ݆ୱ࿚༶ăҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ ࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖၠඇ༹ბᇵࣹԒLj඗ࢫᆯ‫ڞޤ‬ᇵᆅ‫ڞ‬༪ஃă 12:30 ࿷֕Ⴉတă 13:30 ! ‫ڼ‬4ੜǖᆶ࠲Ҹጪթթ‫ࢅ۾‬Ҹጪթ‫঻ڦ‬ถDŽҸጪթጆॆDžă ᅅბए‫إ‬ኪ๎LjԈઔҸጪթթ‫دڦ۾‬խĂዎଐतदթ৊ቛ‫ڦ‬փཞ ঩܎ǗࡔాҸጪթᅧ൧‫ୁڦ‬ႜթბ൧઄Ǘ࿚༶ࢅ༪ஃă 14:30 ! ‫ڼ‬5ੜǖ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃ‫ڦ‬၄ጒă ბᇵ৽Ԩ‫ں‬൶‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ٤ෑඖ༹इ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬൧ ઄ፕ०‫ڦ܌‬੨ཀྵԒߢǖ঻ถঢ়ᄓᅜत༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခ้ᇜ‫ڦڟ‬཈቟ă 15:00 Ⴉတă 15:15 ႩတኮࢫीჄฉ‫ڼ‬4ੜLj‫ڞޤ‬ᇵ৽༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခᅜत༵ࠃࢅइ‫݆ڥ‬ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬཈቟݀ഐ༪ஃă 16:45 ঳ຐă ‫ڼ‬3ཀ 09:00 ࣮ࠥ‫ڼ‬1ཀ‫ాڦ‬ඹLj঻ถ‫ڼ‬2ཀ‫ڦ‬ੜ‫ײ‬ă 09:15 ! ‫ڼ‬6ੜǖഄ໱ࡔॆ‫ڦ‬ঢ়ᄓࢅ๖૩ă ঻ถഄ໱ࡔॆ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ঢ়ᄓLjԈઔ‫ࠤڦࠀׯ‬ ๚ăሞԨবੜዐLj੗ᅜၠბᇵ঻ถᆶ࠲‫؜ڦ‬Ӳ࿿ࢅࢻ૴ྪጨᇸă 09:45 ! ‫ڼ‬7ੜǖ߾ፕፇ༵‫ॺ؜‬ᅱă ྺेഽ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ీڦ‬૰༵‫ॺ؜‬ᅱă 51

޹୤

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P.Virot

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

Ⴔᄲॽბᇵ‫ׯݴ‬ब߲ၭፇLj௅ፇᆶᅃටፔऻ୤Ăᅃට޶ሴࣹԒă 11:00 Ⴉတă 11:15 ! ‫ڼ‬8ੜǖ߾ፕፇၠඇ༹ბᇵࣹԒă 12:30 ࿷֕Ⴉတă 13:30 ༪ஃ߾ፕፇԒߢዐ༵त‫ڦ‬࿚༶ă 15:30 ‫ڼ‬8ੜǖඓۨူᅃօ߾ፕă Ԩবੜྺฆۨ‫ူڦ‬ᅃօ߾ፕඓۨዷᄲሴඪටࢅ้क़ҾಇLjժ৽ူ ᅃْ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁಢჟӬ‫ॺڦ‬ᅱ‫ׯٳ‬ᅃዂᅪ९ă 16:00 ಢჟࢫೠࠚ߾ፕLjདൽม൶‫پ‬՗‫ࣹڦ‬Ԓă ሞಢჟӬ঳ຐ้LjბᇵՂႷྜ‫ׯ‬ժైఁ঍࣮ಢჟࢫೠࠚ՗ăଷ ྔLj੗ీࣷሞಢჟ঳ຐࢫདൽม൶‫پ‬՗‫ࣹڦ‬Ԓă 16:30 ঳ຐă

޹୤3ǖಢჟ‫ڇ‬ᇮዷ༶๖૩ Ԩ๖૩ଚ‫؜‬ᅃၵ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ༵ࠃኁಢჟዐ੗ీภत‫ڦ‬ዷ༶ăಢჟ‫ڇ‬ᇮ ‫ాڦ‬ඹᄲߵ਍ბᇵ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ઠۨăሞྺ༬ۨདዚยऺၜణ้Ljᅃۨᄲ ཞ้ጀᅪಢჟภत‫ڦ‬ዷ༶ࢅ‫ڿد‬႑တ‫ݛڦ‬๕ă֖ᇑ๕ბသ‫݆ݛ‬੗ీ ࣷԲ঄ੜ߸ᆶၳă൩ม൶‫پ‬՗֖ᇑ৊ઠᆶዺᇀඓԍภत‫ڦ‬ዷ༶ᇑ‫ړ‬ ‫ڦں‬Ⴔ൱၎࠲DŽ޹୤1Džă ‫ڇ‬ᇮ2ǖҸጪթᇑมࣷ 2! Ҹጪթǖᅅଐࢅมࣷᅺ໎ă a Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කǖ‫ںړ‬ม൶‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթᅧ൧ࢅൔ඄࿚༶ă b Đٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ߸‫֖ڦ܈ײٷ‬ᇑđDŽGIPADžLjኄ๟໯ ᆶҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခᆌፏ๰‫ڦ‬ᇱሶLjԈઔٝ৊Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ๴ ᆖၚඖ༹֖ᇑ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ࢅೠࠚ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ዘᄲႠă c Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬DŽටૌ௨ᅧඍ໦թ‫۾‬DžᇑҸጪթDŽइ‫ڥ‬Ⴀ௨ᅧඍ໦ ጹࢇኢDž‫ڦ‬൶՚ă d ‫د‬խ‫ݛ‬๕ă e ‫ںړ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬թ‫݀ײ‬ቛࢅᇨ೺๱ంă f ‫ڦںړ‬ዎଐ‫݆ݛ‬ĂଐၳࢅޭፕᆩLjᅜतदթ֪॔‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ă 52

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

g ิ૙Ⴔ൱Ljྟ೺Ҹጪթ࣒ኁ‫֘ڦ‬ቱ࿚༶Lj૩ස࿤‫ض‬փഐኁĂႜ ‫ۯ‬ቱҹኁई๫ਥቱҹኁ‫ޜڦ‬ခᄲ൱ă h มࣷ႐૙Ⴔ൱ǖጧკĂ႐૙ॳ੃Ă࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫׼‬ă i ‫ୁںړ‬ႜթბ൧઄ă j ᅧ൧‫ڦ‬มࣷĂิ࿿ࢅ࿔ࣅླྀ‫ۯ‬ᅺ໎DŽ૩සႠ՚ԓ૰ĂҾඇ༫๑ ᆩĂႠթߛ݀୲Ăට੨ୁ‫ۯ‬ĂఴႠԈೄ࣍ൎຍ‫ڪ‬Džă k ༬ۨටඖ‫ڦ‬٤ෑႠLjԲසဌ‫۾‬ኁĂႠ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁĂ ՎႠኁĂሞფටᇵĂ޺౰ࢅܹཡă l ࿫ఁࢅഇ๫LjԈઔဌ‫۾‬ኁĂႠ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁ ௏๴‫ڦ‬փཞ‫ڦ܈ײ‬࿫ఁă 3! Ҹጪթᇑට඄ă a ঴๥ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ‫ڦ‬ᝩஃࢅᅜට඄ྺए‫ڦإ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ֧୼ă b ௮ຎዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖᇜ‫ڦڟ‬ට඄ൔ‫ݖ‬Ăሧߞ‫ڦ‬য়‫࠲ݛ‬ဣᅜत݆ୱ༹ဣ ‫ڦ‬փࠅ‫ڪځܔ‬࿚༶ă c ঴๥ට඄ԍࢺසࢆኧ‫׼‬ᆶၳ‫ڦ‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬Ă࠲ࣉĂኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ዎଐ‫ޜ‬ခă

‫ڇ‬ᇮ3ǖፕྺਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ 2! ԍ௢Ⴀă a ᆌ‫ྺړ‬ਜ਼ࢽԍ๰௞௢Ljኄᄣፔ๟‫؜‬ᇀਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ᄲ൱ᅜत‫؜‬ᇀԍࢺ ਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ణ‫ڦ‬ĊĊժփ๟ᅺྺҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ක๟ᅃॲ࢔۪ට‫ڦ‬๚ ൧ă b ਜ਼ࢽ‫ڟ‬ጆᄽҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ৽ኑ้ᆌԍ‫ߌ௺׼‬Ⴀă c ਜ਼ࢽ‫ऻڦ‬୤ǖၘဦऻ୤Ă֑ᆩՊஓ႑တĂྉ฀ԍ٪࿔ॲࢅ‫ۉ‬ጱ ऻ୤ă d ‫؜‬བྷĂਜ਼ࢽ‫ܔ‬Կབྷई‫؜ݥ‬Ӳ‫ڦ‬ຫ௽Ă੗ీ‫ڦ‬௃༹Ԓ‫ڪڢ‬ă e සࢆሞ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓా‫ݴ‬ၛ႑တă f ޺౰‫څ‬႐ጲमඁࡗ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬๚൧ԥቫ‫ސ‬/ॆටኪ‫ࢫڢ‬Lj੗ ీࣷሦ‫ڟ‬ԓ૰‫ځܔ‬ईഄ໱ႚ๕‫ڦ‬Ԓްă 3! ‫ݥ‬Ⴋහࣅ‫߲ڦ‬ටਉኹă a ᇑਜ਼ࢽথ‫ڦ้ة‬ካ༹ᇕჾࢅ߲ට๾๢ߌă b ࿥๮Ă༵ࠃְ‫ۅ‬ă c ᇑਜ਼ࢽߌཞว๴ă d ๑ᆩ‫ݥ‬Ⴋහ‫ڦ‬ᇕჾDŽՆ௨‫׬‬ਜ਼ࢽྺ๴࡞ኁई࣒ኁĂՆ௨‫ܔ‬Ⴀ߾ ፕईဌ‫ڪ۾‬ႜྺ๑ᆩೠಒႠᇕჾDžă e ༌तଣዕ࿚༶้ᄲ৉ัLjԲසᅍዶࢅᅍׂă f ༌तසࢆߌකҸጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬࿚༶้ᄲ৉ัă 53

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

4! ༺‫پ‬Ⴀৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄă a ߌකҸጪթթ‫ڦ۾‬ਜ਼ࢽྫ​ྫထྭీՆ௨ර‫ײ݆ິڦ׊‬Ⴞ໯‫ټ‬ઠ ‫ڦ‬უ૰Ăਸኧࢅ้क़ჽဃĊĊසࡕ໕໅უ૰ࡗ‫ٷ‬Ljਜ਼ࢽ‫੃ॳڦ‬ ࣷ๴‫ڟ‬ᆖၚă b ༺‫پ‬໕໅‫ݛڦ‬ӄᄺႹ੗ᅜ߸੺‫ں‬इ‫ڥ‬঳ࡕă c ᆌٗਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ঙ‫੊܈‬୯‫ݛ‬ӄ‫ڦ‬ᆫඍ‫ۅ‬LjԈઔԍ௢Ⴀ࿚༶ă d ༺‫پ‬Ⴀ‫ݛ‬ӄ੗ీԈઔ‫د‬ཥ‫ڦ‬ၕ٩݆བྷǗ‫ڍ‬๟Ljᆶ้ၕ٩݆བྷ‫ܔ‬ ᇀ޺౰ई༬ۨඖ༹࢔փ૧ă e ঴๥‫ںړ‬သ࠹݆‫ڦ‬ፕᆩࢅాඹă f ੗ᅜ༵ࠃۙ঴ࢅۙཕ‫ޜ‬ခă ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P.Virot

5! Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă a ‫ںړ‬ม൶‫ڦ‬ጆᄽҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă b ݆ୱᇲዺĂՑࢺࢅጧკ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱ઠᇸLjԈઔ࿮‫ޜ׋‬ခࢅට඄ཷ༹ă c ၠ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾༵ࠃኧ‫׼‬DŽԈઔටा࠲ဣࢅ ֌ଙDžࢅ৊ᅃօಢჟă 6! ‫݆ݥ‬ୱገ঻‫ޜ‬ခă a Ҹጪթዎଐࢅ࠲ࣉ‫ޜ‬ခă b Ҹጪթጧკࢅཞӵኧ‫׼‬ă c Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁཷ༹ǗఴఴႠႜྺኁĂՎႠኁĂဌ‫۾‬ኁࢅႠ ߾ፕኁ‫ڞב‬ፇኯǗ޺౰ፇኯă d ጨূĂዿ‫৽ࢅݝ‬ᄽኧ‫׼‬ă

‫ڇ‬ᇮ4ǖҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ాڦ‬ඹ Ԩੜࣷ༌त‫ںړ‬၎࠲ӄॲࢅ݆ࡀLjᅜत‫ݛں‬သ࠹݆‫ڦ‬ፕᆩࢅాඹLj ᆮഄ๟ሞॆབྷࢅी‫ڪ׶‬࿚༶‫ݛ‬௬ăᅜူ‫ۼ‬๟֑ᆩਉ૩‫݆ݛڦ‬Ljᆌ‫ړ‬ ߵ਍‫ںړ‬Ⴔ൱৊ႜۙኝă 2! Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪ă a ኪ൧ཞᅪă b ഽ዆ॠ֪‫ڦ‬඄૰ă 3! ԍ௢Ⴀࢅᆆຳă a ݆ୱࢅአ֧ԍࢺă 4! ഇ๫ࢅೝ‫ڪ‬ԍࢺă a ࠧᆩཉॲࢅփࠅኟ‫ڦ‬঴ࠧă 54

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

b c d e

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/S.Finn

ԍ၃ă ঞᇣă ࿐ิԍॳă ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬੗तႠă

4 ႘݆DŽࢅ‫݁׳‬Ⴀႜአ݆ୱ݆ࡀDžă‫د‬խҸጪթթ‫݆ྵڦ۾‬ႜྺă b Ⴀ߾ፕኁă c ఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁă d ဌ‫۾‬ኁă e ኍਏၜణ‫݆ࢇڦ‬ႠLjԈઔԍࢺྔቛටᇵփԥ‫ڂ‬վă f ኴ݆ႜྺLjԈઔDŽ၎࠲‫ڦ‬Džয়‫ݛ‬෡ඡĂുቋࢅ౻‫ٶ‬Ă԰ࠃĂᆻ վĂ࿁ሰኤ਍ă 6! ዎଐ඄૧ă a ݆ୱࡀۨҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁᆶ඄ၛ๴௨‫ڦݯ‬ईᆫࣳ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթዎ ଐࢅଣ‫ޜࣉ࠲ض‬ခă b ॳ੃ԍ၃‫ڦ‬੗ᆩႠतၛ๴ॳ੃ԍ၃‫ڦ‬ጨ߭ă c ԓ୞ࢫᇨ‫ڦݞ‬੗ᆩႠतၛ๴ԓ୞ࢫᇨ‫ޜݞ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ጨ߭ă 7! ௨ሦԓ૰ൔ࡞ă a ݆ୱࡀۨ޺౰੗इ‫ڥ‬௨ሦԓ૰ൔ࡞‫ڦ‬ԍࢺସă b Ⴀൔ‫ݖ‬ԓ୞ࢫᇨ‫ޜݞ‬ခ‫ڦ‬੗ᆩႠतၛ๴ԓ୞ࢫᇨ‫ޜݞ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ጨ߭ă c ௨ሦয়ִ౻‫ٶ‬ă 8! ॆབྷ࠲ဣᇑॆབྷ݆LjԈઔ॔ࢺ඄ࢅ֎ׂ඄ă 9! ‫گ‬๭෇ցዺĂቐခ࠶૙Ă‫ޟ‬૧Ăዿ‫ࢅݝ‬ፀ‫ڪݝ‬඄૧ă :! ᅍዶĂᅍׂࢅी‫׶‬ă a ᆶ࠲සࢆ۩૬ᅍዶ‫݆ڦ‬ୱă b ᆶᅍዶࢅ࿮ᅍዶ้‫ڦ‬ी‫׶‬඄ă 21! ‫ںړ‬သ࠹݆‫ڦ‬ፕᆩࢅాඹLjᆮഄ๟ሞॆབྷࢅी‫ڪ׶‬࿚༶ฉă

‫ڇ‬ᇮ5ǖํแ‫ݛ‬ӄࢅց৸‫ٯ‬แ 1 ց‫ࢅ׋‬ഄ໱ց৸Ӹ݆‫ڦ‬੗ᆩႠă 2 ٗਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ঙ‫੊܈‬୯߳‫ݛ‬ӄ‫ڦ‬૧Ձă 3 ၹฆ঴ਦཨ໕࿚༶ă 55

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

4 5 6 7 8 9

ኟ๕‫ڦ‬ཨ໕ऐ዆ă ݆བྷ‫ײ‬Ⴞࢅ໕໅‫ݯ‬ᆩă ၠॠִ࠳ໃ঍ཨ໕ă ‫ׯگ‬Ԩ‫ݛ‬ӄă ዙ֋Ăۙ঴Ăࢅ঴ă ၕ٩݆བྷࢅ‫د‬ཥ݆ୱ༹ဣዐ‫ڦ‬৸षӸ݆ă

޹୤4ǖঢ়‫ݯ‬ฤ൩ກాඹ߁ᄲ Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ঢ়‫ݯ‬ฤ൩ກ੗ీԈࡤᅜူాඹǖ ૬ၜᅈ਍ 1 ᆶ࠲‫ॆࡔࢅݛں‬Ҹጪթᅧ൧‫ڦ‬ႠዊĂ‫ࢅ܈ײ‬มࣷൻ‫ۯ‬ᅺ໎‫ڦ‬႑ တă 2 ๭णᆶ࠲‫ںړ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခႴ൱‫ڦ‬႑တLjਸቛඇ௬‫ڦ‬၄ጒ ֱۙࢅ֖ᇑ๕Ⴔ൱ೠࠚ߾ፕLj૩සਉӸጆ༶ၭፇऄ‫ۯ‬Ăֱۙ‫ںړ‬ Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫݆ڦ‬ୱႴ൱ă 3 ᆶ࠲၄ႜ݆ୱईҸጪթ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ඪࢆ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ঳ࡕLjईኁᆶ࠲ణ ՔටඖĂ๭෇຤ೝᅜतዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖሦ๴มࣷಇ؈ࢅփ૧ཉॲ‫ۙڦ‬ჺ ຕ਍ă 4 ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ݀թ୲ࢅ၄࣒୲‫֪॔ڦ‬ຕ਍LjᅜՍକ঴నၵටඖ๴ᆖ ၚ‫܈ײ‬ፌศLjᅜतҸጪթᅧ൧๟‫ޏ‬ኟሞኄၵටඖዐ‫د‬խă 5 ௮ຎҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖࠌཞ௬ଣ‫ڦ‬ ݆ୱ࿚༶ă 6 ঴๥Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခසࢆ߀฀ࠅࠌ࿐ิ঳ࡕࢅට඄঳ࡕLjԈ ઔ֖੊ඪࢆ၎࠲‫ڦ‬มࣷჺ৯‫ࡕׯ‬ă௮ຎҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖ໯๴‫ڦڟ‬࿫ఁࢅഇ๫සࢆेਗҸጪթթ‫دڦ۾‬խă 7 ௽ඓຫ௽݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခසࢆኧ‫߀׼‬฀Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬Ă࠲ࣉĂኧ‫׼‬ईዎଐ ‫ޜ‬ခLjᅜतසࢆ߀฀ਜ਼ࢽࢅ၎࠲ටඖ‫ڦ‬ጒ઄ă 8 ၄ႜҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࡕׯڦ‬႑တLjԈઔీሞૌຼมࣷ࣍ৣዐ ቛ๖‫ޜ؜‬ခᆶၳႠ‫ڦ‬ೠࠚຕ਍ă၎࠲႑တ၂๖ెۨ‫ޜڦ‬ခփࣷᇑ ၄ᆶ‫ڦ‬ईऺࣄዐ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ၎ዘްă 9 ኧ‫׼‬႑LjԲසઠጲᇀ‫݆ںړ‬ୱࢅᅅଐጆᄽၹࣷDŽୱ฾ၹࣷĂҸጪ թᅅิཷ༹DžĂ‫ॆࡔࢅݛں‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯतม൶ፇኯĂ ඇࡔҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁၹࣷĂට඄ፇኯࢅ૴ࢇࡔऐࠓDŽ૩ස૴ࢇ ࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈĂ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈDžă ௮ຎ 1 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ጸኼࢅణՔLjԈઔ݆ୱጧკĂ݆ୱ႑တࢅҸጪթ၎࠲ 56

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ӄॲ‫پڦ‬૙ᄽခLjᅜतഄ໱‫ޜ‬ခLjԲසට඄ঞᇣĂۙჺĂ݆ୱ࿚ ༶࿔Ԩऻ୤ᅜत‫ࢅڞב‬Ⴧ‫ޜد‬ခă 2 ௮ຎ‫ޜ‬ခణՔටඖࢅ‫ޜ‬ခ൶ᇘ‫ࡀڦ‬ఇत༬‫ۅ‬ă‫ޜ‬ခޮ߃୲‫ऺࠚڦ‬ ኵߵ਍௅౎ᇨऺথ‫ڦة‬ణՔටඖਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ටຕऺ໙‫؜‬ઠă 3 ჋ስਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ՔጚLj૩ස๭෇Ă৽ᄽጒ઄ᅜत‫ޜ‬ခ‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ කኁ‫ޜڦ‬ခĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ڦ‬੗ᆩႠă঴๥‫ޜ‬ခऐ ࠓසࢆඓۨਜ਼ࢽ‫ڦ‬ӄॲ๟‫ޏ‬ᇑҸጪթ၎࠲ă 4 ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬இड઀ॐDŽlogframeDžLjቛ๖‫؜ׂ؜‬සࢆገՎྺ঳ࡕ ࢅᆖၚDŽ֖९޹୤4‫ڦ‬๖૩Džăᆌ‫ړ‬௮ຎ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ֧୼ă ዎ૙ࢅ࠶૙Ҿಇ 1 ᆌ‫ړ‬௮ຎ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ፇኯ঳ࠓLjԈઔ࠶૙ኰ࿋ᅜतሴඪ዆ࢅ࿚ሴ዆ă 2 ᆌ‫ړ‬঴๥‫ޜ‬ခຌᇀ‫ڦ܀ڇ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခĂగ߲၄ᆶፇኯํ แ‫ޜڦ‬ခ࣏๟ԥྜඇభ෇‫ڟ‬గ߲၄ᆶፇኯዐ‫ޜڦ‬ခLj࣏ᆌ঴๥ኄ ዖፇኯ঳ࠓ‫ڦ‬૙ஃᅈ਍ă 3 ௮ຎ၄ᆶईెۨ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ऐࠓDŽ૩ස૙๚ࣷDžࢅጧკऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ႠዊLj ᅜत‫ںړ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖሞፇኯሏᆐዐਏᆶሹᄣ‫ڦ‬ ݀ჾ඄ă ටᇵದԢ 1 ߁ຎెۨ‫ڦ‬ጆᄽටᇵࢅኧ‫׼‬ටᇵ‫ڦ‬ටຕࢅኰሴă੗ీԈઔ‫݆ݥ‬ୱ ጆᄽටᇵLjԲසมࣷ߾ፕኁࢅଣ้ധ۩ࢇཞ‫ڦ‬ጆᄽࢅरຍටᇵDŽԲ සอऺᇵࢅࠥ࿚Džă 2 ጨዺऐࠓ੗ీࣷᄲ൱৽࠲॰ኰ࿋ഐ֥ኰ࿋௮ຎă 3 ঴๥‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ၳ୲๚ᅓLjԈઔഔᆩࠅᅮୱ฾ĂኾᇼኁĂბิࢅ ‫ׯگ‬Ԩ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ዺ૙ă 4 ঴๥ඪࢆഄ໱‫ڦ‬ঢ়‫ݯ‬ઠᇸईํ࿿ኧ‫׼‬LjԲසਘሽ‫้߾ڦ‬ईઠጲຳ ᆐ݆ୱևோ‫ڦ‬ยԢă ᇨ໙ 1 ঴๥‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ၄ᆶ‫ڦ‬ඇևঢ়‫ݯ‬ઠᇸDŽසࡕᆶ‫ࣆڦ‬DžLjᅜतᅙঢ়ඓ ۨူઠ‫ڦ‬ঢ়‫ݯ‬ຕ‫ܮ‬ă 2 ঴๥‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓᇨ೺इ‫ڦڥ‬࿮‫׋‬ጨᇸDŽ૩සኾᇼኁࢅਘሽ‫ڦ‬ยԢDžă 3 ֖९՗1ዐᆶ࠲‫ׯ‬Ԩ‫ၘڦ‬ဦ௮ຎLjሞ዆ۨᆶ࠲ॺ૬ࢅྼ‫݆׼‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ऐࠓ‫ڦ‬ᇨ໙้Ⴔᄲ੊୯ኄၵᅺ໎ă

޹୤5ǖஇड઀ॐࢅ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ઀ॐ Ԩ޹୤௮ຎକሞ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణዐਸ݀‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ઀ॐ‫ڦ‬இड઀ॐ֧ 57

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

୼ă޿֧୼ᄲ൱ၜణ௽ඓহۨణՔĂׂ‫ࢅ؜‬঳ࡕLj࣏ᆌඓۨਜ਼࠵੗ ᄓኤ‫ڦ‬जၳኸՔઠ࢚ଉ৊ቛ൧઄ăஇड઀ॐ‫ڦ‬Ⴀዊൽਦᇀࡀࣄዐ‫ڦ‬ ‫ޜ‬ခఇ႙ă޿՗ኻ๟ፕྺᅃዖ֖੊Ljܸփ๟‫ݣ‬ኮ຺࡛দጚ‫ڦ‬ఇ႙ă ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ઀ॐ࣏੗༵ࠃᆶ࠲ူଚ߳‫ݛ‬௬‫ၘڦ‬ဦ൧઄ǖຕ਍ᇸĂຣ ޶ሴ๭णຕ਍Ă‫้׊ܠ‬क़๭णࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆᅃْຕ਍ă ‫ޜ‬ခጺణՔ ‫ޜ‬ခጺణՔ๟ྺਸቛᆶၳ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕᆐሰᅃዖᆶ૧‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࣍ৣă

ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/P.Virot

ਏ༹‫ޜ‬ခణՔ ਏ༹‫ޜ‬ခణՔ๟༵ࠃǖ 1 Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ႑တĂጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခǗ 2 Ҹጪթ၎࠲ට඄ࢅ݆ۨ඄૧‫ڦ‬ঞᇣǗᅜत 3 ֖ᇑ‫ڞב‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱĂአ֧ࢅํ७Վ߫‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬ዐă ऄ‫ۯ‬ ႑တĂጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ a ၠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃ၎࠲႑တ ࢅ݆ୱጧკLjాඹภत੗ీᆖၚ໱்‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කᅟ๴ฅ࡞ ႠईेਗҸጪթթ‫۾‬ᆖၚ‫ڦ‬๚ᅓă b ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫پ‬૙ᄽခLjԈઔ৆थ൧઄้‫؜‬བྷLjᅜՍ‫ݞ‬ኹ‫؜‬၄ჹዘൔ ‫ݖ‬ට඄‫ڦ‬ႜྺǗ૩ස௨ሦԓ૰ൔ࡞ĂൻደĂደ‫؜‬ၯோă c ጉႀᅍዶᅜतᆶ࠲֎ׂ‫ت‬૙Ăጨূࢅࢺ૙Ҿಇ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱݆ୱ࿔ॲă d ၠਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃኧ‫׼‬Ljೠࠚ༺‫پ‬Ⴀ‫ڦ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ײ‬ႾLjԈઔ‫د‬ཥ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ ༹ဣă e ֖ᇑీࠕ࠽‫߀ݘ‬฀݆ୱࢅአ֧ܸٗ๑ዚ‫ܠ‬ม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵ๴ᅮ‫୼֧ڦ‬໕ ໅/๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲă f ၠม൶ࢅ॔ᇢా‫ڦ‬ਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃྔቛ‫ޜ‬ခLjኧ‫׼‬ୱ฾ዺ૙ࢅኾᇼኁሞ ม൶ా༵ࠃᆶၳ‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခă ට඄ঞᇣ a ֖ᇑม൶݆ୱঞᇣLj༵ߛට඄ࢅ݆ۨ඄૧‫ڦ‬ᅪ๎Ljेഽཚࡗኟ๕ ࢅ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕཰০৊ႜྼ඄‫ڦ‬ᅪ๎ă b ௬ၠୱ฾Ăए݆֫ᇾዎҾ࠳ᇵĂ݆࠳Ăয়ִࢅ݆ୱဣཥഄ໱ጆᄽ ට๗༵ࠃᆶ࠲Ҹጪթࢅට඄‫ڦ‬ঞᇣă c ௬ၠ‫د‬ཥ/ጸঞଶႰ༵ࠃට඄ࡀ‫ݛݔ‬௬‫ڦ‬ঞᇣLjԈઔఴ౰ೝ‫ڪ‬ᅜत փೝ‫ेܔڪ‬ਗҸጪթթ‫۾‬ᅟ๴ฅ࡞Ⴀ‫ڦ‬ᆖၚă d ኧ‫׼‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁፕྺ݆ୱࢅට඄ঞᇣኁ֖ᇑ၎࠲ऄ‫ۯ‬ă

58

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

e ਉӸᆶ࠲ට඄ࢅҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ஃ༇Lj๑փཞևோ‫ڦ‬ටᇵ‫ڥ‬ᅜ ਋ण‫ڟ‬ᅃഐLjԲසኴ݆࠳ᇵĂࠅࠌ࿐ิऐࠓ‫پڦ‬՗Ăአުևோࢅ ऻኁă ‫ڞב‬ a ֖े‫ํܔ‬७Ă݆ୱࢅአ֧Վ߫‫ڞבڦ‬Ljሺे‫ت‬૙ӄॲ໯ీइ‫ڦڥ‬ ጨᇸă b ჺ৯ࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ๴૙‫ڦ‬ӄॲ‫݀ڦ‬ቛ൵๞Ljჺ৯၎࠲‫݆ڦ‬ୱࢅ ݆ୱአ֧LjྺჇ‫د‬ऄ‫ࠃ༵ۯ‬ᅈ਍ă c ऻ୤ࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖሦᇜ ‫ڦ‬ፌ‫׉‬९ට඄ൔ‫ݖ‬ႚ๕LjᅜՍྺ݆ୱࢅአ֧߀༵߫ࠃᅈ਍ă d ྼࢺऻ୤ඇࡔҸጪթ၎࠲ට඄ൔ‫ݖ‬ႜྺ‫ڦ‬႑တ঍ୁੰLjᅜՍྺ‫ב‬ ‫ڞ‬ऄ‫ࠃ༵ۯ‬ᅈ਍ă e ྼࢺᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎࢅට඄‫ڞב‬ኁ‫ڦ‬ඇࡔྪஏă

޹୤6ǖ঳ࡕೠࠚࢅࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚ঳ࡕᇑࡗ‫׉ݥۼײ‬ᆶᆩă ঳ࡕೠࠚ ঳ࡕೠࠚኼሞೠॏ௬ၠਜ਼ࢽࢅม൶‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ๟‫ޏ‬इ‫ڥ‬କ૙ၙ঳ ࡕăᆶ࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ঳ࡕ‫ڦ‬႑တ੗ᅜፕྺዘᄲ‫߾ڞבڦ‬ਏăኄၵ႑တ ᆶዺᇀ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓຫ‫ޜ‬ጨዺ‫ݛ‬Ăአުࢅ‫ٷ‬ዚLj‫׃‬ຎྺՉᇹࣅටඖ ྼ඄‫݆ڦ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ๟ᆶၳҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎႜ‫ࢃڦۯ‬႐ፇ‫ׯ‬և‫ݴ‬ă ඇ൰एূ಼ጚ‫ڦ‬ሽ੼ၜణ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ঳ࡕኸՔ๖૩Ԉઔǖ Ŗ ణՔටඖDŽ݆࠳Ă࿐ิԍॳ߾ፕኁĂҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ߾ࣷ‫ׯ‬ ᇵDžዐਏԢ݆ୱኪ๎‫ڦ‬ටຕă Ŗ ำ‫׬‬ጲวට඄‫ڟڥ‬ፎዘ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬Բ૩ă Ŗ କ঴ጲว݆ۨ඄૧‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬Բ૩ă ခՂᄲ๭णए၍ຕ਍LjᅜՍ࢚ଉ൵๞ă ࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ ࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚዘ‫׃ࢅִ੊ۅ‬ຎ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခሏፕ‫ݛڦ‬๕ă໲ኼሞକ঴‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ ሏፕ൧઄සࢆᅜत‫ޜ‬ခ๟‫ޏ‬Ӏऺࣄ৊ႜă໲੊୯ፇኯ‫࠶ڦ‬૙Ăአ֧ ዆ۨ‫ݛڦ‬๕ᅜत‫ޜ‬ခํแ‫ݛڦ‬๕ăࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ௮ຎ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ֖ᇑ ‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬Ăਸቛ‫߾ڦ‬ፕĂ၎ᆌ‫ڦ‬ਜ਼ࢽᅜतഄ໱ऄ‫ྷݔڦۯ‬LjԲසঞ ᇣĂۙჺࢅ‫ڞב‬ă 59

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

՗3ǖҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬இड઀ॐ ጺణՔǖྺਸቛᆶၳ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕᆐሰᅃዖᆶ૧‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࣍ৣ සࢆ

ຣǛ๊஺‫ݛں‬Ǜ

࿢்ၙᄲ๊஺Ǜྺ๊஺Ǜ

ऄ‫ۯ‬

ׂ‫؜‬

ణՔටඖ

঳ࡕ!

‫׊‬೺ᆖၚ

ਏ༹ణՔ2ǖ ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ

֖ᇑৰ‫ݵ‬঴ਦ‫ײ‬Ⴞ

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ ॆට

༵ߛҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ ටඖ‫ޜ݆ິܔ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ ‫ۅ‬ටඖփምሦ๴ԓ૰ ࢅഇ๫

ୱ฾ࢅୱ฾ዺ૙༵ࠃ‫ڦ‬ ጧკ ‫ࣆۉ‬ጧკ ݆ᇾ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ

ߴਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃጚඓ‫ڦ‬ጧკ ࢅߛዊଉ‫پڦ‬૙ᄽခ ߴਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃᅍዶĂ๲඄ ກࢅഄ໱ᅍׂࡀࣄ࿔ॲ

‫ݥ‬ኟࡀ༹ဣ/‫د‬ཥ٩݆ᇾ ‫ڦ‬ᇲዺ

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁፇኯ इ‫ڥ‬ᆶ࠲ጀ֩ࢅዎ૙‫ݛ‬ ௬‫ڦ‬ጧკLjᅜतᆶ࠲ၠ ဌ‫۾‬ኁĂႠ߾ፕኁĂఴ ఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁ༵ ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခ໯ภत‫݆ڦ‬ୱ๚ ᅓ‫ڦ‬ጧკ

ม൶ྔቛ

๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲ঳ӄ

݆ᇾᅜྔ‫ࢅڦ‬঴Ăۙ঴ ࢅഄ໱༺‫ݛپ‬๕

Ⴀ߾ፕኁ ဌ‫۾‬ኁ ሞფටᇵ ఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎ Ⴀኁ ௷߾Ă࡛ᇵ ม൶ፇኯ ‫׭‬ኔਃ௷ ౫٩ࢅೋᇺටඖ

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ ཚࡗኟ๕ࢅ‫ݥ‬ኟ๕ർ‫ڢ‬஌ํጲ ว‫ڦ‬඄૧Ljժ൐༵ߛ‫ڞב‬ጲว ඄૧‫ీڦ‬૰ Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ इ‫ڥ‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬Ăॠ֪ĂዎଐĂ࠲ࣉ ࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခLjܸփՂ࡞಄ሦ๴ ࿫ఁࢅഇ๫ ‫پ‬՗Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ٤ෑ ඖ༹‫ڦ‬ፇኯీࠕᆶၳ֖ᇑࡔॆ Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕ ๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲٝ‫݆ׯ‬ୱࢅአ֧৊ օLjܸٗ๑Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ ๴ᅮ

ഐ֥ᅍዶࢅ࿔ॲĂ‫ิ؜‬ ‫ऻک‬

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁࢅዘ ‫ۅ‬ටඖ‫ิڦ‬ऄዊଉ‫ڥ‬ ‫ߛ༵ڟ‬Ljీࠕ߸ࡻ‫ں‬ ዷቧጲว‫ڦ‬඄૧LjԈ ઔइ‫ڥ‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬ĂዎଐĂ ࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ڦ׼‬඄૧ ޺౰ࢅ౰࡚༵ߛጲว ‫ڦ‬มࣷࢅঢ়ष‫ں‬࿋ ᇑҸጪթࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ ၎࠲‫ڦ‬࿫ఁ‫ڟڥ‬३ณ

ඓۨ๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲժ༵঍ߴ ݆ᇾ

ਏ༹ణՔ3ǖ ට඄ঞᇣ ঞᇣ֌ଙ ൧઄ຫ௽ກ ม൶ঞᇣ

ߴਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃᆶ࠲ഄ݆ۨ ඄૧ᅜतසࢆํ၄ኄၵ ඄૧‫ڦ‬ಢჟࢅ႑တ ߴୱ฾ዺ૙Ăୱ฾Ă݆ ࠳ࢅ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ/ට඄ཷ ༹༵ࠃҸጪթࢅට඄ಢჟ

নཀྵਗᇾࢅม൶๚ॲ ಢჟੜ‫ײ‬Ă฾ጨಢჟ ํᆩ๮֩ ݆࠳֖੊๮֩ ݆ୱ೺਽ஃ࿔ ०Ԓ ྪበĂ‫ۉ‬ጱᆰॲଚ՗ ࣷᅱĂፗ༌ࣷ

ਏ༹ణՔ4ǖ ‫݆ࢅڞב‬ୱ߀߫ ኝ૙߲ӄჺ৯ ‫ݴ‬ဆӄॲ አ֧ჺ৯ ዆ፕ௬ၠ௃༹ࢅᅱᇵ‫ڦ‬ มࣷႜ‫ۯ‬Ⴧ‫֌د‬ଙ ༵ࠃᆶ࠲၄ႜ݆ୱĂአ ֧ࢅํ७ईഄ֥ӄ‫ڦ‬र ຍᇲዺईೠஃ

60

௃༹Ă࠳ᇵĂয়ִࢅ࿐ ิԍॳ߾ፕኁሺे‫ܔ‬Ҹ ጪթࢅට඄‫ڦ‬ኪၬ୲

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ ๴Ҹጪթᆖၚኁ ዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖǖ޺౰ĂႠ ߾ፕኁĂఴఴႠႜྺ ኁĂဌ‫۾‬ኁ ୱ฾Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ă݆ ࠳Ăয়ִĂॠִ࠳ ට඄‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ

݆ୱࢅ‫ޜڞב‬ခ‫ڦ‬ዊଉ‫༵ڟڥ‬ ߛ ݆ୱহට๗ཚࡗߛዊଉ‫ޜ‬ခ঴ ਦҸጪթ၎࠲࿚༶‫ీڦ‬૰‫ڟڥ‬ ༵ߛ ॺ૬੗‫׼‬Ⴤࢅ੗޶‫ڦڅ‬ఇ๕ߴ Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴Ҹጪթ ᆖၚኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃ݆ୱঞ ᇣࢅޯ඄

௃༹ ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅට඄ཷ༹ থ๴Ҹጪթಢჟ

ᅱᇵ

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ ऐࠓॺ૬ഐҸጪթጆ ᄽྪஏ

࿐ิԍॳ߾ፕኁ

ॺ૬߲ӄჺ৯႑တ঍ ୁੰǗ ਸቛӄॲ݀ቛ൵๞ۙჺ ࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆǗ‫֌ڞב‬ଙ‫ڥ‬ᅜ ዆ፕࢅ‫݀ݴ‬Ǘ߀߫Ⴧ‫د‬ ሏ‫ڥۯ‬ᅜਸቛǗཚࡗྪ ஏ‫ڦ‬Ⴧ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬Ǘ௃༹೸ ࠼ൔ඄๚ॲ

ᅱᇵ ၎࠲አުևோ‫֫ߛڦ‬ ࠳ᇵ

࠳ᇵ

௃༹ ට඄ཷ༹

ᅜට඄ྺए‫݆ڦإ‬ୱࢅአ֧ Վ߫ Ҹጪթթ‫د۾‬խईԓ୞ࢅDŽ၎ ࠲‫ڦ‬Dž༬ۨႜྺ‫ڦ‬࿮ፍࣅLj૩ සฆᄽႠႠႜྺĂཞႠႠႜྺ ई߲ට๑ᆩ༬ۨ‫۾‬೗Ǘ੗ํแ ‫ڦ‬ዎଐࢅᇨ‫ݞ‬඄૧Ǘॺ૬ᅃ߲ ݆ୱ઀ॐᆩᇀߴዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖ༵ࠃ ᇨ‫ݞ‬࿿೗DŽ૩සҾඇ༫Ăኍਏ ࢅெ෭ཛྷईഄ໱ქೌ༺‫پ‬ଐ݆Dž

Ҹጪթ݀թ୲३ณ ᆶ૧‫ڦ‬ᇨ‫ݞ‬Ă࠲ࣉĂ ኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ዎଐ࣍ৣ Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ ิऄዊଉ‫ߛ༵ڟڥ‬

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

՗4ǖ‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚ઀ॐǖजၳኸՔ๖૩ ጺణՔǖྺਸቛᆶၳ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ߾ፕᆐሰᅃዖᆶ૧‫݆ڦ‬ୱ࣍ৣ ऄ‫ۯ‬

ׂ‫؜‬

ኸՔ

ਏ༹ణՔ1ǖ ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙

ৰ‫ڥݵ‬ᅜ঴ਦ

ᆌ޿৑੗ీӀቷႠ՚ࣄ‫ݴ‬ઠ๭णຕ਍ă ටຕ/ຕଉǖ Ŗ ၠୱ฾/ୱ฾ዺ૙ლ൱ጧკ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖDŽ౰ႠĂఴႠࢅ ՎႠኁDž Ŗ থ๴‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖDŽ౰ႠĂఴႠࢅՎႠኁDž Ŗ इ‫ڥ‬๢‫ڦړ‬ᅍዶ/ᅍׂࡀࣄ࿔ॲ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁDŽ౰ႠĂఴႠࢅՎႠኁDž Ŗ ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬঳ࡕߌ‫ڟ‬஢ᅪ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖDŽ౰ႠĂఴႠ ࢅՎႠኁDž Ŗ থ๴ྔቛ/ঞᇣĂၠয়ִԒߢ‫ݖ‬ፍ/౲‫ځ‬ႜྺĂฉ໕‫݆ڟ‬ᇾࢅლ൱ິ݆‫ޜ‬ခ ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅዘ‫ۅ‬ටඖDŽ౰ႠĂఴႠࢅՎႠኁDž Ŗ থ๴ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫ڦ‬ม൶ፇኯ Ŗ ঴ਦ‫ڦ‬ৰ‫ݵ‬ Ŗ ॺ૬‫ྔڦ‬ቛ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓࢅሞྔቛ‫ڦࠃ༵ۅ‬ጧკ ਜ਼ࢽ‫ܔ‬ጧკࢅ‫پ‬૙ᄽခ‫ڦ‬஢ᅪ‫܈‬ǖֱۙĂጆ༶ၭፇĂӷ‫ײ‬๕ࣅ‫ݡ‬༌Ǘ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခీࠕସට஢ᅪ‫ں‬঴ਦਜ਼ࢽ௬ଣ‫ڦ‬࿚༶‫ڦ‬ӥ‫ݴ‬Բ ݆ᇾሞಒਦ้ᆅᆩࡔाට඄݆၎࠲ཉ੼‫ڦ‬ӄॲ‫ڦ‬ຕଉ ‫ࠀׯ‬঳ӄ‫ڦ‬๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲ‫ڦ‬ຕଉǖ Ŗ ॺ૬ీ๑Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ๴ᅮ‫ڦ‬ႎ݆ዎǗ Ŗ ঴ਦഇ๫Ⴀአ֧ईํ७ ३‫ޜ࡞ླگ‬ခ‫ڦ‬૧ᆩ‫܈‬ሺे ߸‫ڦܠ‬ටၠয়‫ݛ‬ਉԒኍ‫޺ܔ‬౰‫ڦ‬ԓ૰ႜྺ

ୱ฾ࢅୱ฾ዺ૙༵ࠃ ጧკ ‫ࣆۉ‬ጧკ ‫؜‬བྷ‫پ‬૙

ߴਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃጚඓ‫ڦ‬ጧკ ࢅߛዊଉ‫پڦ‬૙‫ޜ‬ခ ߴਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃᅍዶĂ๲඄ ກࢅഄ໱ᅍׂࡀࣄ࿔ॲ

‫ݥ‬ኟࡀ༹ဣ/‫د‬ཥ٩݆ᇾ ‫ڦ‬ᇲዺ

Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁፇ ኯइ‫ڥ‬ᆶ࠲ጀ֩ࢅዎ૙ ‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬ጧკLjᅜतᆶ࠲ සࢆ௬ၠဌ‫۾‬ኁĂႠ߾ ፕኁĂՎႠኁࢅఴఴႠ ႜྺኁਸቛྔቛ߾ፕ‫ڦ‬ ጧკ

ม൶ྔቛ

๬‫ۅ‬ӄॲ঳ӄ

݆ᇾᅜྔ‫ࢅڦ‬঴Ăۙ঴ ࢅഄ໱༺‫ݛپ‬๕

ഐ֥ᅍዶࢅ݆ୱ࿔ॲ ඓ֧ۨ୼໕໅ - ๬‫ۅ‬ӄ ॲժ༵঍ߴ݆ᇾ

ਏ༹ణՔ3ǖ ට඄ঞᇣ

ߴਜ਼ࢽ༵ࠃᆶ࠲ഄ݆ۨ ඄૧ᅜतසࢆํ၄ኄၵ ඄૧‫ڦ‬ಢჟࢅ႑တ

ঞᇣ֌ଙ ൧઄ຫ௽ກ ม൶ঞᇣ

ߴୱ฾ዺ૙Ăୱ฾Ă݆࠳ ࢅ‫ݥ‬አުፇኯ/ට඄ཷ༹ ༵ࠃҸጪթࢅට඄ಢჟ

নཀྵਗᇾࢅม൶ऄ‫ۯ‬

௃༹Ă࠳ᇵĂয়ִࢅഄ ໱ևோሺे‫ܔ‬Ҹጪթࢅ ට඄‫ڦ‬ኪၬ୲

থ๴ࡗ݆ۨ඄૧၎࠲ಢჟ൐Ԓߢሺेକኪ๎ࢅ༵ߛକ஌ํጲว඄૧‫ڦ‬႑႐‫ڦ‬ ఴႠĂ౰ႠࢅՎႠኁ‫ڦ‬ටຕ ణՔටඖ‫݆ܔ‬ୱࢅට඄‫ڦ‬ኪၬ୲

ಢჟੜ‫ײ‬Ă฾ጨಢჟ ํᆩ๮֩ ݆࠳֖੊๮֩

ᆫዊ֌ଙ‫ڦ‬ೠࠚຕ਍/ೠ‫ݴ‬Ǘ૩ස੗तႠĂጚඓႠĂᇕჾ‫ڦ‬࿔ࣅ๢ᅓႠࢅᆩ ࢽᆷࡻ႙‫߭ڦ‬๕

থ๴ࡗට඄ঞᇣ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁፌ၂ዸ‫ڦ‬Վࣅࠤ๚

݆ୱ೺਽ஃ࿔ ०Ԓ

‫ݥ‬አުፇኯࢅට඄ཷ༹ থ๴Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱಢჟ

থ๴ࡗಢჟ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾Ăୱ฾ዺ૙Ă݆࠳Ăয়ִĂॠִ࠳Ăට඄‫ڞב‬ኁࢅጸঞଶႰ ‫ܔ‬ҸጪթĂႠ՚Ăഇ๫ࢅට඄ԍ‫ߌ௺׼‬Ⴀ‫دڦ‬ཥଶႰ‫ڦ‬ටຕ

ྪበĂ‫ۉ‬ጱᆰॲፇ ࣷᅱĂፗ༌ࣷ

Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐ ࠓॺ૬ഐጆᄽྪஏ

‫ܔ‬ಢჟ‫ڦ‬஢ᅪ‫܈‬ǖಢჟമࢅಢჟࢫֱۙĂጆ༶ၭፇ থ๴ಢჟࢫీጲ႑‫ں‬କ঴Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁႴ൱ࢅ඄૧ᅜत༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲ ݆ୱጧკ‫ڦ‬ୱ฾ዺ૙ࢅୱ฾‫ڦ‬ටຕ থ๴ࡗĐ฾ጨಢჟđժ֖ᇑ༵ࠃಢჟ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ටຕ

ਏ༹ణՔ4ǖ ‫݆ࢅڞב‬ୱ߀߫

ॺ૬߲ӄჺ৯႑တ঍ ୁੰ

ኝ૙߲ӄჺ৯

ਸቛӄॲ݀ቛ൵๞ۙჺ ࢅ‫ݴ‬ဆ

ඓۨժཚࡗჇ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬Ⴧ‫ڞבڦد‬๚ᅓ‫ڦ‬ຕଉ ֧୼໕໅ࢅ߀߫Ⴧ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬ٝ‫ڦׯ‬዆‫ࣅ܈‬Վ߫‫ڦ‬ຕଉĂႠዊࢅޮ߃௬

‫ݴ‬ဆӄॲ

‫ڞב‬႑တޮ߃‫ڦ‬ᅱᇵࢅ࠳ᇵ‫ڦ‬ටຕǖ ࣷᅱĂፗ༌ࣷĂᆰॲፇ

‫֌ڞב݀ݴ‬ଙ አ֧ჺ৯

௃༹‫ܔ‬ዷᄲҸጪթ၎࠲ഇ๫࿚༶ፔኟ௬Ԓ‫ْڦڢ‬ຕ ਸቛ߀߫Ⴧ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬

‫ࢅڞב‬Ⴧ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬

ٝ‫ׯ‬௃༹ޮ߃௬ક‫ڦٷ‬௃༹݀քࣷ‫ڦ‬ຕଉᅜतᆯُ‫ټ‬ઠ‫݆ڦ‬ୱࢅአ֧Վ߫ एᇀྪஏ‫ڦ‬Ⴧ‫د‬ሏ‫ۯ‬

዆ፕ௬ၠ௃༹ࢅᅱᇵ‫ڦ‬ มࣷऄ‫ۯ‬Ⴧ‫֌د‬ଙ

௃༹೸࠼ൔ඄๚ॲ

61

޹୤

ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ᆌ‫ړ‬ඓۨਏ༹‫ײࡗڦ‬ኸՔLjᅜՍཚࡗ๭णຕ਍ઠ࢚ଉፔࡗ๊஺Ă௬ ၠຣፔ‫ڦ‬Ăࢆ้ፔ‫ڦ‬Ăሞࢆዖ‫ׇ‬໯ፔ‫ڦ‬ᅜतዊଉසࢆăࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ੗ ཚࡗ‫ܔ‬ኄၵᅺ໎৊ႜ‫ڞ۽‬ઠ‫ݴ‬ဆຕ਍LjᅜՍೠࠚၜణ‫ํڦ‬แ൧઄ă ࡗ‫ײ‬ೠࠚ੗༵‫ॺ؜‬ᅱLjܸٗۙኝ༵ࠃ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ݛڦ‬๕Ljժ‫݆ܔ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ ခ‫׼ڦ‬Ⴤ݀ቛแेᆖၚă ඇ൰एূ಼ጚ‫ڦ‬ሽ੼ၜణ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࡗ‫ײ‬ኸՔ๖૩Ԉઔǖ Ŗ इ‫݆ڥ‬ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ටຕă Ŗ ၠ‫ړ‬ਆ༵‫؜‬౲‫ځ‬ཨ໕‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬ටຕă Ŗ इ‫݆ڥ‬ୱՑࢺ‫ޜ‬ခࢅ/ईᆶ࠲඄૧႑တ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂॆට ࢅವᆷ‫ڦ‬ටຕă Ŗ থ๴ࡗᆶ࠲੻ඹࢅ‫ݥ‬ഇ๫ĂႠࢅิኳ඄૧ᅜतࠅ௷ଶ‫֖ڞ‬ᇑ‫ݛڪ‬ ௬ಢჟ‫ڦ‬ටຕă Ŗ ዆ፕࢅ݀‫ߴݣ‬փཞణՔටඖDŽࠧዷĂ࿐ิԍॳ߾ፕኁĂҸጪթթ ‫ߌ۾‬කኁࢅ߾ࣷ‫ׯ‬ᇵDž‫݆ڦ‬ୱ֌ଙ‫ڦ‬ຕଉă Ŗ ԥገ঍ߴ၎ᆌऐࠓ‫ت‬૙‫ڦ‬ᆶԢӄ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁට඄ൔ‫ݖ‬ӄ ॲ‫ڦ‬ຕଉă Ŗ থ๴ࡗࡔాࢅࡔाට඄Ă࿫ఁࢅഇ๫၎࠲݆ୱಢჟ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫۾‬ ߌකኁ‫ڦ‬ටຕă

๖૩ǖ঳ࡕೠࠚ ๖૩ǖ঳ࡕೠࠚ ᅃॆ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓၠႠ߾ፕኁ༵ࠃጧკLjժၠয়‫ڞבݛ‬Ⴀ߾ፕ ኁ‫ڦ‬඄૧ă‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓኼሞ༵ߛႠ߾ፕኁ‫ྼڦ‬඄ᅪ๎Lj३ณয়ִ ෡ඡႠ߾ፕኁ‫ڦ‬၄ၡăྺକ‫ڞ۽‬ሞኄ‫ݛ‬௬ൽ‫ڦڥ‬৊ቛ൧઄Lj‫ޜ‬ ခऐࠓ௅౎‫ܔࣷۼ‬ᅃၵႠ߾ፕኁ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ܔ‬ၡਜ਼ࢽਸቛֱۙăሞኟ ๕ሏፕኮമLj‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓਸቛକए၍ֱۙăሞ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ፕ৊ႜ‫ڼڟ‬ ෙ౎‫ڦ‬࿂ำLj‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓਸቛ঳ࡕೠࠚ߾ፕă‫ڼ‬ෙ౎‫ֱۙ܈౎ܔ‬ ‫ڦ‬঳ࡕ৊ႜ‫ݴ‬ဆLjᅜՍඓۨ൵๞Ljժྺߢኪ঳ࡕೠࠚ‫݀ڦ‬၄঳ ࡕᅜत༵ࠃ၎࠲ࢅॺᅱ༵ࠃᅈ਍ă ޿‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ‫ڦ‬঳ࡕኸՔ๖૩ྺǖ Ŗ ሞথ๴؏ᄣֱۙ‫ڦ‬Ⴀ߾ፕኁዐLjথ๴݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࢫጚඓኪ‫ڢ‬ጲ วԥ਀ା้၎࠲඄૧‫ڦ‬Ⴀ߾ፕኁ‫ڦ‬Բ૩ă Ŗ ሞথ๴؏ᄣֱۙ‫ڦ‬Ⴀ߾ፕኁዐLjీԒߢీໜวၻ‫ټ‬Ҿඇ༫ܸ փԥয়‫ݛ‬෡ඡ‫ڦ‬Ⴀ߾ፕኁ‫ڦ‬Բ૩ă

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గၵጨዺ‫ݛ‬ဠ֑࣌ᆩଳऄ‫ڦ‬Ӹ݆Ljᅺܸ ኸՔ੗ໜጣ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခၜణ‫ڦ‬ՎࣅܸՎ ࣅă૩සLj‫ࢅڞ۽‬ೠࠚፌዘᄲ‫ڦ‬Վࣅ DŽ֖९‫ڼ‬7ব‫ڦ‬࿔ጴ઀Dž้փႴᄲࠦۨ‫ڦ‬ ኸՔă

޹୤7ǖᆶ࠲ጨዺऐࠓ‫ڦ‬႑တ ူ௬๟ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬യሞ ጨূઠᇸ‫ڦ‬႑တă‫ړ‬඗੗ీ࣏ᆶഄ໱‫ڦ‬ ጨূઠᇸăࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷईࡔ ॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၹۙऐࠓ੗ీࣷᆶ߸‫ڦܠ‬ ၎࠲႑တă

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үܻ‫ ܙ‬ሀࡪҸጪթएূࣷDŽFKBGDž Fmupo!Kpio!BJET!Gpvoebujpo!)FKBG* ణമᆶଇ߲үܻ‫ܙ‬ŖሀࡪҸጪթएূࣷLjᅃ߲ሞெࡔDŽEJAF-USDžLj ᅃ߲ሞᆈࡔDŽEJAF-UKDžă ெࡔEJAFDŽhttp://www.ejaf.orgDžၠெዞतेુԲ࡛‫ں‬൶‫ڦ‬ม൶ၜణ ༵ࠃሽ੼ăEJAF‫ڦ‬ሽ੼਩ծߴEJAFඓۨ‫ڦ‬ዘ‫ۅ‬ଶᇘၜణăEJAFኧ‫׼‬ ม൶Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ঞᇣၜణࢅই‫࡞ླگ‬ၜణLjᅜतྺҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ක ኁ኱থ༵ࠃ‫ޜ‬ခLj༬՚๟ᆶ༬՚Ⴔ൱‫ڦ‬ටඖă኱থ༵ࠃ‫ޜڦ‬ခԈઔ ᇑҸጪթ၎࠲‫ڦ‬ว༹ࢅ႐૙ॳ੃‫ޜ‬ခĂҸጪթթ‫۾‬ॠ֪ࢅጧკĂন ཀྵྔቛࢅঞᇣĂิऄၹዺ‫ޜ‬ခĂมࣷ‫ޜ‬ခၹۙĂม൶ኾᇼኁ‫ڦ‬ቲఠ ࢅኧ‫׼‬Ăॳ੃ኪ๎෢பĂዎଐ‫ޜ‬ခ೵तࢅ‫ڪڞב‬ăெࡔĂेధ‫ٷ‬Ă ेુԲ࡛‫ں‬൶तዐĂళெዞ‫ݥڦ‬ᆐ૧ፇኯ‫ۼ‬੗ฤ൩ሽ੼ăฤ൩้߳ ፇኯՂႷሞྪฉགႀฤ൩՗Lj߁ઔ঻ถెਸቛ‫ڦ‬ၜణLjኤ௽ഄٌ฀ ႠዊLjժ༵ࠃঢ়อऺ‫֎ڦ‬ခԒ՗ăெࡔEJAF‫ڦ‬ጨዺ‫ྷݔ‬փԈઔጨ Ԩ‫ݯ‬ᆩĂࣷᅱĂঞᇣੜ‫ࢅײ‬ჺ৯ၜణăᆈࡔEJAFDŽhttp://www.ejaf. comDžጆோጨዺ‫ݥ‬ዞĂჱዞࢅ౹ዞ‫ڦ‬ၜణăዘ‫ॆࡔۅ‬௅౎੗ీࣷᆶ໯ Վࣅă2009౎‫ڦ‬ዘ‫ॆࡔۅ‬๟௕ेઙࡔĂॡೲቑĂᆇ‫܈‬ĂҺܻનĂ੝ ౅ჱĂટ໭ྂĂகઙྼĂ౅ռܻĂ‫ܭ‬ஆຯ૴ӺĂళ‫ݥ‬Ă།ෝ౅ჱĂ ࿪߅‫ٳ‬ĂᆈࡔĂ࿪ਖ਼નࢅሢԲჱăᆈࡔEJAF‫ڦ‬ጸኼ๟ߴኧ‫׼‬Ҹጪթ թ‫ߌ۾‬කኁĂ๴ҸጪթᆖၚኁࢅߛླටඖLj३ൟ໱்ว༹ฉĂ൧ߌ ฉࢅঢ়षฉ‫څ޶ڦ‬Lj߀฀໱்‫ิڦ‬ऄዊଉLj๑໱்ీࠕࡗฉᆶፎჹ ‫ิڦ‬ऄLjժీࠕፕ‫؜‬ጲम‫ڦ‬ਦۨăᆈࡔEJAF‫ڦ‬ᇼৠ࣏Ԉઔ‫ڞב‬Չᇹ ࣅ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ‫ڦ‬඄૧ăሽ੼ᆶዺᇀට்इ‫ڥ‬ᅅଐࢅมࣷ࠲ ࣉĂ๋೗ĂಢჟĂዿ‫ݝ‬Ă݆ୱԍࢺĂጧკࢅ൧ߌኧ‫׼‬ăጨዺ‫ྷݔ‬Ԉ ઔǖ޺౰ࢅܹཡĂߌකኁ‫ิڦ‬ऄĂิऺĂ٤ෑඖ༹ᅜत‫ظ‬ႎă

ੇऍҸጪթĂ঳ࢃթࢅ౳द‫ڦ‬ඇ൰एূ Hmpcbm!Gvoe!up!Gjhiu!BJET-!Uvcfsdvmptjt!boe!Nbmbsjb ֖९ http://www.theglobalfund.orgă ଷ൩֖९ǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/๘হ࿐ิፇኯĖඇ൰एূॺᅱກጉ ႀጨᇸ߾ਏ๮֩ėᅜतᆶ࠲ට඄ࢅ݆ୱĂेഽࠅ௷มࣷĂ࿫ఁࢅഇ ๫ᅜतഄ໱၎࠲๚ᅓ‫ڦ‬रຍຫ௽Ljྪ኷ǖhttp://www.who.int/hiv/pub/ toolkits/GF-Resourcekit/enă ඇ൰एূ๟ඇ൰Ⴀ‫ࠅڦ‬ຳࢇፕፇኯLjዂ૰ᇀဌᆅժ݀‫ڦܠ߸ݣ‬ጨᇸLjᆩ ઠᇨ‫ݞ‬ժዎଐҸጪթĂ঳ࢃթࢅ౳दăኄ߲አުĂࠅ௷มࣷĂຳᆐևோ ࢅ๴ᆖၚඖ༹‫ࢇڦ‬ፕअӵ࠲ဣᅙ‫ྺׯ‬Ⴙ‫ॆࡔܠ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ๚ᄽ‫ڦ‬ዷᄲঢ় ‫ݯ‬ઠᇸăඇ൰Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎঢ়‫ݯ‬ዐᆶ຺‫ݴ‬ኮᅃ‫ۼ‬๟ᆯඇ൰एূ༵ࠃ‫ڦ‬ă 63

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ణമLjඇ൰एূኟሞጨዺႹ‫ܠ‬ၜణLjഄዐԈઔ༵ࠃҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ ‫ޜ‬ခăැᄲକ঴ሞగࡔ๟‫ޏ‬੗ᅜ༵঍ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ॺڦ‬ ᅱກLj൩ᇑඇ൰एূ‫ॆࡔڦ‬ၹۙ྿ᇵࣷDŽCCMDžൽ‫૴ڥ‬ဣăሞࡔ ॆ֫௬ฉLjࡔॆၹۙ྿ᇵࣷቻणକԨࡔ‫ݞ‬ዎෙዖदթ้ภत‫ڦ‬໯ᆶ ዷᄲ‫ڦ‬૧࡞࠲ဣටăࡔॆၹۙ྿ᇵࣷԨวփঢ়๮ඇ൰एূ‫ڦ‬ሽ੼ঢ় ‫ݯ‬Lj໲޶ሴၠඇ൰एূ༵঍ၜణฤ൩ກĂ༵ఁঢ়‫࠶ݯ‬૙ऐࠓࢅ॔‫۽‬ ၜణํแ൧઄ăඇ൰एূ࣏ᆶᅪ኱থጨዺࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎႜ‫ۯ‬ă࿄ ઠLj݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ੗ٗ޿ർ‫ڢ‬इ‫ڦܠ߸ڥ‬ኧ‫׼‬ă

‫ޟ‬༬एূࣷ Gpse!Gpvoebujpo ቷೌઠᇸǖ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/A.Gutman

֖९ http://www.fordfound.org/ă ‫ޟ‬༬एূࣷ‫ڦ‬Đࢅೝᇑมࣷࠅᅭđၜణ‫ڦ‬ዷ༶ᇑዎ૙Ăࠅ௷มࣷࢅ ට඄ᆶ࠲ă३ณҸጪթ၎࠲ഇ๫ࢅಇ؈๟ට඄ዷ༶‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲ዘᄲ࠲ጀ ‫ۅ‬ăएূࣷ൶ᇘӸ๚‫ڦت‬൶ᇘ֧୼੊୯‫ڟ‬କ‫ڦںړ‬཈቟ࢅऐᇜă‫ޟ‬ ༬एূࣷ‫ڦ‬ሽ੼ኼሞኧ‫ظ׼‬ႎยၙLjेഽ၎࠲ፇኯሞ३ೖࢅٝ৊ม ࣷࠅᅭ‫ݛ‬௬‫ీڦ‬૰Ljժٝ৊௷ዷॏኵ࠵Ăࡔाࢇፕࢅටૌ‫৽ׯ‬ă‫ޟ‬ ༬एূࣷ‫߾ڦ‬ፕටᇵᇑ၎࠲ၜణํแටᇵĂჺ৯ටᇵĂአ֧዆ۨኁ ࢅഄ໱ටᇵၹฆLjࠌཞࡀࣄᆶዺᇀٝ৊݀ቛ‫ڦ‬ၜణă ሞೠॏॺᅱກ้Ljएূࣷ​ࣷ༬՚੊୯ఫၵྺ޺౰ࢅഄ໱ෑ๞ඖ༹‫ޜ‬ ခ‫ڦ‬ፇኯăएূࣷᅃኝ౎૛‫ࣷۼ‬থ๭ॺᅱກLjժᇎᅜ੊ଉă‫ޟ‬༬ए ূࣷ​ࣷሞॺᅱກ༵঍ࢫ‫ୃڦ‬ዜాߢኪฤ൩ටഄॺᅱກ๟‫ޟࢇޙޏ‬༬ एূࣷ‫ڦ‬ၜణᅪၠतᇨ໙၌዆ăසࡕएূࣷ੊୯ኧ‫ॺ׼‬ᅱກLjཚ‫׉‬ ࣷሞෙ߲ሆాྜ‫ׯ‬อ಼ୁ‫ײ‬Lj‫ڍ‬๟ߵ਍ၜణ‫ްڦ‬ሗ‫܈ײ‬໯Ⴔ้क़੗ ీࣷ๢‫ړ‬ჽ‫׊‬ă಼ጚୁ‫ײ‬ภतํ‫ִ੊ں‬Ăሽ੼ၹฆĂႜአ࠶૙ࢅ݆ ୱೠࠚᅜत༵঍ሽ੼ၜణऺࣄࠃอ಼ă ‫ޟ‬༬एূࣷ‫ྪڦ‬በฉ߁ઔຫ௽କሽ੼ঢ়‫ڦݯ‬ᇨ೺ᆩ཰Ljྪ኷๟http:// www.fordfound.org/grants/inquiry/ă

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Ҹጪթჺ৯एূࣷDŽbngBSDž Gpvoebujpo!gps!BJET!Sftfbsdi!)bngBS* ֖९ http://www.amfar.org/msm/ă Ҹጪթჺ৯एূࣷ‫ڦ‬ఴఴႠႜྺኁၜణၠఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠኁ‫ޜ‬ ခፇኯ༵ࠃၭ‫ܮ‬ሽ੼DŽԥ‫ྺ׬‬ม൶ሽ੼DžăఴఴႠႜྺኁၜణ๟ᅃ ၜඇ൰ၜణLjኼሞኧ‫׼‬ए༵֫ࠃҸጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬Ă࠲ࣉࢅኧ‫ޜ׼‬ခLjٗ ܸ३ณఴఴႠႜྺኁዐҸጪթթ‫ߌڦ۾‬කࢅ‫د‬խăఴఴႠႜྺኁၜ ణᆶෙ‫ٷ‬ణՔǖኧ‫׼‬ጨᇸᆶ၌‫ॆࡔڦ‬ਸቛժྼ‫׼‬ኍ‫ܔ‬ఴఴႠႜྺኁ ‫ڦ‬ཞӵൻ‫ڦۯ‬Ҹጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎၜణǗٝ৊ඇ൰ఴఴႠႜྺኁ‫ܔ‬ᇀҸጪթ ᅧ൧‫ڦ‬କ঴ࢅණ๎Ǘྺ݀ቛዐࡔॆ‫ڦ‬ఴఴႠႜྺኁ዆ۨᆶ૧‫ڦ‬አ ֧LjժሺेҸጪթ၎࠲‫ޜ‬ခ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬ঢ়‫ݯ‬ăැᄲइ‫ڥ‬ᆶ࠲ዘ‫ۅ‬ణՔࡔ ॆࢅ߳୾ሽ੼้क़Ҿಇ‫ڦ‬႑တLj੗ၠएূࣷ݀ໃ‫ۉ‬ጱᆰॲDŽgrants@ amfar.orgDžă

૧ࣳएূࣷ Mfwj!Tusbvtt!Gpvoebujpo ֖९http://www.levistrauss.com/ă ૧ࣳएূࣷኧ‫݆׼‬ୱᇲዺࢅአ֧‫߾ڞב‬ፕLjኼሞ঴ਦेధ‫ٷ‬ĂዐࡔĂ ᆇ‫܈‬Ăళ‫ݥ‬Ă໽ࡔࢅெࡔ‫ڦ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲ഇ๫࿚༶ăएূ࣏ࣷኧ‫׼‬ඇ ๘হ๴‫ڟ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲ഇ๫ࢅ࿫ఁ‫ڦ‬ඖ༹ࠓॺ໱்‫ీڞבڦ‬૰LjԈઔ ጀพဌ‫۾‬ኁࢅఴఴႠႜྺኁă

ਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯ Pqfo!Tpdjfuz!Jotujuvuf ֖९http://www.soros.orgă ਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯DŽOSIDž๟ᅃॆຳᆐሽ੼एূࣷLjኼሞᆖၚࠅࠌአ ֧Ljٝ৊௷ዷዎ૙Ăට඄ᅜतঢ়षĂ݆ୱࢅมࣷ߀߫ă2005౎Ljਸ ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯‫ࠌࠅڦ‬࿐ิၜణഔ‫ۯ‬କ݆ୱᇑ࿐ิऺࣄDŽLAHIDžă LAHIᇑਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯ࠅࠌ࿐ิၜణ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱ଶᇘࢇፕLj૩සࡔाই ‫݀࡞ླگ‬ቛၜణĂࡔाଣዕ࠲ࣉऺࣄࢅႠॳ੃ᇑ඄૧ၜణLjᅜत‫ݴ‬ քᇀිࡘઙᅜళ‫ݥ‬ዞࢅമ໋૴‫ں‬൶‫߲ܠڦ‬໭ஆຯएূࣷLjዂ૰ᇀኧ ‫݆ॽ׼‬ୱࢅୱ฾ዺ૙‫߾ڞב‬ፕබ෇ม൶࿐ิ‫ޜ‬ခዐLjᅜतኧ‫׼‬ᇑࠅ ࠌ࿐ิᆶ࠲‫ڦ‬໕໅ࢅ݆ୱ߀߫ă

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޹୤8ǖ֖੊࿔၅ ࿔၅ణ୤ Aggleton P et al. (2005). HIV-related stigma, discrimination and human rights violations: case studies of successful programmes. Geneva, UNAIDS. Carey C, Tolopilo A (2008). Tipping the balance: why legal services are essential for the health of drug users in Ukraine. New York, Open Society Institute.

Davies R, Dart J (2005). The 'most signiſcant change' (MSC) technique, a guide to its use. Available at www.mande.co.uk/docs/MSCGuide.pdf.

Inter-Parliamentary Union, United Nations Development Programme, UNAIDS (2007). Taking action against HIV and AIDS. Geneva.

Kalla K, Cohen J (2007). Ensuring justice for vulnerable communities in Kenya: a review of HIV-related legal services. Open Society Institute & Open Society Initiative for East Africa.

Lawyers Collective (2003). Legislating an epidemic: HIV/AIDS in India. Delhi, Universal Law Publications.

Mukasa S, Gathumbi A (2008). HIV/AIDS, human rights, and legal services in Uganda: a country assessment. Open Society Institute & Open Society Initiative for East Africa.

Open Society Justice Initiative (2003). Combining learning and legal aid: CLE in Africa. Durban, South Africa, Open Society Justice Initiative.

Ramgobin A (2003). Discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS. Paper delivered at the First All-Africa Colloquium on Clinical Legal Education, 23–28 June 2003.

UNAIDS, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2006). Courting rights: case studies in litigating the human rights of people living with HIV. Geneva, UNAIDS.

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UNAIDS (2007). Practical guidelines on intensifying HIV prevention. Geneva, UNAIDS. UNAIDS, Inter-Parliamentary Union (1999). Handbook for legislators on HIV/AIDS, law and human rights. Geneva, UNAIDS. UNAIDS, OHCHR (2006). International guidelines on HIV/AIDS and human rights. Geneva, UNAIDS. World Bank (2007). Legal aspects of HIV/AIDS: a guide for policy and law reform. Washington, DC, World Bank.

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Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ Ҹጪթ݆ୱၜణDŽళ‫ݥ‬Dž AIDS Law Project (South Africa) http://www.alp.org.za እेߣҸጪթ݆ୱ૙๚ࣷDŽெࡔDž AIDS Legal Council of Chicago (USA) http://www.aidslegal.com ༺‫پ‬Ⴀ݆ୱჺ৯ࢅ݀ቛዐ႐DŽ‫ݤ‬ୱՠDž ALTERLAW (Philippines) http://www.alternativelawgroups.org ձ‫ྑو‬భ୿૙Ă݆ୱᇑҸጪթྪஏDŽBONELADž Botswana Network on Ethics, Law and HIV/AIDS (BONELA) http://www.bonela.org әဇ‫ܠ‬ბ੔ҸጪթၹࣷDŽABIADž Brazilian Interdisciplinary Aids Association (ABIA) http://www.abiaids.org.br Ҹጪթ݆ୱᇑአ֧ዐ႐DŽெࡔDž Center for HIV Law and Policy (USA) http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ/Ҹጪթ࣒ኁ݆ୱጨᇸణ୤DŽெࡔDž Directory of Legal Resources for People with HIV/AIDS (USA) http://www.abanet.org/AIDS/publications/aidsdirectory.pdf Grupo Pela ViddaDŽәဇDž Grupo Pela Vidda (Brazil) http://www.pelavidda.org.br Ҹጪթ݆ୱዐ႐ᆶ၌ࠅິDŽӐ‫ٷ‬૧ჱDž HIV/AIDS Legal Centre Inc. (Australia) http://halc.org.au

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Ҹጪթ݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ૴௑DŽHALSADžDŽெࡔDž HIV/AIDS Legal Services Alliance (HALSA) (USA) http://www.halsaservices.org ۫ኆྐྵഩҸጪ݆ୱዐ႐DŽዐࡔDž Korekata AIDS Law Centre (China) http://www.korekata.org ݆ୱᇲዺዐ႐Ҹጪթ݆ୱևோDŽభ௝ԲჱDž Legal Assistance Centre AIDS Law Unit (Namibia) http://www.lac.org.na ୱ฾૴௑ҸጪթևோDŽᆇ‫܈‬Dž Lawyers Collective HIV/AIDS Unit (India) http://www.ୱ฾collective.org ࿪߅‫݆ٳ‬ୱĂ୿૙ᇑҸጪթྪஏDŽUGANETDž Uganda Network on Law, Ethics and HIV/AIDS (UGANET) http://www.uganet.org ళև‫ݥ‬ዞ޺౰ᇑ݆ୱჺ৯႑ྂDŽWLSADž Women and Law in Southern Africa Research Trust (WLSA) http://www.wlsa.org.zm ሢԲჱҸጪթ݆ୱჺ৯ᇑ‫ྪڞב‬ஏDŽZARANDž Zambia AIDS Law Research and Advocacy Network (ZARAN) http://www.zaran.org

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ᆶ࠲Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ‫ڦ‬ഄ໱႑တᇸ Ҹጪթᇑ݆ୱ঍ୁྪ AIDSLEX http://www.aidslex.org ళև‫ݥ‬ዞҸጪթ඄૧૴௑ AIDS Rights Alliance of Southern Africa http://www.arasa.info ेధ‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթ݆ୱྪஏ Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network http://www.aidslaw.ca ට඄࠵ִ Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ IDLO http://www.idlo.org/hivhealthlaw ਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯ Open Society Institute http://www.soros.org ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ UNAIDS http://www.unaids.org ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ UNDP http://www.undp.org

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

रຍኧ‫׼‬ઠᇸ ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈरຍኧ‫׼‬ևோ UNAIDS Technical Support Facilities http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/TechnicalSupport/TSF/default.asp ‫ۉ‬ጱᆰॲǖళև‫ݥ‬ዞरຍኧ‫׼‬ևோ Technical Support Facilities Southern Africa info@tsfsouthernafrica.com ۫‫ݥ‬रຍኧ‫׼‬ևோ Technical Support Facilities Eastern Africa tsfeasternafrica@amrefhq.org ဇ‫ࢅݥ‬ዐ‫ݥ‬रຍኧ‫׼‬ևோ Technical Support Facilities West and Central Africa tsfwca@tsfwca.org ۫ళჱࢅ໿ೝᄝ‫ں‬൶रຍኧ‫׼‬ևோ Technical Support Facilities South East Asia and the Paciſc info@tsfseap.org ࡔाҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎरຍࢇፕዐ႐DŽәဇDž ICTC (Brazil) cict@aids.gov.br ௷क़ፇኯႜ‫߾ۯ‬ፕፇ Civil Society Action Team http://www.icaso.org/csat ‫ࡔڤ‬ፇॺ૴௑Ă‫ظ‬ႎኪ๎ࢅ࠽భࢇፕअӵၜణ German Backup Initiative http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/soziale-entwicklung/soziale-sicherheit/4356.htm ሽ੼࠶૙঴ਦ‫ݛ‬ӄၜణ Grant Management Solutions http://www.gmsproject.org

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

޹୤9ǖࡔाҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခጆॆጧკࣷᇑࣷኁఁ‫ڇ‬DŽஆ கLj311:౎6ሆDž Abdelaty, Soha౰๗ үत߲ට඄૧ႜ‫ۯ‬/үत ޭዷඪ soha@eipr.org

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Cohen, Jonathanံิ ਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯݆ୱᇑॳ੃‫ב‬ᅱ ႜ‫ۯ‬DŽඇ൰Dž ঢ়૙ jcohen@sorosny.org

Asa, Simplexiusံิ Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ᇑ࠲ࣉၜణ/ᆇ‫౅܈‬ ဇჱ ݆ୱࠥ࿚ asasimplexius@yahoo.com

Dhaliwal, Mandeep౰๗ ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈ(ඇ൰)Lj౨ሀ/ெࡔ Ⴀ՚Ăට඄ᇑႠ‫ܠ‬ᄣࣅ߾ፕፇፇ‫׊‬ Mandeep.dhaliwal@undp.org

Bhardwaj, Kajal౰๗ ᆇ‫܈‬ ݆ୱࠥ࿚ k0b0@yahoo.com

Divan, Vivekံิ ࢁન࣠ॆඤ‫ټ‬ბჺ৯ბᇾDŽKITDž ߛपࠥ࿚ V.Divan@kit.nl

Bondyopadhyay, Adityaံิ ඇ൰ఴఴႠႜྺኁᇑҸጪթஃ༇/ ᆇ‫܈‬ ඇ൰ኸ‫ڞ‬྿ᇵࣷ‫ׯ‬ᇵ aditya@bamon.org

Fisher, Ann౰๗ እेߣҸጪթ݆ୱ૙๚ࣷ/ெࡔୱ ฾ၹࣷ/ெࡔ ኴႜዷඪ ann@aidslegal.com

Budtz Andersen, Marie౰๗ ୱ฾ĂGadejuristen঄฾ নཀྵୱ฾ፇኯ/‫چ‬஛ mba@gadejuristen.dk

Geita Sotutu, E'avaံิ ࠅࠌ๚ခୱ฾Ӹࠅ๪/әքჱႎबాჱ ୱ฾ eava.geita@gmail.com

Cenac, Veronica౰๗ ݆ୱࠥ࿚ ฽୔ဇჱ veroncenac@yahoo.co.uk

Godwin, Johnံิ Ӑ‫ٷ‬૧ჱ ݆ୱࠥ࿚ johnegodwin@gmail.com

Chokheli, Marina౰๗ ĐArticle 42đኴႜዷඪ ߭୛ञჱ mari@article42.ge

Harrison, Brianna౰๗ ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/෌๗ ට඄ၜణ࠳ᇵ harrisonb@unaids.org

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

Mahat, Ekta Thapa౰๗ ჱዞINPUD/౅ռܻ ‫ׯ‬ᇵ ektamahat@gmail.com Meite, Namizata౰๗ ၜణ݆ୱࠥ࿚/ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇ ኯҸጪթᇑॳ੃݆ୱၜణ/ஆக/ᅪ ‫ٷ‬૧ nmeite@idlo.int Molina Lee, Veronica౰๗ Fundacion Iturbide/ླ‫ں‬கઙ ኴႜዷඪ vmolina@fernandoiturbide.org Mworeko, Lillian౰๗ ۫‫ࡔݥ‬ा౰ႠҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ ม൶ࢅ‫ݥ‬ዞ޺౰ᇑॆབྷҸጪթၹ ፕएূ/࿪߅‫ٳ‬ ൶ᇘၹۙᇵ lmworeko@icw.org Ndadi, Uyapoံิ ୿૙Ă݆ୱᇑҸጪթྪஏ/ձ‫و‬ ྑభ ݆ୱᇲዺևோዷඪ legal@bonela.org N'Daw, Bechirံิ ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈDŽඇ൰Dž ‫ٳ‬ਸ਼/෗ాेܻ ၜణ݀ቛࠥ࿚ bechir.ndaw@undp.org Nykänen-Rettaroli, Lina౰๗ ૴ࢇࡔҸጪթࡀࣄຈ/෌๗ ට඄ၜణ࠳ᇵ nykanenl@unaids.org

Overs, Cheryl౰๗ Paulo Longoჺ৯ၜణ/ఎభ๊‫ٷ‬ბ/ Ӑ‫ٷ‬૧ჱ ၜణ࠳ᇵ cherylovers@gmail.com Padkina, Maria౰๗ ඇ൰ੇऍҸጪթĂ঳ࢃթࢅ౳द एূ/නాྑ/෌๗ ᇲዺᆶၳႠ‫ݴ‬ဆᇵ maria.padkina@theglobalfund.org Patterson, Davidံิ ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯ/ஆக/ᅪ‫ٷ‬૧ Ҹጪթᇑॳ੃݆ୱၜణঢ়૙ dpatterson@idlo.int Tokarev, Gennadiyံิ ਸ‫ݣ‬มࣷჺ৯໯/࿪ਖ਼ન ݆ୱጆॆ legal_hr@yahoo.com Trinh, Thi Le Tram౰๗ ॳ੃ᇑҸጪթ݆ୱࢅአ֧ጧკዐ ႐/ࢋా/ሁళ ዷඪ ttphapluatyte-hiv@netnam.vn Ventura, Mirian౰๗ ABIAୱ฾/әဇ venturaadv@easyline.com.br Zhou, Dayongံิ ሊళฉᅭୱ฾๚ခ໯ࢅሊళ൞౎ ୱ฾྿ᇵࣷ/ઑ௽/ሊళ/ዐࡔ ୱ฾Ljዷඪ ashry@sina.com

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

޹୤:ǖĐेഽࢅક‫ٷ‬Ҹጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခđჺ༪ࣷᇑࣷኁఁ ‫ڇ‬Ljᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱә૑Lj311:౎9ሆ Ӑ‫ٷ‬૧ჱ GODWIN, John ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯҸጪթ၎࠲݆ ୱ‫ޜ‬ခࠥ࿚ ‫܀‬૬ࠥ࿚ johnegodwin@gmail.com

ዐࡔ ဲ۫ࣀDŽJennyDž ჱ໿‫ں‬൶Ҹጪթ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ྿ᇵࣷ DŽAPCASODž ൶ᇘၜణঢ়૙ xiadonghua@gmail.com

ॡೲቑ KEO, Chen ॡೲቑҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ(CPN+) ࡔॆၹۙᇵ keochen@cpn.org.khǗ keochen_angkor@yahoo.com

ዐࡔ Ⴘ࡛հ ۫ኆྐྵഩҸጪ݆ୱዐ႐ ዷඪ gongyilawjob@gmail.com

ዐࡔ ॊೝ ዐࡔඇ൰एূ࠵ִ๯ဝኴႜ࠳ࢅ ݆ୱࠥ࿚ globalfundwatch@gmail.com ዐࡔ FANG, Yu Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬Ăዎଐᇑ‫ڞב‬ၜణ(PTAP) ၜణ࠳ᇵ ptapofſcer@gmail.com

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ዐࡔ ૚ࣱ ۫ኆྐྵഩҸጪ݆ୱዐ႐ ୱ฾ዺ૙ lihui0611@gmail.com ዐࡔ ૚‫چ‬ ۫ኆభન࿔ࣅ‫د‬խዐ႐ ዷඪ manchuriansun@hotmail.com

ዐࡔ ିྱ ԛ৙Һኪႜॳ੃ঞᇣჺ৯໯ ୱ฾Ă݆ୱࠥ࿚ࢅჺ৯ᇵ liuweillx@gmail.com

ዐࡔ ྦྷ࿔ ࢤࢋዝҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁ/ጀพဌ ‫۾‬ኁྪஏ‫ݴڞב‬և ynhhwang@hotmail.com

ዐࡔ ዜ‫ٷ‬ᆨ ሊళฉᅭୱ฾๚ခ໯ ࢇፕअӵࢅኴႜዷඪ ashry@sina.com

ዐࡔ ॿᨥ Һӣ࿔ࣅঞᇣዐ႐ ዷඪ alex.jiang@aibai.cn

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ዐࡔ ኣชඵ Һӣ࿔ࣅঞᇣዐ႐੨ᅳටᇵ ben.zheng@aibai.cn ዐࡔ ٢๘٪DŽTracyDž ࿐ิአ֧ऺࣄ/‫ࢋࠅ៼ٷ‬൶ᇘࢅዐ ࡔDŽHPI/GMR-CDž አ֧ᇑ‫࠳ڞב‬ᇵ scui@hpi-asia.rti.org

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ TAMBUN, Jerry ࡔॆ࿐ิ݆ბࣷ ޭዷဝࢅ݆ୱࠥ࿚ jgbtambun@yahoo.com ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ WARDHANA, Aditya (Edo) ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ (JOTHI) አ֧݀ቛၹۙᇵ edo.wibowo@indosat.net.id

ዐࡔ ‫މ‬᫣ ሊళ‫ྂٻ‬೵ᄱ࿿ᅈડዎଐ੃ްዐ ႐Ǘሊళཞኾྪ(֒ሊཀ੣)߾ፕፇ ޭዷඪǗঢ়૙ vivian_feng@126.com

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ SYARIF, Omar ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ (JOTHI) ጨᇸۙ‫࠳ۯ‬ᇵ octoberomaro@gmail.com

ᆇ‫܈‬ BHOOPATHY, P. ᆇ‫܈‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ(IPN+) ‫ڞ۽‬ᇑೠࠚ࠳ᇵ bhoopathy@inpplus.netǗ pbhoopathy76@gmail.com

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ HARAHAP, Elvina ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ (JOTHI) ྪஏ‫ׯ‬ᇵǗબ‫ٷݝ‬ბ݆ୱဣჺ৯ิ vina83_lovely@yahoo.com

ᆇ‫܈‬ BHARDWAJ, Kajal ‫܀‬૬ࠥ࿚ ݆ୱࠥ࿚ࢅჺ৯ᇵ k0b0@yahoo.com

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ RIZA, Faisal ĐViolet GreyđፇኯǗࡔॆዷဝཷ ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱႠ߾ፕኁፇኯ ၜణ࠳ᇵǗ‫پ‬՗ psal_riza@yahoo.com

ᆇ‫܈‬ SHANMUGAM, Murali ᆇ‫܈‬Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ(IPN+) ࡔॆၜణ࠳ᇵ murali@inpplus.netǗ murali. shunmugam@gmail.com

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ WACANNO, Humpry Jhony PANAZABA – ဇጄྍูྤ୉ဌ‫۾‬ ኁፇኯ ୱ฾ዺ૙ࢅม൶ፇኯኁ humprypanazaba@yahoo.com 75

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ AFRIANDY, Wide ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱఴఴႠႜྺኁࢅՎႠ ኁྪஏ (GWL-INA) ኾᇼኁࢅྪஏ‫ׯ‬ᇵ Afriandy_ok@yahoo.co.id

ᅪ‫ٷ‬૧ NARDICCHIA, Sara ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯDŽIDLODž Ҹጪթᇑॳ੃݆ୱၜణ ၜణ࠳ᇵ snardicchia@idlo.int

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ GUNAWAN, Ricky ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ݆ୱᇲዺएূࣷ(LBH) ၜణዷඪLjม൶݆ୱᇲዺჺ৯ᇾ rgunawan@lbhmasyarakat.org

ᅪ‫ٷ‬૧ MEITE, Namizata ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯDŽIDLODž Ҹጪթᇑॳ੃݆ୱၜణ ݆ୱ࠳ᇵ nmeite@idlo.int

ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ WIDARSAH, Heru ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪ ஏDŽJOTHIDž (બ‫ٷݝ‬ბ) ૙๚ࣷྪஏ࠶૙ᇵ hedarsah@yahoo.com ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ HUSODO, Sudiro ‫܀‬૬ࠥ࿚ ୱ฾ࢅ३‫࡞ླگ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬ට๗ kangdiro@yahoo.co.idǗ kangdiro@gmail.com ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ COLLINS, Linette Ӑ‫ٷ‬૧ჱࡔा݀ቛຈDŽAusAIDDž– ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ Ҹጪթࠥ࿚ linette.collins@ausaid.gov.au ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ SIDIK, Halik ࡔॆҸጪթ‫ݞ‬ዎ྿ᇵࣷ ޭዺ૙ halik.sidik@aidsindonesia.or.id

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ᅪ‫ٷ‬૧ HOAGLAND, Nicole ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯDŽIDLODž Ҹጪթᇑॳ੃݆ୱၜణ ၜణዺ૙ nicolehoagland@gmail.comǗ nhoagland@idlo.int ᅪ‫ٷ‬૧ PATTERSON, David ࡔा݀ቛ݆ୱፇኯDŽIDLODž Ҹጪթᇑॳ੃݆ୱၜణ ၜణঢ়૙ dpatterson@idlo.int கઠဇჱ LIOW, Moi Lee ჱ໿‫ں‬൶Ҹጪթ‫ޜ‬ခऐࠓ྿ᇵࣷ DŽAPCASODž ኴႜዷඪ moileel.apcaso@gmail.com

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

கઠဇჱ LOW, Cheap Foh கઠဇჱҸጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁዎଐ ੗तႠᇑ‫߾ڞב‬ፕፇ(MTAAG+) ዷඪ erd_2000_1999@yahoo.co.uk ౅ռܻ SHRESTHA, Rup Narayan ޺౰Ă݆ୱᇑ݀ቛஃ༇ ୱ฾ bareju@wlink.com.npǗ rnarayans@hotmail.com ౅ռܻ MAHAT, Ekta ჱዞ INPUD/ඇ൰Ҹጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬ක ኁྪஏDŽGNP+Dž ୱ฾ࢅ‫پ‬՗ ektamahat@gmail.com әएຯ། FARHAT, Sabir әएຯ།Ҹጪթᇨ‫ݞ‬ბࣷ(APSOP) ௞ກ‫׊‬ prwswobwp@gmail.comǗ aliumarhamdi@yahoo.com әքჱႎबాჱ PITPIT, Frazer Sapulai әքჱႎबాჱࠅࠌ๚ခୱ฾Ӹ ࠅ๪ ࠅࠌ๚ခୱ฾ frazerpitpit@gmail.com әքჱႎबాჱ SAMILO, Helen Igat Hope Inc(әքჱႎबాჱҸጪ

թթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ)Ǘჱ໿‫ں‬൶Ҹ ጪթթ‫ߌ۾‬කኁྪஏ(APN+) ዎଐĂ࠲ࣉĂኧ‫ࢅ׼‬ᇨ‫࠳ݞ‬ᇵǗ әքჱႎबాჱࡔॆ‫پ‬՗ helen.samilo@gmail.com әքჱႎबాჱ UNUMBA, Suzanne ࠅࠌ๚ခୱ฾Ӹࠅ๪ ට඄ᇑੵଶᇘᅱ༶ፇ๯ဝ๚ခୱ฾ sueunumba@gmail.com әքჱႎबాჱ POLOAT, Walter க౮ຯูࠅࠌ๚ခୱ฾Ӹࠅ๪ ୱ฾ዺ૙ poloatwalter@gmail.com ‫ݤ‬ୱՠ GUILLERMO, Gilda ੗჋݆ୱჺ৯ࢅ݀ቛዐ႐ (ALTERLAW) ኴႜዷඪ gilda_eguillermo@yahoo.com ‫ݤ‬ୱՠ DE MESA, Joel ‫܀‬૬ࠥ࿚DŽჺ༪ࣷ‫ڞޤ‬ᇵDž ࠥ࿚ࢅಢჟᇵDŽටૌႠႜྺĂิ ኳॳ੃ᇑҸጪթDž joeldemesa@yahoo.com ຯ૛નਸ਼ JINADASA, Kamani Madhya MAS੦ࠣຳටᆶ၌ࠅິǗࡔॆ൞ ณ౎Ⴀᇑิኳ඄૧૴௑ ୱ฾Ǘዷඪ kamanij@gmail.com 77

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ྊቛҸጪթ၎࠲݆ୱ‫ޜ‬ခ߾ਏ๮֩

ຯ૛નਸ਼ MOHAMED HASSEN, Naseer nasser_28@yahoo.com ຯ૛નਸ਼ TIKIRIYAWARNAGE, Princy Silva princeylankaplus@gmail.com ໽ࡔ NACAPEW, Supatra Ҹጪթ඄૧एূࣷDŽFARDž ୱ฾/ට඄‫ڞב‬ኁ tsupatra@hotmail.com ᆈࡔ STOCKPOOL-MOORE, Lucy ࡔाऺࣄิᇣ૴ࢇࣷDŽIPPFDž Ҹጪթ࠳ᇵǖ޶ሴ‫ت‬૙࿫ఁ๚ᅓ lstackpoolmoore@ippf.org ெࡔ DAVIS, Meg ჱዞٝ৊ࣷኴႜዷඪ sara.meg.davis@gmail.comǗ mdavis@asiacatalyst.org ெࡔ DHALIWAL, Mandeep ૴ࢇࡔਸ݀ऺࣄຈDŽUNDPDž Ⴀ՚Ăට඄ĂႠ‫ܠ‬ᄣࣅᇑҸጪթ ‫ݞ‬ዎํ७߾ፕፇፇ‫׊‬ mandeep.dhaliwal@undp.org ெࡔ OH, Ken ჱዞٝ৊ࣷՊड ჱዞֱۙ koh@asiacatalyst.org 78

ሁళ TRAM, Trinh Thi Le ॳ੃ᇑҸጪթ݆ୱࢅአ֧ጧკዐ႐ Ҹጪթၜణዷඪ ttphapluatyte-hiv@netnam.vn ሁళ NGUYEN, Thi Tuyet Nhung ॳ੃ᇑҸጪթ݆ୱࢅአ֧ጧკዐ႐ Ҹጪթၜణ࠳ᇵ ttphapluatyte-hiv@netnam.vn ሁళ NGO THI THANH, Thuy ሁళ࿐ิአ֧ऺࣄ रຍࠥ࿚ thuy@abtvn.com

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