Talavera de la Reina is a city and municipality in the western part of the province of Toledo, which in turn is part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha, Spain. It is the second-largest nucleus of population in Castile–La Mancha and the largest in the province. Its population of 83,793 makes it larger than the city of Toledo, although the latter remains the provincial capital. The city is settled along the river Tagus (Tajo in Spanish) at a broad bank. There are two islands in the center of the city called Isla Grande and Chamelo Island. The city is surrounded by two ranges of mountains, in the north the Sierra de San Vicente, and in the south Montes de Toledo. The city is divided in two by the river Tagus. The northern part is the larger and more populated; both parts are connected by four bridges, one of them built in the Middle Ages and the latest in the 2000s, The weather is continental; winter is wet and cold with dense fog in the mornings, and summer is quite warm. The area is very fertile with Mediterranean forests, elms, olive trees and corks. The city is internationally known for its ceramics, which Philip II of Spain used as tiled revestments in many of his works, such as the monastery of El Escorial. The nickname of Talavera de la Reina is 'The City of Pottery' (La Ciudad de la Ceråmica, in Spanish).
ORIGINS There are remnants of prehistoric cultures in the area. The village was founded by the Celts as a ford of the Tagus. The first mention of the city (with the name Aebura) occurs in Livy's description of a battle between the Romans and the Carpetanoi, a Celtiberian tribe. After the Roman conquest of Hispania, it was known as Caesarobriga, one of many Celtic toponyms preserved in Roman Hispania, with a name connoting "fortified" that was Caesarobriga served as an important center for agriculture and ceramics in the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE. During the Visigothic period, Talavera reverted to a variant of its Celtiberian name: Elbora or Ebora. Its modern name is derived from Talabayra, the Muslim rendering of this Visigothic name. The city was conquered by Muslim forces in 713 and conquered by Christian forces under Alfonso VI of Castile in 1083.
WHAT TO SEE The city's most outstanding monuments are the bridge of Santa Catalina; the Archiepiscopal Palace, baroque in style and from the 17th century, and situated in Plaza del Pan, the nerve centre of life for Talavera's residents; or the Cervantes college, with a Renaissance façade. There are a great many religious buildings, outstanding among which are the collegiate church of Santa MarĂa la Mayor, from the late 12th century and erected in the Gothic-Mudejar style, with a magnificent façade and tower and a beautiful cloister; the Mudejar church of Santiago, with Gothic influences; the basilica of the Virgen del Prado, a real museum of the famous glazed tiling of Talavera, built between the 16th and 17th centuries; and the Renaissance church of San Prudencio, from the 16th century.
THE ART OF TOLEDO Toledo was famous for religious tolerance and had large communities of Muslims and Jews until they were expelled from Spain in 1492 (Jews) and 1502 (Mudejars). Today's city contains the religious monuments the Sinagogue of Santa María la Blanca, the Sinagogue of el Transito, Mosque del Conde de la Luz and the church of San Sebastián dating from before the expulsion, still maintained in good condition. Among Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews, in their various diasporas, the family name Toledano is still prevalent—indicating an ancestry traced back to this city (the name is also used among non-Jews in various Spanish-speaking countries).
In the 13th century, Toledo was a major cultural center under the guidance of Alfonso X, called "El Sabio" ("the Wise") for his love of learning. The Toledo school of Translators, that had commenced under Archbishop Raymond of Toledo, continued to bring vast stores of knowledge to Europe by rendering great academic and philosophical works in Arabic into Latin. The “Palacio de la Galiana”, built in the Mudéjar style, is one of the monuments that remains from that period.
Alfonso X called "El Sabio"
Santa Maria’s sinagogue San Sebastian’s church
The Cathedral of Toledo(Catedral de Toledo) was built between 1226–1493 and modelled after the Burgos Cathedral, though it also combines some characteristics of the Mudejar style. It is remarkable for its incorporation of light and features the Baroque altar called “El Transparente”, several stores high, with fantastic figures of stucco, paintings, bronze castings, and multiple colors of marble, a masterpiece of medival mixed media by Narciso Tomé topped by the daily effect for just a few minutes of a shaft of light from which this feature of the cathedral derives its name. Two notable bridges secured access to Toledo across the Tajo, the Alcántara bridge and the later built San Martín bridge.
The
Monasterio
de San Juan de los Reyes is a Franciscan monastery, 1477-1504,
built in
a
remarkable combination
of
Gothic-SpanishFlemish style with Mudejar ornamentation. The Burial of the Count Orgaz The gentleman with his hand on his chest. Toledo was home to El Greco for the latter part of his life, and is the subject of some of his most famous paintings, including The Burial of the
Count
Orgaz,
exhibited in the Church of Santo Tomé.
Edited by: Francesca Casonato Patricia Aceituno Díaz
T H E T H R E E C U LT U R E S OF TOLEDO
To l e d o h a s a l w a y s b e e n k n o w n a s t h e City of Three Cultures, with the coexistence of Jews, Muslims and Christians. In the city there were areas with more influence of each of them.
CHRISTIANS Christianity appeared in Toledo in the Iglesia de las Santas Justa y Rufina fourth century, and it stayed in the city since then. In the seventeenth century there were nearly seventy ecclesiastical buildings such as schools, hospitals or chapels. The oldest churches, as “la iglesia de las Santas Justa y Rufina”, were remodelled several times, according to the needs of their patrons. After the nineteenth century, many of these buildings started to have civilian uses, private or administrative.
ARABS The urban structure of Toledo is Arabic, with narrow streets. There were 12 mosques, which accommodated only the male inhabitants of the city. The Alcázar and the current Museum of Santa Cruz are part of the Arabic heritage, and they were used to separate the citadel from the rest of the city. The most common Arab structures were the use of brick, masonry, arches, the wooden ceilings and rich plasterwork, used in all types of buildings. Some constructions such as the Alfonso VI doors or the Vado have Arab structures.
JEWS The Jewish part of Toledo has only two synagogues nowadays, meanwhile there were a total of ten in the past. They were in the neighborhood called the Jewish Quarter, which goes from St. Martin in the vicinity of the Puerta del Cambrón to the remains of defensive constructions above the Puente de San Martín called the Castle of Jews. It included the Jewish Gate and the Commercial street. Trade was one of the main activities of the Jews, who lived above their shops and workshops.
Edited by: Adriana Apetrei & Delia Blázquez Cedenilla
Corpus Christi (8 weeks after Easter) Easter (March/April) Virgen del Valle (May 1st) Virgen del Sagrario (August 15th) Las Mondas (Talavera) Fiestas patronales (villages) Fairs
One of the most recognized festivities in the city of Toledo is the Corpus Christi, that was declared to have international touristic interest in 1980. The Corpus is celebrated the eighth week after Easter Sunday, just the following Thursday. During the Corpus there are numerous religious ceremonies, and streets are full with people.
Along with this festivity, there’s another really important for the city of Toledo and that is Easter. It is the second most important festivity, after the Corpus. Toledo is kind of a privileged place to celebrate Easter because of its long, narrow streets, and the mixture of cultures you can appreciate in the city. It all gives the celebration of
Easter a magic touch. The other two main festivities from Toledo (the
“Virgen del Valle” –a romeria- and the “Virgen del Sagrario” –in capital) are the
honour of the Virgin. La Virgen del Valle Las Mondas
Some of the main festivities from other places of the province of Toledo are: “Las Mondas” in Talavera, celebrated the first Saturday after Easter. This festivity has a very old origin, probably from the offering to pre-roman gods. Apart from that, the rest of the celebrations held in villages are their “fiestas patronales” or their festivities to honor their patrons, that are usually celebrated during summer. And there are also some fairs in bigger places (for example Talavera: San Mateo and San Isidro festivities)
Edited by:Martina Forest & Jessica Morante Aceituno
Dom茅nikos Theotok贸poulos TOLETUM
El Greco, whose complete name is Dom茅nikos Theotok贸poulos, was a famous painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He was born in 1541 in Crete which was a city of the Republic of Venice, and he died in Toledo (Spain) in 1614 at the age of 73, so (this year, 2014) it is the fourth century of his death. He used to draw religious paintings in which Jesus appears.
History After he was born, he was living in Crete for twenty-six years, after those years, he moved to Italy and he was living there for ten more years . But in 1577 he migrated to Madrid. Then he moved to Toledo where he lived and he worked the rest of his life. His work is composed of big canvases for many churches and a lot of incredible portraits with the maximum level. Before going to Spain he painted many detailed paintings.
“The Cleansing of the Temple” At this moment San Agustín and San Esteban are burying Mr Orgaz with their own hands. The count of Orgaz caught up eternal life because he had certain virtues like charity or prayer to the saints. That’s why, Jesus and the Virgin were in the sky waiting for him.
“The gentleman with his hand on his chest” He painted it when he was already living in Toledo (Spain) in 1578. In this picture we can see a “gentleman” with his right hand on his chest. The position of the hand represents an oath. He wears elegant clothes and he is grabbing a golden sword with his left hand. Nowadays, we don’t know exactly who he is.
Edited by: Anna Borgolotto & Víctor de las Heras
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called “la lengua de Cervantes”. He was dubbed “El Príncipe de los Ingenios”.
BIRTH AND EARLY LIFE. It is assumed that Cervantes was born in Alcalá de Henares, a city about 35 kilometres from Madrid, probably on 29th September 1547. The probable date of his birth was determined from records in the church register and given the tradition to name a child with the name of the feast day of his birth. He was baptized in Alcalá de Henares on 9th October 1547 at the parish church of Santa María la Mayor
HIS MOST KNOWN PIECE: DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA Don Quixote is two separate volumes, now nearly always published as one, that covers the adventures of Don Quixote, also known as “the knight or man of La Mancha”, a hero who carries his enthusiasm and self-deception to unintentional and comic ends. Don Quixote works as a satire of the romances of chivalry, which, though still popular in Cervantes' time, had become an object of ridicule among more demanding critics. The choice of a madman as hero also served a critical purpose, for it was "the impression of ill-being or 'in-sanity,' rather than a finding of dementia or psychosis in clinical terms, that defined the madman for Cervantes and his contemporaries. Indeed, the concept of madness was associated with physical or moral displacement, as may be seen in the literal and figurative sense of the adjectives eccentric, extravagant, deviant, aberrant, etc. The novel allows Cervantes to illuminate various aspects of human nature.
Edited by: Gloria Feltrin & Tomás Morell Llorente
Don Quijote route is made up by the different trips that Don Quijote, the character of the famous novel of Cervantes made.
There is an officially recognized touristic Don Quixote route that goes through 148 towns throughout its more than 2,000 km. of routes that cover a vast stretch of historical and livestock trails that are indicated with clear signs. The route is divided into 10 itineraries and 56 stages that unite the most important sites highlighted in Cervantes' masterpiece. The Don Quixote Route was distinguished in 2007 as a European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe.
The Don Quixote Route begins in Toledo, capital of Castile-La Mancha, and UNESCO World Heritage site
WHAT CAN YOU DO IN THE ROUTE? You have around 25 places to visit and around 4000 places to stay and a lot to do like different sports such as canoeing, climbing, etc. Whatever your reason for coming, you will not regret it! It is one of the most important attractions in the comunity. It attracts a lot of people to see their natural places in the route such as: Parque Nacional Cabaùeros (Ciudad Real y Toledo) y Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel (Ciudad Real) – six Natural Parks -Parque Natural Alto Tajo (Guadalajara y Cuenca), Parque Natural
Hayedo
de
Tejera
Negra
(Guadalajara), http://elingeniosohidalgo.com/ruta/ruta.html
Edited by: Anna Iseppi and Nacho Ochaita
M U S E O N AC I O N A L D E L P R A D O & DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ “El Museo Nacional del Prado” is one of the most visited museums in the world and hosts more than 50.000 examples of sculptures, paintings from different styles, ages and places from all around the world.
Diego Velázquez is one of the most well-known Spanish painters. His most famous paint is “Las Meninas”
Museo Nacional Del Prado The museum of El Prado is placed in El Retiro. It is one of the most visited and with more influence in the world. The museum has an enormous variety of the master pieces of the European greatest painters from the XVI to XIX century. For example, Velázquez, El Greco, Goya, Tiziano, Rubens, Murillo, Zurbarán, Tintoretto or Van Dyck among others. The building was first meant to be the Natural History Cabinet designed in 1785 by Juan de Villanueva to be placed along with the new way of thinking of the Enlightenment. It was first opened in 1819 and only hosted Spanish paintings. The collection of paintings is really big. Almost 3.000 are from the Royal Collection, more than 2.000 are from “El Museo de la Trinidad” and the rest are donations, sales and paintings from the Modern Art Museum.
Diego Velázquez He was born in Sevilla in 1591 and died in Madrid in 1660. In Sevilla he started to develop his paintings. Later, he moved to Madrid where he was proclaimed the official painter of the king Felipe IV and only four years later Velázquez was named painter of the chamber, the most important place among the painters of the court where he worked until his dead. He was in charge of painting the king and his family. He is one of the most famous Spanish painters and one of the most well-known around the world. His most famous painting is “Las Meninas”.
Edited by: Giulia Lisetto Ada Martínez de la Casa Fernández
Economy of Talavera
Talavera’s flag In the next pages you will find both historical and actual economy of the city. Because
of
its
proximity
to
Toledo,
Talavera
has
also been colonized by different cultures, and its economy has changed along the time.
Economy of Talavera HISTORICAL ECONOMY Talavera is, and it has always been internationally known
for
its
pottery,
used
for
example
in
the
monastery of El Escorial. Also,
the
textile
industry
was
considered
very
important, as well as its stock market, famous in the entire region. In fact, Talavera stands out for its own native sheep.
NOWADAYS ECONOMY As the city is situated in a humid zone next to Alberche and Tajo rivers, it has very rich and high quality crops, which are mainly vegetables, fruits (melon, watermelon and tomatoes), barley, etc. However,
nowadays
Talavera
has
become
one
of
the
most important commercial cities in the region, so it attracts people who live not only in villages near Talavera, but people living in other regions like Extremadura. To supply this demand, it has 3 shopping centers.
Edited by: Cristina Fernรกndez Aceituno and Francesca Lolli
Talavera’s pottery
Talavera de la Reina’s pottery objects have been found in recent archaeological excavations; some of them date back to the Roman Empire. Arabs brought to the city new techniques as well as a new style. Ceramics of Talavera have been used to make fountains; examples exist in Cuba and Brazil. Tiles for buildings have been made; some are in New Orleans, Tokyo and Paris.There are different kinds of pottery depending on the historical period, but the most typical is the one decorated with white and blue, simulating the official colours of the city.
Preparing to Throw The first step in the throwing process is wedging the clay. Wedging is a process of kneading the clay. Wedging is important because it gets rid of air bubbles that make it difficult to center the clay and keep it centered while throwing. To wedge the clay, cut off the desired amount from the block using the wire tool and knead it like kneading bread. Push down with the heels of your hands and then bring the sides of the clay toward the front.
Finishing Touches Dry the pot completely before firing it in the kiln. Bake the pot at about 1700 degrees Fahrenheit, then glaze it. Use wax to keep the glaze from the bottom of the pot. Glazes can-often do-run during the final firing, causing pots to stick to shelves. Once glazed, fire the pot again at about 2100 degrees Fahrenheit.
Drying and Trimming Allow the pot to dry until it is leather-hard. Center it on a trimming wheel or bat and use the trimmer to cut away the excess clay. This is also a good time to create a foot on the bottom or add initials or designs.
Throwing Place the clay in the center of the bat or wheel and begin spinning. Make sure the clay is wet. If it begins to feel tacky or sticky, add more water. Seal the clay onto the bat by running your fingers along the bottom of the clay where it meets the wheel or bat. Using your whole body to center the clay is crucial because your arms alone can wobble, making centering difficult. Keep your elbows against your hips, and push down on the top of the clay until it forms a disc shape. Pull the clay back up into a cone shape and repeat this step until the clay is centered.
Edited by: Camilla Chiruzzi Francisco Javier Alonso GutiĂŠrrez
The Tagus The Tagus runs trough Spain and Portugal. It crossesTalavera de la Reina, Toledo and other cities...
The Tagus (Spanish: Tajo), is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is 1,038 km long and it flows from Spain to Portugal where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean, near Lisbon. Several dams supply drinking water to Portugal and most of central Spain, including Madrid, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power.
The Tagus The first town on the Tagus route is Sacedón. Below Aranjuez it receives the combined flow of the Henares and the Tajuña. Below Toledo
it
Guadarrama
receives river.
the Above
Talavera de la Reina it receives the Alberche. In Valdeverdeja is the upper end of the long upper reservoir, the Valdecañas damm beyond which are the Embalse de Torrejón, into which flows the Tiétar, and t he lower reservoir, the Alcántara Dam into which flows the Alagón at the lower end..-There is a canal and aqueduct between the Tagus and the Segura river.
GEOLOGY The lower Tagus is on a fault line. Slippage which has caused numerous earthquakes, the major ones being those of 1309, 1531 and 1755.
HISTORY The river also had strategic value for the Spanish and Portuguese empires, as it guarded the approach to Lisbon. For example, in 1587, Sir Francis Drake briefly approached the river after his successful raid at Cádiz.
The Tagus in song and Story Richard Crashaw's poem "Saint Mary Magdalene, or the Weeper" refers to the "Golden" Tagus as wanting Mary Magdalene's silver tears. In classical poetry the Tagus was famous for its gold-bearing sands (Catullus 29.19, Ovid, Amores, 1.15.34, Juvenal3.55, etc.).
Edited by: Veronica Furlán & Roberto Arenas
Myth of Cabeza del Moro In this ancient city situated in the River Tajo’s bank that dates back to Roman times, there are many myths and legends. Among them, one of the most famous is called myth of ‘’Cabeza del Moro.’’
In the street of ‘’Cabeza del moro’’ we can find a stone that stands on the tower of ‘’El
Polvorín’’. Since immemorial
times, people from Talavera have thought that this stone was a head of some ancient character.
Torreón ‘’El Polvorin’’ in the Ancient times and nowadays
There are many stories, but according
to
the
most
popular one, in the Arabian times,
the
Moorish
Stone of ’Cabeza del moro’’
dominated the city, or maybe newly conquered Talavera, lived a beautiful and noble Christian that fell in love with a Moorish. The girl’s father found out this relationship and decided to enclose her in an unknown place where the Moorish could not find her. Desperate, he walked around Talavera searching her, until one day, removing miraculously the stone of the tower of ‘’El Polvorín’’, appeared a prodigious garden. In the background of that paradise he found her. After a while, the young Christian’s father knew of the visit and ordered him to be beheaded. Many people believe that this head is from the Moorish, but in fact it is the head of a Celt boar that was sculped by the Celt village more than two thousand years before. So, this street, instead of being called ‘’Cabeza del moro’’, it should be called ‘’Cabeza del Toro’’. Edited by: Valentina Rossi and Cristina González Galán http://www.iespuertadecuartos.es/ http://www.itcgsansovino.it/
ART IN TA L AV E R A
Pottery The
city
is
internationally
known for its ceramics, which Philip II of Spain used as tiled revestments in many of his
works,
such
as
the
monastery of El Escorial. The nickname of Talavera de la Reina is 'The City of Pottery' (La Ciudad de Cerámica)
Basílica de Nuestra Sª del Prado It is a religious temple of catholic
debotion
and
debotion to the patron saint of the city. It is protected because it is a patrimony of cultural interest.
Plaza del Pan It was also known as plaza de Santa María, it is one of the only ancient places that has been rebuilt giving it a more regular shape.
Monument to the battle of Talavera It is formed by three monoliths one for each country that fought in the battle, in each monolith the names of the people who fought are written.
Roman Bridge It is the oldest bridge of Talavera, it is believed that it was built by the Romans but it is not for sure because there are not many remainings from that epoque.
Teatro Victoria Its fachade is famous because of the use of famous Talavera´s pottery. It was bought by the town hall and rebuilt in 1991.
Albarranas tower Originally there were 47 towers and the evidence points they were built in the XIII century.
Edited by: Jasmine Dallagnese & Daniel Martín Magán
BASÍLICA DE NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL PRADO The Basilica of “Nuestra Señora del Prado” of Talavera' in the province of Toledo, is a religious temple of catholic worship under the Marian dedication of the Virgen del Prado, mistress of the city. Its regime of protection performs good of cultural interest. The sacred local character goes back, at least, to Roman epoch, when in this place, in the suburbs of the former Caesarobriga, there was a temple dedicated to protective deities of the agriculture and the ranching, as Pales and Ceres. In their honor they celebrated parties for those who, apparently, got down the current Cleanings. The place was made christian in the visigode period, when, according to the most widespread version, the king Liuva II gave to the city the primitive image of la “Virgen del Prado”. Already in the XVIth century, this building is replaced with other one of Renaissance style, which constitutes the most ancient part of the current construction (from the feet up to the grating of the presbytery). In this epoch its magnificence was already such that Philip II refers to it as the 'queen of the hermitages'. In 1649 Lorenzo of Saint Nicholas reforms it again with the addition of the current major chapel and its characteristic dome, all this under the Monk's direction, with what it acquires its current aspect. After the devastations caused by the French invasion, new reforms are done in 1855. In 1956, the Pope Pío XII signs a papal bulla granting that the image of the “Virgen del crowned canonically
Prado” is
Plaza de toros On the former square it was built the current one that makes honor to its
nickname
of “the capricious one” (La Caprichosa), being inaugurated on
September 19th, 1890. On 16th, May 1920
the bullfighter Joselito died there.
Fray Hernando de Talavera Fray Hernando (Talavera de la Reina 1428 -Granada 14th May 1507), was a Spanish monk of the Order of Saint Jerome, of converso origins. Around 1458, Fray Hernando graduated in Theology from Salamanca University, becoming a Prior of the Monastery of Prado, near Valladolid, Royal Confessor of the ruling Queen Isabel I of Castile (1452–1504). Hernando de Talavera was also a financial Administrator of Salamanca Bishopric, (1483–1485), Bishop of Avila, (1485–1492), and Archbishop of Granada, (1493–1507) the last conquered Moor Kingdom of Granada. According to the accusations raised against him by the Spanish Inquisition, Hernando de Talavera was the son of the Lord of Oropesa, province of Toledo, related to Great Master of the Military Order of Santiago, and the bastard son born out of a Jewish mother fathered by King Alfonso XI of Castle.
Jardines del prado The “Jardines del Prado” were made in the nineteenth century with the idea of a park that urbanized the road leading from the city wall to the Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Prado, declared a Minor Basilica in 1989. Considered an artistic set, follows the French model especially in its design, with some European influences and a Islamic garden.
Edited by: Randy Polotto and Mario Martín Muñoz
Plaza Del Pan & La Colegial
La Colegial “Colegiata De Santa María” is a catholic church located in Talavera de la Reina (Spain). It was built in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in Gothic-Mudejar style. It is declared of Cultural Interest. The origin seems to date back to Roman Times, when the city was called Caesarobriga, it was the forum and the temple of Jupiter. In visigoth times, it was probably the house of the Bishop. The plant is rectangular, with three longitudinal aisles topped by polygonal apses without transept. The three sheds are covered by cross vaults with “terceletes” in the central shed.
In this church it is developed the poem of the canon of the Collegiate, included in “ El libro de Buen Amor” By Juan Ruiz, Hita archpriest .
Plaza del Pan Its origin is linked to the city itself, since it was the ancient Roman Forum. Its shape is rectangular and in the center is a public space with fountains made by Ceramic. BUILDINGS
MERCY HOSPITAL
TOWN HALL
OLD TOWN HALL Edited by: Eva Dall´Armellina and Mario Sánchez Camacho
Talavera de la Reina’s history.
Talavera de la Reina is a town situated in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is in the province of Toledo in Castilla-La Mancha. It is the biggest town in the province of Toledo and the second biggest in Castilla La Mancha. It is crossed by the river Tajo.
Talavera de la Reina
Talavera through ages. Prehistory: It was inhabited by the vetons and
Modern Ages: Between the XV and XVI
the town was known as Casaeróbriga. Even
centuries Talavera became really popular
though there is not too much information
thanks to the pottery. (examples: Monasterio
before the Roman Empire there are some
de San Lorenzo del Escorial, la Catedral Vieja
remains from this time like “El berraco en el
de Salamanca o la Iglesia del Real Monasterio
Torreón” known as “Cabeza del Moro”.
de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas en
Ancient history: Casaeróbriga was the principal
Burgos). The town was also famous thanks to
township in Hispania and the capital of “El
the “Real Fábrica de Seda” that gave work to
Convento Jurídico de Augusta Emérita”. It was
4000 workers and kept working for a century.
an important economic and political center of
XIX Century:Battle of Talavera: on the 27th and
the
for
28th of July in 1809 there was a battle
communication but also a great point for the
between the English-Spanish troops and the
trade mostly of grapevine and cereals.
French ones produced in Medellín´s Hill.
Middle Ages: The Visigods arrived as well as
Thanks to the General Arthur Wellesley the
Christianism: Liuva II gave the statue of “La
French were expulsed to the other side of the
Virgen del Prado” as a gift to the town making
Alberche river.
“Las Mondas” the new spring festivity. The
With the appearance of the railway Talavera
muslims arrived in 712 providing the town a
became one of the most populated cities in
barrier, fountains, and mills and the city
the middle of the peninsula.
Talavera was maintained muslim till 1113.
XXICentury:Talavera is now one of the biggest
After being reconquered in the kingdom of
cities of Castilla La Mancha. (the second, after
Sancho IV, the king gave two farming festivities
Albacete). Talavera is well known in Spain
which are now the festivity of San Isidro in May
because of the pottery. Talavera nowadays has
and the festivity of San Mateo in September.
got lots of high schools, schools and a
region
and
an
strategic
point
university. It also has 3 theatres, 2 cinemas, a football stadium, 4 public swimming pools, one public library and lots of parks and green areas.
Edited by: ANNA PIOVESAN VÍCTOR PATO DÍAZ.
Celebrations in Talavera
Las mondas It takes place the Sunday after the Resurrection and it´s a very old celebration where Romans offered the first fruits of the season to the godess Ceres. Now it is cristianized and people offer different things like pottery or sweets to the “Virgen del Prado”. During the weekend there are many things like bullfights and bonfires near the Tagus river.
La Virgen del Prado It takes place the 8th of September and it is Talavera de la Reina’s patron saint.
Easter in Talavera de la Reina: It has a very important role in Talavera de la Reina.
Ferias de san Mateo They take place from 21st to 23rd of September where there are many attractions and parties and various famous singers and groups come to Talavera everyday.
Ferias de san Isidro They take place from the 15th to the 17th of May, and there are many attractions and parties and also singers come to Talavera everyday.
Done by Chanel Michielin and JesĂşs Prieto Herrero
M E R CA D I L LO D E SA N J E R Ó N I M O DAYS: FIRST SATURDAY OF EVERY MONTH.
TYPE OF MARKET: MEDIEVAL
AND
HANDCRAFT.
PLACE: PLAZA
DE
SAN
AGUSTÍN (TALAVERA DE LA REINA)
TIME: FROM 11A.M. TO 9P.M
WEB: www.avsanjeronimo.es
GASTRONOMY:
MUSIC:
TYPICAL MEDIEVAL FOOD.
MEDIEVAL MUSIC ALL AROUND THE STREETS.
CRAFTWORKS:
TAVERNS:
RINGS, LEATHER BRACELETS.
TAKE A DRINK LIKE MEDIEVAL PEOPLE.
MEDIEVAL THEATRE
BOOK FAIR
EDITED BY: PABLO GÓMEZ CALVO & IRENE BARRO
Ruiz de Luna was a Spanish potter born in Noez (Toledo) the 12th of July 1863; he died the 25th of September 1945. Member of an
important
family
saga
of
potters and ceramists was the Antonio Ruiz de Luna and
Spanish
father of
grandfather of
Alfredo Ruiz de Luna. Part of his work is in the museum that bears his name. He was aware of the importance of Talavera pottery,
and
started
studying
and
collecting pieces. Finally in 1908 he set up
his
first
ceramic
workshop
"Ruiz
de
Luna and Gravel and Co.". Between 1927 and 1930 his work reaches its greatest fame. In 1997, the Museum of Ancient Ruiz Luna, deposited and made an exhibition of his private collection that was ceded to the city hall, moving to the old building of the Church of St. Augustine the Old in Talavera de la Reina.
MUSEUM Originally set in ancient ceramics workshops in the Plaza del Pan de Talavera de la Reina, after various avatars he moved to a new facility
in 1997.
The building consists
of two
architectural bodies: the old church and then high school of St. Augustine, with a brick facade of baroque Talavera work of Fray Lorenzo de San Nicolas; and secondly, the old convent. The Ceramics Museum Ruiz de Luna houses an important chapter in the history of Talavera pottery, from its Roman and Arab origins to the heyday in the fifteenth and sixteenth and most recent samples
of
the
nineteenth and
twentieth
centuries.
Some archaeological objects found in the excavations of the building are also on display. Museum Ruiz de Luna takes up in Talavera de la Reina an ancient Augustinian convent of the seventeenth century.
MUSEUM
INFLUENCE Nowadays we can still find craftmen making pottery like Ruiz de Luna made it. Such as pottery skulls, necklaces and bracelets, etc.
Edited by: Monica Bucciol Carlos VĂĄzquez GarcĂa
Fernando de Rojas
La Puebla de Montalbán
Talavera de la Reina
He was a Spanish author, politician and a humanist from the end of the XV century and the beginning of the XVI. He is known for his only surviving work, La Celestina.
Fernando de Rojas
was born in La Puebla de Montalbán (Toledo)
in 1470. Between the years 1490 and 1496 he studied law at the University of Salamanca, graduating around 1498. While at university he began writing
La Celestina
(originally titled “Tragicomedia de
Calisto y Melibea”). After leaving the university, he returned to the family home, where he practiced as a lawyer and where “La Celestina” was finally published (1499).
The work has been variously described as a drama, a dramatic poem, a dialogued novel, a novel-drama, and as a genre entirely of its own. It was never staged during Rojas's lifetime, but the majority of modern scholars consider it a drama. It describes a love affair, with much bawdy and comic detail, before a tragic ending. The scholar Dorothy Severin has written that it may be considered as either the last Spanish work of the Middle Ages or the first of the Renaissance. In 1530 Rojas was named mayor of Talavera de la Reina and he married into another converso family. His wife was Leonor Ă lvarez de MontalbĂĄn. They had four sons and three daughters. He died in 1541.
La Celestina La Celestina (as it is usually called after the leading character, though also known as the Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea or in English the Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea). The story is about a nobleman Calisto who falls in love with Melibea, the daughter of a rich merchant. Calisto's servant Sempronio suggests they get the sorceress Celestina to further the romance. However, Calisto's other servant Parmeno is suspicious of Celestina, as he knows about her tricks. After Celestina convinces Melibea of Calisto's love and arranges a brief clandestine meeting between them, Calisto gives Celestina a valuable chain of gold. Both servants are not satisfied with the whores supplied by Celestina and demand more from her, thus setting off a dramatic sequence of events.
Edited by Debora Zaccaria and Ainoa Paredes Plaza
La Celestina
La Celestina is one of the most important literary works of the Spanish literature. It established the bases of the realistic drama and novel. La Celestina was partially written by Fernando de Rojas in the sixteen century because he found the work started by an anonymous author so what he did was to finish it. Rojas set up the tragicomedy.
The story takes place during the Prerenaissance, this literary work is characteristic because of the introducing of actions or situations that in this age were never thought of. In “La Celestina” stands out that the main characters, Calisto and Melibea, have sex before being married, or another innovation is the scene of Melibea´s suicide after having lost her love because Calisto dies.
Story The story begins when Calisto sees for the first time Melibea and he falls in love with her. He is helped by Celestina, who is an old prostitute that keeps a disorderly house. She manages to join the couple with a spell. When she does it Melibea falls in love with Calisto. He pays Celestina with a golden object and because of her greed Calisto´s servants kill her. Then, Calisto dies falling down from the stairs. Melibea, after confessing their affair to her father, jumps from the top of the house and dies too.
An international play Since 1940 there has been more than thirty different theatre adaptations. As a tribute to the author the last performance has been in Talavera de la Reina (Toledo). It has been performed in lot of different foreing countries such as UK, France, Italy. The next 7th December we are going to see it performed in Almagro.
Edited by: Laura Isola & Laura Sánchez Toribio
GREDOS’ VILLAGES
MADRIGAL DE LA VERA Madrigal de la Vera is a municipality in the Spanish region of La Vera. Madrigal de la Vera is still preserved in the upper part of the village. Examples of verata style are reflected in their mud and halftimbered houses. It is very visited by tourists, both at Easter and in the summer months. At Easter by its traditions (processions, masses, ...) And in summer Alardos Gorge is a place to enjoy.
POYALES DEL HOYO Poyales is a municipality in Spain belonging to the province of Ávila. It has a population of 579 inhabitants. Part of the county of Arenas de San Pedro. It has a river, Arbillas which is the largest and is very popular in summer. Its church "Our Lady of Grace" is the most outstanding Gothic building. It stands out the museum "Bees Valley" for its way of showing the life of the bees. Other sites of interest are the artisan workshops and the Toy Museum "Gigantea".
EL RASO El Raso is a village in the municipality of Candeleda, in the province of Ávila, autonomous community of Castile and León. It has a population of approximately 600 inhabitants. One of the most distinctive things about the Raso is the Celtic castro.
CANDELEDA It is a village located in the province of Ávila, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The municipality has a population of 5,213 inhabitants. The village celebrates the festival and processions in honour of the town's patron saint, the Virgin of Chilla which are very famous
VALVERDE DE LA VERA Valverde de la Vera is a village in La Vera , located in the East. It includes the castle of the Counts of Nieva and the Catholic parish church under the patronage of Santa María de Fuentes Claras. In this village “Los Empalaos” are very important, we can see them on Thursday, at Easter. They are men who wear a helm made with chestnut. Their arms are bandaged tightly to the cross, including the torso. A crown of thorns, two swords on their back and a veil. They go barefoot through the village and kneel before every cross to pray. Edited by: Elena López Vigón and Giulia Biral.
Las Cuevas del Águila. Las Cuevas del Aguila are in Arenas de San Pedro 80 km from the city of Avila. They are 9km from the first village and 4km from Ramacastañas Neighbourhood, in the depths of Valle del Tietar (in the South slope of the Sierra de Gredos). These caves are located at 400 or 500 meters on the level of the sea. The geologic agents model the landscape. The water dissolves soluble rock enlarging fracture and forming holes. Later, with the help of other factors the different chalky formations are created. There are many stalactites, stalagmites and sediments, which are produced because of water circulation and finally underwater rocks, for example the pearls predominate .The cavity is developed on chalk. We can go down to 20 meters. The cave´s surface is 10.000 square meters. The temperature is 20 degrees. It has a big diversity of colours. Predominating the white, though in many occasions it is contaminated. The iron tinges with yellow, orange, red and brown. The manganese tinges with grey, bluish grey or black. And finally the clay and the mud give the red.
Discovery The Cuevas del Águila (Eagle caves) were discovered on Christmas eve (24th December ) in 1963 by a group of five children that were walking on the mountain. The children saw that water vapour was going out from a hole on the hill. Instead of staying still, the children went into the cave with ropes and a flashlight. After they dragged themselves several meters they arrived at a big room, they had discovered the Cuevas del Águila (Eagle caves) They were lost for five hours until they found again the exit of the caves. They told about their discovery to the authorities, the experts and the people of the village. They were opened to the public on July 18, 1964. The current aspect is dated in approximately 12 million years, with spectacular formations in his great room of approximately 10.000 m2, and his temperature in the interior is constant all the year round, having an average of 20 degrees Celsius. http://grutasdelaguila.es/
Edited by: Israel Abellán and Ilaria Bianchin
Instituto Puerta de Cuartos Talavera de la Reina
Progetto Comenius 2013-2014
Istituto Tecnico “J. Sansovino� Oderzo
Introduction to the Veneto region A
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T
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&
C
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i n t r o d u c t i o n
Veneto is an Italian region of 4,914,026 inhabitants, located in the north -east ; Venice is the historical capital and administrative center . It is bordered to the north by Trentino- South Tyrol and Austria , south by Emilia -Romagna , Lombardy to the west , to the east by the Friuli- Venezia Giulia , and south - east by the Adriatic Sea. Originally inhabited by Indo-European Veneti and Euganei, Veneto was conquered by the Romans in the 3rd century BC. The capital of the new province was Aquileia, which is located in today’s Friuli Venezia Giulia region. After the fall of Rome, Goths
and Lombards invaded the region. Many Venetians fled into the swamps of the lagoon and founded Venice. Following its the defeat at the hands of the Ottomans, Venice conquered the surrounding and integrated Verona and Padua into the Venetian empire. After a slow decay of power, Veneto was incorporated into the Hapsburg Empire in the 19th century, and finally, in 1866, into the Kingdom of Italy.
t o u r i s m
The tourist vocation of the Veneto region, which is the most visited region of Italy, is confirmed by the almost 15 million arrivals in 2010 and by more than 60 million visitors. The tourism
sectors can be divided into the following areas: City of Art, Ocean, Mountain, Spa, Lake Cities of art have registered for the year 2010, 7.2 million arrivals and 16.2 million admissions while the
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skiing resort recorded 3.6 million arrivals and 25.8 million admissions. Total tourist arrivals in 2010 were 5,609,809 8,973,933 Italians and foreigners.
p r o v i n c e s
The Surface is 18 399 km. there are 4908010 inhabitants.there are also 266.75 inhabitants / km
Verona ( VR) , Vicenza(VI ), Venice ( VE) , Belluno (BL) , Padua (PD) and Rovigo ( RO)
Veneto is divided into 7 regional provinces : Treviso ( TV ),
VENEZIA
c l i m a t e
Veneto is a region that encompasses multiple forms on the inside of the natural landscape : the coastal plain overlooking the Adriatic Sea to the uniform and monotonous , which then rises in the twelve Euganean hills and mountains Berici . With an area of 18,390 km ², is the eighth Italian region Veneto area . From the cold climate of the Dolomites come to the meek of the Adriatic
coast , Veneto from the north summed up in an ar- winds , is altogethea of just over er temperate. 18,000 km ² temperatures Europe. Veneto 's climate is sub continental , but with the agent mitigating sea and the Alps to protect it
h y d r o g r a p h y
The Veneto region has a rich hydrography. The crossing the Adige, Piave, Brenta, The Livenza and the Tagliamento, and its southern boundary is marked by Po 652 km long. Veneto belongs to the
eastern shore of Lake Garda. The low and sandy coast of Veneto overlooking the Adriatic Sea where it flows into the Po river delta which is currently made up of five main branches. TREVISO
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E C O N O M Y
The Veneto in recent decades has become the symbol of widespread industrialization based on small to medium enterprises . In fifty years it has gone from a poor economy and predominantly rural to
an industrial economy based on numerous family businesses .
P R I M A R Y
The development of agriculture is based on the mechanization that has resulted in lower costs with high production of cereals, fodder and sugar beet. In the hilly areas has expanded the viticulture. They produce wines such as Bardolino , Valpolicel-
PADOVA
S E C T O R
la , Soave , Prosecco di Conegliano. Apples, pears , peaches and cherries are produced a little ' everywhere. Very popular is the breeding of cattle, pigs and poultry. Developed is very profitable fisheries and aquaculture of eels and bream.
VICENZA
S E C O N D A R Y
The Veneto is the Italian region with the highest proportion of people employed in the industry. Industry to the most ancient tradition , wool and petrochemical industry , have added hundreds of
S E C T O R
small and mediumsized family businesses. Some of these have had a surprising development as Benetton and Luxottica. Also important are the confectionery industry , the tanning and the furni-
ture.
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VERONA
T E R T I A R Y
S E C T O R
Tourism is one of the most important voices of the ' regional economy. In fact, the Veneto , a region that stretches from the Alps to the sea, in addition to the natural landscape can boast an exceptional artistic heritage : 2000 villas and Venice, one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
BELLUNO
ROVIGO
Lavoro svolto da Alessio Carretta, Mattia Buso e Riccardo Zamuner
Pagina 4
ITALIAN CUISINE by
Andrea, Irene, Marika
Italian cuisine is characterized by its simplicity. Ingredients and dishes vary by region. In 2013 Italian cuisine was ranked by CNN as the best cuisine in the world. The Mediterranean diet forms the basis of Italian cuisine, rich in pasta, fish and vegetables. A key factor in the success of Italian cuisine is the country's food industry, that relies heavily on traditional products: Italy is the country with the most traditional specialties protected under European Union law. Cheese, cold cuts and wine are a major part of Italian cuisine and along with coffee make up a very important part of the Italian gastronomic culture
Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavors such as citrus fruits, pistachio and almonds with sweet cheeses like mascarpone and ricotta or exotic tastes as cocoa, vanilla and cinnamon. Gelato, tiramisu, and cassata are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts, cakes and patisserie
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CUISINE OF VENETO Introduction Cuisine is an important part of the culture of Veneto, and the region is home to some of the most recognizable dishes, desserts and wines in Italian, European and worldwide cuisine.
Vegetables Radicchio rosso di Treviso is a peculiar vegetable with a faintly bitter taste and a crunchy texture. The production area encompasses many town districts in the provinces of Treviso, Padua and Venice. The radicchio Variegato di Castelfranco has a delicate and slightly sweet taste and a crunchy texture.Veronese Vialone Nano Rice from Verona is a type of rice with short, plump grains, which have a creamy consistency when cooked. They are commonly used in risotto dishes and have a high starch content. The Bean of Lamon is particularly prized for its delicate flavour and extremely tender skin. The White Asparagus of Cimadolmo has a characteristic scent and a very delicatete taste. The White Asparagus of Bassano is a typical product of the northern part of the province of Vicenza. The San Zeno di Montagna (Verona) chestnut has Protected Geographical Status.
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CUISINE OF VENETO Cheeses Cheeses of Veneto include Asiago, Piave, Monte Veronese, Morlacco, Grana Padano.
Asiago is an Italiancow's milk cheese that can assume different textures, according to its aging, from smooth for the fresh Asiago (Asiago Pressato) to a crumbly texture for the aged cheese (Asiago d'allevo) of which the flavor is reminiscent of Parmesan. Piave is an Italiancow's milk cheese, that is named after the Piave river. As Piave has a Protected Designation of Origin, he only "official" Piave is produced in the Dolomites area and in the province of Belluno. Grana Padano is a hard cheese with slow maturation. Produced in thirty provinces of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Piedmont, Trentino-alto Adige and Veneto. It is an Italian cheese with protected designation of origin (DOP).
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Salamis and meats The sopressa vicentina is an aged salami, cylindrical in shape and prepared with raw, quality pork meat. It may or may not include garlic in its ingredients and comes in medium and large sizes. Prosciutto Veneto Berico-Euganeo is obtained from the fresh meat of a top breed of adult hogs. The aroma is delicate, sweet and fragrant.
CUISINE OF VENETO Wines and drinks Veneto is an important winegrowing area producing: Soave, Bardolino, Recioto, Amarone, Torcolato, Prosecco, Tocai Rosso, Garganega,Valpolicella, Verduzzo, Raboso, Moscato, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Nero, Pinot Grigio, and Merlot. Homemade wine making is widespread. After making wine, the alcohol of the pressed grapes is distilled to produce grappa or graspa, as it is called in the local language.
Prosecco is a dry sparkling wine. It is made from a variety of white grape of the same name, which is traditionally grown in an area near Conegliano and Valdobbiadene, in the hills north of Treviso. The name of Prosecco is derived from the northern Italian village of Prosecco (Trieste), where this grape variety is believed to have originated. Spritz, in the Venetian language also called "spriss" or "spriseto" depending on the area, usually consists of 1/3 sparkling wine and 2/3 Aperol. Campari or gin may also be used. Raboso is a red wine grape grown primarily in northeastern Italy around Veneto. It produces deep-coloured wine, with notably high levels of tannin but low alcohol content. The vine ripens late, producing good yields with high resistance to fungal disease and rot..The grape crossed with another Veneto wine grape, Marzemina bianca, to produce Raboso Veronese.
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SUMMARY
Important people
Antonio Vivaldi ............. 1 Marco Polo .................... 2-3 Carlo Goldoni ................ 4
ANTONIO VIVALDI Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian composer and violinist, born March 4, 1678 in Venice. He was recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers and he was very famous all over Europe. Vivaldi is better known for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin. Many of his compositions were written for the female music ensemble of the Ospedale della PietĂ , a home for abandoned children where Vivaldi had been employed from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740. His music was innovative. He brightened the formal and rhythmic structure of the concerto in which he looked for harmonic contrasts and innovative melodies and themes. Le Quattro Stagioni (The Four Seasons) of 1723 is his most famous work. Vivaldi wrote more than 500 other concertos. About 350 of these are for solo instrument and strings, of which 230 are for violin.
Pagina 9
MARCO POLO Marco Polo (1254- January 8, 1324) was an Italian trader and explorer. He was one of the first Europeans to explore East Asia. He was born in Venice, one of the most successful trading cities. Polo’s mother died when he was young, and he was raised by his aunt and uncle. His father Niccolò Polo took him on his first journey to Cathay (China). His family were well-known merchants, not explorers. He learned about writing, reading, and arithmetic and how to do business. Polo went on a 24 year trip to China with his father and uncle during the Mongol Dynasty. He left Venice the age of 17 on a boat that went through the Mediterranean Sea, Ayas, Tabriz and Kerman. Then he travelled across Asia getting as far as Beijing. On the way there he had to go over mountains and through terrible deserts, across hot burning lands and places where the cold was horrible. He served in Khan’s court for 17 years. He left the far East and returned to Venice by sea. There was sickness on board and 600 passengers and crew died and some say pirates attacked. Nevertheless, Marco Polo survived it all. Some scholars believe that while Marco Polo went to China, he didn’t go to all the other places that he described in his book. He brought noodles back from China and the Italians came up with different sizes and shapes and called it pasta. Polo returned to Venice with treasures like ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain and silk.
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Soon after Polo returned from his journeys he fought in a war against Genoa, got captured and put in prison. When he was in prison he became friend with a prisoned, Rusticello, who was a writer of romances and novels. He told the writer about all his adventures. Rusticello wrote down his words which became a book called The Travels Of Marco Polo, and became famous throughout Europe. In his book he wrote about Kublai Khan’s wealthy, new empire that had a postal system. He also wrote about the Chinese people. China used paper money that was made from mulberry bark.
Lavoro svolto da: Evelyn Dal Bò Elena Dall’Antonia Florina Derguti
Pagina 11
CARLO GOLDONI Carlo Goldoni (Venice 1707 - Paris , 1793) , is an Italian playwright . The son of a doctor originally from Modena , in 1719 joined his father in Perugia, where he began his studies of rhetoric and grammar at the local College of the Jesuits. After a short stay in Rimini , in 1723 he enrolled at the College of Pavia Ghislieri to study law there , but he was expelled from the Lombard city in 1725 following the scandal caused by his satire against women in the city. He Abandoned his studies in law, took them back in 1727 in Modena to interrupt again shortly afterwards. Recalled by his father to Venice, he was employed prior to the Chancellery of Chioggia, then in the Feltre. In 1731 , after the death of his father, he resumed his studies and graduated the same year in Padua . At legal career soon joined by the interest in the theater and began to collaborate in 1734 with the company 's San Samuele in Venice, commitment to which flanked the direction of the theater in 1737 St. John Chrysostom . In 1741 he accepted the post of consul of the Republic of Genoa to Venice. Forced to flee from Venice to debts, he settled in Pisa, where he resumed the practice of law , which he worked for three years. In 1748 , at the proposal of Jerome Medebach comedian , author became stable of the theater Sant'Angelo in Venice. In 1753 at the Teatro San Luca , where he remained until 1762 , when he moved to Paris to direct the ComĂŠdieItalienne . In the French capital Goldoni , while not getting the desired success , he remained until his
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Jacopo Sansovino by Fracassi Deborah, Ferro Marina, Visentin Elena, Kaur Simranpreet
J
acopo d'Antonio Sansovino was born on 2 July 1486 in Florence and died on 27 November 1570 in Venice. He was an Italian sculptor and architect, known best for his works around the Piazza San Marco in Venice. He apprenticed with Andrea Sansovino whose name he subsequently adopted, changing his name from Jacopo Tatti.
Biography In Rome he attracted the notice of Bramante and Raphael and made a wax model of the Deposition of Christ for Perugino to use. He returned to Florence in 1511 where he received commissions for marble sculptures of St. James for the Duomo and a Bacchus, now in the Bargello. His proposals for sculpture to adorn the faรงade of the Church of San Lorenzo, however, were rejected by Michelangelo, who was in charge of the scheme, to whom he wrote a bitter letter of protest in 1518. This paved the way for the graceful architecture of Andrea Palladio. His sepulchre is in the Baptistery of St. Mark's Basilica. In 1529, Jacopo Sansovino became chief architect and superintendent of properties to the Procurators of San Marco, making him one of the most influential artists in Venice.
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His most important work Jacopo Sansovino is credited with introducing to Venice the classical architecture that was developed further in the next generation by the famous Venetian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio.
He also helped rebuild a number of buildings, churches, palaces, and institutional buildings including the churches of San Zulian, San Francesco della Vigna, San Martino, San Geminiano, Santo Spirito in Isola, and the church of the Incurabili.
Chiesa di San Francesco della Vigna
His masterworks embody prominent structures and buildings in central Venice found near Piazza San Marco, specifically the rusticated Zecca, the highly decorated Loggetta and its sculptures adjoining the Campanile, and various statues and reliefs for the Basilica of San Marco.
Palazzo Dolfin
Among palaces and buildings are the Scuola Grande della Misericordia, Ca' de Dio, Palazzo Dolfin, Palazzo Moro, and the Fabbriche Nuove di Rialto. His masterpiece is the Library of Saint Mark's, the Biblioteca Marciana, one of Venice's most richly decorated Renaissance structures, which stands in front of the Doge's palace, across the piazzetta.
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OpitergiumHistory By Anna Piovesan, Veronica Zecchin, Victor Pato Diaz
ODERZO
Venetic period
Romanization
Middle ages
Modern ERA
VENETIC PERIOD The earliest settlement of the area can be dated to the Iron Age, around the 10th century BC. From the mid-9th century BC the Veneti occupied site and gave it its name. Etymologically, "-terg-" in Opitergium stems from a Venetic root word indicating a market . The location of Oderzo on the Venetian plain made it ideal as a center for trade.
R O M A N I Z AT I O N The Veneti of Oderzo appear to have maintained friendly relations with the Romans and the population was gradually Romanized. The Via Postumia road, finished in 148 BC, increased the importance of Oderzo. During the Roman Civil War, Caius Volteius Capito, a centurion born in Oderzo fought on the side of
Julius Caesar against Pompey. In 48 BC the city was elevated to the rank of Roman municipium and its citizens assigned to the Roman tribe Papiria. With the reforms of Augustus Oderzo was incorporated into Regio X of Italia, Venetia et Histria. The Roman era witnessed prodigious building projects including a forum, a basilica, temples and many private homes.
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MIDDLE AGES Attila hid a treasure in a town's pit. Under the Byzantine Empire, it became the seat of an exarch and was held by the Byzantines until its destruction by the Lombard king Grimoald in 667. Much of its population fled to the nearby city of Heraclea, still under Byz-
antine control. Most of its territory passed to the Count of Ceneda.According to tradition, the first Doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, came from Oderzo. The town, which had grown again around a castel from c. 1000, was contended be-
tween the bishops of Belluno and Ceneda, the comune of Treviso and the feudal da Camino (originary of the Camino castle, now part of Oderzo) and da Romano families until, in 1380, it became a stable possession of the Republic of Venice. Republic of Venice.
MODERN ERA Oderzo was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866. In 1917, during World War I, the town was damaged in the aftermath of the Italian rout at Caporetto. In 1943 it was a centre of the civil war between the German puppet Republic of
Salò (RSI) and the partisan resistance. In 1945, 120 people suspected of allegiance to the RSI were executed (see Oderzo Massacre). The city was governed by the Italian Christian Democratic party from
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1945–1993, and lived a notable economic boom, which also attracted a massive immigration from the southern Italy regions. The Ciclocross del Ponte Faè di Oderzo is a cyclocross race held in December.
Alberto Martini
Martini was a famous painter, he was born in Oderzo and he is consider one of the precusors of Surrealism. Alberto received painting classes by his father who was a portrait painter and a drawing teacher at the Istituto Technico in Treviso. Much of his career was spent illustrating famous literary works. In 1895 he began the first series of illustrations for Luigi Pulci's Morgante Maggiore. During this time he had his first exhibition which was a series of fourteen paintings from the La corte dei miracoli at the Venice Bienniale in 1897, where his drawings of beggars were described as "picturesquely described as "picturesquely grotesque". grotesque".
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In 1898 he moved to Monaco and worked as an illustrator for the magazines Dekorative Kunst and "Jugend". In 1901 he illustrated an edition of La Divina Commedia.
A LBE RT O M ART IN I
In 1907, he had his first solo show in London and met the publisher William Heinemann who went on to use some of Martini's illustrations. The death of his father in 1910, brought him back to Italy where he moved with his mother to a country home near Treviso. There he continued to illustrate great literary works such as Shakespeare's Hamlet and poems for Paul Verlaine. At the outbreak of World War I, Martini designed a series of "frightening" propaganda postcards called Danza Macabra Europea, to be distributed to
the allies against the AustroHungarian empire. Martini´s pinacoteca is situated in Oderzo. and is one of the most visited places in Oderzo.
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CHRISTIAN AQUILEIA by Dallagnese Jasmine, Marson Debora, Martin Magan Daniel
BASILICA It was consecrated in 1031. Significant building work was done in the early 9th century, when Patriarch Maxentius added the portico to link it to the Pagan church, and the two projecting structures of the transept and the apse. The internal ten-column colonnades were given new capitals.
view of the altar
In 1909, the floor was removed up to the level of the presbytery to reveal the mosaic floor from the Constantine complex about a metre below.
Outside view of the basilica
BAPTISTERY
Outside view of the baptistery
Interior view of of the baptistery
The font was hexagonal, outwardly star-shaped; there was a cover supported on colonnettes rising from each corner. The internal steps, covered with marble slabs, gave access to the inner basin, where people were baptised by immersion.
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PA G A N C H U R C H This building links the basilica to the baptistery. It consists of two rooms divided by a flight of steps: the eastern room and the western one. The Pagan church’s upper level, which has not survived,
accommodated the church of St Peter, first recorded in the 13th century. This was decorated with frescoes including a Crucifixion and the figures of the Evangelists, with a curious animal head.
Entry of the pagan church
SĂœDHALLE (SOUTH ROOM)
Roman remains
The baptistery was flanked by two large symmetrical rectangular. They were discovered in 1893 and referred to by the Austrian archaeologists.
Mosaics
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Both rooms had mosaic floors from the late 4th century or the early decades of the 5th: only small fragments of the northern one remain.
AQUILEIA by Rossi Valentina, Tonello Alice, Gonzales Cristina
HISTORY In 181 BC it was established as a colony by the Romans under Latin Law. It was founded in a strategic place on the banks of the river Natissa as evidenced by the presence of the port, that was connected to the “Amber Road”. It was the central point of three important roads: the “Via Postumia”, the “Via Annia” and the “Via Popilia”. In the Age of Augustus it became the capital of the “X Regio Venetia et Histria”.
In 169 AD it was invaded by barbarians. When Attila attacked the city, in the 5th century, he set the city on fire. From this time Aquileia was devastated by continual invasions, after the patriarch and the inhabitants moved to Grado.
ART This marvelous location bears significant archaeological heritage, explorable by way of the town’s three museums: the Museo Archeologico Nazionale the Museo Paleocristiano and the Museo Civico del Patriarcato. The Patriarchal Basilica is of significant artistic and cultural importance. The oldest nucleus is formed by the Aule Paleocristiane, built in the 4th Century A.D. by the Bishop Teodoro, with support from the Emperor Constantine. The floor mosaics both inside and outside the basilica are magnificent.
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ATTILA Attila ruled the Hunni empire from 440 to 453 AD. A first-hand account of Attila by the Roman historian Priscus tells us that he was intelligent and extremely modest in his dress, although capable of violent outbursts of anger. He ruled at the height of Hunnic power. Attila set his huge war machihe lost from the Great Hungarian Plain on two major campaings agaisnt the eastern empire in 442 and 447 AD, taking many of the major cities of the Balkans. The year following Attila mounted another invasion of the Western Roman Empire. In 451 and 452 AD, attacking Gaul and Italy respectively. After 452 Aquileia was wiped off the face off the Earth forcing many of his inhabitants to flee to the relative safety of the islands in the surrounding lagoons. Legend tells us that the city of Venice was founded as a result.
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Grado by Lolli Francesca, Zanoni Annalisa, Cristina Fernandèz
Grado is a town in the northe a s t ern Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The city itself has a lovely old town centre and has developed into a modern resort with a lot of flair.
G ra d o is a working fishing port with a lovely historic town centre. Grado's expansion as a beach resort
has obviously had a huge impact on the island's attractiveness.
Grado seen from above
Grado’s fishing port
IN THE PAST... Grado was first port for ships entering the Natissa. It was used in Roman times only as a port for the nearby Aquileia.
Grado’s port
NOWADAYS Today there are frequent finds of inscriptions, sarcophagi, marble sculpture and small bronzes that once furnished its villas.
Modern landmarks include: - The Barbana Sanctuary. The original church was erected in 582 and was
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since rebuilt and e n l a r g e d . - The Basilica of Sant'Eufemia, with the octagonal Baptistry. The church was once preceded by a quadriportico.
WHAT TO DO Cycling is a good way to explore the more distant reaches of the island and there are cycle paths around town. Main complex includes tennis courts and an indoors swimming pool. There's an
1 8 -ho l e g ol f course by the lagoon outside town. Those feeling adventurous could try windsurfing or hire a boat; otherwise you can join a scheduled lagoon excursion. Most boat trips are in
summer months.
Beaches are wellequipped with all you need for a
pleasant, safe and well-equipped day sunbathing and swimming. There are cafebars and children's playgrounds by the beach.
of hot pizza and eat it perched on a stool overlooking the harbour. Large numbers of gelaterie, past iccerie and bars offer ice
cream, pastries and snacks to the hungry visitor.
Tennis courts
Lagoon excursion
GRADO BEACHES Beaches are basically divided into businesses and you will pay for everything: entrance, changing rooms, showers, sunbeds. GASTRONOMY The centre of Grado is packed with places to eat and drink. At Pizza.it in Piazza Marinai d'Italia you can buy a cheap slice
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Gelaterie and pasticcerie in Grado
Treviso Ancient Era
The history of Treviso
For some experts, Tarvisium’s name comes from a Celtic tribe’s settlement. For others it comes from the Greek root tarvos, meaning ‘bull’. The city lay in proximity of the Via Postumia, which connected Opitergium to Aquileia (two important cities during Ancient times).
Lombard League and gained inEarly Middle Ages dependence after the Peace Treviso, as the rest of of Constance (1183). This the country, went lasted until the times when through a demographic seignories started to impose and economic decline in northern Italy. Treviso after Western Empire’s and her satellites cities, founded by the Trevigiani become appetible for neighbouring powers. Venetian rule
fall.
Treviso had Gothic, During the Roman pe- Byzantine, and then riod, Christianity spre- Lombard influence. ad to Treviso. Middle Ages Treviso joined the
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After a Scaliger domination in 1329-1339, the city gave itself to the Republic of Venice, becoming the first notable possession of the Serenissima. Venetian rule brought benefits, however, Treviso became involved in the wars of Ve-
the wars of Venice. The city was fortified and given a massive line of walls and ramparts. French and Austrian rules
nexed to Italy in 1866.
It was taken in 1797 by the French under Mortier, made duke later. After, the city was passed to AustroHungarian Empire. Austrian rule continued until Treviso was an-
During World War I, Treviso held a strategic position close to the Austrian Front. Just north, the Battle of Vittorio Veneto helped turn the tide of the War.
During WWII, one of several Italian concentration camps was established near Treviso. At the end of the war, the city
20th century
suffered allied bombing (7 April,1944) and a large part of the city was destroyed.
The art of Treviso In Treviso we can see some art like:
The Late Romanesque-Early Gothic church of San Francesco (built in 12311270 by the Franciscan community.
influenced by Byzantine forms.
The
Loggia dei Cavalieri, an example of Treviso’s Romanesque
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Church of San Nicolò, that mixes 13th century Venetian Romanesque and French Gothic elements.
The Cathedral, dedicated to St. Peter. It was a small church built in the Late Ro-
Palazzo
dei Trecento, built in 13-14th centuries.
Piazza
Rinaldi, it is the seat of three palaces of the Rinaldi family.
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Monte
di pietà and the Cappella dei Rettori
Lavoro svolto da:
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Ponte di Pria (Stone Bridge), at the confluence of the Cnal Grande and the Buranelli Channels
DANTE ALIGHIERI WHO IS DANTE FOR US? Dante was an Italian poet and moral philosopher best known for the epic poem The Divine Comedy, which comprises sections representing the three tiers of the Christian afterlife: purgatory, heaven, and hell. This poem, a great work of medieval literature
and considered the greatest work of literature composed in Italian, is a philosophical Christian vision of mankind’s e t e rn a l fate. Dante is seen as the father of modern Italian, and his works have flourished since before his death.
AND THE DIVINE COMEDY? Summary:
Early years
2
Exile
2
The Divine Comedy
3
Dante’s Divine C o me d y has flourished for more than 650 years and has been considered a major work since Giovanni Boccaccio wrote a biography of Dante in 1373. The work is a major
part of the Western canon, and T.S. Eliot, who was greatly influenced by him put Dante in a class with only one other poet of the modern world, Shakespeare, saying that they
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”divide the modern world between t h e m. There is no third.”
Early Years: Dante Alighieri was born in 1265 to a family with a history of involvement in the complex Florentine political scene, and this setting would become a feature in his Inferno years later. Dante’s mother died only a few years after his birth, and when Dante was around 12 years old, it was arranged that he would marry Gemma Donati. Around 1285, the pair married, but Dante was in love with another woman—Beatrice Portinari, who would be a huge influence on Dante and whose character would form the backbone of Dante’s Divine Comedy. Dante met Beatrice when she was but nine years old, and he had apparently experienced love at first sight. The pair were acquainted for years, but Dante’s love for Beatrice was “courtly” and unrequited. Beatrice died unexpectedly in 1290 and Dante began to immerse himself in the study of philosophy and the machinations of the Florentine political scene and also he published Vita Nuova (The New Life). In 1302, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the Black Guelphs. This would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period.
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Exile: In his exile, Dante travelled and wrote, conceiving The Divine Comedy, and he withdrew from all political activities. In 1304, he seems to have gone to Bologna, where he began his Latin treatise "De Vulgari Eloquentia", in which he urged that courtly Italian, used for amatory writing, be enriched with aspects of every spoken dialect in order to establish Italian as a serious literary language. In March 1306, Florentine exiles were expelled from Bologna, and by August, Dante ended up in Padua. Prince Guido Novello da Polenta invited him to Ravenna in 1318 and he accepted. He finished Paradise, and died in 1321 (56 years old) while returning to Ravenna from a diplomatic mission to Venice possibly of malaria contracted there. He was buried in Ravenna (San Francesco). Bernardo Bembo, preator of Venice, erected a tomb for him in 1483.
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The Divine Comedy: It is an allegory of human life presented as a visionary trip through the Christian afterlife, written as a warning to a corrupt society to steer itself to the path of righteousness: "to remove those living in this life from the state of misery, and lead them to the state of felicity." The poem is written in the first person and follows Dante's journey through the three Christian realms of the dead: hell, purgatory, and finally heaven. The Roman poet Virgil guides Dante through hell and purgatory, while Beatrice guides him through heaven. The journey lasts from the night before Good Friday to the Wednesday after Easter in the spring of 1300 (placing it before Dante’s factual exile from Florence, which looms throughout the Inferno and serves as an undercurrent to the poet’s journey). The structure of the three realms of the afterlife follows a common pattern of nine stages plus an additional, and paramount, tenth: nine circles of hell, followed by Lucifer’s level at the bottom; nine rings of purgatory, with the Garden of Eden at its peak; and the nine celestial bodies of heaven, followed by the empyrean (the highest stage of heaven, where God resides). The poem is composed of 100 cantos, written in the measure known as terza rima (thus the divine number 3 appears in each part of the poem), which Dante modified from its popular form so that it might be regarded as his own invention.
Lavoro svolto da :
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HISTORY OF VENICE
History of Venice by Eva Dall’Armellina, Pria Sogal e Mario Sanchèz
The Origins The first human settlements on the Venice lagoon islands date back to the 5th and 6th centuries,when the inhabitants from the mainland came to this semi-swamp areas to escape the barbaric invasions that followed the fall of the roman empire. The populations coming from mainland Venice settled in the lagoon, fighting as hard as they could to survive. This news inhabitants built several rafts of various sizes. They were supported by strong wooden poles that were fixed to the underside. On these rafts they built houses and a lot of monuments. When Venice had a big population to begin to deserve the tittle of city, it was annexed to the Byzantine empire but maintaining its own independence. They gave life to a new government electing a Doge. In 828, som
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The Republic of Venice Venice showed strong inclinations towards trade. This was the start of the Republic of Venice, which was finally consecrated in 1202 through the 4th crusade. After the 4th crusade, Venice gained a strong political role due to the fact that it now controlled a large part of the Mediterranean and it also increased its military power and its trading . The city’s historical rivalry with Genoa exploded under the form of four wars that were fought one after the other until a truce was finally agreed at the end of 1381, when Venice beat Genoa in the famous Battle of Chioggia (1380). Venice’s prestige grew at the same rate as the increase in the land it controlled and was thus given the name of Serenissima.
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HISTORY OF VENICE
The League of Cambrai The League of Cambrai was founded in 1508: this was a sort of coalition against Venice which most of the European powers joined. Venice managed to maintain some of its land after seven years of war, but it lost its control over the Mediterranean.
The most important artists In the 17th century, the Serenissima had to give up Crete, one of its historical lands and the whole of the Peloponnesus area to the Turkish Empire. In the period that followed, Venice’s political power was seriously damaged but there was a considerable increase of the arts and literature in the city, which gave rise to the creation of works of art by Tiepolo, Pietro Longhi and Canova and to theatre plays by Carlo Goldoni.
Napoleone Bonaparte In 1797, Napoleone Bonaparte conquered Venice, and sacked the whole area, just as he did in the rest of the country. A short while later the Emperor handed over the city to Austria, a ruler that was never accepted by the Venetians: in 1848, the Austrians were run out of the city by a group led by Daniele Manin, and the second Republic of Venice was proclaimed. This new republic did not last for long, however, as Venice was annexed to the new Kingdom of Italy in 1866.
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The Modern Age During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack. However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were repeatedly bombed. On 29 April 1945 New Zealand troops under Freyberg reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in partisan hands.
Geography and Economy The historical city is divided into six areas or "sestiere". These are Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca and Isola Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena). Each sestiere was administered by a procurator and his staff. Nowadays each sestiere is a statistic and historical area without any degree of autonomy. These districts consist of parishes – initially seventy in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering just thirty-eight. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170. Venice's economy has changed throughout history. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs and a centre for trade and commerce.
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VENICE LAGOON By Bortolotto Veronica, Camerin Lisa, Fantuzzi Elisa, Canzian Vanessa
The Venice lagoon is located in the northwest Adriatic Sea and is the largest Mediterranean lagoon. Three inlets connect the lagoon with the open sea (Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia, from north to south with mean depth). Aerial view of the lagoon
VENICE CITY Venice, the beautiful lagoon city, is one of the world’s most unique cities and a real tourist magnet. The city itself was built on a conglomerate of more than 100 small islands. A trip to the Lido a visit to the glass-making island of Murano or to the picturesque fishing island of Burano should also be part of a stay in Venice.
Canal Grande
Panoramic view of the city
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THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE LAGOON Venice, the beautiful lagoon city, is one of the world’s most unique cities and a real tourist magnet. The city itself was built on a conglomerate of more than 100 small islands. A trip to the Lido a visit to the glass-making island of Murano or to the picturesque fishing island of Burano should also be part of a stay in Venice.
Flora and fauna in the lagoon
WHAT CAN YOU VISIT? Torcello Murano Burano Saint Mark‘s square Saint Mark’s basilica The Bridge of Liberty
Burano island
The Rialto’s Bridge The bridge of Sighs
The bridge of Sighs
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Saint Mark Square and Duke’s Palace by Anna Iseppi Asia sacchetto Nacho
Where it is situated Saint Mark square is in the center of the city of Venice. It is 80 meters wideo and 170 meters large. It has 3 important monuments : The Attorneys, The tower and The Basilica of San Marco.
The description of Duke’s palace The façades include a lower section consisting of a ground floor colonnade beneath an open loggia. The openness of the building testifies the power of the city, which did not feel the need for a fortified castle, like most other cities at the time. Ornamentation is everywhere. For example, the capitals of the lower colonnade are decorated with historic and biblical scenes. That same façade is the location of the "Porta della Carta", the main entrance to the palace. The gate,with Byzantine ornamentation, was designed by Bartolomeo Bon in 1438. On the central platform - or plinth - two statues can be viewed. One is of St. Mark's winged lion, the other of the Doge Francesco Foscari, who served during the mid 15th century. Starting at the scala d’ oro , which are stairs with a golden colour , you can go to the second floor in which you find the armory , the courts and the prision. The duke apartment has paintings of Veronese , Tiziano and Tintoretto that tell us the history of Venice. The you can go to see the maggior consiglio room where more than1000 people vote. Here, you can see the biggest painting of the world by Tintoretto , the paradise.
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THE DESCRIPTION
The Attorneys was the resindence of the greatest officers between the XVI and XVII centuties. The building at the end of the square, which is called Factory Nuova, was made by Napoleon and he situated there statues of the Roman Empire and of himself. In the square there are also two columns, one with a lion(San Marcos) and the other of San Teodoro.The Piazza is dominated at its eastern end by the great church of St Mark. It is described here by a perambulation starting from the west front of the church .Then there is Piazzetta dei Leoncini , which is an open space on the north side of the church named after the two marble lions (presented by Doge Alvise Mo1722), but now officially called the Piazzetta Giovanni XXIII. To the left is the long arcade along the north side of the Piazza, the buildings on this side are known as the Procuratie Vecchie, the old procuracies, formerly the homes and offices of the Procurators of St. Mark, high officers of state in the days of the republic of Venice. They were built in the early 16th century. The buildings on this side are known as the Procuratie Nuove, which were designed by Jacopo Sansovino in the mid 16th century but partly built (1582-6) after his death by Vincenzo Scamozzi apparently with alterations required by the Procurators and finally completed by Baldassare Longhena about 1640.
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Saint mark’s square has always been The story of Saint Mark the location of important governeSquare ment buildings and other facilities central to the goings on in Venice. Piazza San Marco was construted in the 9th century as a small square dotted with trees.The square was laid out in frotn of the original St. Mark’ s Basilica , at the time a small chapelwhich was part of the palace. St. Mark’s Square has always been the location of important goverrment buildings and other facilities central to the goings of Venice. The square was separated from the palace by a small canal, the Rio Batario. The piazza was enlarged in 1174 after the canal and an adjoining dock were filled in. The square became paved with bricks in 1267 in a herringbone pattern. In 1735 the bricks were replaced with natural stone and laid in a more complicated pattern according to a design devised by architect Andrea Tirali. The design marked the location where merchants could set up their stalls.
The story of Duke’ s Palace The magnificent Doge's Palace is one of the most important buildings in Venice. It was the center of power, from where the Venetian Republic was ruled. The Doge's Palace sits on a site that was once occupied by a 10th century wooden stockade with watch towers and moat and, later, another similar fort, both eventually destroyed by fire and other disasters. Designs for the Doge's Palace were created by Filippo Calendario and work on the structure began. Because of Calendario's death, the Palazzo Ducale was constructed in two phases. The eastern wing, which faces the Rio di Palazzo, was built between 1301 and 1340. The western wing, facing the Piazetta San Marco, took an additional 110 years to build and was completed in 1450. The architectural style is generally referred to as Venetian Gothic-a gothic structure with byzantine influences.
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Some Picture of Venice
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MURANO by Veronica Furlan, Silvia Sarri, Roberto Arenas Murano is an island in the Venetian Lagoon where glass has been made for more than 700 years. Venetian glass production dates back to 982, with a document that makes reference to a bottle maker called
Dominicus Phiolarius. In the Venetian lagoon and in the surroundings there were glass-workers that produced the tesseras for the mosaics of the local churches.
Seeing the canal
GLASS MAKING Murano was a commercial port as far back as the 7th Century, and by the 10th Century, it had grown into a prosperous trading center with its own coins, police force, and commercial aristocracy. In 1291, the Venetian Republic ordered glassmakers to move their
foundries to Murano because the glassworks represented a fire danger in Venice, whose buildings were mostly wooden at the time. Glassmakers weren't allowed to leave the Republic.
Birds of glass
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The development of Venetian glass factories was quick: in 1271 a first “capitulary� was introduced to regulate the art of glass making.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION The chemical composition of this kind of glass allowed complex and long works typical of the Murano tradition. In the XVIth century the quest for new materials led to the realization of an opaque white glass called "lattimo" (from it. latte: milk). Subsequently the "filigree" and the "retorti"
glass were created; in 1527 Filippo Catani patented the "zanfirico" (or "retorti") filigree with milky canes included in cristal and twisted as spiral.
A beautiful fish of glass
DECORATION OF VENETIAN GLASS The decoration of Venetian glass was also influenced by the craftsmen arrived from the Middle East. The production of glass with dark colours decorated and painted with bright coloured enamel was successful.
Glass decoration
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Venice Carnival By Marta Presotto, Jesus Prieto & Eva Buongiorno
Introduction The Venice Carnival is the most internationally known festival celebrated in Venice, Italy, as well as being one of the oldest.
History This congregation of masked people, called Venice Carnival, began in the 15th century, but the tradition can be traced back to the beginning of the 14th Century. During those years one of the first laws made by the Serenissima was that masks cannot be used around the city at night. Later, Venice Carnival attracted foreigners - including princes - from all over Europe, who came to enjoy the wild festivities while spending fortunes.
How could you spend money? During the Carnival period Venice offered numerous possibilities for spending money. The choices were various, with activities such as gambling dens, brothels, theatres, cafĂŠs, wine shops (licensed and illicit) and restaurants, as well as booths where one could see exotic animals, ropewalkers and jugglers.
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Also couples were masked
Costumes and masks The streets of Venice Carnival were full of people in masks. The costume worn was a cloak with a long-nosed mask. Also couples were masked, where a man and a woman would dress as allegorical characters.
A long-nosed mask
When could you wear costumes and masks? Beginning on S. Stefano Day (26th December) costumes were permitted through the entire period of the Venice Carnival which ends at the beginning of Lent. While the Doges reigned, costumes were also allowed from Ascension Day to 10th June. However, they were not allowed to be worn from 5th October to 16th December.
How can you enjoy it nowadays? You can enjoy the Venice Carnival on the road, watching the parades of masks or simply tossing “coriandoli” and “stelle filanti” to passersby. Souvenir shops are yet the easiest track for the tourists, but other attractions as monuments and experiences are as well available around Venice in Carnival time.
Typical Parades in the lagoon
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P adua’ s
His t ory
Padua’s History by Francesca Casonato, Francesca Griguol e Patricia Diaz Aceiturno
Padua is one of the oldest cities in Italy. In ancient times, Padua achieved a victory over the Spartans before it was conquered by the Romans and received the town charter. In the Middle Ages, Padua was an independent city state, like many of its neighbouring cities, but was ruled by a Podesta. In 1405 the city finally fell under Venice, in 1797 to Napoleon, and finally to Austria.
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P A D U A
U N D E R
T H E
According to a legend, Padua was founded around 1184 BC by the trojan Antenor and is therefore thought to be one of the oldest cities in Italy. The region around Padua then developed very quickly into an important centre for theVenetians. In the year 302 BC the Paduan army did very well until it was developed into the Roman Empire in 215 BC and gained town status. The city quickly developed into one of the most important and richest trading cities of Rome and produced many famous personalities such as the Roman historian Livy. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Padua was first destroyed by the Huns, Attila and later by the Lombards.
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R O M A N S
P A D U A
i n
t h e
m i d d l e
a g e s
After the destruction of the city, Padua recovered very slowly and was first incorporated into the Frankish and later into the Holy Roman Empire. During the investiture controversy between the emperor and pope, Padua joined the Lombardy Association of Cities and stood against the emperor. However, in 1177 Padua left the league of cities early and signed a truce with the emperor. Although Padua gained its independence, a Podesta was assigned by the emperor- a kind of city managerwho took charge of the city. This situation quickly emerged as a problem for the city as the Podesta, especially the house of Ezzelino Romano III, oppressed the city with their tyranny. It was only in 13th century under the rule of the house of Carrara that Padua was able the extend its sphere of influence; the third oldest university in Italy was founded and a new area of arts funding initiated. The decline of Carrara family also started the decline of Padua as an independence city and so the city fell to Venice in 140.
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H i s t o r i c a l
d e v e l o p m e n t d a y
u n t i l
t o -
The Venetian rule did not diminish the cultural development of the city. The University developed into one of the best in Europe, where famous scholars such as Galileo Galilei taught among others. In 1797 Padua fell to the French, the Austrian and the Kingdom of Italy before it was annexed again by Austria in 1814. The revolutionary ideals of the university of Padua led to an uprising in 1848- as a result, the university was closed by the Austrians. In 1866 Padua finally became part of the Kingdom of Italy like the rest of Veneto. Today Padua is the most important economic centre of the Veneto region.
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This is old Padua.
This is Giotto’s “cappella degli Scrovegni” .
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This is “ Prato della Valle”.
If you go to Padua you can go to “Piazza dei Signori”.
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PADUA ARCHITECTURE by RANDY, MARIO e SOFIA
Vital, creative and dynamic :the spirit of Padua combines ancient charm, millenary traditions and the vibrant rhythms and vitality of the modern metropolis. Historical buildings merge with daring contemporary architecture. The medieval square, Piazza delle Erbe, della Frutta and dei Signori have been representing one of the most beloved meeting points. Imposing medieval and Renaissance buildings face the old streets such as Palazzo Zabarella, one of the most culturally vital and prestigious venues of the city. Around the Roman arena (1 stc. AD) and the adjacent Eremitani Square is concerted true museum complex. The most outstanding monument is the Scovegni Chapel. The adjacent Eremitani Church keeps 14th century frescoes and the famous remains of the Ovetari Chapel. The museums complex include Palazzo Zuckermann, a typical building of 19 th century. The historical centre of Padua is dominated by the imposing Palazzo della
PALAZZO ZABARELLA Palazzo Zabarella is a historical building that was built on existing structures from the Roman era. The building changes structure according to the styles of the time but never loses the connection with the past. You can still see the legacy of the past with the medieval tower. Even today the hall with columns, the murals and the staircase with frescoes characterize the southern area of the palace: this arrangement of space and these classic shapes and images are the ultimate test.
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ROMAN ARENA The ancient Roman arena was used for gladiatorial combats. It is surrounded by an elliptical wall of limestone blocks that formed the basis of the bleachers that surrounded the arena. In the Middle Ages the Roman arena was demolished and used as a stone quarry . In the fourteenth century, the area was purchased by the wealthy family of the Scrovegni who built his palace and the famous Chapel.
SCROVEGNI CHAPHEL The Scrovegni Chapel, a masterpiece in the history of painting in Italy and Europe in the 14th century, is considered to be the most complete series of frescoes executed by Giotto in his mature age. . Giotto's fresco cycle focuses on the life of the Virgin Mary and celebrates her role in human salvation. The space was where an openair procession and sacred representation of the Annunciation to the Virgin had been played out for a generation before the chapel was built.
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EREMITIAN CHURCH The Church of the Eremitani is an Augustinian church of the 13th century , formerly illustrated by Mantegna's frescoes. The front is open at the top with a rosette, while the bottom has a five-arched stone, in the middle there is the entrance, The southern side portal,is decorated by twelve reliefs depicting the months. It is the work of Niccolo Baroncelli and dates back to about 1422.
PALAZZO ZUCKERMANN The Palazzo Zuckermann houses the new collection of Applied Decorative Art (glasses, engravings, ceramics, Silver, jewels, textiles, furniture) and the Bottacin Museum, that is the rich collection of coins and works of art, which Nicola Bottacin left to the town in 1865.
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PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE The Palazzo della Ragione is a medieval building The building, with its great hall on the upper floor, is reputed to have the largest roof unsupported by columns in Europe; the walls are covered with frescoes; the building stands on arches, and the upper storey is surrounded by an open loggia The Palazzo was begun in 1172 and finished in 1219.
CAFFÈ PEDROCCHI The Pedrocchi Café is a café founded in the 18th century. It has architectural prominence because its rooms were decorated in diverse styles. The café has historical prominence because of its role in the 1848 riots against the Habsburg monarchy. It is one of the most neoclassic cafès in Italy.
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Giotto di Bondone by Laura Isola, Aicha Eddanouni e Laura Sanchèz Giotto di Bondone was born1266/7 in Florence and died the 8 January 1337. He was known as Giotto and he was an Italian painter and architect in the late Middle Ages. At present Giotto is considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance. Giotto has been the starter of the great art of paint-
know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life. Giotto’s masterwork is the decoration of the Scrovegni chapel in Padua. The decoration consists in a fresco cycle which depicts the life of the virgin and the life of Christ.
B I O G R A P H Y
In his childhood he was a shepherd, merry and intelligent boy, loved by all who knew him. The great Florentine painter Cimabue ,who was one of the two most highly renowned painters of Tuscany,
discovered Giotto drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock, because of it, Cimabue took him as an apprentice. Also Giotto was chosen by the Comune of Florence, in 1334, to de-
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Scrovegni Chapel Giotto executed his most influential work, the painted decoration of the interior of the Scrovegni Chapel, around 1305. This chapel is made of bricks, and compound of a rectangular floor and a barrel vault. Scrovegni was dedicated to the annunciation to St Mary of Charity from Enrico Scrovegni. The theme is Salvation, and there is an emphasis on the Virgin Mary. In the past, the chapel was connected to the familiar palace, now gone. The chapel was on the site of a Roman area. which is in front of the chapel. The west
wall is denominated by the Last Judgement. This scene is incorporated into the fresco cycle, which is composed of 36 pictures that depict The Life of the Virgin Mary and The life of Crist.
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BY
A NNA BORGO LOTTO , A RI ANNA S ARRA & V I CTOR
DONATELLO He was born in 1369 and he died in 1466, he was an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. In 1443, Donatello was called to Padua by the heirs of the famous condottiero Erasmo da Narni, who had died that year. In 1450 he moved to the Basilica of St.Anthony. The first example was the statue of Erasmo which was located in that Basilica. His work was a prototype for the next centuries for the equestrian monuments.
For the Basilica of St. Anthony, Donatello created the bronze Crucifix of 1444–1447 . The Famous statue of Gattamelata in Padua
Miracolo del figlio pentito
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ANDREA MANTEGNA He was an italian painter and engraver,born in the vicinity of Padua in 1431 and he was died in 1506. Mantegna was influenced by Donatallo’s work early on. Characteristic of his work are the bright colors, the strong linear perspective and the sharp lines. The subject is mostly classical or religious. Mantegna started his career in Padua but left that city at an early age. Perhaps a conflict with his teacher Squarcione made that he never returned to Padua. He than worked in Verona and Rome The alterpiece for the San Zeno in verona is one of Mantegna’s most famous works. The Chapel Ovetari is situated on the right of Church of Eremitani in Padova. Here there are the cycle of Mantegna’s frescoes and others, painted from 1448 to 1457. They are key works of the Renaissance Padua.
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PADUA AND THE SURROUDINGS ESTE
Este is a town and comune of the Province of Padua, in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Euganei Hills. The town is a centre for farming, crafts and industry worthy of note. There are 16,963 inhabitants. Este had given its name to the Este culture, a proto -historic culture existed from the late Italian Bronze Age (10th-9th century BC, proto-venetic phase) to the Roman period (1st century BC) and which was located in the present territory of Veneto. Since 1405 it is under the Republic of Venice.After the fall of the Republic became part of the Austrian Empire, until it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy as a consequence of the Third Independence War of 1866 . Este is famous for its castle, its name is Carrarese.
ARQUÀ PETRARCA Arquà Petrarca is a town and municipality in northeastern Italy, in the Veneto region, in the province of Padua. The name alone is enough to recall one of the greatest poets of the Italian language, Francesco Petrarca. Arquà is the place where the poet Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) lived the final four years of his life (1370-1374). In 1870, the town of Arquà added his name to its own. Human presence in Arquà dates back to the Bronze Age. At the edge of the current city archaeologists found a necropolis attributed to the Euganeans, a population living in the area before the colonization of Rome.
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MONTAGNANA Montagnana
is
a
town
and comune in the province of Padova, in Veneto (northern Italy). The population of Montagnana is about 9,530. It is famous for The famous medieval city wall, which is one of the best preserved examples of medieval walls in Europe,the Castle of San Zeno,the Gothic Cathedral and the Town Hall .Its walls hide significant historical information and the heritage of its past. You can get lost looking the roundish profiles of the Euganean hills which appear at a distance together with the Berici hills. Outside the city is the Villa Pisani, one of Andrea Palladio's masterpieces.
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Francesco Petrarch - Biography Francesco Petrarch was born on July 20th 1304 in Arezzo, Italy. He was the first son of Pietro di Parenzo di Garzo and Eletta Canigiani. There he received instruction in grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic. He finally began studying law in Bologna, then in Montepellier, but he never finished his course of studies. In 1326 when his father died, Petrarch abandoned his study of law and turned to the classics. He returned to Avignon and met the married Madonna Laura for the first time. Petrarch would go on to write hundreds of poems to her. She was his source of inspiration until her death. He dedicated his famous “Canzoniere” to her, or in English, The
Song Book. By 1374 when Petrarch died it contained 366 poems, mostly sonnets to and about the love of his life which he could never have, Laura. After journeys through France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy, during which he met his later students Boccaccio and Cola di Rienzo, he returned to Vaucluse in 1337. For the next few years, hededicated himself exclusively to his work. In 1340, as Petrarch writes, on the same day he received two invitations, one from Rome and one from Paris. He chose Rome and on April 8th, 1341 (Easter Sunday) he was crowned by Orso dell’Anguillara, a roman noble. He had two children, Giovan-
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ni (1338) and Francesca (1343). Another of his poems is Secretum, he wrote it when his brother, Gherardo, became a Carthusian monk In 1345 and living in Verona, Petrarch discovered a collection of letters written by Cicero and collected by him over 1000 years ago. Petrarch began to follow Cicero’s lead and started a collection of his own letters which he called Familiares (Familiar Letters). He stayed in Venice in 1362. Petrarch returned to Arqua in 1368, where he died on July 18, 1374.
Writings His most famous works are the “Canzoniere” and the “Trionfi”. His Latin writings include scholarly works, introspective essays, letters, and more poetry. Among them are:
Secretum De Viris Illustribus
Epistolae familiares
Itinerarium
Rerum Memorandarum Libri
Seniles
De Otio religiosorum
De Vita Solitaria
De Remedis
Laura and poetry On April 6, 1327, the sight of a woman called “Laura” in the church of SainteClaire d’Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the Rime sparse. Laura may have been Laura de Noves, the wife of Count Hugues de Sade. Laura and Petrarch had little or no personal contact; she refused him for the very proper reason that she was already married to another
man. Upon her death in 1348, the poet found that his grief was as difficult to live with as was his former despair.
unspeakable joy, but his unrequited love created unendurable desires, inner conflicts between the ardent lover and the mystic Christian, making it While it is possible impossible to reconcishe was an idealized or pseudonymous cha- le the two. racter – particularly since the name "Laura" has a linguistic connection to the poetic "laurels" Petrarch coveted, her presence caused him
by AINOA PAREDES PLAZA, DEBORA ZACCARIA e SARA VIBERTI
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Possagno by Lisetto Giulia, Lucchese Francesca, Ada Martinez
Possagno is a municipality T i t o in the Province of Treviso in the Italian region Veneto. It is located about60 km northwest of Venice and about 35 km northwest of Treviso. As December 2004, it has a population of 2,154 innhabitants and an area of 12.1 square km.
l The o bfamous r a n sculptor o i n t Antonio e r n o
Canova was born in Possagno. Its most prominent landmark is the Canova temple designed by the artist and completed after his death.
Possagno borders the following municipalities: Alano di Piveve, Castelcucco, The Canova temple Cavaso del Tomba, and Paderno del Grappa.
Gypsothec
View of Possagno
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A N T O N I O C A N OVA Antonio Canova, was born in November 1, 1757,in Possagno, and he died in October 13, 1822, in Venice. The Italian sculptor was one of the greatest exponents of Neoclassicism.
Among his works are the tombs of popes Clement XIV and Clement XIII and statues of Napoleon and of his sister Princess Borghese reclining as Venus Victrix.
SCULPTURES
Le tre grazie
Amore e psiche
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Orfeo and Euridice
ASOLO b y I s r a e l , To n o n G i u l i a , B i a n c h i n I l a r i a
Asolo is defined as one of the most evocative historical centre in Italy. In fact Asolo welcomed several artist, poets, musicians, painters and even Queen Caterine Cornaro. The english poet Robert Browning wrote “Asolando”, that is a collection of lyrics, and he coined, for the occasion, the verb “asolare” which means going liberally for a walk an relaxing before the natural wonders.
The storic centre of Asolo
ELEONORA DUSE Eleonora Duse was born in Vigevano, Lombardy, and began acting as a child. Both her father and her grandfather were actors .She gained her first major success in Europe, then toured South America, Russia and the United States. In 1895 she met Gabriele.
Duse suffered from ill health throughout most of her adult life. Duse died of pneumonia at the age of 65 in Pittsburgh while on the eastward return leg of a tour of the United States. Her body was returned to Italy. She is buried in Asolo.
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Eleonora Duse
F R E YA S TA R K Dame Freya Madeline Stark was born on 31 January 1893 in Paris, where her parents were studying art. Her mother, Flora, was an Italian of Polish/German descent her father, Robert, an English painter from Devon. During her childhood her parents separated. She later learned Arabic and Persian, and studied history at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London.
After that she wrote her explorations in many books.In 1947, at the age of 54, she married Stewart Perowne, a British administrator and historian. During these years she wrote nothing on travel and exploration, but published a volume of miscellaneous essays .She died at Asolo on 9 May 1993, a few months after her hundredth birthday.
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Palladio
by Irene Barro, Jasmine Maronese, Pablo Gomez Calvo At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed to a stonecutter in Padua.
Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio may be described as perhaps one of the most famous among the architects of the Renaissance. Architects have used his designs for the past four hundred and fifty years. Andrea Palladio was born on November 30th in the year 1508 in Padua, Italy. He was named Andrea di Pietro della Gondolla but he attained his fame under the name Andrea Palladio.
In the year 1537, Andrea Palladio met Gian Giorgio Trissino one of the leading scholars and amateur architect of the time. Getting an assignment from Trissino was perhaps the best thing that could have happened to Andrea Palladio. His mentor introduced him to the principles of classical architecture and Renaissance education. He even went to Rome in 1541 to study classical Roman works and early Renaissance architecture. In 1538 Palladio began the construction of the Villa Godi for rich patrons of Vicenza. Many years later he received commissions from the nobility in Venice to construct their villas.
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Andrea Palladio built many palaces and villas mainly in Vicenza. He received many commissions from the wealthy and nobility of Venice. He used simple and common materials to design the most exquisite buildings in classical style. His designs of arch and column compositions have been termed as the “Palladian motif�. Some of his bestknown houses are Villa Rotonda, Villa Barbarosa, Villa Foscari, Villa Emo, and Villa Godi. Palladio was influenced by the work of Vitruvius the classical roman architect and Leon Alberta Battista the Renaissance man. Palladio died in 1580 in Vicenza.
Villa Maser The Villa Barbaro by rennaissance architect Andrea Palladio is one of his most famous Palladian villas. The Villa was built around the 1560's by Andrea Palladio for his friends the Barbaro brothers Mar-
cantonio and Daniele. . The Villa is probably the least typical of the villas constructed by Palladio.
Villa Barbaro in Maser
The Villa, reminds us of the demands and problems that architects of all periods of history have had. Andrea Palladio's architectural prowess was certainly compromised by this project.
Veronese Veronese
The Venetian artist Paolo Cagliari, known as Veronese after his birthplace in the city of Verona,
was born in 1528. Paolo decorated the Sala dei Cosiglio dei Dieci and the Sala dei Tre Capi del Consiglio. His ceiling paintings for the Doge's Palace and he won a prize for his work. The architect Andrea Palladio had completed a villa for the Barbaro family in Maser, and Paolo was invited to decorate the villa with frescoes. Veronese died in Venice on April 9th 1588 .
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