[ CO - GENERATION ]
LIU TIANYU'S PORTFOLIO FOR THE APPLICATION TO URBAN DESIGN ID: 16126415
[ CO - GENERATION ] As far as I am concerned, design is the way to seek for optimal solution to certain problems with the assistance of aesthetics and creativity. And the optimal solution may were more than a single way, it could be co-generation between the landscape and life, culture and economic, social and strctural. Landscape itself is the harmony and unification of many elements. Co-generation can only be realized when harmony and unification of all elements is achieved. However, I find it challenging to perfectly coordinate all required elements; out of my ardent love for life and design, I will never yield trying through non-stop trials. In this portfolio, drawing experience from my previous learning, I would like to critically state my perspectives towards co-generation being realized via a variety of elements; in an attempt to eventually seek for new possibilities of landscape architecture by imposing new ideas on existing ones.
We are the children of our landscape; it dictates behavior and even thought in the measure to which we are responsive to it. I can think of no better identification. --Justine, Laurence Durrell
CONTENTS
01 Green Desert
P01 - 07
Returning Land for Rubber to Rainforest 04/2016
02 Naxi Village
P08 - 13
The Renovation of Landscape of Yunnan Minority Village 08/2015
03 Green Infrastructure in Hutong
P14 - 20
Active Green Infrastrcture In Baitasi 10/2015
04 Resilient Coastline Countermeasures to the secondary disaster of typhoon 10/2015
P21 - 24
01
Green Desert Returning Land for Rubber to Rainforest
Tutor : Liu Lei Time : 04/2016(31days total) Location : Manhe Village, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. Category : Group Work( Partner: Wang Wen ) Due to the blockade of rubber imports to China by international market in the 1950s, China began to plant rubber trees in the tropical rainforests of Xishuang Banna in Yunnan Province. Although the rubber market was opened later, driven by economic interests, people continued to plant rubber trees in the rainforests whose covered area was decreased by 30%. You can see from the above picture that, in order to make the harvest easier, the rubber forests take on the shape of whorl-type fingerprints, leaving only a few patches of rainforest scattered along gullies or streams. The expansion of rubber forests have caused many problems. This design aims to establish a “rubber to rainforest” ecological pattern based on current ecological demand and human activities in order to gradually restore the original rainforest structure of Xishuang Banna by referring to Miyawaki’s method.
Manhe Village
Yunnan Province
Xishuangbanna
LOCATION Manhe Village in Mengla County of Yunnan Province is a typical natural village inhabited by the ethnic minority of Dai. Its annual mean temperature of 21 degrees Celsius, annual rainfall of 1200mm and altitudes between 600-1000 meters provide the best conditions for growing rubber trees, so the surrounding forests had been mostly cut down to plant rubber trees. Only low-altitude areas which were not suitable for planting rubber trees retained the natural rainforest to meet the basic cultural and sacrifice needs.
Human’s life style has always been in a process of change. Similarity, this change also exists in the forest. The expansion of rubber forests have caused many problems The first is the decrease of natural rainforests and biodiversity loss The second is soil erosion due to high water absorption and poor water conservation of rubber trees as well as surface water source exhaustion because of rapid topsoil evaporation, as a result of which no other trees except rubber trees can survive The third is the simple species in rubber forest with few shrubs and herbs and small crown canopy which cannot retain moisture in the air, and as a result, the climate in rubber planting areas gradually transformed from wet-hot to dry-hot.
1950
1970
Initial stage
2000
Explosive growth
2005
Break ecological limits
Manhe Village
02
LOCATION ANALYSIS
Manhe Village is 2 km away from Mengla County and accessible via asphalt road which makes transportation very convenient.
Road The village’s main income, accounting for 76.36% of its total income, is from rubber which is sold to rubber plants in the county. Rubber Factory
Dai people believe in Hinayana Buddhism. The village has a buddhist temple for religious activities and sacrifices, but with the change of the economic pattern here, its functions becomes faded-out gradually.
Temple
The village is located near Nanla River which belongs to Lancang River system and is the final tributary of Lancang River before flowing out of China. River
Manhe Village is back to mountain and faces water. To the west of the village, there was once a lush rainforest which have been cut down and replaced with only rubber trees.
Forest
Rubber forest had led to reduced water resources which in turn affected the planting of food crops in a negative way.
COMPARISON
Compared with natural rainforest, rubber forest has smaller canopy interception which is insufficient to retain the moisture in the air, larger stem flow and stronger transpiration, and larger through fall which may easily cause soil erosion, especially in rainy season when most rainfall occurs. However, due to reduced rainfall and surface runoff and much less fog days in dry season, river drying up often causes intermittent shortage of water resources.
Farm
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CONCEPT The ancient philosophy of Dai believed that human being was an integral part of this world which also consisted of deities, natural creatures (including mountains, forests, animals, plants, water, etc.) and man-made objects (including houses, roads, human planted forests and farmlands), among which, the deities who were in charge of the rest parts, are the most majestic, and that forests were very important because, on the one hand, they were the places where some deities lived Forests conserved water which was used to irrigate farmland where grains are grown, which is to say, forest was a prerequisite for water to irrigate farmland which was relied on by human beings, therefore, human beings must be moderate in exploring the forest resources. This project aims to improve the relationship among forest, water and farmland and to recover Dai’s traditional ecological pattern in which people live in harmony with nature by transforming or restoring the original rainforest.
MODEL Restoring rainforest is a complicated and lengthy process which should take into account the growth of rainforest and the impact of human activities on the rainforest, therefore, this scheme formed a “rubber to forest� restoration mode from two different routes. Due to altitude difference, surface runoffs gather in low-lying areas at mountain feet which are connected up and form a valley line. A few patches of rainforest remained in some mountain feet form a rainforest line which, together with valley line, constitute an ecological line. Ecological line is divided into three parts, namely mountain feet, mountainside and mountain top, according to altitude. According to the extension of the human activity area or range of the village into forest, the forest land is divided into three layers, which are named the first layer mountains, the second layer mountains and the third layer mountains, etc.
04
MASTER ANALYSIS
MASTER PLAN
PROCEDURE
1st layer 2nd layer 1rd layer 4th layer 5th layer ...... Foot Side
Step 1 Step 2
Step 2 Step 3
Step 3 Step 4
Step 4 Step 5
Top
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
......
Step 5 ......
......
Setp1：The transformation of the foot (the bottom 1/3) of the 1st layer mountains will be started at first. By about the 11th year, the rainforest in the 1st transforming area will grow steadily, and by the 22th year, the 1st transforming area will form a mature rainforest, and the 1st transformation cycle is completed. Setp2：The transformation of the side (the middle 1/3) of the 1st layer mountains and the foot (the bottom 1/3) of the 2nd layer mountains will be started from the 5th year. By about the 16th year, the rainforest in the 2nd transforming area will grow steadily, and by the 27th year, the 2nd transforming area will form a mature rainforest, and the 2nd transformation cycle is completed. Setp3：The transformation of the top (the top 1/3) of the 1st layer mountains, the side (the middle 1/3) of the 2nd layer mountains and the foot (the bottom 1/3) of the 3rd layer mountains will be started from the 11th year. By about the 22th year, the rainforest in the 3rd transforming area will grow steadily, and by the 33th year, the nth transforming area will form a mature rainforest, and the 3rd transformation cycle is completed. Setp4：The transformation of the top (the top 1/3) of the ath layer mountains, the side (the middle 1/3) of the (a+1)th layer mountains and the feet (the bottom 1/3) of the (a+2)th layer mountains will be started from the bth year. By about the (b+11)th year, the rainforest in the nth transforming area will grow steadily, and by the (b+22)th year, the nth transforming area will form a mature rainforest, and the nth transformation cycle is completed.
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METHOD
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase n
Native tree Rubber tree Phase 3 11 to 22 years, rubber trees already lose the superiority. The growth of dominant arbor species generate the growth of arbuscle and herbosa.
Native tree
Timeline Expense Income Products Species Human Intervention
Rubber tree Phase 1 First 3 years, we choose the dominant species such as Banya, Areca catechu and Corypha umbraculifera to plant. At the same time, those trees needs human intervention such as weeding, watering and fertilization.
Native tree Rubber tree Phase 2 3 to 11 years, planted trees grow to 2 meters and the crown is almost close. At that time, those trees do not need human maintenance. It is the survival of the fittest.
Phase n According to this schema, the succession of phytocenosis is semi-automatic and efficient. Eventually distinctive plant are best adapted to the region’s physical natural environment, latitude,altitude and terrain.
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Such model, supported by Miyawaki’s method, can efficiently and progressively help restore the natural forest. Only after the natural forest is restored, could the harmony among forest, water, farmland and village be recovered, the culture of Dai be inherited and people live a healthy life. Many traditional festivals of Dai, such as the water-splashing day, are inherited and carried down in places with good living environment and bring opportunities for the development of local tourism.
Stilted buildings here form many courtyards and a complete system of public space surrounding the central plaza. The courtyard with many functions can serve as a small gathering place for the neighborhood. The central plaza is the village’s main space for activities like large sacrificial rites like the dooropening day, door-closing day, etc., in the mean time, as the village develops, the villagers will have other demands of using public spaces such as the village drama stage, etc.
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02
NAXI VILLAGE The Renovation of Landscape of Yunnan Minority Village
Tutor : Liu Lei Time : 08/2015(13days total) Location : Baoshan Stone City, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, China. Category : Competition, Group Work( Partner: Wang Wen ) Lijiang “Rock Town” is a Naxi village built on an enormous mushroom-shaped rock. Being located adjacent to Jinsha River, the village has merely 2 entrances being surrounded by cliffs on three sides. Thanks to the mass media, the village has been gradually exposed and introduced to the public; not before long, it becomes a popular scenic spot in a critical stage of coordination between tourism development and tradition conservation. Tradition shall never be simply deemed as existence in history; instead, it shall be treated as heritages passed on from generation to generation. Nonetheless, it is inappropriate to protect tradition by blindly restricting tourism; and it is unfair for local villagers to be deprived of the rights of residing in a comfortable surrounding in such modern society. We raise four layers of space design methods and turn specific landscaping approaches into easy-tooperate ones--which can be regarded as tools, so that local villagers are able to independently operate the tools. All tools are accessible from local sources and they integrate transforming activities into villagers’ routine behaviors with achieving inheritance as well as transformation insensibly.
Baoshan Stone
VILLAGES
Village
The villagers’ annual income is about RMB1085, of which farming accounts for 64.5%, the second and third industries account for 9.5% while incomes as migrant worker accounts for 26%. Maoniuzhai Village
Foresty
Farmland
Road
The villagers’ annual income is about RMB1132, of which farming account for 87%, the second and third industries accounts for 10% while incomes as migrant worker account s for 3%. The villagers’ average annual income is RMB859, of Quyi Village which farming accounts for 69%, the secondary and tertiary industries account for 29% (in which tourism accounts for 23%) while incomes as migrant worker accounts for 2%. Thus, the impact on tourism will exacerbate the problems. Baoshan Stone City
LOCATION
Baoshan Stone City
Quyi Village
Maoniuzhai Village
PROBLEMS
Drainage System Incomplete
Public Space Lacking
Road System Backward
Agricultural Degradation
Baoshan Stone
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QUESTIONS WATER: Drainage pipelines are exposed to the air; water infrastructures of terrace are poor. FRAMLAND: Agricultural output is low; The difference of rainfall between the rainy season and the dry season is tremendous, which means the villagers have to live at the mercy of the nature. ROADS: Roads are narrow and steep, the ground full of bumps and hollows and animal waste, therefore the landscape is quite poor. PUBLIC SPACE: Public space is insufficient for rituals, chatting and gathering.
500-600A.D.
When the Naxi people first came to this land, the continuous mountains were covered only by dense virgin forests. The living condition was harsh.
1277-1294A.D.
The village was initially set up by Kublai Khan during his southern expedition in Yuan Dynasty. He commanded to build terrace using rocks.
As the old city of Lijiang is rated as world cultural heritage, the Rock Town, which locates beside Lijiang, is able to develop its tourism quickly.
1997A.D.
Now
Not being able to catch up with the rapid development of tourism, the village is more and more commercialized and the traditional ethnic culture is endangered.
2.8
SANDUO FESTIVAL
5.1
JITIAN
6.1--6.15 7.1--7.10
TABU FESTIVAL HUOBA FESTIVAL
7.15--7.29
LUOMA FESTIVAL
12.8 12.26
SHAOBAO FESTIVAL
Being an important part of traditional culture, traditional festivals of ethnic groups are not only the exterior of the cultural essence and soul of ethnic groups but also a symbol of ethnic identity, functioning as means of cultural transmission and tourists attraction.
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TOOLBOX Due to traffic inconvenience and poor infrastructure, it’s difficult for the villagers to bring in large machines, but the toolbox can be sourced from local materials regardless of the economic condition. It may change the villagers’ habits in their daily lives just by adding or changing a small behavior. After a period of time, the village will gradually be improved.
After the planning and improvement of the water system and water diversion and drainage systems separation, the villagers can participate in diversion irrigation and lifting irrigation independently; in leisure time, every villager group can build a flood pond reinforced by local rocks.
WATER
FRAMLAND
In farming season, villagers can use local sustainable materials to divert fertilizer water into terraces through pipelines to fully fertilize and irrigate their farmland and to achieve rational use of resources, independent carding of farmland and roads and improvement of production efficiency.
Use local rocks to fill in the potholes on roads, especially at topographic transitions or turnings. Use the earth excavated from flood ponds to fill the roads.
ROADS
PUBLIC SPACE
Use local idle dams to set three major public spaces according to the elevation of the rock city and form a public space system within the village by connecting them with roads, providing the villagers with places for rituals, chatting and grain drying.
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PREVIOUSLY
NOWADAYS
FUTURE
WATER SYSTEM
water points diversion canal drainage channel flood pond
Although there is a stable groundwater resource, the major part of water supply is solved by manpower.
The pipe system takes shape, but sanitary sewage and animal waste are discharged casually.
Improve the water system gradually. Set water points rationally and build flood ponds.
forest
FARM SYSTEM
v drainage channel flood pond
Plowing mainly depends on cattle, so the yield is limited to self-sufficiency.
Increasing local population and tourist population have brought new problems to the villagers.
ROADS SYSTEM
Tourism becomes the major source of income. Agriculture develops in a more scientific way. The living condition is improved and the traditional culture preserved.
roads system water system
Most roads are narrow and steep and simply paved with stones, which make the whole landscape quite terrible.
Garbage and livestock can be seen everywhere on road and no safety measure is taken.
Gradually form a road system leading to every household, set fences at dangerous sections. Pave scenic roads in-between the terraces.
PUBLIC SPACE SYSTEM
building roads system public space
Historic buildings are few. There’s a lot of public space, but not systematic.
Retained water Forest
Village
Some buildings of low cultural value will be demolished to increase the public space. It will provide more public space and ameliorate the development of tourism.
As constructions increase, roads are narrowing and public space is reducing.
Fertilizer
Water permeating Terrace
The villagers can participate in lifting irrigation and also can build a flood pond reinforced with local stones in leisure time
Forest
Village
Diversion and irrigation Terrace
Use local stones to fill in the potholes on road, especially at topographic transition or road turnings.
Excavation filling
Public space Create viewshed layer
roads
Forest
Village
Terrace
In farming season, villagers can use local sustainable materials to divert fertilizer water into terraces through pipeline.
Forest
Village
Terrace
Use local idle dams to set three major public spaces according to the elevation.
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03
Green Infrastructure in Hutong Active Green Infrastrcture In Baitasi
Tutor : Nicola Saladino, Hana Huang Time : 10/2015(9days total) Location : Baitasi Area, Beijing, China. Category : 2015AA Visting School in Beijing, Group Work( Partner: Zhang Yu, Xia Xinyi, Song Liangqi ) Baitasi (The White Pagoda Temple) is a cultural and historical preservation zone covering 37 hectares located in Beijing. Baitasi presents itself as a cultural oasis, a peaceful enclave among newly developed Operating Areas.Because it is an old neighbourhood of mostly residential housings and one of the capital’s last treasured lowrise districts where an alternative approach to urban upgrading and community regeneration is underway. The design focuses on the regeneration of historical neighborhood. Because of the poor drainage system, the bumpy road being paved with rigid material and insufficient public space, whenever a heavy rainstorm hits, there exists no green space or let-down to absorb the rainwater. Our design aims to optimize natural environment through establishing green infrastructure network, thereby creating livable public spaces for residents to work, to interact, and to rest. The community will finally meet residents’ needs; a further approach will be raised to reasonably tackle with these problems while preserving the trace of this traditional city in a considerate way.
Baitasi area
LOCATION
Temple fairs in old beijing downtown Yonghe Palace Huguosi
Longfusi Dongyuemiao
Baitasi Pantao Palace Changdian
Baitasi area
PROBLEMS
Summer rainstorm
Poor drainage system
Baitasi area
Lack of green space
Building pollution
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SITE ANALYSIS /// LAY1 FLOODING Medium [+50.6m]
Low [+48.5m]
Slope Below 1%
Slope Below 2%
Topography analysis
Slop analysis
High [+52.8m]
The land at this region is flat. Therefore, the proposal sets off from the elevation analysis.
Through the elevation analysis, the proposal will mark out different zones according to different slopes of this region.
Critical drainage zone The zones with low elevation and big slope are naturally the zones with poor drainage.
Opposite directions
The road water run-off volume and the converging points can be obtained according to the slope direction of the road and the location of the waterspout in the courtyard.
Courtyard green
First class Second class Third class Forth class Fifth class Under construction Temporarily no data Potential green space
The water diversion solution can be obtained by overlapping the road water run-off volume, the converging point and the green space, i.e. diverting the water at the converging points directly to the green space. If there is no green space, it can be achieved by dismantling the buildings above the fifth class to provide the green space and reduce the water drainage pressure.
Land properties analysis
Potential green space
LAY1 FLOODING
Public green
Analyze the existing green space. But the courtyard green space are private possessions. Only the public green space can be used.
→
The buildings above the fifth class are new which have low historical preservation value and can be dismantled to enlarge the public green space.
Opposite directions
Existing green space
Converging point
Water run-off volume and Converging points
Critical Drainage Zone
Remade green space
New green space
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SITE ANALYSIS /// LAY2/3/4/5 LAY2 Activity intensity of roads visitors
LAY3 Activity intensity of roads residents
Analyze the road flow. The zones with large road flow shall be reconstructed applying delightful landscape measures. The zones with small flow can be reconstructed with less delightful landscape effect. Meanwhile, people can be divided into residents and visitors. Analyze the flow and the behavior characteristics of different groups and then design separately.
LAY4 ROAD WIDTH ANALYSIS
LAY5 ROADS FUNCTIONAL NETWORK
Above 9 m 4-9 m 4-6 m Below 4 m
The method of handling roads of different width is completely different. For example, bring in public green space on the both sides of big roads. It not only enhances the landscape effect, but also helps the water to drain.
Business Residential Culture Office Public facilities
The natures of the buildings beside the roads play important roles to the road landscape. For instance, the space outside the commercial buildings requires more entertainment and leisure, but the space outside the residential buildings requires quietness.
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Prototype Overlapping five layers to get the prototype An ecological framework integrates storm water management, phytoremediation on multiple levels, structuring the new public spaces. In a climate with heavy rain precipitations, the flatness of the site could generate risks of urban flooding. The different drainage conditions are studied and evaluated in order to introduce a series of rain gardens and permeable surfaces linked by bio-swales that help slow down surface runoff in extreme storms, collecting and cleaning rain water for irrigation purposes.
18
Msterplan
Potential green space Existing green space Water Cycle&Pedestrain The master plan aims at retrofitting public urban spaces and landscape elements into the existing urban fabric. Through a series of interventions at different scales, the design of the district redefines new ways of living, working and learning that span both indoor and outdoor.
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Node1 typeD
The overall green infrastructure system not only responds to the environmental challenges of the flood area, but also helps create diverse outdoor spatial experiences that provide a unique identity to the old district. The corner area in Hutong is good for landscape design. It maximizes usable space around the building while creating a new, dynamic public zone.
Node2 typeE
In the open area, there will be a small rainfall park. The garden functions not only a landscape pool for water storm, but also a public space for entertainment and leisure. When there is no water during sunny days, it acts like a garden where residents and visitors may take rest; during rainstorm, water will flow out quickly through the water channel.
20
04
RESILIENT COASTLINE Countermeasures to the secondary disaster of typhoon
Tutor : Liu Lei Time : 07/2015(30days total) Location : Haiyan, Zhejiang, China. Category : Group Work( Partner: Wang Wen ) Owing to China’s monsoon climate, in summer, many a region would suffer from typhoons bringing stormy weather and secondary disasters, which could never be underestimated; especially storm surge which has brought about drastic impact on the southeast coast. Moreover, it has considerably damaged the coastline, resulting in seawater encroachment, which has led to soil salinization, etc. Starting from adverse weathers such as typhoon, this scheme establishes a coastal protection mode aiming at secondary disasters with three layers, in an effort to provide the residents with a functional recreational space, to protect people from adverse weathers, and to self-repair coastal areas via landscaping approaches.
Location Haiyan County is located in Jiaxing, Zhejiang, at the north side of Hangzhou Bay, where freshwater and saltwater intersect. The unique geographical position has formed the typical coastal wetland. The coasts here are erosive style and most beaches are muddy tidal flat.
Due to the impact of windstorms, trees are easy to break.
There are always city flood and traffic jam during typhoon period
Seawater intrudes inland and causes salinization.
With densely covered watercourses, Hangzhou Bay tends to be encroached by seawater.
Buildings adopt windproof and rainproof treatments.
Paddy fields need to be protected from salinization.
Disaster analysis In early July, 2015, super typhoon Chan-hom, the severest typhoon in 60 years (the peak wind power of which was force 17), landed on Fujian and Zhejiang, and caused huge economic losses.
Over the years, typhoon has caused great casualties and economic losses. It’s a highly destructive natural disaster beyond human control. But in addition to uncontrollable objective factors, there are also many controllable subjective factors that make the
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Concept
Problem -- Power(Typhoon) Typhoon is the reason of damage LAY1 -- Resistance(Barrier) Coastal area not only functions as the first barrier and a buffer of storm surges less than 2m, which prevents saltwater from intruding and damaging landscape facilities, but also provides a space where citizens can have all kind of activities in daily life. LAY2-- Capacitance(Buffer) Wetland serves as the second barrier which blocks 5m storm surges. Saltwater wetland prevents saltwater from intruding, absorbs nutrients in seawater and provides habitat for halophytes. LAY3-- Bulb(Activity) Activity area is the third barrier and provides citizens with the space of daily activities. But in extreme weathers, the activity area also serves as buffer zones.which occur in more than fifty years, the activity areas also serve as buffer zones.
LAY1 Mangrove area Offshore area Viewing area
LAY2 Bird island Waterfront area Lake area Wildlife habitat
Mangrove area
LAY3 1Entrance 2Activity area, 3Cultural area, 4Children area, 5Elderly area
Bird island
2 1 Offshore area
5
4 Wildlife habitat
3
1
2 Lake area
Viewing area
2
1
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LAY1 Hard barrier: the barrier of storm surge, which blocks 2m flood tide as the first defensive line
Soft: Use landfill materials such as EPS foamto fill and level off the ground and minimize load.
LAY2
invertebrates (at flat or lowlying areas),
LAY3
Saltwater wetlands and watercourses are designed into cascade to buffer wave erosion. To resist seawater erosion, saltwater wetland surface is designed with continuous curves which form concave-convex revetments under flowing sea and provide living space for animals and plants.
amphibians (in wet gravels or near shallow waters)
migrating birds (near lowlying or flat islands)
waders (in dense vegetation).
The windbreaks formed by trees and shrubs absorb wind energy and form an even, weakened airflow. Although the wind-preventing effect decreases as distance increases, the 15m high windbreaks can provide an effective anti-wind distance of 300 meters.
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Email: tianyu106@foxmail.com Cellphone: +8615086665180 Address: School of Horticulture and Landscape Arichitecture Southwest University No.2 Tiansheng Road Beibei District Chongqing, China, 400700