Fertilizers & Agriculture, October 2014 by International Fertilizer Industry Association

October 2014

fertilizers www.fertilizer.org

Nutrient management Issues and strategies

agriculture African farms are getting smaller

The nitrogen fertilizer sector

Feedstock issues and capacity developments 9

while Asian farms are merging 5

Calling on African leaders to facilitate smallholders’ access to fertilizer By Maria Antip, IFA 2014 is the United Nations International Year of Family Farming. It is also the African Union’s Year of Agriculture and Food Security. Therefore, IFA and seven partners (AFAP, AGRA, CNFA, IFDC, IITA, IPNI and One Acre Fund) have embarked on a mission to advocate for smallholders’ access to quality inputs – including fertilizers – on the African continent. A communications campaign was launched at the African Union Summit on Agriculture and Food Security held on 20-27 June in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. IFA and its partners recognized that the summit presented a momentous opportunity for African government leaders to catalyze action towards improving farmers’ productivity and livelihoods. To this end, an issue brief was prepared and a letter (translated into five languages) was sent to the heads of all African delegations. The issue brief centred on the fact that despite the commitment by African Heads of State to sharply increase fertilizer use, application rates are still too low. In the Abuja Declaration of 2006 a commitment was made to increase fertilizer use to an average of at least 50 kg/ha by 2015. However, the current average is still close to 10 kg/ha while the global average is over 100 kg/ha. Because of high transaction costs (especially transport costs), retail fertilizer prices in Africa are significantly higher than in the rest of the world and beyond the reach of the majority of smallholder farmers. The letter to heads of delegations highlighted the fact that in order to become

more productive and profitable, farmers need access to farm inputs and services, such as financing to purchase inputs, quality seeds of improved varieties, soil nutrients/fertilizers, crop protection products, irrigation and crop insurance. The issue brief and the letter also put forward solutions to better inform the decisions and action plans of African political leaders. cont’d on page 7

Why does global trade policy matter for the fertilizer industry? By Michel Prud'homme, IFA “The WTO lowered its forecast for global trade growth in 2014 to 3.1%, following a sub-par trade growth in the first half of 2014, in response to weaker than expected GDP growth and muted import demand in the first half of 2014” – WTO news, 23 September 2014 After four decades of sustained growth in global merchandise trade, the financial crisis of 2008 put a halt to this period of accelerated growth and resulted in a massive 20% collapse in volume. After a sharp rebound in 2009, global trade slowed again in 2010 and has not picked

up strong momentum since then. 2008 was also the year expansive protectionism emerged in a wide range of sectors and countries. A more open trade framework and systematic tariff removal have been successful in increasing world trade over the past four decades. Sustained reductions in applied Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariffs have been implemented, but there are opportunities for trade growth, especially by reducing border administration and improving trade and distribution infrastructure. However, looming protectionism has emerged as a significant threat to global growth and welfare;

cont’d on page 2

2 fertilizers & agriculture cont’d from page 1

Why does global trade policy matter for the fertilizer industry?

since 2008 more countries, including most G20 members, have implemented new trade restrictions measures with the potential to restrict trade. The most frequent measures have included border measures, followed by measures applied behind the border and stimulus/export support measures.

Trade policy effects on the fertilizer sector The fertilizer sector has not been immune to this trend. The sector saw a drop of about 25% in its global exports between 2007 and 2009. Global trade matters for the fertilizer industry, as close to one-quarter of global sales are geared towards export markets. For some fertilizers this share exceeds 50%. Fertilizer trade is also expanding: currently about 30 countries have a national fertilizer sector that is heavily export-centric. Similarly to the global trade environment, however, the fertilizer sector has been affected by growing trade protectionism since 2008, with a

wide range of measures introduced in numerous countries. These measures, which have included new export restrictions and adjustments to import tariffs, have led to rising uncertainty, speculations and volatility in fertilizer markets, and shifts in trade patterns. In early 2014, the Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA) and IFA agreed to initiate a broad overview of trade measures and their effects on the fertilizer sector. The main conclusions point to a generally favourable import environment in regard to applied tariffs for most fertilizers and raw materials, but with significant regional variations; the emergence of higher temporary import tariffs, but still way below binding tariffs; lack of transparency on export measures applied to fertilizers, with prominence given to export licensing and export tariffs; and a shift in trade patterns due to tariff seasonality and the effects of supply restrictions in key exporting countries.

Global nutrient deliveries Home Trade

Topical trade policy issues are currently heavily debated in national and multistakeholder fora, with more emphasis on matters related to the global value chain, protectionism and plurilateral agreements. To what extent will these debates and ensuing trade policies impact the fertilizer sector? And to what extent are the fertilizer sector’s views on promoting a freer, less burdensome and fairer global trade framework being expressed? GPCA and IFA are keen to continue to inform our respective members and raise their awareness of key debates and outcomes on trade policy aspects and possible effects on the fertilizer sector. Michel Prud’homme, Senior Director of Production and International Trade at IFA, presented the main conclusions of this overview at the 5th GPCA Fertilizer Convention (Dubai, Sept. 2014) and at the 35th IFA Production and International Trade Conference (Beijing, Sept. 2014).

Share of global sales in 2013 200

Potash TSP

100

Million tonnes nutrients

150

Sulphur DAP MAP Urea Phosphate rock Ammonia Phosphoric acid

2000

2013 0

2010

Key exports measures in the fertilizer sector by type

20%

40%

60%

80%

Applied import tariffs on urea 50

Market obligations

Export taxes

34%

Export licensing

40%

% ad valorem

26%

30 20 10 0

Weighted AVG, 4% 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 106 111 116 121

Number of countries

(Adapted from WTO, 2012)

October 2014

Nutrient management: Issues and strategies by Satish Chander, FAI



he biggest challenge for Indian agriculture is to meet the growing demand for food in a sustainable manner. Increased food production must come largely from increased productivity, as there is very limited scope for increasing cropped area. Declining soil fertility and poor adoption of fertilizer best management practices have made the task of increasing crop productivity more difficult. It is high time due attention is paid to balanced plant nutrition to improve soil health and crop productivity. India has witnessed good growth in fertilizer consumption in the last ten years. Total fertilizer (NPK) consumption exceeded 28 million tonnes in 2010-11. However, at 141 kg per hectare, fertilizer use was still lower than in a number of developed and developing countries. Per hectare use of phosphorous (P) and potash (K) has declined in the last three years, resulting in a distortion of the NPK consumption ratio, which was 4.7:2.3:1 in 2010-11, 6.7:3.1:1 in 2011-12 and 8.2:3.2:1 in 2012-13. A discriminatory pricing policy is largely responsible for such distortion in the consumption of the three primary nutrients. The artificially low price of urea encourages its use. Reduced subsidisation of P and K, resulting in higher prices, discourages use of these fertilizers in comparison to urea. The current imbalance in nutrient use poses a threat to soil health, crop yields and farmers’ profitability. In addition to improper use of primary nutrients, India faces a number of other

problems related to nutrient manageapplication of nutrients. Declining nutriment. The organic carbon status of the ent use efficiency/fertilizer response and country’s soils is low, mainly due to the farm profitability are clear indicators of tropical and sub-tropical climate. The imbalanced use of farm nutrients. decreasing availability of traditional There is widespread deficiency of six sources of plant nutrients – namely farm nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, poyard manure (FYM), compost, crop resitassium, sulphur, zinc and boron) in due and green manure – coupled with particular. Increasing deficiency of secinadequate and imbalanced fertilizer ondary and micronutrients has become use has aggravated the problem of low a limiting factor and has started to afsoil organic carbon. fect crop response to the application Depletion of soil nutrients of even primary nutridue to continuous nutrient India has entered ents (NPK). The avermining has also emerged as age crop response to an era of multia serious constraint on infertilizer applications creasing crop productivity. nutrient deficiency.  (kg grain/kg NPK) has Against an estimated annual depletion declined from 12:1 in the 1960s to 8:1 of 36 million tonnes of nutrients (NPK), in the 1980s and 6:1 currently. Fertilizer replenishment through fertilizers is use efficiency (FUE) in general is low in about 26 million tonnes, leaving a net India. In the case of nitrogen, 30-40% of annual deficit of 10 million tonnes. This applied nitrogen is utilized by crops and deficit is accumulating year after year, the balance is lost through leaching and affecting the soil’s capacity to sustain volatilization. Low FUE not only affects high crop yields. For secondary nutrients crop yields and farmers’ profitability, and micronutrients the situation is even but is also emerging as an environmenworse, as application rates are very low. tal issue. All this points to an inefficient Inadequate and ineffective soil testing use of fertilizers, which are precious and services are a major nutrient manageexpensive natural resources. ment issue. Adoption of soil testing is In the late 1970s, the government invery poor at field level. The majority of troduced a fertilizer pricing and subsidy farmers (70-80%) use fertilizer based scheme to promote increased and balon their own perception or as advised anced use of fertilizers. However, two by their progressive peers. This has refertilizer pricing policy decisions – selecsulted in fertilizer overuse or underuse, tive decontrol of P and K fertilizers in Auleading to imbalanced and inefficient gust 1992, and selective introduction of a Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme for P and K fertilizers in 2010 – negated all the promotional, educational and extension efforts of decades to encourage balanced use of primary nutrients. The huge subsidies provided by the government of India should be aimed at promoting balanced fertilization. However, the current pricing of urea at a very low level results in imbalanced fertilizer use and adversely impacts productivity levels. In addition, current policies have become a financial burden on the government. A severe liquidity crunch for the industry has also been created by inadequate provision for fertilizer subsidies in annual budgets year after year, unrealistic determination of the cont’d on page 4

4 fertilizers & agriculture

IFA joins the UN Global Compact IFA joins 14 of its members and endorses the Compact’s 10 principles on responsible business. In addition, IFA is also endorsing the newly released Food and Agriculture Business Principles. www.unglobalcompact.org/index.html

Nutrient management... fertilizer subsidisies for different units, and delays in payment of subsidies. This is seriously eroding the viability of the Indian fertilizer industry. There is increasing momentum globally to improve nutrient use efficiency. The nutrient management challenge is being addressed proactively by IFA and its members through Nutrient Stewardship initiatives, with an emphasis on the The leaf colour chart development of special products with built-in enhanced efficiency. Various infirst and most important step in addressstitutions and organizations in India and ing the problem of imbalanced fertilizer other countries have already done comuse in India. The Fertilizer Association of mendable work in developIndia (FAI) has been ing nutrient management working with the The huge subsidies practices which improve fergovernment of India tilizer use efficiency (FUE). provided by the govern- to provide balance The Indian fertilizer indus- ment of India should be in nutrient prices by try, with its limited resourc- aimed at promoting bringing urea under es, is making efforts to dethe ambit of NBS. balanced fertilization.  The subsidy levels velop value added/efficient fertilizer products. The deunder NBS may be velopment and use of neem coated urea adjusted so as to promote balanced fer(NCU) has been a great success. The protilization, including application of miduction and use of crop and area specific cronutrients. customized fertilizers, including liquid Products and practices that bring about fertilizers, is being attempted to counhigher nutrient use efficiency need to be teract the problem of expanding multiencouraged. Soil testing facilities should nutrient deficiencies in Indian soils. To be strengthened, and farmers should improve nutrient use efficiency, the inbe encouraged to use fertilizer accorddustry is promoting the use of some best ing to soil test-based recommendations. management tools such as the laser land Unlike in the past, the Indian Council of leveller, the leaf colour chart (LCC) and Agricultural Research (ICAR) should be water soluble fertilizers. Farmers are bepart of the consultation process for foring advised to make full use of organic/ mulating fertilizer sector policies. biological sources of plant nutrients to FAI is committed to popularizing the improve soil health. They are also being balanced and efficient use of plant nuadvised to follow a complete package of trients by strengthening 4R Nutrient farm practices to achieve the maximum Stewardship (i.e. the right source, right benefits from applied nutrients. time, right place and right rate). This Current fertilizer pricing policies in India is the cornerstone of efficient nutrient provide little incentive to manufacturers management. The Association is encourto develop value added/innovative feraging its member companies to develop tilizer products catering to the requireand promote the use of more efficient ments of specific crops and areas. The innovative fertilizer products that have industry’s very narrow or negative marbetter nutrient use efficiency. Through gins do not allow it to carry out desired its Agriculture Promotional Projects work in R&D and agricultural extension, (APP), FAI has been encouraging best although it has the professional manfarm management practices. APP inpower for doing such work. The industry cludes activities such as soil testing, field can serve as an effective extension arm demonstrations, farmers’ education and to promote best farm practices among the training of fertilizer dealers. farmers. It can supplement the efforts Contact of the state governments if allowed to Satish Chander, Director General work in a liberalized and competitive The Fertiliser Association of India environment. dg@faidelhi.org Correcting fertilizer pricing policy is the www.faidelhi.org



International Year of Soils 2015 will celebrate through the United Nations system the International Year of Soils and December 5 has also been named World Soil Day. IFA has joined the Global Soil Partnership at the FAO and its steering committee in charge of the celebrations. www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/

IFA’s new Communications and Public Affairs Committee If you are interested in playing an active role in following global affairs and representing the industry at the UN, don’t miss the call to join the new committee that will be launched in January 2015, chaired by Chuck Magro, CEO of Agrium. Contact: sbabeix@fertilizer.org

Future fertilizer industry leaders IFA is implementing discount registration fees for up and coming leaders to attend its events. You can join this new community on Yammer and at the Strategic Forum in Marrakech. Contact: vandresen@fertilizer.org

IFA delegation to the UN Committee on World Food Security IFA will be coordinating a delegation of 10 IFA members from 13 to 18 October at the FAO in Rome. The delegation will meet with key diplomats and other UN agencies. To register, contact sbabeix@fertilizer.org

©IRRI

IFA news

cont’d from page 3

October 2014

African farms are getting smaller, while Asian farmers are merging landholdings By Alan Bullion

Furthermore, the study by development economists Lowder, Skoet and Singh says that the vast majority of the world’s farms are very small, with more than 475 million farms being less than two hectares in size, and over 410 million of these less than 1 ha in area. The most interesting aspect is the geographical spread. Of the 570 million farms, 74% are located in East Asia and the Pacific or South Asia, however defined. China alone represents 35% and India a further 24% of the total. Just 9% of global farms are located in sub-Saharan Africa and 7% in Europe and Central Asia. Only 4% are situated in Latin America and the Caribbean. A further 3% of the world’s farms can be found in the Middle East and North Africa. Those countries with the largest share of the world’s agricultural area in 2010 were China, followed by Australia, the US, Brazil, and Russia, where average farm size data is unavailable.

Data limitations

The UN has declared 2014 as the International Year of Family Farming. However, the authors admit that there are serious limitations with the existing available data, which is mainly derived from the

Family farm in Tanzania

holdings were counted. This contrasts with neighbouring Bangladesh, where farms were only included if they were larger than 0.2 ha. Rwanda also counts agricultural households, rather than holdings, which makes cross-comparison more complex still. So any such study would inevitably be a very rough estimate of the total number of very diverse entities, including quite small operations which are little more than ‘hobby’ farms, to family subsistence farms, and large-scale industrial Farmer group in Kenya plants maize businesses. lengthy World Census of Agriculture The authors of this particular FAO paper (WCA), which commenced in 1930, and used six different FAO rounds dating has been conducted at least once every back to 1960, based upon farm census decade by the FAO since 1950. from some 167 countries, 157 FAO memTo improve data collection, the latest bers, and 10 non-members. In fact, they WCA round, for 2006 to 2015, recomconclude that the 570 million figure for mends that countries, whenever possitotal farms worldwide is most likely an ble, coordinate their population census under-estimate, as no reliable data was with the agriavailable for a remaining 37 FAO culture census. member states. 84% of the world’s Clearly, in some For example, the last agricultural farms recorded are smaller census for three of the countries, developing countries, this is than 2 hectares and they Brunei Darussalam, Nigeria, and easier said than operate about 12% of Zimbabwe, was conducted in done. 1960, a serious data series omisglobal farmland.  Although the sion, especially for the latter two agricultural holding measure is largely large African countries. standardised, it does nevertheless vary “Farm sizes and the total number of from one country to another. For examfarms change greatly over time as a reple, most countries establish a threshold sult of population growth, agricultural farm size above which farms are includdevelopment, land policies and other ed in the census. factors. We might expect that in some In both India and China, the countries countries the number of farms in past reporting the largest decades has little bearing on the current number of farms, very number of farms in these countries”, the small farms are inpaper notes. cluded in the census. Nevertheless, the study concludes that In China in 2006, farms 84% of the world’s farms recorded are as small as 0.007 ha smaller than 2 hectares and they operwere included in the ate about 12% of global farmland. Concensus, and slightly versely, 16% of the world’s farms are more than 200 million larger than 2 hectares and they repreagricultural holdings sent 88% of total farmland. were reported for the These are in fact mostly family-run entire country. farms for self-sufficiency, and someIn India in 2011, no times a small surplus for sale. The data minimum farm size suggests that more than 90% of the was established, and world’s farms are family-run, and that about 137 million they control about 70% of the world’s © One Acre Fund/Kelvin Owino

A new Working Paper* from the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) finds that there are at least 570 million farms worldwide, of which more than 500 million can be considered family farms.



cont’d on page 6

6 fertilizers & agriculture

Reaching out on environmental issues - IFA and UNEP In the past few years IFA has been very actively engaged in the post-2015 discussions, participating in meetings at United Nations headquarters in New York and reaching out to countries and other stakeholders involved in this process. Recognizing the importance of the environmental dimension of the post-2015 agenda, IFA decided in 2013 to renew and increase its engagement with the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). UNEP has taken an increased role on the international scene, with a mandate to help provide greater coordination on environmental matters among UN bodies. IFA already collaborates with UNEP in several areas, notably around the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM). IFA and UNEP both participate in activities such as the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) and initiatives to promote sustainable agri-food systems. With the increase in UN inter-agency collaboration (for example, between FAO and UNEP) and the increased role for UNEP following the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012, dialogue and greater interaction between IFA and UNEP are especially important. In June 2014 an IFA delegation travelled to UNEP headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, to meet with UNEP staff. They took part in discussions with the new directors of the Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE ) and of the Division of Environmental Policy Implementation (DEPI), as well as a number of other staff. The meetings were positive and highlighted areas such as education and knowledge sharing where increased collaboration could be possible. Going forward, IFA will increase its collaboration with the Paris-based DTIE team and seek greater engagement with specialists involved in nutrient-related issues in Nairobi. It will be particularly important to share IFA’s best practices programmes, such as Protect & Sustain, the IFA product stewardship certification scheme, with UNEP.

IFA news

cont’d from page 5

Farmer harvesting rice in paddy field in Thailand

African farms are getting smaller... farmland. Non-family farms comprise the remainder, and are generally larger in size and scale. Average farm sizes and the number of farms worldwide has also increased from 1961 to 2000, largely due to increases in the total number of farms in low- and middle-income countries, which represent the vast majority of farms worldwide. Australia is a particular example that would skew the data due to the large number of farms covering thousands of hectares.

Urbanisation But the FAO conclusion is that smaller farms remain the norm in low and lower-middle-income countries. In contrast, average farm size in the high-income country group has increased. However, more recent demographic data from Masters et al suggests that the trend towards decreased farm sizes continues in Africa, but that consolidation has already started in Asia, where average family sizes are contracting. They conclude that while most Asian farmers seek labour-saving innovations, most African farmers seek to increase labour power per hectare. Urbanisation is of course another key trend to consider here. In 1900, worldwide, there were 6.7 rural dwellers to each urban dweller; now there is less than one and some projections suggest close to three urban dwellers to two rural dwellers by 2025. Much has also been made that there are now more ‘urban’ than ‘rural’ dwellers in China, and the implications this will have for future food security. But from the end of July, Chinese citizens will now be classified simply as ‘residents’ rather than as ‘agricultural’ or ‘non-agricultural’ workers. This is a significant change in the traditional household registration system, known as hukou.

No doubt Chinese farming will have to become more efficient and competitive in turn, adopting more Westernised standards for safety.

‘Quiet revolution’ Masters et al. have suggested that global agriculture is increasingly diverse, operating along two main axes – commercialisation, and resource ownership, based on farm size. They contend there has been a ‘quiet revolution’ in China and other countries from lower transport costs to ports and cities, even as many farmers remain in hinterland regions. Crucially, they also argue that agricultural research to improve nutrition and health should be tailored to diversity and change in farm size, and commercialisation factors, as well as the impacts of climate change. In ‘dynamic’ zones along transport routes, for example, research should aim to accelerate agricultural growth using innovative technologies adapted to local farmer requirements. Here also the increased use of ‘big data’ by seed and agricultural companies is crucial, to measure commercialisation and resource ownership, as well as agro-environmental conditions. Also to capture the rapid expansion of dynamic zones, technological innovation, and climate change. * What do we really know about the number and distribution of farms and family farms in the world? Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2014. www.fao.org/ docrep/019/i3729e/i3729e.pdf

Contact Alan Bullion Principal Analyst and Special Reports Publisher at Informa Agra Re-published from Agra Europe www.agra-net.net/agra/agra-europe/

October 2014

cont’d from page 1

Calling on African leaders to facilitate smallholders' access to fertilizer Under the motto “Good policies can change the destiny of family farmers in Africa” IFA and its partners invited African leaders to work with the private sector, researchers and civil society in the following areas:

tional conditions and support systems to facilitate sustainable and reliable production and access to quality and affordable inputs and to supply appropriate knowledge, information and skills to users. This is an Mkandawire, AFAP; Dr. Jeroen Huisextremely important point, as it will be ing from IITA; Stephanie Hanson, One translated into national policies to genAcre Fund; Rutger Bonsel, IFA member erate an enabling environment for agriStamicarbon; and Vanessa Adams, USbusinesses to supply AID Ethiopia. Durthe inputs required ing the session Prof. If 2014 is truly to be for productivity inMkandawire said, Africa’s Year of Agriculture creases. “Radical intervenIn addition, Clause and Food Security, the tions in support of 3 contains a com- African fertilizer gap needs to smallholder farmers mitment to improve be addressed and IFA should in African are well nutritional status overdue, more parcontinue to play a role through ticularly in catalyzand, in particular, to eliminate child under- strategic partnerships.  ing wealth creation nutrition in Africa among millions of with a view to bringing down stunting smallholder farmers that are seemingly to 10% and underweight to 5% by 2025. forgotten“. He added that increased This provides an important opportunity fertilizer use, in this regard, is key. for our industry through provision of micronutrient fertilization, especially in the IFA-IPNI project in Ethiopia case of zinc. It is therefore important for Furthermore IFA’s presence in Ethiopia IFA to continue to disseminate success also celebrated the launch, in partnerstories and advancements made in the ship with the International Plant Nuarea of agronomic biofortification, as it trition Institute (IPNI), of a four-year did last year through its campaign on Ferresearch project to scale up 4R Nutrient tilizing Crops to Improve Human Health. Stewardship and Integrated Soil Fertility Management knowledge to support crop production intensification in Ethiopia. The project aims to support government-led initiatives to increase sustainably fertilizer use and develop crop- and site-specific fertilizer blends. “We welcome IFA as a partner on this important project,” said Dr. Terry Roberts, President of IPNI. “Successful implementation of nutrient stewardship programs with smallholders in Ethiopia AGRF campaign promotes will help them reduce their yield gaps access to fertilizers for African and also enhance nutrient managefarmers ment knowledge in support of IFA’s efThe campaign continued with the launch forts in promoting access to fertilizers of a video animation at the African Union in Africa.” This project will be impleheadquarters on 3 September, followed mented in collaboration with the Ethioby side events at the African Green Revopian Institute of Agricultural Research lution Forum (AGRF) and the Commit(EIAR), Agricultural Transformation tee on World Food Security with distinAgency (ATA), the Ministry of Agriculguished panelists such as Rhoda Peace ture, CIMMYT and IFDC to demonstrate Tumusiime, AU Commissioner for Rural the impact of various 4R techniques on Economy and Agriculture; Prof. Richard crop productivity and profits.



• provide access to credit, finance and insurance by retailers and farmers; • facilitate local production and imports and the distribution of diverse fertilizer products; • invest in infrastructure (transport, handling, storage, and blending facilities); • develop mobile technologies to provide information on markets, extension services and prices; • train extension workers to help farmers organize themselves; • disseminate best practices based on the integration of organic and mineral nutrients and balanced fertilization. The campaign has not fallen on deaf ears. At the conclusion of the summit, the Heads of State of the African Union issued a bold declaration (the Malabo Declaration) on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods. Clause 3 of the Malabo Declaration is relevant to agribusiness at large and the fertilizer industry in particular. It reflects the advocacy work IFA has been carrying out with African policy-makers. There is a commitment in Clause 3 to end hunger in Africa by 2025 by accelerating agricultural growth through at least doubling current agricultural productivity levels. In doing this, African leaders pledge to set up appropriate policy and institu-

www.fertilizer.org/SmallholdersAccessFertilizers

8 fertilizers & agriculture Farmer outreach This article is the fourth in the series of “innovative ideas on effective last-mile delivery” undertaken by IFA members.

Agrium: nutrient stewardship, extension and last-mile delivery in North America by Ray Dowbenko

grium is one of the world’s largest fertilizer manufacturers and distributors, marketing approximately 10.4 million tonnes of nitrogen, potash, phosphates, sulphates, controlled release nitrogen and micronutrients. We provide crop nutrients for agricultural and industrial customers around the world. Agrium is a major retail supplier of agricultural products and services in North and South America and Australia. Agrium’s retail group, Crop Production Services (CPS), operates over 1400 facilities in seven countries, servicing over 50 different crop types. Sales in 2013 were approximately US$12 billion. On staff at CPS are over 5200 professionally certified crop advisors with some type of professional certification, including certified crop advisors (CCA’s), certified agricultural consultants (CAC’s), certified professional agronomists (CPAg’s) and professional agrologists (PAg’s). Our advisors work directly with farmers and growers to provide advice on all aspects of crop production and harvesting. Many of our North American retail facilities are actively involved in disseminating knowledge related to the fertilizer industry’s 4R Nutrient Stewardship programme. 4R Nutrient Stewardship is recognized by the industry as an essential conduit ensuring the sustainability

of agricultural systems. In many locations our advisors are implementing nutrient stewardship planning that reduces our environmental footprint and integrates economic and social concerns. 4R Nutrient Stewardship in North America could still be considered to be in its infancy, but its adoption rate is phenomenally strong. Agribusiness people tend to be the last point of contact with farmers before input decisions are made. This highly influential position is one that should be associated with knowledge and integrity, as well as some level of professional certification and training. In our last-mile delivery efforts we incorporate the concept and practices of 4R Nutri-

ent Stewardship, regionally specific best management practices, and the recognition that sustainable economic, social and environmental goals will vary regionally and from farm to farm. It is implicit in agricultural extension and last-mile delivery that the basis for transferring knowledge and teaching is an understanding of how learning takes place. We make sense of information through integration and learning by experience; and we build upon existing knowledge by breaking complex learnings or new ideas into pieces of essential information. Learning occurs in different ways with different people – education, culture and varied demographics dictate how an audience may learn best. Therefore, we take varied pathways to learning and information delivery. Extension and last-mile delivery require learning reinforcement opportunities and the provision of positive experiences and active learning situations, as well as moving from teacher-student relationships to teacher-group and eventually student-to-student teaching and learning. A measure of our successful delivery is that farmers have been able to teach and to extend new information to other farmers. It has been useful to organize learning environments so as to present information, provide a bridge between existing and new information, discuss the benefits of (and barriers to) adoption, and demonstrate practical field implementation of new information. When farmers share their adoption success with other farmers, this leads to discussions of barriers, and of keys to implementation, and demonstrates the practicality and benefits of a practice and its adoption. Success has been achieved though furninishing information that is relevant to farmers, and through a last-mile delivery partnership involving agribusiness, government, universities and farm groups.

October2014

This includes agribusiness-hosted farm training sessions in classroom and field settings, field demonstrations of new technologies, farmer-led discussions on the adoption of new practices, and offsite visits that have successfully implemented new products, technologies or practices. Together with face-to-face interactions, we enable direct access to information providers and furnish extension support and information reinforcement in the form of both printed and social media conduits. These include poster boards, field cards, fact sheets and crop manuals – all varying in length and format to accommodate differential learning. While we focus primarily on large farms,

the concepts presented here also apply to smallholder farms. A difficulty with last-mile delivery to smallholders tends to be geographic dispersion and the number of farmers that need to be reached in order to have an impact on significant amounts of land and crop production. Even though for smallholders the same learning concepts apply, the delivery methodology may change. Mobile telephone technology, text messaging, radio and the training of local leaders are options to consider. In addition, training videos can be provided for viewing on-site or, if possible, on-line. Decision support tools such as the International Plant Nutrition Institute’s (IPNI) Nutri-

ent Expert are excellent ways to deliver nutrient management information to smallholder farmers. Important learnings for our last-mile delivery have involved partnerships and risk sharing for the adoption of new products, technology and practices; continuous messaging and support; and the evaluation of progress, benefits and opportunities to adapt and change in regard to information delivery. The benefits may be economic, social or environmental. How to measure the success of last-mile delivery will vary with individuals.

Contact Ray Dowbenko, Agrium Ray.Dowbenko@agrium.com

Feedstock issues and capacity developments in the nitrogen fertilizer sector By José de Souza, IFA

Mt ammonia

250

natural gas

coal-china

others

coal

itrogen makes up close to 80% of the ambient atmo200 sphere. Any operator can capture this basic element, depending on the adequacy of the feedstock and access to tech150 nology to fix nitrogen into ammonia – as such and for further 100 upgrading. Building on the now well-established Haber-Bosch 50 technology that allows controlling the reaction of nitrogen from the atmosphere with hydrogen gas to generate synthetic 2010 2002 2006 2014 2018 ammonia, engineering companies have been investing in the development of state-of-the-art technologies and processes to Ammonia Feedstock Evolution (2002-2018) produce this basic feedstock for the nitrogen industry. These technologies are widely available commercially and are curwill account for close to 67% in 2018, equivalent to 165 MT rently adopted in all greenfield facilities across the globe. of ammonia capacity. Globally, nearly 80% of all new ammoThere are no constraints per se on the production of nitrognia operations that should come on stream between 2013 and enous products; indeed, this resource is widely available in the 2018 will be based on natural gas. ecosphere, pending access to the energy feedstock required by The remaining 20% of new projects will use coal as feedstock. current technology and, naturally, on condition that the techThese projects will essentially occur in China. The shares of othnology meets stringent environmental and safety standards. As er feedstocks such as naphtha, fuel oil, hydrogen and electricity a logical consequence, the nitrogen industry is ubiquitous and are projected to continue to decline. tends to be fragmented in terms of the number of operators Production of ammonia from natural gas is the least energy and its geospatial distribution. Today ammonia is produced in intensive, whereas production with coal, which predominates more than 70 countries, and this number keeps in China, generally has the highest energy increasing every year with the emergence of consumption and CO2 emissions. SwitchGlobally, nearly 80% of ing from coal- or oil-based new operators worldwide. ammonia proAccess to adequate and ample feedstock is a de- all new ammonia operations duction to natural gas-based production termining factor for carrying out nitrogen op- that should come on stream would result in major energy and greenerations in an effective and competitive manner. between 2013 and 2018 will house gas (GHG) emission savings. On average, about one-third of the GHG emisbe based on natural gas. Ammonia feedstock evolution sions produced during natural gas-based Globally, feedstook for ammonia continues to evolve in favour production come from fuel combustion and two-thirds from of natural gas and coal. Natural gas is currently the main feeduse of natural gas as feedstock. In coal-based ammonia plants, stock for ammonia production using the Haber-Bosch process. 25% of GHG emissions come from fuel burning and 75% from It accounted for 66% of global ammonia capacity in 2012 and use of coal as feedstock. cont’d on page 10



10 fertilizers & agriculture cont’d from page 10

Feestock issues and capacity developments...

Ammonia capacity by feedstock

US ammonia capacity evolution

Coal and petroleum coke currently represent 31% of the feedstock for ammonia, equivalent to 68 Mt of ammonia capacity. Relying on an ample supply of this feedstock, coal gasification technologies have been developed by various Chinese engineering companies. China currently contributes 95% of this global coal-based ammonia capacity. According to IFA estimates, around 80% of coal-based ammonia production in China is currently derived from anthracite and 20% from brown coal.

The main supply-related “event” in the global fertilizer industry in recent years has been the surge of announcements of new capacity in the US. Since 2012, shale gas developments and access to relatively cheap feedstock have spurred a series of announcements from current nitrogen producers, agricultural cooperatives and several farmer organizations concerning more than 25 new nitrogen plants. If all the proposed new nitrogen fertilizer plants in North America were built, they would add more than 10 Mt of new urea capacity in the long term. Mt ammonia 20

1988

Global unconventional gas accounts for around 18% of world output. North America currently accounts for 80% of unconventional gas production and nearly 100% of shale gas production. Many other countries are probably endowed with potentially large reserves of shale gas, but the International Energy Agency (IEA) foresees only China and Poland becoming producers of this resource by 2018. In conclusion, we may say that the “shale gas phenomenon” remains confined to the United States and that shale gas will drive virtually all incremental gas production in that country in the next decade. In 2035, shale gas production would account for half of total Trillion cubic feet per year History

Projections

2011

Shale gas

2000

2004

23%

15 10

Non-associated onshore

2% 9%

10%

Alaska

Coalbed methane Associated with oil

1995

2000

2005

2010

2012

2016

2018e

Ammonia capacity evolution in China The other major actor on nitrogen markets is China. Globally, ammonia capacity should keep increasing unabated and reach a plateau around 2016-17. Closure of uneconomical operations and compliance with stringent environmental regulations should result in a capacity rationalization later on, leading to a progressive decline in capacity.

49%

22%

4% 7% 6% 6%

21%

0 1990

Tigh gas

26%

Non-associated offshore

2008

In spite of so many announcements, only a handful of these plants are likely to be completed before 2017. IFA estimates that only five or six new greenfield facilities are likely to materialize, and most of these are led by established nitrogen producers that already benefit from market expertise and strong financial commitment. Indeed, a large-scale ammonia/ urea complex costs about US$ 1.5-2.0 billion and would have to meet stringent environmental and safety requirements.

natural gas

Mt ammonia

1996

US Ammonia Capacity Evolution (1988-2018)

US natural gas production

1992

coal

7% 2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

US Natural Gas Production (1990-2035)

20 1988

1992

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

2016

2018e

China Ammonia Capacity Evolution (1988-2018)

US natural gas production, according to the US Energy Information Administration. To illustrate the impressive progression of shale gas in the energy mix, only 3% of natural gas production in the US derived from shale gas in 2002.

We assume a progression of coal-based ammonia capacity of 5% from 2014 to 2018, compared with 10% for natural gasbased ammonia capacity in the same period. cont’d on page 12

October 2014

Special Agribusiness Panel Peter Kendall

President, World Farmers Organisation

The first IFA Strategic Forum will take place in Marrakech on 19-20 November. With the merging of IFA’s Council and General Meeting, what used to be the “IFA Enlarged Council Meeting,” this IFA Strategic Forum is now a second general meeting and we encourage all IFA members to join us. Given how busy IFA’s annual general meeting held in May is in terms of business meetings, we offer this meeting to better engage IFA’s members in more strategic discussions on issues facing our industry, while also providing valuable networking opportunities.

Paul Schickler

President, Dupont Pioneer

Hans Jöhr

Key components The opening session examines closely the fertilizer industry’s relationship to other players in the food and agricultural value chain. A panel of leaders from the farming, seed, livestock and food manufacturing sectors, will engage with us on the key trends affecting their respective sectors and the implications of these trends for our industry. Prior to our popular market outlook session, we will hold a special session on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an area of increasing interest in terms of both fertilizer supply and demand. Given IFA’s efforts to enhance its statistics from the region, a more detailed market outlook focusing on SSA will be provided and IFA members will also be sharing insights into their own strategies and plans on the continent. A fourth session chaired by Chuck Magro, the new chair of IFA Communications & Public Affairs Committee will focus on how the United Nations works on matters related to agriculture, food security and soil health and how IFA works to position our industry.

Corporate Head of Agriculture, Nestle

Marcos Jank

Executive Director, Global Public and Governmental Affaires, BRF

www.ifa-marrakech2014.org

IFA events IFA Crossroads Asia-Pacific 2014 28–30 October 2014 Singapore Focusing on the pivotal Asian region and Pacific basin, IFA Crossroads Asia-Pacific attracts some 300 participants in attendance. This event is organized under the guidance of the Regional Vice Presidents for all IFA members with an interest in Asia and the Pacific as well as newcomers acquainting themselves with the Association in view of potential membership. www.ifa-singapore2014.org

events 2015 Joint Agriculture and Communications Meeting* 13-15 January, Paris, France

Global Safety Summit 23-26 March, Vancouver, Canada

83rd IFA Annual Conference* 25-27 May, Istanbul, Turkey

IFA Production & International Tade Conference Florida, USA, date and venue to be confirmed

IFA Strategic Forum* 19-20 November 2014 Marrakech, Morocco (see above) www.ifa-marrakech2014.org

IFA Strategic Forum* 18-19 November, Paris, France

IFA Crossroads Asia-Pacific 7-9 December, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Restricted to IFA member companies

More information on upcoming events: www.fertilizer.org/ifaevents

12  fertilizers && agriculture agriculture 12 fertilizers

cont’d from page 3

Feedstock issues and capacities development...

Fertilizer facts

Conclusion The nitrogen industry, though centenary, continues to adapt and evolve. Challenges can become opportunities and pave the way for innovation and sustainability. Access to ample and affordable feedstock is a fundamental issue for this highly energy-intensive industry, all the more so with the emergence of competing strategic segments such as power generation and liquid natural gas (LNG) exports. Enhancement of plants’ operational performance aside, feedstock supply issues are addressed by the fertilizer industry by either identifying new energy sources – as illustrated by shale gas in the United States – or adopting new technologies based on alternative and abundant feedstock. The coal gasification technologies promoted by Chinese companies around the world are a case in point. Extract from “Global Nitrogen Supply and Trends in Feedstock” by José de Souza and Michel Prud’homme, FERTASA Annual Congress, Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 June 2014. www.fertilizer.org//En/Knowledge_Resources/Library/IFA_Secretariat_Presentations.aspx

Fertilizer facts Fertilizers are crucial for closing the ‘yield gap’ Why are some farmers less productive than others?

Fertilizer facts

Environmental differences & non-transferable factors. Cannot be narrowed.

yields

others

coal-china

natural gas

Mt ammonia

coal

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

200200

100

100100 50 50 2002

1990

8 0

150150

2010

2006

Ammonia Feedstock 2002 2002

2018e

2014

(2002-2018) Evolution 2010 2010 2006 2006

Relation between prevalence of hunger and cereal yield, 2008 2004 1990-92 and 2011-13 2000 1996 1988

China’s Coal – the basis of nia capacity expanding ammoglobal ammonia capacity based

0,0

coal

natural gas

2012

2016 2018e

1992

US Ammonia Capacity

for 95% of China currently accounts coal reserves, coal gasification view of China’s ample on coal feedstock. In are now used extensively. further developed and ammonia technologies have been 86% of total Chinese capacity represents to Coal-based ammonia 2014 and 2016, but to increase by 5% between capacity. It is forecast decelerate thereafter. 80

4 2018e 2018e

2014 2014

farmers’ yields

Evolution (1988-2018)

capacity is forecast is not likely Globally, ammonia production from hydrocarbons 2018. Decoupling nitrogen industry’s continued In light of the nitrogen energy savings that in the foreseeable future. feedstocks, the impressive reliance on hydrocarbon are vitally important. in ammonia production continue to be achieved July 2014). (see Fertilizer Facts,

80 60

60 40

250 200

200

150

40 20

100

1988

1992

1988

1992

2000 2006

1996

2002

Ammonia Capacity China 0

2004 2002

2008 2010

Evolution (1988-2018)

1996

2000

0,6

0,8

1,0

Why is ammonia so How can we narrow energy intensive? the yield gap?

2004

www.fertilizer.org

2008

2016 2018e 2010

2012 2014 2006

2012

How much energy does the ammonia sector consum

2018e

2014

Fertilizer production consumes approximately 1.2% of the world’s energy on an annual total basis. Ammonia production accounts for the bulk, or approximately 90% of the industry’s total, with approximately million tonnes produced 166 annually.

6,8

47,5

Pulp and paper Nonmetallic minerals Refining

Iron and steel Chemicals (including 19,3 tonne of ammoniaconsumption

by sector (eIA, 2010)

Design efficiency 60

GJ per tonne of ammonia 70

Large gains in energy efficiency in ammonia production have been 60 achieved over the past 30 years. Ammonia plants have been equipped 40 with the most advanced available technologies, 50 leading to enhanced energy consumption CO2 emissions. For 30 and reduced example, a typical nitrogen plant built today typically 40 uses 30% less energy per tonne of ammonia Design efficiency produced than one constructed 40 years ago (IFA). 20 30 60 IFA tracks progress in ammonia plant efficiency and CO to encourage members to improve their performance. 2 emissions 20 10 Association benchmark The latest 50 report indicates that the most efficient plants performing close to are maximum efficiency 10 and that incremental in energy efficiency 0 advances have resulted in significant 40 Average of 78 plants reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by nearly all the plants in 2012 benchmark 0 surveyed.

Design efficiency

Average of 78 plants in 2012 benchmark

throughput GJplant per tonne and lower overall of ammonia

10 Best-in-class plants

in 2012 benchmark

2012 benchmark icinlimit

Thermodynamic limit

1955

1965

Global energy efficiency

Thermodynamtilizer.org www.fer ic limit

Average of 78 plants

in 2012 benchmarkin 2012 benchmark

10 Best-in-class plants Thermodynam

1955

10 Best-in-class plants

feedstocks)

Other

World GJ per industrial energy 70

The fertilizer industr 2014 y has madeMay great strides

September 2014

Fertilizers

6,8

is critical, since it accounts for most of the manufacturing cost and has a significant Nutrient stewardship approach on the reduction of carbon impact dioxide (CO ) emissions 2 from the sector.

2018e

2016 2018e

1,2 3,4

15,0

20 0

0,4

Ratio between actual yields and attainable yields for maize

www.fertilizer.org

What lies ahead? to continue to expand beyond

Mt ammonia

250

0,2

Ammonia productio n: maximum efficiency moving towards and lower GHG emis sions

Right to cropRate needs Right1990 Source N P Match amount ofproduct and its efficient use is knowledge-intensive, 65 Match fertilizer type K %improving market fertilizer to crop needs Right Rate Right to crop Source needs N are infrastructures and access to best practices P priorities. % Match amount of Match fertilizer type K Right fertilizerTime to crop needs to cropRate needs Right 2013 N P 30 Make nutrients available Match amount of N K P K when need them Rightcrops Time Right Source Right Rate Right Rate fertilizer to crop needs N Make nutrients availableP Match fertilizer type Match amount of 2013 Match amount of N K P K Right Place when crops need them fertilizerTime to cropSOUTH needs ASIA Right Naturalfertilizer gas to crop needs toCoal cropChina needs Keep nutrients where 1990 Make nutrients available Anthracite crops use themN K P Coal Rightcan Place Rightcrops Time when need them Other Keep nutrients where Make nutrients available Other coal crops can use themN K P when crops need them Right Place Right Time Global ammoniaRight Place capacity Keep nutrients where by feedstock 25 20 15 10 Make nutrients Keep nutrients where (IFA, 2014) Rightcan Place crops use them Hunger prevalence % available when cropsEnergy Keep nutrients where crops can use them efficiency in ammonia crops can use them production need them

Match fertilizer type 4 Source ammonia Right Mt to crop needs Match 20 fertilizer type to crop needs 3

250250

150

NORTH AFRICA & WEST ASIA

The synthesis of ammonia been a surge of has through the Haber Bosch there thus prevalence. 2012 and yield gaps are clearly correlated with increases in hunger SinceHigh source of nearly all development process is the nitrogen fertilizers. spurred by shale gas On a worldwide basis, in the United States, and other natural gas Yield gaps can be narrowed through adoption ofhydrocarbon existing bestfeedstock such as coal Nutrient stewardship approach cheap feedstock. more relatively (mostly in China) are Cereal yield • t/ha 25% by 2018. Of the used. to increase management techniques and technologies, and improved access to Right Source capacity is forecast 6 stewardship approach a handful are Nutrient Right Source US ammonia 1 though, Match fertilizeronly type and finance. 2013Match fertilizerinputs plants announced, 4 type EAST ASIA to crop Source needs than 25 new nitrogen Right year. Nutrient stewardship approach to crop Source needs Farmers’ yields are often limited by nutrient availability, making mineral that Right 5 to be completed before Match fertilizer type likely Match fertilizer type 20 to crop needs Right Source fertilizers crucial for bridging yield gaps. Because fertilizer is a bulky 80 Nutrient stewardship approach

250 200

farmers’ yields

Fertilizer facts

EUROPE

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Illustration of the yield gap nia Significant new ammo States due capacity in the United pment develo shaledogas yield gaps matter? to Why new capacity announcements of

us. However, converting Nitrogen is all around requires energy. a plant available nutrient of into ammonia to obtain energy feedstock is affordable supply of Access to an adequate, to ammonia producers. in critical importance most commonly used are the raw materials of global Hydrocarbon feedstocks will contribute 66% By 2018 natural gas growth ammonia production. of the incremental and account for most feedstock ammonia capacity account for 30% of Coal is projected to compared to 2013. Shares of other feedstocks 2018. by used in ammonia production electricity) are projected to decline. hydrogen, (e.g. naphtha, fuel oil,

OCEANIA NORTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA EAST & SOUTH ASIA

tant

pments? What are recent develo atmospheric nitrogen

Yield gaps may be substantial. For instance, in Sub-Saharan Africa the average maize yield is only one fifth of the attainable yield.

Differences in crop management. Can be narrowed.

trends are impor ockAttainable energy feedst Potential Actual

why

Nitrogen production:

1975

1975 1985

1985 1995

1995 2005

2005

2010

benchmark (IFA, 2012)

July 2014

0 1955

1965

1975

1985

1995

2005

2010

The Fertilizer Facts series is published on a monthly basis and presents in a short and data manner topics pertaining to the fertilizer industry. IFA encourages members and interested parties to actively use this new tool and to disseminate it widely within their networks. www.fertilizer. org//en/Knowledge_Resources/Library/Selection_Fertilizer_Facts.aspx

Organized by Turret Media FZ LLC in partnership with IFA Welcome to the future of sustainable agriculture. Hosted by the City of Abu Dhabi and in partnership with the Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture is the world’s largest collection of sustainable agriculture innovations. With the support of over 20 Foundation Partners and international collaborators, GFIA 2015 will host over 6,000 of the world’s brightest minds to show the world how game-changing technologies can feed the world. Winner of the 2014 Middle East Event Award for ‘Best Meeting/Conference’, GFIA is the most influential event in the world for all those wishing to contribute to the sustainable agriculture movement.

IFA members who wish to participate in the forum get a special delegate's package at a discount rate. To obtain the IFA discount code contact: sbabeix@fertilizer.org Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture 9-10 March 2015, Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre, UAE info@InnovationsInAgriculture.com – Tel: +971 2 234 8400 www.InnovationsInAgriculture.com – www.twitter.com/gfia2015

How big are yield gaps?

Farmers may achieve very different yield levels under similar agroecological conditions. The ‘yield gap’ represents the difference between farmers’ actual and attainable yields and is often caused by poor access to agricultural inputs and to knowledge.

International Fertilizer Industry Association 28, rue Marbeuf, 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 53 93 05 00 Fax: +33 1 53 93 05 45/47 ifa@fertilizer.org www.fertilizer.org @FertilizerNews! Fertilizers & Agriculture is a quarterly newsletter published by IFA covering issues in relation to fertilizers and sustainable agriculture. Mailing list Subscription to Fertilizers & Agriculture is free of charge. To receive a hard copy, send full address details to be added to the mailing list. Additional copies may be supplied to organizations to circulate on behalf of IFA. To consult current and past issues of Fertilizers & Agriculture: www.fertilizer.org/newsletters Contributions We invite your contributions of letters, documents, articles, photographs, etc. Director General of IFA: Charlotte Hebebrand Editor-in-Chief: Claudine Aholou-Pütz Material in F&A may be reproduced only after prior consent by IFA. Reference to individuals, publications, research, products, companies or organizations does not indicate endorsement by IFA. For information on IFA’s activities:www.fertilizer.org © International Fertilizer Industry Association 2014 Printed with vegetable-based ink by Point44 on paper from sustainably managed forests.