PLASTIC ARCHIPELAGO by Jerry Feng

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH STUDIO

PLASTIC

ARCHIPELAGO//

A DE SIGN BY XINY UA N FENG, KARIN KE, PAUL COUNSEL L TUTOR: KEN YEH

_//

CONTENTS

00_OVERVIEW 01_SITE

ANALYSIS

02_RESEARCH ocean waste pyrolysis research case study

03_MATERIAL

STUDIES

• bioplastic • plastic recycling 04_CONCEPT • concept models • conceptual framework • conceptual watercolours 05_PAVILION • • • • • • • • • • • •

DESIGN

plan sections exploded isometric collection hub recycling hub bioplastic hub energy hub construction sequence recycling hub moulding hub energy hub physical model

06_EVALUATION • • thermal strategy sections • facade components • matrix analysis • critical reflections

07_BIBLIOGRAPHY

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

• • •

00_ OV E R V IE W

00_ D U B A I N

TI C

PREVAILING OCEAN WINDS

TE IN

UINO

HOT DESERT WINDS

TIC

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

E MM SU

O RS

S N

5:1

3:1

1:1 2:1

1:3 1:2

5:1

scale: 1:10 000

1:5 1:4

3:1

1:1 2:1

1:3 1:2

1:5 1:4

1:1

+40

1:3

1:1

+40

+20

1:3

+20

OPTIMUM 1:1.7

-20

-40

OPTIMUM LONGSIDE ORIENTATION

HEAT GAIN AND LOSSES IN 10,000 BTUs/DAY

WINTER AND SUMMER - TYPICAL HOT HUMID ZONE HEAT GAIN AND LOSSES IN 10,000 BTUs/DAY WINTER AND SUMMER - TYPICAL HOT HUMID ZONE

Dubai weather is characterised by a tropical desert climate with hot, sunny conditions created by its proximity to the Tropic of Cancer and the Northern desert belt. Summers are very hot, humid and dry with temperatures climbing to 40 °C and higher and rarely dropping below 30 °C. Winters are still warm however temperatures drop considerably to highs of 23 °C and lows of around 14 °C. Although the weather in Dubai is usually fine, receiving annual precipitation of up to 150mm in recent years. However, as with most Middle Eastern climates, Dubai’s rainfall is irregular and brief. The prevailing wind in Dubai comes from a north-westerly direction. Generally, early mornings in Dubai are calm or with a slight southerly wind blowing offshore. Around midday, the wind turns north westerly and blows onshore. Usually the Dubai prevailing wind strength is then about 5 to 10 knots. Often a Shamal (strong wind) will blow from the prevailing north westerly wind direction for a period of 1-3 days, wind strength can be 15-25 knots. Occasionally a Shamal can blow in from the desert - from a southerly or south-easterly direction which is opposite to the prevailing wind in Dubai. When the wind is stronger than 15-20 knots, it is common to get a lot of dust and sand in the atmosphere.

30 days

25 days

20 days

15 days

10 days

30 days

50 °C

171

5 days

MILLION VISITS IN 0 days 6 MONTHS Jan Feb Mar Dry days

Apr

May

< 2mm

Jun

Jul

Aug

85%

5 days

TONNES OF WASTE CREATED PER DAY 0 days Sep

5-10mm

Oct

Nov

Dec

2-5mm

Jan

Feb

Sunny

Mar

15 days

14 °C

10 days 14 °C

Overcast

26 °C

40 °C

37 °C

22 °C

24 °C

100 mm 44 °C

42 °C

25 °C

18 °C

20 °C 15 °C

10 °C

0 °C Dec

Precipitation days

Jan

0 days

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Dry days < 2mm Mean daily maximum

Jul Oct

Aug Nov

Sep Dec

5-10mm Mean daily minimum

A N N UA L T E M PE R A T UR E

0 mm Nov Oct

Dec

2-5mm

0 °C

25 °C

Jan

Feb

Mar

Sunny

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Partly cloudy

Jul

Aug

soil temp at 1m

Aug

Sep

Oct

Overcast

Oct

Nov

Dec

0 mm

Dec

Precipitation days

soil temp at 3m

50 °C

100 mm 44 °C

42 °C

22 °C

24 °C

45 °C

45 °C 42 °C

41 °C 40 °C

37 °C

36 °C

75 mm 32 °C

20 °C

25 °C

50 mm

21 °C 18 °C

75 mm 32 °C

31 °C 30 °C

27 °C 24 °C

17 °C 14 °C

Feb

26 °C

37 °C

27 °C

50 mm

Mean daily maximum

45 °C

26 °C

31 °C 30 °C

27 °C

25 mm 10 °C 5 days

45 °C

36 °C

75 mm 32 °C

20 °C

0 days

Feb

100 mm 44 °C

40 °C 37 °C

10 days

5 days

Precipitation

50 °C 41 °C

42 °C

31 °C 27 °C

15 days

50 mm

21 °C

45 °C

36 °C 20 days

30 °C

27 °C 24 °C

45 °C

41 °C

25 days

75 mm 32 °C

20 °C 17 °C

25 mm

OF WASTE RECYCLED AND REVERTED FROM LANDFILL Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Partly cloudy

45 °C

26 °C

31 °C

27 °C

25 °C 20 °C

45 °C

36 °C 20 days

30 °C

50 °C 30 days

100 mm 44 °C 41 °C

25 days

40 °C

27 °C

27 °C 50 mm

20 °C 15 °C

14 °C

25 mm 10 °C

0 °C

0 mm Jan

Feb

Mar

Precipitation

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Mean daily maximum

C O N DI T I O N S

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Mean daily minimum

0 °C

0 mm Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Mean daily maximum

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

soil temp at 1m

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

soil temp at 3m

_00

The focus of the architectural resolution has been based around the issue of waste plastic and the importance of the recycling process in combating a significant issue that Australia and the world faces. The opportunity of the Dubai 2020 Expo as an opportunity to present innovative design and technological solutions to help develop sustainable solutions is the context in which our pavillion is situated. The building first and foremost puts forward the importance of recycling waste plastic through confronting the individual. The best way to do this is by participation and by displaying the benefit the process can provide to the individual.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

OVERVIEW

E MM SU

TI C

01_SITE ANALYSIS

00_ D U B A I

TE IN

S N

E 5:1

3:1

1:1 2:1

UIN

1:3

5:1

1:5

1:2

1:4

3:1

1:1

1:3

2:1

1:2

1:5 1:4

1:1

HOT DESERT WINDS

+40

30 days

+40

+20

25 days

31 °C

20 days

30 °C

OPTIMU

15 days

20 °C

-20

10 days

-40

-20

10 days

-40

5 days

OPT

27 °C

25 °C

15 days

5 days

17 °C 14 °C

14 °C

Jan

Feb

10 °C

OPTIMUM

OPTIM

0 days Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

< 2mm

0 °C

0 days

OctHEAT Nov DecAND GAIN

Jan Feb Mar Apr LOSSES IN 10,000 BTUs/DAY WINTER AND SUMMER - TYPICAL HOT HUMID ZONE

HEAT GAIN AND5-10mm LOSSES IN 10,000 BTUs/DAY 2-5mm Sunny WINTER AND SUMMER - TYPICAL HOT HUMID ZONE

Dry days

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

40 °C

IC ST

E MM SU

O RS

1:1

25 days

+20

20 days

50 °C

30 days

May

Jun

Jul

Partly cloudy

Aug

Sep

Oct

Overcast

Nov

Dec

Mar

Precipitation

Precipitation days

PREVAILING OCEAN WINDS

Dubai weather is characterised by a tropical desert climate with hot, sunny conditions created Tropic of Cancer and the Northern desert belt. Summers are very hot, humid and dry with tem 40 °C and higher and rarely dropping below 30 °C. Winters are still warm however temperatures highs of 23 °C and lows of around 14 °C. Although the weather in Dubai is usually fine, receiving of up to 150mm in recent years. However, as with most Middle Eastern climates, Dubai’s rainfall is

50 °C

30 days

100 mm

44 °C

45 °C

25 days

20 days

15 days

40 °C

15 days

10 days

22 °C

24 °C

26 °C

42 °C

37 °C

36 °C

30 °C

27 °C

24 °C

27 °C

25 °C

50 mm

21 °C

75 mm

32 °C

31 °C

27 °C

50 mm

The prevailing wind in Dubai comes from a north-westerly direction. Generally, early mornings in D a slight southerly wind blowing offshore. Around midday, the wind turns north westerly and blow Dubai prevailing wind strength is then about 5 to 10 knots. Often a Shamal (strong wind) will blo north westerly wind direction for a period of 1-3 days, wind strength can be 15-25 knots. 20 °C

20 °C

18 °C

17 °C

14 °C

10 days

40 °C

75 mm

32 °C

27 °C

45 °C

41 °C

37 °C

36 °C

25 °C

scale: 1:10 000

100 mm

45 °C

44 °C

42 °C

31 °C

30 °C

50 °C

45 °C

41 °C

20 °C

15 °C

14 °C

25 mm

10 °C

5 days

5:1

3:1

5 days

1:1 2:1

0 days

1:3 1:2

Jan

Feb

Mar

Dry days

5:1

3:1

1:4

Apr

1:1 2:1

May

Jun

Jul

< 2mm

1:3

1:2

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

5-10mm

1:5

0 °C

0 days

Dec

Jan

2-5mm

Feb

Mar

Apr

Sunny

May

Jun

Jul

Partly cloudy

NNW

Apr

May

Jun

NNE NNE

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

0 °C

0 mm

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

DAILY MEAN WINTERWINTER DAILY MEAN

RAINFALL ANNUALANNUAL RAINFALL

MEAN RAIN YEARLY MEAN DAYS OFDAYS RAINOF YEARLY

MEAN OVERCAST DAYS YEARLY MEAN OVERCAST DAYS YEARLY

Winter Daily Mean

30 days

50 °C

Jul

daily minimum soil temp at 1m Precipitation Mean daily maximum daily maximum soil temp at 3m Occasionally a Shamal Mean can blow in from the Mean desert - from a southerly or south-easterly direction the prevailing wind in Dubai. When the wind is stronger than 15-20 knots, it is common to get a lo the atmosphere.

CLIMATE INFORMATION Summer Daily Mean

Mar

OPTIMUM 1:1.7 DAILY1:1.7 MEAN SUMMERSUMMER DAILYOPTIMUM MEAN

WIND ROSE WIND ROSE NW

Feb

CLIMATE INFORMATION CLIMATE INFORMATION

NNW

-20

0 mm

Jan

Dec

Precipitation days

1:3

Nov

1:3

1:1

+40

+20

Oct

Overcast

1:1

CLIMATE SITE ANALYSIS

Sep

1:4

+40

+20

Aug

25 mm

10 °C

1:5

mm Overcast Day100 Mean

MEANSUNSHINE DAILY SUNSHINE MEAN DAILY HOURS HOURS

days 50 °C 30 Mean

Daily Sunshine Hours

WINTER WINTER DAILY DAILY MEAN MEAN ANNUAL ANNUAL RAINFALL RAINFALL MEAN MEAN DAYS DAYS OF OF RAIN RAIN YEARLY YEARLY WIND ROSE ROSE SUMMER SUMMER DAILY DAILY MEAN MEAN o o WIND 45 °C 45 °C o47conditions 44 °C 44 °C Dubai weather is characterised a tropical desert climate hot, sunny Dubai weather is characterised by aby tropical desert climate with with hot, sunny conditions C C 26o26 47 C C 42 °C 41 °C 41 °C created proximity totothe of Cancer and the desert belt. Summers are created by by itsitsproximity theTropic Tropic of Cancer andNorthern the Northern desert belt. CLIMATE INFORMATION 40 °C 40 °C CLIMATE INFORMATION oo 25 37 °C oo 94mm 13 9.8hr 36 °C 36 °C 26 47 C 75 13 mm 94mm 25C 9.8hr very hot, and with and temperatures climbing to 40 climbing °C and higher rarely dropping Summers arehumid very hot, dry humid dry with temperatures to 40and °C and higher 32 °C S 31 °C 31 °C HEATWinters GAIN AND LOSSES INstill 10,000 BTUs/DAYhowever temperatures drop considerably o o14oC below 30WINTER °C. are warm to highs of 23 o26 C Mean Days of Rain Yearly C 14 Annual Rainfall AND SUMMER TYPICAL HOT HUMID ZONE C 26 30 °C 30 °C S and°C rarely dropping below 30 °C. Winters are still warm however temperatures drop 27 °C 27 °C 27 °C 94mm 25 o o 26 °C 26 °C and lows of around 14 °C. Although the weather in Dubai is usually fine, receiving annual C 26 25 °C26 C 25 °C 4724 o°CC 47oC 24 °C 50 mm 22 °C considerably to ofhighs 23 °Cin and lows of around 14as°C. theEastern weather in 21 °C oo precipitation up toof 150mm recent years. However, withAlthough most Middle climates, oo 20 °C source: meteoblue.com - accessed 11/03/19 14 C source: - accessed 11/03/19 18 °C 20 °C 26 C 17 °C 20 °C 94mm 94mm 25 meteoblue.com 13 Dubai is usually receiving annual precipitation of up to 150mm in recent years. Dubai’s rainfall fine, is irregular and brief. 15 °C 14 °C 14 °C Dubai weather is characterised by a tropical desert climate with hot, sunny conditions by its proximity to the However, as with most Middle Eastern climates, Dubai’s rainfall iscreated irregular and 25 mm14oC 26oC 14oC 26oC 10 °C 10 °C Tropic of Cancer and in theDubai Northern desertfrom belt. Summers are very hot, humid and dry with temperatures climbing to The prevailing wind comes a north-westerly direction. Generally, early mornings brief. OF WASTE 40 °C and higher and rarely dropping below 30 °C. TONNES Winters are still warm however temperatures drop considerably to OF WASTE -20

30 days

WNW

ENE

WNW

NNW NNW

ENE

-40

25 days

WNW WNW

HEAT GAIN AND LOSSES IN 10,000 BTUs/DAY WINTER AND SUMMER - TYPICAL HOT HUMID ZONE

WSW

20 days

ENE ENE

WIND ROSE

ESE

WSW

ESE

WIND ROSE WINTER DAILY MEAN 20 days

SUMMER DAILY MEAN

NNW

20 days

NNW

NNE

SSW

WINTER DAILY MEAN MEAN DAYS OF RAIN YEARLY

SUMMER DAILY MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL

45 °C

MEAN MEAN OVERCAST OVERCAS 45 °C 42 °C

25 days

NENE

OPTIMUM LONGSIDE ORIENTATION

25 days

NNE NNE

NW NW OPTIMUM LONGSIDE ORIENTATION

ANNUAL RAINFALL MEAN OVERCAST DAYS YEARLY 20 days

NNE

MEAN DAYS OF HOURS RAIN Y MEAN DAILY SUNSHINE

SSE

15 days

>5 >12

>12 >19

>19 >28

>28 >38

15 days

>38 >50

WSW ENE WSW

>50

WNW

SW SW

WNW

ESE ESE

SESE

SSW SSW

171

5 days

WSW

10 days

SSE SSE

10 days

SSE

>12

>19

85% >1 >1

SSW

5 days

WSW

ESE

>28

>5 >5

>38

>12 >12

>19 >19

>28 >28

>38 >38

15 days

10 days

ESE

>50 >50

SSW

5 days

>12

>19

>28

>38

>50

0 days

0 °C Jan

Feb

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Precipitation

a slight southerly wind blowing offshore. Around midday, the wind turns north westerly and blows onshore. Usually the Dubai prevailing wind strength is then about 5 to 10 knots. Often a Shamal (strong wind) will blow from the prevailing

Dry days < 2mm Mean daily maximum

Jul Oct

Aug Nov

0 mm Nov Oct

Sep Dec

5-10mm Mean daily minimum

Dec

0 °C

0 days

Jan

2-5mm

source: meteoblue.com - accessed 11/0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Sunny

100 mm 44 °C

30 °C 25 °C 20 °C

31 °C

27 °C 20 °C 10 days

17 °C

40 °C

37 °C

22 °C

24 °C

26 °C

41 °C

25 days

36 °C

75 mm 32 °C

15 days

100 mm 44 °C

42 °C

36 °C 20 days

50 °C 30 days

45 °C

41 °C

25 days

40 °C

45 °C

20 days

30 °C

27 °C 24 °C

25 °C

15 days

50 mm

21 °C 18 °C

20 °C

31 °C 27 °C

45 °C

50 °C

100 mm 44 °C

45 °C 40 °C 37 °C

27 °C

25 °C

41 °C

14 °C

36 °C

75 mm 32 °C

20 °C 17 °C

40 °C

37 °C

27 °C

50 mm

100 mm 44 °C

42 °C

31 °C 30 °C

50 °C

45 °C

36 °C

75 mm 32 °C

20 °C 10 days

45 °C

41 °C

42 °C

22 °C

24 °C

26 °C

31 °C 30 °C

27 °C 24 °C

25 °C

50 mm

21 °C 18 °C

20 °C 15 °C

27 °C

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Partly cloudy

Jul

Aug

soil temp at 1m

Aug

Sep

Overcast

C OND ITION

the prevailing wind in Dubai. When the wind is stronger than 15-20 knots, it is common to get a lot of dust and sand in the atmosphere.

30 days

Mar

Apr

Mean daily maximum

ANNU AL TE M PE RATU RE

Occasionally a Shamal blow ofin1-3 from from a southerly or south-easterly north westerly wind direction can for a period days,the winddesert strength-can be 15-25 knots. direction which is opposite to the prevailing wind in Dubai. When the wind is stronger than 15Shamal can in lot fromofthe desert - from a southerly or south-easterly direction which is opposite to 20Occasionally knots, it is a common to blow get a dust and sand in the atmosphere.

5 days

SSE

>50

inhighs Dubai are or of with a slight wind blowing offshore. Around midday, the wind MILLION VISITS RECYCLED AND REVERTED of 23 °C calm andINlows around 14 °C.southerly Although the weather in Dubai is usually fine, receiving annual precipitation CREATED PER DAY 0 north days 0 days 6 MONTHS turns westerly and blows onshore. Usually the Dubai prevailing wind strength is then FROM LANDFILL of up to 150mm in recent years. However, as with most Middle Eastern climates, Dubai’s rainfall is irregular and brief. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec about 5 to 10 knots. Often a Shamal (strong wind) will blow from the prevailing north westerly Dry days < 2mm 5-10mm 2-5mm Sunny Partly cloudy Overcast The prevailing wind comes fromdays, a north-westerly direction. Generally, early mornings in Dubai are calm or withPrecipitation days wind direction forinaDubai period of 1-3 wind strength can be 15-25 knots.

50 °C

25 9.8hr

10 days

ENE

15 days

45 °C

45 °C 42 °C 37 °C

75 mm 32 °C 27 °C 50 mm

_01

N NNW

NNE

WNW

ENE

WSW

ESE

PREVAILING OCEAN WINDS

SSE

>12

>19

TE IN

>28

WINDROSE The prevailing wind in Dubai comes from a north-westerly direction. Generally, early mornings in Dubai are calm or with a slight southerly wind blowing offshore. Around midday, the wind turns north westerly and blows onshore. Usually the Dubai prevailing wind strength is then about 5 to 10 knots. Often a Shamal (strong wind) will blow from the prevailing north westerly wind direction for a period of 1-3 days, wind strength can be 15-25 knots.

UIN

HOT DESERT WINDS

TIC

ER MM SU

Occasionally a Shamal can blow in from the desert - from a southerly or south-easterly direction which is opposite to the prevailing wind in Dubai. When the wind is stronger than 15-20 knots, it is common to get a lot of dust and sand in the atmosphere.`

scale: 1:10 000

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

TI C

SSW

02_ R E S E A R C H

GLOBAL COMPOSITION OF MARINE LITTER BIOTIC/OTHER FISHERIES GLASS/CERAMICS METAL

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

MISCELLANEOUS TYPES PAPER/CARDBOARD ROPE TEXTILES/FABRICS TIMBER STYROFOAM FISHERIES (PLASTIC) CIGARETTE BUTTS PLASTIC

OCEAN WASTE In this project, an awareness of the role of ocean pollution in deteriorating the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest and most essential ecosystem is critical to sustainable development. With increase in the use of plastic, particularly single use and mixed plastics the rate at which the problem is spiralling out of control has become increasingly familiar and apparent. It is a fast growing global issue that heavily impacts our living environment and the health of humans, and whilst the issue has received adequate attention, solution and action has remained idle. The inefficient and unsustainable disposal of plastic waste requires ever increasing costs and labour with regard to clean up efforts. Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into storm drains and waterways and wind-blown landfill waste all contribute to this problem. The top left map reveals the total plastic waste generation by country, measured in tonnes per year. This purely represents the waste generation prior to management processes - not taking into account the quantity of plastic, threatening pollution to water bodies. It is evident that high-income countries have typically-well managed waste streams and therefore a low level of plastic pollution to external ecosystems. Although this is the case, the amount of single use plastic continues to increase and become a catastrophic issue.

_02

FISHING INTENSITY

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

COASTAL INPUTS IMPERVIOUS SURFACE IN WATERSHEDS SHIPPING

02_ R E S E A R C H

PY R O LYS I S R ES EA R CH University of Sydney Research & Development into Plastic Waste Recycling A critical component of the pavilions environmental and sustainable strategy is the incorporation of the culminating research of the University of Sydney Professor, Thomas Maschmeyer.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

The new technology that has been developed by Maschmeyer and his team is based on whats called a Catalytic Hydrothermal Reactor (CatHTR). What makes the Cat-HTR process so exciting, is that it is not limited by what type of plastics it can recycle. This includes mixed plastics or as we commonly refer to them as, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;end of lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; plastics. The starting point of most plastics is crude oil, which is rich in carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. When the bond between these are broken, they generate radicals, which are exceptionally keen to bond to other molecules. This is how most of the plastics we use today are formed. The downside to this process, is that in terms of recycling, plastic can only be processed with other waste made of the very same composition. GAS

GASOLINE

CONSUMER

INCOMING PLASTIC

SHREDDING SORTING

PYROLYSIS

CHAR REMOVAL

DISTILLATION

CARBON CHAR

KEROSENE

DIESEL

The Cat-HTR Technology breaks the mix of plastics down into smaller hydrocarbon components, and uses water and a mix of hydrocarbon components to prevent unwanted reactions between the radicals. The resulting liquid is made up of distallable molecules that can easily be separated components ready for reuse. Plants are currently being built in the UK and East Timor and when completed are expected to be able to convert 20,00 tonnes of waste plastic annually in to 17,000 tonnes of resuable fuel.

VEHICLES

_02

THE PEOPLE’S PAVILION

THE HEAD IN THE CLOUD PAVILION

- BUREAU SLA, OVERTREDERS W

- BROOKLYN ARCHITECTURE, STUDIO KCA

This Dutch Design Week pavilion is constructed with only borrowed or recycled materials. The concept behind is to promote the value of a closed-loop, or “circular”, construction system, which involves thinking beyond the life of the building, so that little or no waste is produced as a result.

The used bottles are collected throughout New York city and repurposed to construct the pavilion by 200 volunteers.

With the recycled plastic skin and borrowed local structure members, this perfectly demonstrates the ideal solution and story for our pavilion.

This cloud-shaped structure seeks to create a space where ‘urban dreamers’ who inhabit the “city of dreams” can wonder and think about our city’s future: an ocean of plastic.

3D BAKERY - KLARENBEEK, DROS

3D Bakery project is a research project developing new bioplastic made from algae, and hope to replace synthetic plastics over time . The process involve cultivating algae , which have high level of protein, starch and cellulose. They then dry and process into a material that can be used to 3D print objects. The vision of creating sustainable bioplastic material to replace plastic is one of the message our pavilion is there to provide.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

P R E C ED EN T S T U D I ES

03_ M A TE R IA L STU DI ES

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

BI OP LA S T I C M A K I N G

CORN STARCH

GELATIN

CORN STARCH + GELATIN

Ingredient Corn Starch, Water, Vinegar, Glycerine

Ingredient Gelatin, Water, Glycerine

Ingredient Corn Starch, Gelatin, Water, Vinegar, Glycerine

Final Result The result texture has a thick rubber property. It has the heaviest mass out of the three and lowest transparency. The product often maintain bubles and experience big shrinkage after the drying process.

Final Result The result texture has a soft scilicon property. It has the lightest mass out of the three and highest transparency. The product is very reflexible and requires very short time to dry.

Final Result The result texture has a hard plastic property. It has a light weight and decent transparency. The drying causes big shrinkage to the result yet maintain great strength and toughness.

_03

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

RE CYCLED P LA S T I C COASTE R

COLOUR CODE - Goldfish

COLOUR CODE - Lychee

COLOUR CODE - Algae

Ingredient Clear LDPE plastic bag, blue LDPE packaging wrap, orange LDPE plastic bag

Ingredient Clear LDPE plastic bag, dark grey PE-LD bag, orange LDPE plastic bag

Ingredient Clear LDPE plastic bag, green LLDPE plastic bag, dark grey PE-LD bag,

Finish Vivid orange and turquoise veins marbled through a cloudy base.

Finish Coral veins marbled through cloudy pastel ink and a warm dark grey.

Finish Apple green veins marbled through two shade of cloudy olive.

03_ M A TE R IA L STU DI ES

R E C Y C L E D P LA S T I C M O U LDING

NGREDIENT

BASE DOUGH

ADDING PIGMENTS

PRESSING

- HDPE Milk Bottle Shred (BASE)

The white base plastic are first been melt into a base dough.

Red milk bottle lid and grey plastic bag have been mixed into the base dough.

The mixed plastic dough is reheated and compressed to achieve marbled effect.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

- LDPE Plastic Bag

RESULT TEXTURE The HDPE milke bottle gives it a cloudy white base, the red vein and silk of grey marbled through the piece. Under the light, the piece show bright whit light and a pink glow.

_03

INGREDIENT

BASE DOUGH

ADDING PIGMENTS

PRESSING

- LDPE Bubble Wrap (BASE) - LDPE Packaging Wrap - HDPE Milk Bottle Shred

The blue bubble wrap is melted into a base dough. A few pressing needs to be done to reduce the air bubble before adding pigment.

One piece of white packaging wrap is placed on top of the hot dough and re-heated. A few milk bottle shred is later been added. The process is repeated three times to chieve rich marble effect.

The mixed plastic dough is reheated and compressed to achieve marbled effect.

RESULT TEXTURE The bluee bubble wrap gives the final piece a dark ocean blue base colour. The white warp and milk bottle shred add a touch of marble effect that looks like ocean wave. The result mixture is not translucent.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

RE C Y CLED P LA S T I C M OUL DING

04_ CO N C E P T

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CONCEPT MODEL - COLUMNS

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CONCEPT MODEL - THE VOID

04_ CO N C E P T

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CONCEPT MODEL - COLUMNS

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CONCEPT MODEL - TOKENS

04_ CO N C E P T

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

AWARENESS

MANUFACTURING

PARTICIPATION

Educate and give awareness of the issue to the visitor.

The recycling & manufacturing process would blend into the architecture as the visitors continue their journey.

This section alows the visitor to be part of the on-site waste transformation to help ensure the application of proposed solutions.

BREAK

REINFORCEMENT

MOMENT

Allow the visitor to take a break and process the information. It also provides oportunity to question themselves about the future vision of the world.

Reinforce this issue through architecture to help understand the seriousness of ocean waste into the audienceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind.

At the end of the journey, an architecture has emerged with materials the visitors have made within the pavilion. We hope to see this section being built and completed throughout the expo period.

DEMONSTRATION

INSPIRATION

SOLUTION

Here we take the recycled materials and apply it to the architectural space to demonstrate the possible outcome of those solutions.

The fundamental goal of this pavilion is to educate the visitor with the seriousness of this global issue and the methods to alter the future. In the end, we hope the visitors are inspired and willing to share this knowledge and apply it to daily life.

With the future concerns inbedded in mind, the program then highlights the solutions that aim to prevent and repurpose ocean waste.

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CONCEPTUAL WATERCOLOUR watercolour study of the spatial and emotional environment for the collection hub.

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04_ CO N C E P T

CONCEPTUAL WATERCOLOUR water colour study of the spatial and emotional environment for the main making hub.

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CONCEPTUAL WATERCOLOUR watercolour study of the spatail and emotional environmental for the bioplastics hub.

05_ P A V ILIO N DE S I GN PLAN

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

1. ENTRY POINT 2. COLLECTION HUB 3. MELTING AND MAKING HUB 4. BIOPLASTICS HUB 5. ENERGY HUB 6. CAFE 7. AMENITIES 8. ALGAE FARM 9.SUNKEN COURTYARD 1. ENTRY POINT 2. COLLECTION HUB 3. MELTING AND MAKING HUB

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_05

DIVISION OF 4 MAIN HUBS

ACCESS POINTS + GROUND CIRCULATION

RAMP CIRCULATION

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

05_ P A V ILIO N DE S I GN

SE CT I O N

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_05

EXP L OD E D I S OME T R I C D I A G R AM

ROOF

FACADE EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

CONDENSATION PANELS RAMP

COLLECTION HUB

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

Visitors are first taken in to the Collection Hub, where where each bring their plastic waste as an enter ticket. All of the plastic are collected and then shredded. The space is calm yet chaotic, peaceful and yet confronting. The centre installation is an hourglass that constantly rain plastic grain. It represents the amount of waste that is coming through at any given time.

THE COLUMNS Every second colum include a plastic insert hole and a grinding device. Each plastic are coresponding to a different type of plastic. After the insertion, the device would shred the plastic into grains. They then travel along the translucent columns skin and finally enter the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hourglassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

RECYCLING HUB

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

The visitor then arrives in the Main Making Hub. This is where visitors are educated and involved in the possibilities of plastic and are invited to create useful objects and experience the benefit of recycling first hand. In the centre of the space is a large void space that is formed from the construction waste plastic of the surrounding expo pavilions during the construction period. It is therefore representative of the waste produced by the existence of the expo itself.

PLASTIC DOUGH COLLECTION POINT

PLASTIC PRESSING TABLE

The plastic collected from the collection hub are poured into this tower. The melting machine transform the grains into plastic dough for the visitors to pick. A various colour combination are exhibited on the shelf above.

After collecting the plastic dough, the visitors would carry them to the pressing table. Different moulding base is mounted into the table. Here visitors can choose their preference and use the wheel to press down the moulding plaste. The objects are estimate to solidate within 3 minute.

BIO PLA STIC HU B

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

The following space promotes an alternative. Whilst dealing with the issue of waste plastic, we sought to include an alternative in the form of bioplastic research and development. An algae farm is centred in the space and provides the necessary material needed to produce this alternative plastic.

VERTICAL FARMING

BIOPLASTIC 3D PRINTING LAB

Tobaco plants and potato plants are growned at the vertical farming shelves. The seleceted plants have high level of protein, starch and cellulose, which is the crucial ingredient for bio plastic. Device are hiden behind the farming panels to breakdown the plants into bioplastic abstract powder.

The different stages of algae based bioplastic are presented above the 3D printers. The algae transform from its nature state, then to dried powder, to plastic grains and finally to 3D printing material. The visitors can also take the bioplastic objects home, bring back the evidence of the plastic-free future.

05_ P A V ILIO N DE S I GN

E N E RGY H U B The energy hub is the place where the magic happens. By incorporating the new Catalytic Hydrothermal Reaction technology from the University of Sydney, the Energy Hub will be able to convert end of life plastic produced before, during and after the expo into fuel and raw oil products able to be reused and resold. By this end, the pavillion represents itself as an example of the ouroborus. The snake that eats itself. MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

The energy hub is also constructed and positioned carefully in amongst the landscape. This allows the visitors to engage with all aspects of the recycling process, being able to see the potential benefits of the waste we have created.

CONSUMER

ALL WASTE PLASTIC

SHREDDING

CATALYTIC HYDROTHERMAL REACTION

DISTILLATION

RAW OIL PRODUCTS

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DECONSTRUCTION AFTER EXPO

PLASTIC WASTE TRANSFERRED TO ENERGY HUB

PYROLISIS PROCESS BREAKS DOWN ALL PLASTIC

ENERGY BEING USED BY PAVILION AND OTHER EXPO PAVILIONS

PYROLYSIS CONVERTING PLASTIC INTO ENERGY

VISITORS ADDING TOKENS TO RAMP

STAGE 5 DEMO

NSTR

ATIO

VISITORS DISPOSING PLASTIC INTO COLLECTION TUBES

ION

PLASTIC VOID ARTWORK EMBODYING EXPO WASTE

GROWTH OF PAVILION DURING EXPO

MOMENT

PLASTIC RECYCLED INTO BUILDING COMPONENTS

PLASTIC IS GRANULATED TO CREATE VOID SPACE INSIDE PAVILION

PLASTIC WASTE COLLECTION FROM EXPO CONSTRUCTION

EXPO CONSTRUCTION

STAGE 1

STAGE 4

TIO

MILLION VISITS IN 6 MONTHS

SOLUTION

PAVILION BUILD

EXPO START

171

STAGE 2

DEMONSTRATION

TONNES OF WASTE CREATED PER DAY

85%

OF EXPO WASTE RECYCLED AND REVERTED FROM LANDFILL

PARTICIPATION

MOMENT

AWARENESS

STAGE 3

INSPIRATION

PLASTIC WASTE TRANSFERRED TO ENERGY HUB

This project critically comments and positions itself amongst the logistics of the Dubai Expo, making apparent the wasteful nature of such a large constructed environment for such a temporal event. The concept of the ouroboros (the snake that eats itself) applied in our thinking can be evident throughout the various stages of the pavilionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existence. The pavilion is first made with the construction waste of the neighboring pavilions. Through its functioning and programme, the pavilion then is an ever-changing reflection of the amount of waste produced at the expo. The cycle seamlessly ends or rather completes the cycle after the expo has finished where the plastic building material is recycled by the energy hub embedded on site.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

O U RO B O RO S / C O N S T RU C T IO N S E Q U E N C E

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

05_ P A V ILIO N DE S I GN

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

_05

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

05_ P A V ILIO N DE S I GN

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_05

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

06_ E V A LU A TION

SUMMER THERMAL STRATEGY Dubai has a hot and humid climate during summer. The thhicken insulated roof prevent external heat and sun into the building. The adjustable canopy and ramp wraping the pavilion provide shading. An indirect evapourative cooling system is design into the facade that would cool of the internal air without adding additional moist. The adjustable louvers inside the facade panels are shut to prevent overheating.

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WINTER THERMAL STRATEGY During winter, Dubai’s climate is droped below 20 °. Adjustable canopy of the ramp and the facade louvers are fully opened, to allow maximum solar access. The insulated roof capture the heat from the indoor activity and prevent heat lost.

06_ E V A LU A TION

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

SUSTAINABLE SOLAR STRATEGY

RECYCLED POLYCARBONATE LOUVRE

RECYCLED PLASTIC CLADDING (TRANSPARENT)

The pavilion’s double skilled window wall incorporates a sustainable material strategy. The facade’s two recycled plastic layers encloses a naurally ventilated cavity between them. On the upper floors, vertical recycled plastic louvres are used to deal with sun glare control to significantly reduce heat gain and provide shading. The louvres are able to be rotated 360 degrees to allow for flexibility in dealing with the sun angle.

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

The double skin/air cavity system is a highly insulated barrier that mitigates the fluctuations of exteral temperatures. In addition, the air cavity creates a chimney stack effect that allows natural ventilation as well as heat recovery or discharge. The plan shape of the louvres are rounded to pay off the tube-like geometry that is consistent within the pavilion. The facade’s external skin is comprised of a recycled polycarbonate with a U-value of 0.83W/m2K. This material has high optical clarity, excellent fire performance and is lightweight. The panels allow natural daylight to enter without compro,ising its thermal efficiency. Light transmission through these translucent panels can be up to 65%. Ultraviolet filters are extruded into the polycarbonate, reducing solar gains without blocking natural light. This material benefits good sound insulation up to 27dB.

RESIN BASED SLAB

SOLAR PV PANELS

SOLAR PANEL MOUNT

RECYCLED PLASTIC CORRUGATED ROOF SHEETING

GUTTER SYSTEM

LOUVRE PROFILE

RESIN-BASED 5 RECYCLED PLASTIC AGGREGATE FLOORING

THERMAL BREAK

ROTATING LOUVRE SYSTEM

RECYCLED POLYCARBONATE TRANSLUCENT PANELS

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

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06_ E V A LU A TION

PARAGRAPH EX PLA IN IN G EV A PO RA TIV E COOLI NG P A N EL

W ater T rickl i ng do wn p ane l

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

W arm Humid A i r

This strategy uses the outside air to cool an internal environment, without allowing external humidity to influence the internal air condition. Hot outside air is blown through a heat exchanger that is supplied with water. The design for this type of heat exchanger features a series of metal tubes that are kept wet on their internal faces. As exhaust air passes over the wet faces of the tubes, the water evaporates and the tubes are cooled. After passing over the tubes, the cool, moist air is exhausted to the outside. As cooling happens on the heat exchangerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s internal zones, hot exterior air is drawn through between the tubes. This air is cooled, but without gaining any extra humidity, before it is blown through ductwork to the building interior. This system, in comparable set ups, uses approximately 80% less energy than standard refrigerated systems, whilst also performing more effectively at higher temperatures. By facing the cooling panel modules toward the direction of the prevailing sea breezes that Dubai receives each day, the building passively regulates the inside air temperature without gaining undesirable humidity levels.

Cold D ry Air

In d oor air exch an ge

B u r i e d Cool i ng Fa ci l i t y

I NDI RECT EV A PO RA TIV E CO O LIN G F IN The cooling fins are installed into each cooling facade panel. Each fin has a water supply tube that runs in the centre of the fin. The water is then evaporate into the two air chanels next to it. The evpourative cooling happens inside the fin so that the fins are always chilled. The hot air from the interior then enter into the gap of the facade moduel. After the heat is absorbed by the fins, it goes back into the room. The indoor air remained dry through out this process.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING PANEL PROFILE

_06

SOLAR PV PANELS

GUTTER SYSTEM

RESIN-BASED RECYCLED PLASTIC AGGREGATE FLOORING

COOLING VENT HOLES

BURIED COOLING FACILITY

RECYCLED POLYCARBONATE TRANSLUCENT PANELS

INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING FINS

COOLING WATER PIPE

RECYCLED POLYCARBONATE TRANSLUCENT PANELS

LOUVRE PROFILE

WATER SUPPLIED FROM EXTERNAL WATER HARVEST ING CANOPY AND RAINWATER COLLECTION

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

RECYCLED PLASTIC MESH FILTER

06_ E V A LU A TION

W A T ER HA RVE STING FABRIC

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

The indirect evapourate cooling system would require a large amount of water supply. The water harvesting is applied as a canopy to the ramp. It not only provide shading, but also harvest water from the moist in the air during night time. The water are stored underground to preserve chilled temperature. The water harvesting canopy system system have high efficiency and is hope to provide not only for the cooling panels, but also to daily usage.

THE RAMP T he vi si tors are a ls o g iv e n a t o k e n , a s ma ll pi ece of col ourf u l r e c y c le d p la s t ic a n d a r e asked to pl ace it in t h e a b a c u s in s p ir e d h a n d rai l that w raps a r o u n d wit h t h e r a mp t h a t surrounds each o f t h e b u ild in g s . As t h e y p la c e the token on the t r a c k s , t h e y r o ll b a c k wa r d s w i th the sl ope o f t h e r a mp a n d a c c u mu la t e d duri ng the expo a n d t a lly t h e a mo u n t o f wa s t e that happens dur in g t h e e x p o .

ROTATING LOUVRE SYSTEM

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

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RECYCLED PLASTIC 2 TOKENS FROM EXPO PARTICIPANTS

RESIN-BASED 3 RECYCLED PLASTIC AGGREGATE FLOORING

REINFORCED PLASTIC EXTRUDED 4 STRUCTURAL BEAMS

EXTRUDED RECYCLED PLASTIC I-CHANNEL TRACKS

RECYCLED PLASTIC WATER CATCHING MEMBRANE FRAME & CATCHMENT

06_ E V A LU A TION

MATERIALITY

MATERIAL

Aims to address the consumption of materials that go into, or come out of a building during the operationalphase of its life cycle, through sustainable procurement and purchasing the management of waste.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE

RECYCLED CONTENT

RESUABLE CONTENT

MA T E R I A L S OUR C I NG

1 2

2 3

DAYLIGHT

- The recycled content is evaluated by weight and shall take into consideration 80% of the weight of the building. It includes pre-consumer, internal and postconsumer recycling.

ENERGY DEMAND

- The suppliers of materials assists in securing that materials are produced in environmentally conscious manner.

ENERGY SUPPLY

ENE RG Y

T OR MF O C

THERMAL COMFORT

- It is important to evaluate how the main materials are sourced, this includes recyclable material as well as their potential for recycling. MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

3 4

1 AIR QUALITY

ENERGY OFFSET

C ONS T R UC T I ON P R OC E S S - Reducing the quantity of materials being sent to landfill during the construction process by â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;designing out wasteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and effective site waste management. - Reusing, recycling and recovering waste material as appropriate.

Recycled Content

- Utilising materials and products with a high recycling and reuse potential.

The average of recycled content for all building materials (weighted by the proportion of the material in the building) could be: 1. 50%

2. 30%

3. 10%

4. 5%

80% of the weight of the building should be accounted for. Construction Waste

S T R A T E G Y F OR D I S A S S E MB L Y - One should also consider, how the building can be disassembled for recycling and re-use after its end of life.

The total weight of construction waste for land fill (weighted by the proportion of the material in the building) could be: 1. 5%

Use high-quality reused materials that encourage the markets for the reclamation of materials.

Reusable Content

- Separate the structure from the cladding to allow for increased adaptability and separation of non-structural deconstruction from structural deconstruction.

3. 15%

4. 20%

The average of reusable content for all building materials (weighted by the proportion of the material in the building) could be: 1. >80%

- Design joints and connectors to withstand repeated assembly and disassembly to allow for adaptation and for the connectors to be reused.

2. 10%

2. 60%

3. 40%

4. <20%

_06

e material stratl incorporates a sustainable material stratventilated cavi-a naurally ventilated cavilayers encloses vres are used to plastic louvres are used to ertical recycled RECYCLED PLASTIC rovide shading. ly reduce heat gain and provide shading.ROOF CLADDING yegrees in dealing withfor flexibility in dealing with to allow

at mitigates the barrier that mitigates the highly insulated ates a chimney addition, the air cavity creates a chimney ry or on asdischarge. well as heat recovery or discharge.GRANULATED PLASTIC eed geometry that to pay off the tube-like geometry that

ate a U-valof awith recycled polycarbonate with a U-valre performance optical clarity, excellent fire performance ut compro,ising ural daylight to enter without compro,isingSOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC panels can betranslucent panels can bePANELS through these ,dreducing solar into the polycarbonate, reducing solar insulation sound material benefits good sound insulation

Recycl ed Conte nt RECYCLED RECYCLED PLASTIC POLYCARBONATE CLADDING LOUVRE (TRANSPARENT)

RECYCLED PLASTIC Through adequate research into pyrolysis and CLADDING plastic recycling and fabrication, we are able to (TRANSPARENT)

RECYCLED PLASTIC EARTH INFILL SLAB ROOF CLADDING

suggest that the pavilion would largely be built from recycled and repurposed plastic material. This is critical to the conceptual framework of the pavilion and the influence it will have during the EARTH INFILL SLAB expo during and afterwards as well.

PLASTIC ENERGY GRANULATED PLASTIC

Due to the amount of waste expected to be produced during the expo construction, our pavilion will largely be comprised of the waste PLASTIC ENERGY from the surrounding pavilions.

RECYCLED TIMBER SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

RECYCLED TIMBER

Const r uct i on W aste : It is the intent and desire that the building be entirely recyclable and therefore the amount of construction waste will be minimal, is it can be converted to energy on site at the energy hub.

Reusabl e C onte nt: It is the intent and desire that the building be entirely recyclable and therefore built in such a way that is demountable. The energy hub is then able to convert the plastic elements into useable fuel or oil products which can then be used for energy or the recreation of plastic for the postexpo community.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

MATERIALS

RECYCLED POLYCARBONATE LOUVRE

06_ E V A LU A TION

MATERIAL

COMFORT CONSTRUCTION WASTE

Aims to improve occupants’ experience of the space by encouraging and rewarding initatives and measured outcomes relating to attributes that enhance the comfort and well-being of occupants.

RECYCLED CONTENT

RESUABLE CONTENT

1 2

2 3

DAYLIGHT

3 4

ENERGY DEMAND

D A Y L I G HT - The pavilion should allow for optimal daylight and attractive views to the outside.

- Electric lighting during daytime should rarely be necessary, which should make it possible to reduce the overall energy consumption for lighting.

ENE RG Y

- Photoelectric lighting control must be incorporated in to the external lighting systems to reduce energy demand. Reduce lighting power density or shutoff external lighting during out-of-hours periods.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

ENERGY SUPPLY

T OR MF O C

THERMAL COMFORT

AIR QUALITY

- Glazing areas should be sized appropriately to balance daylighting requirements with reduced heat gains. Glazing ratios between 20 to 35 percent are likely to be appropriate.

Daylight

The amount of daylight in major spaces are evaluated through average daylight factor levels on a horizontal work plane, where DF>: 1. 5%

T HE R M A L C OM FORT

ENERGY OFFSET

2. 3%

3. 2%

4. 1%

Daylight factors are calculated using a validated daylight simulation program.

- The pavilion should minimise overheating without unnecessary energy use. - Where possible, use simple, energy-efficient and easily maintained solutions.

Thermal Comfort

The maximum indoor temperature limits apply in periods with an outside Trm of 12°C or more. For major spaces in dwellings without mechanical air conditioning and with adequate opportunities for natural (cross or stack) ventilation, the maximum indoor operative temperatures are: 1. Ti,o < 0.33 x Trm + 20.8°C 2. Ti,o < 0.33 x Trm + 21.8°C 3. Ti,o < 0.33 x Trm + 22.8°C 4. Ti,o < 0.33 x Trm + 23.8°C Trm is the Running Mean outdoor temperature as defined in ‘chapter 3.11 External temperature, running mean of EN 15251:2007’.

Indoor Air Quality

The fresh air supply shall be established according to the below limit values for indoor CO2 concentration in living rooms, bedrooms, study rooms and other rooms with people as the dominant source and that are occupied for prolonged periods: 1. 500 ppm above outdoor CO2 concentration 2. 750 ppm above outdoor CO2 concentration 3. 1000 ppm above outdoor CO2 concentration 4. 1200 ppm above outdoor CO2 concentration

- Incorporate passive solar control measures (such as sun screens, pergolas, and trellises) in their pavilion design to control solar gain and maintain thermal comfort adjacent to facade openings.

V E NT I L A T I ON - Adequate ventilation and exhaust is important to prevent build-up of odours, carbon dioxide, allergens, and toxins in indoor air. - Maximize use of natural (passive stack) ventilation to achieve high energy efficiency. - Separate exhaust should be provided to food preparation areas, toilets, and waste storage.

_06

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

OOM

TRANSLUSENT TRANSLUSENT

CEILING CEILING

PVC PVC

WHITE WHITE

FLOOR FLOOR

PLASTIC & & RESIN RESIN PLASTIC

LIGHT GREY GREY LIGHT

ROOM ROOM

2% 2%

PVC PLASTIC & RESIN

WINDOW WALL RATIO WINDOW CEILING RATIO ROOM HEIGHT

TRANSLUSENT

WHITE

ROOM AREA

200 sqm

OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE

OBSTRUCTION HIGHT

TRANSLUSENT

ALL

POLYCARBONATE

TRANSLUSENT

EILING

PVC

LOOR

PLASTIC & RESIN

ROOM HEIGHT ROOM DIAMETRE

50%

BI OPLASTI C HUB

COLOUR

POLYCARBONATE

WHITE

10%

LIGHT GREY

70%

5.5 m 32 m

0 0m m 0 0m m

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

TRANSLUSENT TRANSLUSENT

CEILING CEILING

PVC PVC

WHITE WHITE

FLOOR FLOOR

PLASTIC & & RESIN RESIN PLASTIC

LIGHT GREY GREY LIGHT

WINDOW WALL WALL RATIO RATIO WINDOW

70% 70%

WINDOW CEILING CEILING RATIO RATIO WINDOW

5% 5%

ROOM HEIGHT HEIGHT ROOM

5.5 m m 5.5

ROOM DIAMETRE DIAMETRE ROOM

32 m m 32

ROOM AREA AREA ROOM

803.8 sqm sqm 803.8

OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE OBSTRUCTION OBSTRUCTION HIGHT HIGHT

5m 5 m 3 3m m

0% 0%

COLOUR TRANSLUSENT

WALL

POLYCARBONATE

TRANSLUSENT

CEILING

PVC

WHITE

FLOOR

PLASTIC & RESIN

LIGHT GREY

85% 90%

ROOM HEIGHT

4.5 m

ROOM DIAMETRE

17 m

ROOM AREA

803.8 sqm

ROOM AREA

226.9 sqm

OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE

10 m

OBSTRUCTION HIGHT

MATERIAL MATERIAL

COLOUR COLOUR

GLAZING GLAZING

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

TRANSLUSENT TRANSLUSENT

WALL WALL

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

TRANSLUSENT TRANSLUSENT

CEILING CEILING

PVC PVC

WHITE WHITE

FLOOR FLOOR

PLASTIC & & RESIN RESIN PLASTIC

LIGHT GREY GREY LIGHT

I NDOOR A IR Q U A 85% LITY WINDOW WALL WALL RATIO RATIO 85% WINDOW

: ROOM ROOM

WINDOW CEILING CEILING RATIO RATIO WINDOW

90% 90%

ROOM HEIGHT HEIGHT ROOM

4.5 m m 4.5

ROOM DIAMETRE DIAMETRE ROOM

17 m m 17

The has been in a way to be largely ROOM pavilion AREA 226.9 designed sqm ROOM AREA 226.9 sqm OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE DISTANCE 10 m m OBSTRUCTION 10 free and open to accommodating winds. The operable OBSTRUCTION HIGHT HIGHT 5m m OBSTRUCTION 5 louvre system can be controlled to enable appropriate air quality and ventilation. The indirect evaporative cooling system also integrates a vented exhaust system as part of the cooling of the evaporative members, This means the building is constantly flushing itself of stagnant air and a desirable CO2 level can be attained.

humidity ratio

50% 50%

2% 2%

POLYCARBONATE

WINDOW CEILING RATIO

Desirable day lighting has been achieved through the use of carefully positioned openings and operable louvre systems. This means the day lighting can be controlled according to the conditions on any given day.

5% 5%

MATERIAL

WINDOW WALL RATIO

DAYLI GHT

10% 10%

GLAZING

ROOM

200 200 sqm sqm

OBSTRUCTION OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE DISTANCE OBSTRUCTION OBSTRUCTION HIGHT HIGHT

WALL WALL

16 m m 16

ROOM ROOM AREA AREA

TRANSLUSENT TRANSLUSENT

0% 0%

MATERIAL

4.5 m m 4.5

ROOM DIAMETRE DIAMETRE ROOM

COLOUR COLOUR

ROOM ROOM

2% 2%

3% 3%

ROOM HEIGHT HEIGHT ROOM

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

4.5 m

85% 85%

WINDOW CEILING CEILING RATIO RATIO WINDOW

MATERIAL MATERIAL

5% 5%

85%

16 m

WINDOW CEILING RATIO

10% 10%

LIGHT GREY

ROOM DIAMETRE

WINDOW WALL RATIO

50% 50%

TRANSLUSENT

WINDOW WALL WALL RATIO RATIO WINDOW

GLAZING GLAZING

COLOUR

LAZING

OOM

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

5% 5%

RECY CLIN G HU B

MATERIAL

ALL

LOOR

TRANSLUSENT TRANSLUSENT

WALL WALL

0% 0%

LAZING

EILING

10% 10%

COLOUR COLOUR

POLYCARBONATE POLYCARBONATE

25 Natural Ventilation

Conventional Air Conditioning

3pm

THERMAL CO M F O RT

12pm

15 9am

Passive Solar Heating

90%

This is largely hard to quantify, first and foremost because Dubai is a very intense and harsh environment. Its high temperatures and humidity levels are difficult to control and moderate. Adequate shading, indirect evaporative cooling technology and reflective and insulative materials have been used to limit the uncomfortable nature that the climate dictates.

Comfort

Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling

70% Conventional Heating

30% Mean Radiant Temperature

9am, 12 and 3pm represented by the respective dots on a typical winter day in Dubai as taken from the main making hub space on the western side.

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

CO LLE CTIO N HU B

50% 50%

MATERIAL MATERIAL GLAZING GLAZING

06_ E V A LU A TION

ENERGY

MATERIAL

Aims to implement strategies and take actions to measure and reduce a building’s operational and embodied energy use, below that of a comparable standard-practice building.

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D A Y L I G HT

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2 3

- The pavilion should aim towards a minimized energy demand by minisming the use of energy and fluctuation of heat gain and loss within the building.

DAYLIGHT

3 4

ENERGY DEMAND

- This can be achieved through the limiting of energy intensive solutions.

3 ENERGY SUPPLY

- Adequate solutions could include but are not limited to solar gain, daylight, natural and stack ventilation, ventilative cooling and thermal mass systems.

ENE RG Y

T OR MF O C

THERMAL COMFORT 2

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

- Adequare dynamic shading for cooling and minisming heat gain is essential.

AIR QUALITY

ENERGY OFFSET

- Use of intelligent insulative technologies and products will also be benefitial.

E NE R G Y S UP P LY - The aim of effective energy supply for the pavilion should be based on renewable and CO2 neutral energy sources.

Energy Demand

- Potential sources for locally sourced renewable energy supply include wind, solar and hydroelectric technologies.

The total energy demand for the building (including space and water heating, ventilation, air conditioning and cooling, technical installations and lighting). 1. ≤ 40 kWh/m2 3. ≤ 80 kWh/m2

- A self-sufficient pavilion is desired. - Consideration toward the local climate in Dubai will be critically to selecting effective and adequate supply sources for energy use onsite.

Energy Supply

E NE R G Y OF F S E T

2. ≤ 60 kWh/m2 4. ≤ 120 kWh/m2

The predicted annual energy supply from renewable energy and CO2-free energy sources produced on the pavillion site or nearby:

1. 100%+ 2. ≥75% 3. ≥50% 4. ≥25%

- With any construction there will be a large energy consumption output. Energy Offset

- Whilst all precautions and preventions in the amount of construction energy will be undertaken, the amount of renewable energy supply will need to offset this construction energy.

The total energy produced from pavilion’s self-sustained 1 devices shoulde make up the total construction energy consumption by: 1. ≥400% 2. ≤300% 3. ≤200% 4. ≤100%

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G L O BA L WA R MI NG P OT E NT I A L ENERGY DEM A N D 26.250 10.750 EQUIPMENT

17.650 38.882

CONSTRUCTION

38.882 35.182

CONSTRUCTION

35.182

3.836 3.836 6.850

MAINTAINANCE USEUSE STAGE STAGE

19.978 19.978 17.650

EQUIPMENT

MAINTAINANCE

ENDEND OF LIFE OF LIFE STAGE STAGE

The demand of the pavilion with regard to energy consumption will be quite high. The participatory nature of the buildings programme requires such a demand for energy to power the equipment needed for the pavilion to be successful in how to tackles the issue of climate change and waste plastic. A small amount of energy will be needed to run the indirect evaporative cooling system and the artificial lighting on site.

26.250

10.750

PRODUCT STAGE

6.850 41.519

REFURBISHMENT

6.757

REFURBISHMENT

41.519

6.757

OPERATIONAL ENERGY USE OPERATIONAL ENERGY USE

ENERGY DEM A N D

319.119 30.558

OPERATIONAL WATER USE OPERATIONAL WATER USE

-12.460

WASTE TRANSPORTATION WASTE TRANSPORTATION

2.320 -2.320

319.119

The benefit of the pavilions strategy, despite having a high energy demand is the fact that it can supply its own energy through the Energy Hub and the fuel created there. The fuel and gas created through the process of pyrolysis and converting waste plastic to its oil state, can be used to power generators needed to power this pavilion. The pavilion also integrates solar PV panels to take advantage of the high solar radiation levels that Dubai has to offer.

30.558

9.766 9.766

-12.460 2.320

-2.320 1.020

WASTE PROCESSING WASTE PROCESSING

1.020

9.300 9.300 34.164

DISPOSAL

34.164

-9.300

DISPOSAL

25K 20K -10K -5K

-9.300 0 5K

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25K 20K -10K -5K

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ENERGY DEM A N D The pavilionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy producing strategy has almost endless proportions. The expo itself, both in its construction and its operation, will continuously be producing plastic waste. The state of the art plastic recycling facility to be incorporated onto the site, is capable of converting plastic into fuel. In a larger example of the system, 20 tonnes of rubbish can be converted into approximately 17 tonnes of fuel a year. It is likely that excess energy can then be supplied elsewhere, offsetting the pavilions energy demand.

TOTAL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL REDUCED GLOBAL WARMING OVER LIFE CYCLE POTENTIAL REDUCED = 398.834 kg CO2 eq OVER LIFE CYCLE = 398.834 kg CO2 eq

TOTAL 491.821 491.821 92.987 0

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500K 92.987

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500K

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE TOTAL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (KG CO2 EQ) BUILDING LIFE CYCLE TOTAL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (KG CO2 EQ)

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PRODUCT PRODUCT STAGE STAGE

PRODUCT STAGE

06_ E V A LU A TION

4 CRI TI CAL REFLECTI ONS

MATERIAL

9 CONSTRUCTION WASTE

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RESUABLE CONTENT

The project has been developed through the semester in a critical manor. The following segments have been divided between the group written by the individuals illustrating how as a group, the designers of this project have not taken critical analysis or decisions for granted, but rather have completed the assessment with an intent from the point of critical dissonance and reflective scrutiny.

1 2

2 3

DAYLIGHT

3 4

ENERGY DEMAND

3 ENERGY SUPPLY

ENE RG Y

T OR MF CO

THERMAL COMFORT

In order to truly assess the sustainability of the outcomes, every stage will be discussed and reviewed. The group believes that in order to have a truly sustainable building, it is not only the statistical or quantifiable parameters that must be accounted for. Social and visual qualitative assessments are paramount to the success of this project.

1 AIR QUALITY

ENERGY OFFSET

It must be prefaced that although the project is critically analysed. The group is happy with the standard the project achieved. All criticism has been mentioned not in a manner to undermine the project, but to acknowledge areas for future development, as every project is bound to have.

C ONC E P T UA L F R A ME WORK - KA R I N KE

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

Reconceptualising Plastic Waste As A Resource When reflecting upon this projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conceptual relevance to sustainability, it is integral to note that this project marks the transition in global approaches towards plastic waste in which the movement shifts from a reactive to proactive mode. The key force of this project lies in the significant reconceptualisation of plastic waste as a resource, emphasising possibilities in architecture that highlight the potential of recycled plastic as a construction material and as a source of energy. The project effectively challenges previous methods of plastic prevention and recycling involving incineration, landfill and export techniques to suggest that they are no longer effective as a long-term solution. The emphasis now swings to circularity in which the producer and user become stakeholders in the management of plastic life cycles. This exact relationship is addressed effectively in the program of this project where the individual plays a critical role ENTRY POINT in the recycling process. In doing so, the pavilion stimulates progress in inspiring global awareness when reflecting upon our interdependency on plastic recycling technology.HUB COLLECTION

1. 2. 3. MELTING AND MAKING Dubai Expo As A Critical Reflecting HUB Ground 4. BIOPLASTICS HUB This project critically comments on the logistics of the Dubai Expo, making visible the unaccounted for issues of building life cycles, resource extraction, 5. ENERGY HUB trash and debris. The concept of the ouroboros applied in our thinking involves the continuous renewal of matter in our pavilion, aligning the process of building successfully with the ideology of material sustainability. This cycle seamlessly comes to a close subsequently after the expo where the plastic 6. CAFE building material is recycled by the energy hub embedded on site. The conceptual framework bears many benefits related to the urban recycling process 7. AMENITIES such as decreasing the pressure on Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land, cutting the costs of associated production and transportation of new materials, and the lesser generation of waste. 8. ALGAE FARM By recycling plastic waste generated by the expo, the project presents an opportunity for the construction industry to keep up with the emerging paradigm 9. SUNKEN COURTYARD of eco-efficiency in the context of large-scale waste production. In conceptualising the feature ramp as an interactive element constantly in flux, in the pavilion becomes a successful visual indicator of plastic generation from expo audiences as this core idea communicates the immense scale of waste generated. The Role Of Architecture - Plastic Workshop Typology The role that architecture plays in the global plastic crisis is effective to a certain extent as ultimately, large scale investment and policy implementation prove to be main drivers of cultural change. While being aware of this, the proposal prompts thoughts about how architecture might critically repurpose its traditionally limited disciplinary tools and typologies in order to make a meaningful impact at a larger territorial scale. Through extensive research in material studies and building technologies, the pavilion showcases scenarios where the properties of plastic are pushed beyond their traditional limits where material constraints no longer prohibit what would normally be achieved.

In proposing an architectural typology that can be inserted into local contexts and communities, the key action of making the recycling process available and accessible to the general public is a relatable and realistic concept. What this concept effectively achieves is provides an alternative to the current recycling system that is anonymous, unaccountable and segregated in its location. The act of bringing plastic waste to the building allows the individual to instantaneously view the results of the recycling process, which we believe to be successful in encouraging interactive community-based recycling. This project successfully opens up a possibility of potential spaces created to foster a sense of community in which architecture acts as a catalyst to revitalise urban living. However the design is at this stage still an unrealised typology that requires implementation at a community level to test its success. The simplicity and transparency of the process that is showcased will hopefully contribute to the user satisfaction of experience, encouraging ongoing participation.

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DESIGN STRATEGIES - X I NY UA N F E NG Respond To The Brief In term of responding to the brief requirement, the project has thoroughly considered all of the requirement and combine them to achieve a sustainable yet inspiring pavilion. Since the 2020 Dubai theme is “Connecting Minds, Creating the Future”, it is an ideal platform for designers to reflect critical needs of our time as well as to build on a platform of global innovation for the participants to fulfill their potential. This inspired us to search for a global critical issue as our theme to explore. After China stop accepting waste disposal from Australia, plastic waste became a rising issue for us as a nation to solve. To demonstrate the honest Australian spirit, we chose this topic to better understand and potentially solve this highly relevant problem.

The visitors’ experience is crucial to an Expo pavilion design. The team has taken it into every stage of the design. The pavilion is aiming not only for providing information to the visitors but also through participation and personal involvement. The visitor’s experience starts even before their journey by finding their plastic ‘entry ticket’. The dramatic enter space encourages the visitors to use all of their senses to see, to touch and to hear as their plastic shred and rain around them. The centre void in the recycling hub sending a straight forward message of the quantity of the construction waste by its existence. The melting and making process later provide fun participation and rewarding outcome. The making process also gives the visitor faith in solving the plastic waste issue in the future. Material Studies The plastic waste is easy to resource and therefore the team has taken this opportunity to collect and experiment frequently. Through multiple testing and making, the project went beyond resolving building typology and spacial experience, but an even stronger development into material research and technical analysis. Through testing and making process, the team had a thorough understanding of the material. Putting ourselves as a visitor and physically making the recycled plastic and bioplastic sample has significantly improved the user experience. The project successfully analysis the property of plastic and maximize its potential through both construction and visitor’s experience. Close Connection To Other Pavilion Buildings It is often hard for an expo pavilion to have a strong connection to its neighboring buildings due to its temporality. However, the team has successfully achieved a close connection to the site through the energy hub design. It first collects the plastic waste produced from the other pavilions’ construction before its own. During the expo, it provides energy and fuel to other pavilions. It remains close connection even after the demolition because of its pyrolysis function. Blending Technology Into the Design The team has combined sustainable technology smoothly into the design. Every device or machine has become part of an architectural element. The indirect evaporative cooling system has been seamlessly put into the facade system and the shading louvers are placed inside the facade panels as one continues to ring. The water harvesting fabric becomes part of the ramp structure. Solar panels are hidden on top of the roof. Even heavy machine such as the pyrolysis device has humbly placed into the landscape. Future Improvement The building still has many areas left as half resolved. Choosing plastic as main structural components are still a risky choice. More research and experiment is required to ensure its structural strength. Also, more research is needed to understand the energy consumption of melting and moulding equipment.

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Visitor Experience

06_ E V A LU A TION

S US T A I NA B L E STRATEGI ES - P A UL C OUNS ELL Material Strategy: I believe the material strategy is one of the most successful and powerful factors of this pavilion design. Through rigorous experimentation and assessment, the plastic studies developed for the project have yielded sufficient grounds to say that the project will be both attractive, as well as suitable for the required design outcomes. I also believe that the plastic studies indicate the ability to clearly articulate the emotive and provoking aspects of the projects concept within the spatial context that have been designed. It must, however, be stated, that whilst all intentions have been directed towards ensuring the building works within its climate with regard to orientation, volume spacing and passive cooling and shading strategies, the performance and longevity of the material remains largely unknown. Real world tests, within the actual site and climatic conditions would be required for further investigation and assessment. Construction Sequence:

MARC4002 SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH STUDIO

I believe the construction of the building is not only innovative and powerful in and of itself, but would also be relatively simple. The process of shredding and extruding/moulding plastic is not a new concept. Much time was spent during the semester designing in a way in which the building could be simply constructed. The benefit of the cylindrical spaces not only fits the concept, but enables the pavilion to be constructed from repeated modules. This also means that the pavilion can be not only constructed easily, but also deconstructed easily. The best part about the pavilion is of course that we are not only creating something, we are also diverting waste from landfill and then ensuring it is converted to energy afterwards. I am critical however, that further investigation into the construction and make up of the pavilion is necessary to assess the viability of the pavilions structural integrity. It is likely that a small amount of reinforcement would be necessary. Passive Heating and Cooling Strategies: I believe this project successfully mitigates the harsh climatic conditions of Dubai. Being a hot and humid climate for most of the year, as well as being located in one of the harshest places on the planet means that passive heating and cooling is by no means easy. The orientation and form of the building successfully took into account sun and the difference in seasonal sun angles were also factored into the design. More so the positioning of the pavilion was informed by the prevailing winds to ensure adequate air supply and ventilation was attained. Further development of the indirect cooling strategy would be required and the system designed would also need further analysis by specific engineering to ensure a wall module panel is possible and effective. Being critical, the insulation of the building has been largely underdeveloped and would be a necessary addition to the pavilions strategy. Social Sustainability: The social sustainability aspect of the project has been thoughtfully and thoroughly considered and remains the key parameter in the projects success. The building aims to be a statement of Australia and the Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catastrophic and unchanged issue of plastic waste accumulation. In this, I feel it has the potential to not only inform Expo visitors of the issue, but move them emotionally, as well as allowing them to participate and see the benefit of the recycling process and the value that waste plastic can have if treated with the right intent. The feedback from Interim presentation resided around the fact that we had the design difficulty of making the process of recycling attractive to people. To the team's credit, I feel we have not only conceptual remained true to the issue of plastic waste and have developed the story of the pavilions programme well, but we have also been able to design a beautiful architecture that we feel will be one of the most loved pavilions at the Expo. The pavilion remains a statement and an example of what a community plastic recycling hub or centre could be. We wanted to showcase on a large scale the ease and simplicity as well as the communal potential that recycling and repurposing plastic can be to the individual, for at the moment, the process of plastic is done outside of the realm of the individual.

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Thermal Comfort Analysis: The results from the grasshopper and online calculations for the thermal analysis looks like the building is performing as it should and we are sufficiently happy with the outcomes. We must however recognise that we are not experts in using these programs and acknowledge there are a variety of factors within the program that could be incorporated into the analysis to make it more accurate, however this was not attainable due to our current level of expertise. This creates a future opportunity to complete a more accurate building modelling that incorporates all elements of the building, reducing the amount of assumptions that are made.

Another strong feature of our pavilion is the incorporation of the Energy Hub. This features state of the art technology from a University of Sydney professor and his team that have invented a process of treating all types of plastic, including end of life plastic which makes up half of the overall statistics. The benefit of this system means that before, during and after the expo, the pavilion is capable of producing its own energy to meet its own demand as well as produce energy for neighbouring pavilions within the expo. The power of this process means that we are not only cleaning up the planet, but we are also producing a valuable commodity from it, one which happens to perform more effectively and efficiently than regular fuel. Critically speaking, the size and scale of the energy hub plant would need to be assessed to ensure that the amount of space required to attain the desired amount of energy output needs to be evaluated with further research. We were not able to speak to the founder of the technology to gauge specification for the plant, so in this we have made an educated guess based off similar pyrolysis systems. Life Cycle Assessment: We have been able to do what we believe is the most thorough life cycle analysis with the tools that we had access to. When analysing this, we were able to show that we have lowered the embodied energy and CO2 emissions in the building compared to a typical construction, as laid out by eTool LCD as the default settings. This is of course all relative, as our pavilion is largely to be constructed of recycled waste plastic. By doing so we would effectively be preventing the environment from further pollution and repurposing potential landfill waste. Any embodied energy obtained through the production and construction process must be read with this aspect in mind.

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Energy Consumption:

07_ R E F E R E N CE

BIBLIOGRAPHY PYROLYSIS RESEARCH Dodd,G. 2019. Not Rapt in Plastic. Sydney Alumni Magazine. Issue 09. Pg.5-11 3D BAKERY - Klarenbeek and Dros https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/04/dutch-designers-eric-klarenbeek-maartje-dros-convert-algae-biopolymer-3d-printing-good-design-bad-world/ THE PEOPLE’S PAVILION - Bureau SLA, Overtreders W https://www.dezeen.com/2017/10/27/peoples-pavilion-dutch-design-week-low-ecological-footprint-bureau-sla-overtreders-w/ THE HEAD IN THE CLOUD PAVILION - Brooklyn Architecture, StudioKCA https://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/21/aia-small-projects-2014-head-in-the-clouds-pavilion-by-studiokca/ WEEZ & MERL RECYCLE PLASTIC WORKSHOP https://www.weezandmerl.com/process

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TOBACCO PLANTS http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/155/4/1690 DAILIGHT ANALYSIS http://people.bath.ac.uk/zw305/ROOM/daylightfactortab.php THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/ MATRIX ANALYSIS • Active House Alliance, ‘Active House - the specifications’ (2nd Edition) www.activehouse.info • Active House Alliance, ‘Active House - the guidelines’, www.activehouse.info • Expo 2020 Dubai, 2016, https://www.expo2020dubai.com/