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Certificate in
Power System Modeling and Analysis Training Course in
System Loss Analysis
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
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Course Outline 1. Distribution System Loss Models and Methodologies 2. Segregation of Distribution System Losses 3. System Loss Reduction and Control
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Distribution System Loss Models and Methodologies
Components of Distribution System Losses
Load-Loss Index Method
Sun “Load-Window� Models
Cespedes Segregated Joule and Black Loss Model
Chen Simplified Feeder Loss Model
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Components of Distribution System Losses The Philippine Distribution Code (PDC) mandates system losses to be segregated into the following components: a. Technical Loss; b. Non-Technical Loss; and c. Administrative Loss.
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Components of Distribution System Losses Technical Losses Load and no-load losses in: a. Sub-transmission lines and substation transformers; b. Primary distribution lines and distribution transformers; c. Secondary distribution lines and service drops; d. Voltage regulators, Capacitors and reactors; and e. All other electrical equipment necessary for the operation of the distribution system. U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Components of Distribution System Losses Non-Technical Losses The component that is not related to the physical characteristics and functions of the electrical system, and is caused primarily by human error, whether intentional or not. Includes the electric energy lost due to pilferage, tampering of meters and erroneous meter reading. Errors that are attributable to inaccuracies in metering and billing. U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Components of Distribution System Losses Administrative Losses The electric energy used by the Distribution Utility in the proper operation of the Distribution System. a. Distribution Substations; b. Offices, warehouses and workshops of the DU; and c. Other essential electrical loads of the Distribution Utility. U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Load-Loss Index Method
Establishes the relationship between the Load Factor and the Loss Factor
Load-Loss Index 2 FLS = aFLD + (1 − a)FLD
FLD
Pave = Pmax
FLS =
PLoss ,ave PLoss ,max
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
where: FLS= Loss Factor FLD= Load Factor Pave= Average Demand Pmax = Peak Demand PLoss,ave = Losses at average demand PLoss,max = Losses at peak demand Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Load-Loss Index Method
Assume a load curve with only two levels: peak load and off-peak load
FLD
Pave Pave = = Pmax P2
Pave = FLD = =
( P2 ⋅ t ) + ( P1 ⋅ (T
− t ))
P2
Peak Load
Pave
Average Load
P1
Off-Peak Load
T
( P2 ⋅ t ) + ( P1 ⋅ (T P2T
− t ))
PLS2
Peak Loss Average Loss Off-Peak Loss
PLS,ave PLS1
P T −t t + 1 ⋅ T P2 T U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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T
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Load-Loss Index Method PLS,ave
FLS
P ( =
LS,2
P ( =
LS,2
⋅ t ) + ( PLS,1 ⋅ (T − t ) ) T
P2
⋅ t ) + ( PLS,1 ⋅ (T − t ) ) PLS,2T
Pave
Average Load
P1
Off-Peak Load
PLS ,1 = kP ; PLS ,2 = kP 2 1
FLS
kP ( =
2 2
2 2
) (
⋅ t + kP ⋅ (T − t ) 2 1
kP22 ⋅ T
)
Peak Load
PLS2
Peak Loss Average Loss Off-Peak Loss
PLS,ave PLS1
2
t ⎛ P1 ⎞ T − t = +⎜ ⎟ T ⎝ P2 ⎠ T U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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T
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Load-Loss Index Method
Case 1: Off-peak load is zero
FLS = FLD
t = T
Case 2: Load is steady
FLS = FLD
t = T
Case 3: Very short-lasting peak
CONCLUSION In extreme cases, the Loss Factor is either proportional to the Load Factor or proportional to the square of the Load Factor U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
t →0 T −t →1 T FLS → ( FLD )
2
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Load-Loss Index Method Range of Values FLD2 < FLS < FLD
FLS = a FLD + (1-a) FLD2
Variation of Loss Factor with Load Factor 1.2 1 Loss Factor
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Load Factor
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Load-Loss Index Method
Example
A distribution feeder was found to have loss Factor with a = 0.16 and b = 0.84 Annual peak demand = 2000 kW Total I2R losses at peak load = 100 kW Total Energy delivered = 5,610,000 kWh What is the total annual Load Loss in kWh?
FLS = 0.16FLD + 0.84FLD2 U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Load-Loss Index Method FLD FLS
5.61 Ă&#x2014; 106 kWh = = 0.32 2000kW Ă&#x2014; 8760 = 0.16(0.32) + 0.84(0.32)2 = 0.1372
Average Power Loss =
Annual Load Loss =
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Sun Load Window Model*
Use Load Flow Simulations
Load Modeling uses â&#x20AC;&#x153;Load Windowsâ&#x20AC;? Weekday-Weekend, Seasonal (Winter, Summer, shoulder)
Line and Cable Modeling R + jX for each line/phase
Transformers Leakage impedance + Core Losses Core Losses as a function of voltage Single-phase or three-phase
*IEEE, 1980 U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Chen Simplified Feeder Loss*
Load Patterns Determined using load survey (metering) and customer survey
Secondary Circuit Equivalent resistance (Rb*Leq)
Use Regression Analysis after Load Flow simulations
*IEEE, 1994-1997 U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Chen Simplified Feeder Loss PLoss = 32.6433 + 0.752PLH + 2.0041S LH
⎛ LD ⎞ − 0.0908TR + 3.0206⎜ ⎟ ⎝ PF ⎠
2
2
Where, PLoss: total feeder loss (KW) P LH: primary conductor length (km) S LH: secondary conductor length (km) TR: total transformer capacity (MVA) LD: feeder loading (MW) PF: power factor of feeder loading
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Segregation of Distribution System Losses
Total Distribution System Losses
Administrative Losses
Unbundling the Technical & Non- Technical Losses
BENECO DSL Segregation
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Total Distribution System Losses Energy Delivered to the Distribution System
-
Energy Delivered to Users
=
Total Distribution System Losses
Administrative + Loss
Technical Loss + Non-Technical Loss Bundled Losses to be Segregated
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Total Distribution System Losses Total DSL = Energy Input - Energy Output Total DSL = Σ[Energy delivered by the Transmission System] + Σ[Energy delivered by Embedded Generating Plants] + Σ[Energy delivered by Other Distribution Systems] + Σ[Energy delivered by User Systems with Generating Units] - Σ[Energy delivered to the Users of the Distribution System] U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Administrative Losses The actual (i.e. metered) electric energy consumed by essential loads in the facilities of the Distribution Utility
Administrative Loss = = Σ[Energy Consumed by Distribution Substations] + Σ[Energy Consumed by Offices of the DU] + Σ[Energy Consumed by Warehouses and Workshops]
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Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss Technical Losses
Non-Technical + Losses
-
Quantified through 3-Phase Unbalanced Load Flow Simulations
Technical Losses Residual after subtracting Administrative & Technical Losses from the Total Distribution System Losses U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss Distribution System Loss Segregation Program Distribution System Data
Customer Energy Bill
(3-phase Load Flow)
Distribution Reliability Assessment Metering Equipment Inventory
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Segregated Technical Loss (Billing Period)
Metering Equipment Loss
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Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss Technical Loss = ÎŁ[Hourly Load and No-Load (or Fixed) Losses in all
electrical equipment, devices and conductors] a)Sub-transmission Lines b)Substation Power Transformers c)Primary Distribution Lines d)Distribution Transformers e)Secondary Distribution Lines f) Service Drops
g) h) i) j)
Voltage Regulators Capacitors Reactors Other electrical equipment
Hourly Load Flow Simulations
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Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)
Subtransmission Lines
Substation Transformer
Three-Phase Unbalanced Load Flow Simulations a)Sub-transmission Lines b)Substation Power Transformers c)Primary Distribution Lines Distribution d)Distribution Transformers Transformer e)Secondary Distribution Lines f) Service Drops g)Voltage Regulators h)Capacitors i) Reactors j) Other electrical equipment U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals) Misc Loads
Secondary Distribution Lines Service Drop
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
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Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss
Calculation of Metering Equipment
Potential Transformer Loss = Power Loss in PT (kW) x Number of PT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Current Transformer Loss = Power Loss in CT (kW) x Number of CT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Potential Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Current Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Operating Hours = No. of days x 24 hours â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SAIDI U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss Non-Technical Loss = Total Distribution System Losses - Administrative Loss - Technical Loss - Recovered Losses Note: Losses recovered from anti-pilferage activities are subtracted from the total distribution system losses. Recovered Energy shall be so reported to reflect its character as a delayed metered energy consumption of End-Users. U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Summary of Segregated DSL
Monthly DSL Segregation for one year
Summary of DSL per Feeder
Summary of DSL per Substation
Summary of DSL Segregation Per Receiving/Metering Point
Summary of DSL Segregation For Total Distribution System
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BENECO DSL Segregation EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE TECHNICAL DATABASE, SINGLE LINE DIAGRAMS, MAPS AND OTHER INFORMATION THAT ARE SIGNIFICANT IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BENECO AMFM/GIS
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ELECTRONIC DRAWING OF GEOGRAPHICAL FRANCHISE COVERAGE Road Network River Network Municipal Boundaries Barangays Sitios Subdivisions Landmarks DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT & FACILITIES PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBERING Power Transformers Circuit Breakers Power Circuit Breakers Reclosers Capacitors Fuse Cut-outs Poles Distribution Transformers
POLE PLATES & EQUIPMENTS STICKERS
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BENECO DSL Segregation ELECTRONIC DRAWING OF GEOGRAPHICAL FRANCHISE COVERAGE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT & FACILITIES PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBERING
DISTRIBUTION LINE AND EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES SURVEY Poles Distribution Transformer Distribution System Lines And other Equipments, pole attachments
CONSUMER MAPPING Building Consumers
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BILLING SYSTEM
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BENECO DSL Segregation DISTRIBUTION LINE AND EQUIPMENTS/FACILITIES SURVEY CONSUMER MAPPING
ENCODING
BENECO AMFM
SURVEY & MAPPING DATABASE
BILLING SYSTEM
ERC DSL TEMPLATES
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BENECO DSL Segregation PROCESS OF TECHNICAL LOSS SEGREGATION INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ENTRY OF DATA IN THE ERC DSL TEMPLATES
ERC DSL TEMPLATES
BENECO AMFM
PASSED CHECKERS
ENGINEERING ATTRIBUTES CHECKER
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DATA SANITY CHECKER
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BENECO DSL Segregation PROCESS OF TECHNICAL LOSS SEGREGATION PASSED CHECKERS
ERC DSL TEMPLATES
POWER SYSTEM MODELING
LOAD MODELS NETWORK MODELS
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THREE-PHASE UNBALANCED LOAD FLOW
SEGREGATED TECHNICAL LOSSES IN KWHR
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TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION
INPUT ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Month
DSL Segregator
DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month
Output result to use: (kwhr per day) Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses
Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) INPUT (KW) per hour INPUT (KVAR) per hour
Compute DSL simulation output into Per Metering point Per month
Compute Power Transformer Losses
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss
INPUT Rating of the Power Transformer Compute Input data to use:
Metering, CT’s & PT’s losses
No. of metered consumers per feeder
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses
INPUT Internal Loss of Kwhr Meters, CT’s and PT’s
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DSL RESULT PER FEEDER PER HOUR PER DAY IN A MONTH
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BENECO DSL Segregation SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES ANALYSIS
NON-TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION PROGRAM TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION PROGRAM TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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BENECO DSL Segregation Technical Loss, 52.76%
TEST YEAR SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES
NonTechnical Loss, 46.74%
Administrative Loss, 0.50%
Loss
Kwhr
%
167, 791
0.0594%
Technical
18,181,059
6.3153%
Non-Technical
15,487,726
5.5951%
TOTAL
33,836,577
11.9698%
Administrative
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BENECO DSL Segregation SEGREGATED TECHNICAL LOSS
% LOSS
% SHARE
Power Transformer Load Loss
0.0590%
0.9338%
Power Transformer No-Load Loss
0.2372%
3.7559%
Primary Line
1.3805%
21.8597%
Primary Service Drop
0.0000%
0.0000%
Dist. XF Load Loss
0.3438%
5.4445%
Dist. XF No-Load Loss
1.7397%
27.5469%
Secondary
2.1652%
34.2848%
Secondary Service Drop
0.0691%
1.0937%
Shunt Capacitor Loss
0.0029%
0.0456%
kWhR Meter Loss
0.3180%
5.0350%
Total Technical Loss
6.3153%
100.0000%
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BENECO DSL Segregation TECHNICAL LOSS DISTRIBUTION TECHNICAL LOSS ALLOCATION kWhR Meter Loss 5% Pow er Xformer Load Loss 1% Shunt Capacitor Loss 0%
Secondary Service Drop 1%
Pow er Xformer No-Load Loss 4% Primary Line 22%
Secondary 34% Dist. XF Load Loss 5%
Dist. XF No-Load Loss 28%
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SEGREGATED SYSTEM LOSSES
13.2 KV System
Administrative Loss
0.3998%
Technical Loss
9.8906%
Non-Technical Loss
7.4183%
TOTAL LOSSES
17.7088%
13.2KV SYSTEM 23KV SYSTEM SEGREGATED SYSTEM LOSSES
23 KV System
Administrative Loss
0.0393%
Technical Loss
6.1051%
Non-Technical Loss
5.4879%
TOTAL LOSSES
11.6324%
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BENECO DSL Segregation TEST YEAR SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER SYSTEM VOLTAGE PERCENT (%) TECHNICAL LOSSES
KWHR TECHNICAL LOSSES
SEGREGATED SYSTEM LOSSES
13.2 KV System
23 KV System
Total
13.2 KV System
23 KV System
Total
Administrative Loss
62,768.60
105,022.54
167,791.14
0.3998%
0.0393%
0.0594%
Technical Loss
1,552,634.80
16,299,669.83
17,852,304.63
9.8906%
6.1051%
6.3153%
Non-Technical Loss
1,164,538.99
14,651,941.84
15,816,480.83
7.4183%
5.4879%
5.5951%
TOTAL LOSSES
2,779,942.39
31,056,634.21
33,836,576.60
17.7088 %
11.6324 %
11.9698 %
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BENECO DSL Segregation TEST YEAR SEGREGATED TECHNICAL LOSSES PER SYSTEM VOLTAGE KWHR TECHNICAL LOSSES
TECHNICAL LOSSES Power Xformer Load Loss
13.2 KV System
23 KV System
PERCENT (%) TECHNICAL LOSSES 13.2 KV System
Total
23 KV System
Total
5,232
161,467
166,700
0.0333%
0.0605%
0.0590%
Power Xformer No-Load Loss
105,295
565,221
670,517
0.6708%
0.2117%
0.2372%
Primary Line
451,032
3,451,427
3,902,460
2.8732%
1.2927%
1.3805%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
Primary Service Drop Dist. XF Load Loss
-
6
6
32,239
939,729
971,968
0.2054%
0.3520%
0.3438%
Dist. XF No-Load Loss
591,212
4,326,553
4,917,765
3.7661%
1.6205%
1.7397%
Secondary
209,447
5,911,176
6,120,623
1.3342%
2.2141%
2.1652%
4,275
190,979
195,254
0.0272%
0.0715%
0.0691%
0.0025%
0.0029%
0.0029%
898,866
0.9779%
0.2792%
0.3180%
17,852,305
9.8906%
6.1051%
6.3153%
Secondary Service Drop Shunt Capacitor Loss kWhR Meter Loss Total Technical Loss
394 153,507 1,552,635
7,753 745,359 16,299,670
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BENECO DSL Segregation FORECASTED SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES
YEAR
1st Year
2nd Year
3rd Year
4th Year
5th Year
Energy Input (KWH)
Total System Losses (%)
Administrative Loss (%)
Technical Loss (%)
Non Technical Loss (%)
313,577,324
12.1222%
0.0621%
6.4611%
5.5951%
341,755,055
12.2757%
0.0583%
6.6187%
5.5951%
372,339,284
12.3994%
0.0535%
6.7477%
5.5951%
405,588,445
12.5074%
0.0491%
6.8604%
5.5951%
442,271,657
12.7071%
0.0493%
7.0604%
5.5951%
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PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSS CAPS YEAR
Technical Loss Cap
Declining NonTechnical Loss Caps
Administrative Loss Cap (Annual KWH)
2006
5.9833% to 6.9388%
5.5951%
194,741
2007
6.1281% to 7.1094%
4.7486%
199,147
2008
6.2431% to 7.2523%
3.8585%
199,147
2009
6.3431% to 7.3778%
3.1278%
199,147
2010
6.5249% to 7.5959%
2.7644%
218,218
FORECASTED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSS YEAR
FORECASTED SYSTEM LOSS RANGE
2006
11.6480%
TO
12.6047%
2007
10.9425%
TO
11.9251%
2008
10.1628%
TO
11.1733%
2009
9.5279%
TO
10.5639%
2010
9.3467%
TO
10.4191%
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System Loss Reduction and Control
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Distribution Rehabilitation Plan Safety Power Quality Problem Correction Reduce Technical Losses
Distribution Expansion Plan Capacity that complies with Power Quality Standards and Controlled Technical Losses
PDC: Distribution Development Plan • Technical Analysis • Economic Analysis U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
• Financial Analysis
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Use the results of the Distribution System Segregation Program for Technical Loss Reduction Program. Ranks the technical losses from the highest to lowest ( Per Substation, Per feeder, per section, etc.) Make a Specific Technical Loss Reduction Program based on your technical analysis!!! Simulate your proposed technical loss reduction solutions to quantify the technical loss reduction Optimize your proposed technical loss reduction solutions
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses 3.2.5.2 The maximum Voltage Unbalance at the Connection Point of any User, excluding the Voltage Unbalance passed on from the Grid, shall not exceed 2.5% during normal operating conditions.
Voltage Unbalance =
Max{ Vphase â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Vaverage
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses DSC-PDC-011 Reduction of Technical Loss through Reactive Power compensation Reactive Power Compensation Distributors shall correct feeder and substation feeder bus Reactive Power demand to a level, which will economically reduce feeder loss. (PDC 3.4.3.3) U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses Power Factor at Connection Point (PDC 3.4.3.1) Distribution Users shall maintain a Power Factor of not less than 85% lagging at the connection point with the Distributorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s System. Power Factor Penalty and Incentive Scheme ((PDC 3.4.3.2) Distributors may establish penalties for User Power Factors that are less than a specified target level, and incentives for User Power Factors that are greater than the target level. U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
48.43 KVAR
100 KW
100 KVA PF = 1.00
100 KW
111.11 KVA PF = 0.90
75 KVAR
100 KW
102 KVAR
100 KW
125 KVA PF = 0.80
142.86 KVA PF = 0.70
133.33 KVAR
100 KW
166.67KVA PF = 0.60
Required increase in the apparent and reactive powers as a function of the load power, holding the real power of the load constant. U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses 43.59 KVAR 100 KW
100 KVA PF =1.00
90 KW
100 KVA PF = 0.90
60 KVAR
71.41 KVAR
80 KW
70 KW
100 KVA PF = 0.80
100 KVA PF= 0.70
80 KVAR
60 KW
100 KVA PF = 0.60
Change in the real and reactive power as a function of the load power, holding the apparent power of the load constant U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
54
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses 252 V 240 V 228 V
At Peak Load
252 V 240 V 228 V
At Off-Peak Load
The effects of a fixed capacitor on the voltage profile of feeder U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
55
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
SWITCHED CAPACITORS U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
FIXED CAPACITORS Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
56
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Sizing of the fixed and switched capacitors to meet the daily reactive power demands U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
57
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Meeting the reactive power with fixed, voltage-control, and time-control capacitors U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
58
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Financial Benefits Due to Capacitor Installations 1. Demand reduction 2. Energy reduction 3. Revenue increase due to voltage improvement 4. Reduction of technical losses
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Vav , after Vav ,before 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
â&#x2C6;&#x2020;kWh increase, % 0 8 16 25 34 43 52
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
59
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Causes of Pilferages Long run of open secondary networks “conducive” for illegal tapping Services run from one building to the next and attached to various structures (e.g., trees) making it difficult for meter readers to follow the wires or spot illegal connections Secondary wiring with “rat’s nest” appearance due to poor workmanship Inaccessible meters (located indoor or inside a compound) Control of meter seals Poor meter records (where and when the meters are installed, maintained, removed, condemned, etc.) U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
60
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Detection of Pilferages
Surveillance Teams (working full time) Consumer connections inventory to assure that: • •
All service connections are metered All energized services are in an “active” status in the billing system • There are no illegal taps, by-passed meters, or tampered meters • Each household is metered separately (no flying taps) • Each consumer is properly classified 1. Match all service connections found in the field to a distribution transformer 2. Match the meter number to the account number 3. Check meter reading against previous readings to assure that meter readings are being properly reported U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
61
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Tampered Meters
In-Place Quick-test for Accuracy
Hard-to-Detect Tampering • • • •
Gear teeth removed Small hole bored at the top of the meter housing “Floating Neutral” Swapping the line-side and load side
Correcting Problems • •
Service conductors are not properly supported Service wire insulation has deteriorated
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
62
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Apprehension of Pilferers
Confronting the consumer
Documenting the findings including police blotter
Calculating the amount of electricity stolen
Setting the penalty amount to be charged
Disconnecting service and removing the meter â&#x20AC;˘
Must include policemen or barangay officials
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
63
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Punitive Measures Against Pilferers R.A. 7832 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Theft of electricity is a crime Removal of fraudulent hook-ups Collection for unregistered consumption Penalty charge Connection charge Disconnection of service Filing charges with judicial authorities Charging for tampering with seals Regularly scheduled inspections
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
64
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Prevention of Pilferage by Service Entrance Modification
Installation of Service Entrance Conduits from the service entrance cap up to the Kwhr meter must be surfaced mounted and visible to the street.
Installation of meters on the service pole for prone power theft area.
Meter clustering in apartment and condominium buildings
Use of intelligence electronic meter and better meter seals
Security plates or cabinets
Anti-fraud cables for service entrance U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
65
Surface Mounted Service Entrance RSC U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
66
Group Metering for Apartment Building U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
67
Pole Metering for Prone Power Theft Area U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
68
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Political and legal measures
Full and strict implementation of RA 7832 that impose severe penalties on employees who collaborate with consumers for the purpose of defrauding the DU
Modification of Procedures for recovery and prosecution
Elimination of political interference with bill collections
Consistent enforcement practices
Research and analyze decided legal power theft cases
Publicize successes
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
69
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses NEA SLRP
Complaints for low voltage from the customers
Look for the overload distribution transformers and compared the billings of all customers connected to that DT.
Distribution transformers that always trips may be suspected for illegal connections.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
70
Optimal Level of System Loss
Total Cost
Cost
System Loss Reduction Program Cost
Unrecovered Energy Cost
High
Optimal
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Low
System Loss
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
71
BENECO NON-TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Cost of Unrecovered VS NTL Reduction Program
M illion s
120 110
Cost of Unrecovered NTL
100
Cost NTL Reduction Program
90
Optimum level of loss reduction
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0.5595%
0.7693%
0.9791%
1.1890%
1.3988%
1.6086%
1.8184%
2.0282%
2.2381%
2.4479%
2.6577%
2.8675%
3.0773%
3.2871%
3.4970%
3.7068%
3.9166%
4.1264%
4.3362%
4.5461%
4.7559%
4.9657%
5.1755%
5.3853%
0 5.5951%
C ost (Php )
80
Non-Technical Loss (%)
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF NON-TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION = 2.7644%
EQUIVALENT PROJECT COST = P53,447,802.55 U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
72
BENECO NON-TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION PROGRAM
YEAR
Activities
Metering Point
1st Year
Sourcing of Funds for the Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program
2nd Year
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES:Procurement of Software and Hardware requirements
Lamut & Old NSC S/s
3rd Year
Selective Communal Distribution Transformer Metering, Inspection & Apprehension,
New NSC S/s
4th Year
KWH replacement, Replacement of Phasedout Meters
Irisan & NPC Beckel S/s
5th Year
SECONDARY ACTIVITIES:Loose connection correction, streetlight metering, photoswitch installation
Cost
-
Atok, Mankayan, Asin, Bineng, Bokod, Dalicno & Luelco
Targeted % Reduction of NonTechnical Loss
5.5951%
P 16,188,079.98
4.7486%
P 17,019,823.88
3.8585%
P 13,972,361.53
3.1278%
P 6,950,110.80
2.7644%
TOTAL PROJECT COST = P53,447,802.55 U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in System Loss Analysis
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
73
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering