ISSN 0115-6322
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Volume XXXVII No. 3 July-September 2008
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CONTENTS
Mission To deliver high-quality service and products for the purpose of instilling excellence in the electrical practitioner, enhancing the electrical profession, and making a positive contribution to national development 2008 IIEE BOARD OF GOVERNORS National President VP Internal Affiars VP External Affairs VP Technical Affairs National Secretary National Treasurer National Auditor Region I Region II Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX 2007 National President Officer in Charge
Hipolito A. Leoncio Arthur N. Escalante Gregorio Y. Guevarra Armando R. Diaz Gregorio R. Cayetano Jules S. Alcantara Alex C. Cabugao Dominador N. Valmote, Jr. Jose F. Bognot, Jr. Larry C. Cruz Antonio B. Millete Alan D. Junsay Roberto A. Cabarrubias Mario E. Viñas Manuel S. Ibabao Raymond A. Marquez
Publication Committee Chair Member Member Adviser Editorial Consultant
Frumencio T. Tan Ariel M. Gomez Dr. Allan C. Nerves Sixto C. Camaclang Robinson S. Uy
EDITORIAL STAFF Technical Head Publication Staff Layout/Communication Staff IT Staff Training Staff Technical Staff Marketing Head Account Executive Membership Head Administration Head Administrative Staff Finance Head
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IIEE CHAPTER NEWS BITS
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TO SMOKE OR NOT TO SMOKE?
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FEATURE STORY: EXPLORING TOMORROW’S ENERGY TODAY
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SPECIAL FEATURE: SUBSTATION ASSET MANAGEMENT STARTS WITH ASSETS ITSELF BY: Engr. Rodolfo Peñalosa
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TECHNICAL PAPER SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING IMMUNITY TO POWER QUALITY DEFECTS BY: Engr. Gener Restubog
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(First of the two-part series)
MEMBERSHIP UPDATES
The Electrical Engineer is published quarterly by the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE), with editorial and business offices at 41 Monte de Piedad Street, Cubao Quezon City, Philippines. Tel Nos. (632) 722-7383, 727-3552, 412-5772, 448-5211, 414-5626. Fax Nos. (632) 7273545 and 410-1899. Website: www.iiee.org.ph, www.iieeonline.com. Email: iiee@iiee.org.ph. Articles and visual materials may not be reproduced without written consent from IIEE. The publication reserves the right to accept or deny editorial and advertising material.
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PRESIDENT’S REPORT
WITH ALL DUE RESPECT:
Ramon P. Ayaton Marvin H. Caseda Rodyric F. Serrano Dickinson C. Lim Zaida Aileize Tinio Ma. Elena U. Liongson Allen M. Pido Nikki V. Menguito Joan Q. delos Santos Dickinson C. Lim (OIC) Alma C. Larce Evangeline J. Borromeo Melissa Ann D. Banabana Delfin M. Sitchon Gary E. Orillaza Eustaquio S. Libo-on Grendil S. Diestro Maria Ana A. Glifonea Rita T. Dela Cruz Karen Sacdalan
July-September 2008
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HEALTH SECTION:
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Armando R. Diaz
EDITOR’S NOTE
REGIONAL CONFERENCES
Ramon P. Ayaton
EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
THE
Vision To be the best and most prestigious professional technical organization in the Philippines
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Views or opinions expressed by the authors of articles and research studies published in the The Electrical Engineer DO NOT necessarily reflect the views of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE). Reactions and feedbacks from readers may be sent through e-mail at technical@iiee.org.ph.
The Electrical Engineer
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Editor’s Note
The IIEE Code of Ethics
To our Readers Exploring Tomorrow’s Energy Source Engr. Armando R. Diaz Editor-in-Chief
Foreword The Engineer shall uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and dignity of the engineering profession by: I. Using his knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare; II. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, his employers, and his client; and III. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession.
Fundamental We, therefore, Members of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE), in recognition of the never-ending involvement of our technology, in uplifting the quality of life, and in accepting a personal obligation and dedication to our profession, its members, and the communities we serve, do hereby pledge and commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: 1. To accept responsibility in making sound engineering decisions, consistent with the safety, health, and welfare of the public and the environment; 2. To avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest, and to disclose them to affected parties whenever they do exist; 3. To be honest, objective, impartial and realistic in stating claims of estimates based on available date; 4. To prevent graft and corruption in all its forms; 5. To improve the understanding of technology, its advancement, its appropriate applications, and potential consequences; 6. To maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by education, training or experience or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations; 7. To seek, offer, and accept constructive criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct technical errors; and to credit properly their contributions; 8. To treat fairly all persons regardless of race, religion, gender, disability, age, or natural origins; 9. To avoid injury to another’s life, property, reputation, livelihood by false or malicious actions; 10. To assist colleagues and co-worker in their professional development and to support them in following the Code of Ethics.
July-September 2008
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Dear readers, welcome to the third issue of the “Electrical Engineer Magazine.” We are proud to report to you that we are nearing the completion of our mission, to publish the entire issue of the EE magazine for 2008 within the year and we will not stop until we are done with this commitment. To give you an overview of what is inside; our EE staff has compiled the entire special events for the months of July, August, and September. Inside are the stories pertaining to the just concluded Region II, VII, and VIII Regional Conferences. Aside from information pertaining to the practice of the electrical profession, we also included facts on health and food practices. In relation to the Institute’s advocacy on renewable source of energy, we have prepared a small presentation pertaining to the above-subject. We summarized all the sources, its benefit, adverse effects, and other issues relevant to their usage. Inside also are the studies of Engrs. Rodolfo P. Peñalosa, the current Chairman of the Board of Electrical Engineering and Generoso G. Restubog, 2008 VP-Internal Affairs of the IIEE –Northern Laguna Chapter and currently connected with Intel Technology of the Philippines as a Facility Engineer. Finally, we would like to once more enjoin all our Regional Governors and Chapters to submit all their activities for the whole year. We will highlight significant movements of our members in pursuit of the interest of the Institute and its community. We will choose the best activity conducted by your Chapters and will feature the same in the fourth and final issue of the EE magazine for the year 2008. United, we can fulfill our mandated task for the betterment of the Institute and its membership, while moving forward promoting its vision and mission. As a professional body, I believe we can make a difference in the life of our fellowmen. Together, let us make IIEE the best organization not only here in our country but also throughout Asia Pacific, and possibly in the whole world. Mabuhay ang IIEE members!
The Electrical Engineer
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President’s Report
Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio Strengthening Partnerships
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or the first two issues of the Electrical Engineer Magazine, I have updated you on all the activities of the Institute pertaining to the distribution of the benefits for the membership and the updating programs that we took during the first half of the year. Now, let me inform you on the latest developments with regard to our Institute’s agenda to strengthen its partnership with our Government Agencies and Industry Partners. Last July 07, 2008, we signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the Philippine Technological Council (PTC). The MOA was signed at the IIEE National Office by: Engr. Alfredo Antonio(Geodetic Engineer of the Philippines ) as PTC President and yours truly as the IIEE representative. The following were also present: Engr. Raymond A. Marquez, (Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.) PTC Secretary; Engr. Romeo Agatep ( Institute of Electronics and Communication), Member PTC; and Engr. Lydia Tansinsin (Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineer ), Member PTC. For our Institute, Engr. Arthur N. Escalante, VP-Internal; Engr. Gregorio Y. Guevarra, VP-External, Engr. Armando R. Diaz, VP-Technical; and Engr. Jules S. Alcantara , Treasurer. As a backgrounder, the Philippine Technological Council (PTC) was established on the 12th day of June 1980. The Philippine Technological Council (PTC) was formed by a group of concerned and selfless individuals who shared a common ideal: to create a confederated league wherein all technological associations can participate and cooperate in the promotion and utilization of technological knowledge to improve the lives of the people and to contribute in the development of our nation. (It is a non-stock, non-profit corporation registered under the laws of the Republic of the Philippines) Among its goal is to promote professional interdisciplinary collaboration and interaction among professionals and its council member-organizations. The Council also aims to keep its members abreast with the latest developments in the rapidly changing world, promote a technological rapport among its members and other professional, and government organizations. PTC also serves as a single clearing house for a collective policy and action to aid concerned government agencies in the regulation of the profession. The PTC, as the unified umbrella organization of the different technological organizations, is one of the three councils forming the Philippine Federation of Professional Associations or PFPA. Aside from The ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations (AFEO), PTC is also affiliated with the World July-September 2008
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The Electrical Engineer
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President’s Report
Ceremonial Toast From left: Engrs. ARDiaz, GYGuevarra, ANEscalante, HALeoncio, AAntonio, RAgatep, Tansinsin, RAMarquez, and JSAlcantara
Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) and the Federation of Engineering Institutions of South Asia and the Pacific (FEISEAP), and is one of the prime movers behind the Asian Regional Network for Engineering Education Accreditation that seeks to establish the Asian Accord for engineering accreditation.
Present during the affair are: Engr. Alex C. Cabugao, Head-North Sales; Ms. Melinda P. Pedro, SAVP and Marketing Head; and Mr. Wendell Mediarito while Engrs. Arthur N. Escalante, Gregorio Y. Guevarra, Gregorio R. Cayetano and yours truly represented the Institute.
Meralco agreed to provide support to the Institute Being a member organization of PTC, IIEE for its 2008 activities that it may choose from. The agreed to help and host the FIRST Engineering agreement also provided section for the sharing of Summit in the country to be held on January 29- expertise and information pertaining to research, 31, 2009 at the SMX Convention Hall. A milestone study, and development of technology, mechanism, for the Council, as we will, gathers in one roof, all the system or method to promote the safe, efficient, technical/engineering professionals of the country. reliable, and inexpensive use of electricity. The event will also host a technical exhibition of all This agreement would enhance the present engineering manufacturers, suppliers, and services advocacy efforts of the Institute to promote Global provider of the Country. Electrical Safety, Energy Efficiency and Environmental As the host APO , we will provide guidelines and Protection. standard procedures in the coordination, planning, These agreements entered into in behalf of and staging of the Engineering Summit particularly in the Institute, does not only aim to strengthen the the area of event organizing and ways and means. relationships with our partners, but also to provide This year theme is “Challenges in Engineering our members with better facilities, fora, knowledge, Education, Practice, Governance and Environment.” and to reinforce the camaraderie of our members with other engineering professions in our country. Last August 26, 2008, we also renewed our tie In behalf of the Institute, I also attended and also signed a MOA with the Manila Electric various discussions relating to our objective this Company (MERALCO). July-September 2008
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The Electrical Engineer
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President’s Report The raffle mechanics of the program is inserted herewith for your guidance. For the membership figure as of August 2008, we have already 23, 980 members and still growing as the Institute constantly updates its database.
From L to R: Engrs. Escalante, Guevarra, Leoncio, Cayetano, Ms. Melinda P. Perdo of Meralco, Engr. Cabugao, and Wendell Mediarito
Improvement of Membership Benefits: For our membership benefits, the 2008 Board of Governors agreed to release Php200, 000.00 to purchase new books for the IIEE library. This is inline with our vision to provide our members with the latest references to carry out their studies/research. Also, as you are reading this, you may notice that this is the third issue of the Electrical Engineer magazine, again, we are doing everything possible to keep the magazine on time for our members to enjoy.
year. I participated in a round table discussion on the preparation of the Energy Summit and the contribution of all concerned organizations in response to the present energy situation which was hosted by the Asian Institute of Management last Strengthening IIEE-Government Industry August 13, 2008. Partnership: As discussed above, we have created and renewed ties with PTC and Meralco, Also, I represented the Institute in the UP Forum collaborations entered into for your benefit. We are which tackled the issue on Reducing Power Rates; also enhancing the standing relationship we have these and more colloquiums were partaken by the with our other partners to fortify our stand as one of Institute to ensure that we are on the right track in as the organized Institute in the country today and to far as our 3 point agenda is concerned. carry out power reform advocacies and environment protection. Lastly, as promised, let me update you on the latest occurrence relevant to our three-point agenda. In closing, I would like to take this opportunity to invite all of you to our 33rd Annual National Convention 99% Accuracy of Membership Database: and 3E XPO on November 5-8, 2008 at the SMX The Institute, under the guidance of our Chapter Convention Hall, Pasay City . The event will feature and Membership Development Committee chaired various technical and product presentations to be and co-chaired by Engrs. Joebe Panhilason and delivered by distinguished speakers. John Eduard Bautista have developed a method to encourage our members to update their details in our Also, exhibit booths which will showcase cutting Institute. edge technologies would be available for delegates to view. I hope to see you all there. The EE Empowering: IIEE’s Membership Pool was organized by the Committee to persuade the Fly High IIEE! membership to update their status. The promotion features prizes in which a member who have updated his details with the Institute will get a chance to win Laptops or PEC 1 books.
July-September 2008
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The Electrical Engineer
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iiee ee-empowering, iiee’s membership pool
KEEP YOURSELF EE-INFORMED and get a chance to win
asus laptops or pec 1 books Monthly winners will be drawn (via electronic process) at IIEE National Office 41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City, on the following schedule. August 30, 2008 September 30, 2008 October 30, 2008
Are you an electrical practitioner --- a Professional Electrical Engineer (PEE), a Registered Electrical Engineer (REE) or a Registered Master Electrician (RME)? Then you are IIEE’s target who deserves that EE edge.
2.
Explore current and emerging trends impacting your career or business in the electrical industry by updating your membership profile (active, inactive or new) with IIEE. By updating your membership profile, you are entitled to receive bountiful benefits including The Electrical Engineer Magazine, announcements of schedules of technical seminars, special prizes, and invitations to the annual national convention, regional conferences and sectoral meetings, among others. There are four (yes, only 4!) simple and easy steps to update your IIEE Membership Profile and join the RAFFLE: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Download the Membership Update Form in PDF / Membership Update or update On-Line at www.iieeonline.com. Ask for a Membership Update Form from your chapter. Fill up the form. Fax or email the form. (Fax Number (02) 727 3545 or (02) 410 1899 Email Address: membership@iiee.org.ph)
Form in MS Word at www.iiee.org.ph
Dont’ wait! There might be a lot of opportunities you are missing with each ticking second you fail to update your profile with IIEE. Prizes and Raffle Draw for IIEE members who submitted their 2008 Membership Update Form at IIEE National Office Membership Department Raffle Mechanics: 1. 2. 3.
Raffle period is from July 1, 2008 to November 8, 2008 Membership Update Form received at IIEE National Membership Department is entitled to one raffle number for the monthly raffle draw and the Grand Raffle draw during the IIEE 33rd Annual National Coference. All membership update form submitted previously or before July 1, 2008 are entitled to one raffle number for the monthly raffle draw and the Grand Raffle draw during the IIEE 33rd Annual National Conference.
Monthly winners will be notified via Telephone call from IIEE Phone as well as via registered mail sent to the registered address of the winning raffle entry.
Grand Raffle Draw: The Grand Raffle draw will be held during the IIEE 33rd Annual National Conference, November 8, 2008 at SMX Convention Center. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The prize is an EE-mpowering Package ASUS Notebook There will be FOUR (4) winners of the EE-mpowering Package There will be Ten (10) consolation prize winners of PEC 2000 PART1 or SELECT PROVISIONS OF PEC 2000 PART 1. A consolation prize winner will be disqualified from winning the EE-mpowering Package. Deadline of entries for the Grand Draw is 11:59pm of November 3, 2008 A printed name of all winners will come out on the last issue of IIEE Magazine and IIEE Website.
Other Details of the Raffle: > > > >
A winner can only win one monthly prize A monthly winner can still be qualified for the Grand draw A winner can only win once in the Grand Draw. All prizes not claim within 60 days shall be forfeited.
Requirements on Claiming the Raffle Prizes: 1. 2.
All winners are subject to verification. All monthly winners can claim their prizes at the IIEE National Office – 41 Monte De Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City. Grand Raffle winners can claim their prizes immediately after the raffle at the IIEE Secretariat, Membership Department or at IIEE National Office – 41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City. Raffle Prizes will be given to the winners after showing either of the following valid identification card only.
Monthly Raffle Draw:
3.
1.
The prize for the monthly raffle draw is PEC 2000 PART 1 OR SELECT PROVISIONS OF PEC 2000 PART 1
4.
There will be Ten (10) monthly winners. Deadline of entries for the monthly raffle draw is 11:59am of the last day of the month.
Current PRC ID or Proof of Renewal from PRC Current IIEE Membership ID or Proof of Membership Renewal to IIEE
July-September 2008
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The Electrical Engineer
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News Bits
Engr. Arthur A. Lopez; 2002-Engr. Francis M. Mapile; 2005-Engr. Virgilio C. Flordeliza; and 2007-Engr. Raymond A. Marquez. Also present were Engrs. Emilio J. Neri of the IIEE Advocacy Group; Wilfredo Alacdan, Cyrus Canto, Rolly Gualvez, Rod Pecolera, Ramon Gatchalian, all from NCR Affair Bureau; Elboy Gonzales, Technical Committee; Emil G. Marabulas, Professional Practice Committee; and Ronald Vincent M. Santiago of Academic Affairs Committee.
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rom the trying times during its beginning, up to the challenging eras it underwent, the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE)has remained steadfast and strong as it looks back at its journey and remembers all the advocates who have walked through its door and leave their indelible marks in the history of the Institute.
The event started with a thanksgiving mass presided by Father Glenn Gomez. The mass was organized by the IIEE Staff led by Mr. Ramon P. Ayaton, Officer-in-Charge and Head of Technical Department. Ms. Fely Carbonell, Mrs. Mila Garces, and Virginia Peñalosa; members of IIEE ladies auxiliaries led the reading of the Gospel.
In remembrance of IIEE’s 33rd founding anniversary, our officers and former presidents took time from their busy schedule to share each others company and thoughts last September 15, 2008 at the IIEE National Office. Among the attendees during the simple ceremony were the following former Presidents: 1986-Engr. Rogelio M. Avenido; 1988-Engr. Meleusipo E. Fonollera; 1989-Engr. Rafael F. Florentino; 1990Engr.Willington K.K.C. Tan; 1995-Engr. Rodolfo R. Peñalosa; 1996-Engr. Edward L. Mendoza; 2000July-September 2008
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Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio sharing meaningful insights to the attendees
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After the celebration of the mass, Engr. Jules S. Alcantara, IIEE National Treasurer, who also served as the emcee for the event, invited all the guests for a short program. Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio, IIEE National President, during his opening remarks, recalled the Institute’s humble beginnings and cited the excellent works done by its former presidents. He alluded the professionalism that they have shared for the benefit of the membership and to maintain the high ideals of integrity, professional competence, and ethics in the electrical profession. He further challenged the incumbent and the incoming officers of the Institute to keep up with the traditions that the former leaders have handed over. In his closing remarks, he assured the guests, visitors, exhibitors, and officers present that the Institute will always be the vanguard of the electrical practitioners, the guiding force, and the main advocating force toward greater proficiency and knowledge. He also thanked the Institute’s loyal sponsors for their unwavering support to the Institute’s activities and projects.
Former Presidents of the Institute: (Clockwise) Engrs. R. Peñalosa, R. Avenido, R. Marquez, R. Florentino, (middle) V. Flordeliza
the Institute, them being a part of the Institute, and how it influenced them personally. Concluding the event was the videoke night which was participated by guests, incumbent and former officers of the Institute, and staff.
Engrs. Rogelio M. Avenido, Rafael F. Florentino and Raymond A. Marquez also shared their views on
Wishes for the Institute: (L to R) Engrs. GYGuevarra, ADJunsay, JSAlcantara, ANEscalante, AALopez, ACCabugao, GRCayetano, HALeoncio July-September 2008
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IIEE SECRETARIAT DURING THE CELEBRATION
The Electrical Engineer
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News Bits
In celebration of the 33rd Founding Anniversary of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE), IIEE-Northern Laguna Chapter (NLC), in collaboration with the IIEE National Office, hosted three consecutive technical seminars on September 15, 2008 at the Max’s Restaurant, Balibago, Sta. Rosa. The seminars were conducted free-of-charge, as IIEE’s way of thanking the membership and its sponsors for their unwavering support to the Institute. The affair was attended by some 140 participants composed of delegates coming from various distribution utilities, academes, and private practitioners. Region IV Governor, Engr. Larry C. Cruz, during his opening remarks, cited that the seminars are also part of the Institute’s on-going programs to enhance further the benefits provided to the membership and to sustain the membership database updating effort. He also commended the Chapter for actively participating on the programs of the National Office and assured the IIEE-NLC Officers that their contributions are being appreciated by the National Office.
Engr. Larry C. Cruz, Region 4 Governor, welcomes the participants to the affair.
for organizing the event and assured the Chapter of National’s support on all its program and activities.
The topics discussed during the technical seminars are as follows: Safe and Effective Grounding Methods by Engr. Renato B. Ong, VP-Internal Affairs, IIEE-Central Laguna Chapter; Topic No. 2 Repair Fundamentals Engr. Armando R. Diaz, Vice President for Technical of Electric Motors by Engr. Leonardo Dayon, PEE, Affairs-National, also commended the Chapter officers, Member, IIEE-Northern Laguna Chapter and Lecturer led by its Chapter President, Engr. Jozane F. Jalbuena, at the National Engineering Center, UP; The Essence of Being a Leader by Engr. John Eduard Bautista, 2007 President, IIEE-NLC and Co-Chairman-Membership Committee. At the end of the seminars, the participants also took the opportunity to raise clarifications on the topics discussed. The speakers answered all the queries comprehensively and even added more insights and personal experiences pertaining to the subject matter.
Participants of the event are composed of: distribution utilities, academes, and private practitioners. July-September 2008
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During the closing ceremony, Engr. Jozane F. Jalbuena, thanked all the participants and assured them of the Institute’s resolute programs for the benefits of its members. He also expressed his gratitude to the National Office for allowing them to host the seminars and further reaffirmed the National Office of its support.
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News Bits
iiee-iloilo hosts technical seminar on R.A. 7920 & PEC 1 In its effort to enhance the knowledge of its members on laws that relates to the electrical engineering profession, IIEE-Iloilo hosted a technical seminar on RA 7920 or the Electrical Engineering Law and Philippine Electrical Committee (Part I) on August 8, 2008 at the Marina Restaurant, IBRD Road, Mand., Iloilo City. Engr. Jaime V. Mendoza, Board of Electrical Engineering Member, presided over the seminar which was attended by 36 participants coming from various distribution utilities, academe, and private practitioners. Before the seminar, Engr. Alan D. Junsay, Region VI Governor, shared the importance of the seminars to the electrical practitioners especially to the new board passers who have yet to practice their profession. He also thanked Engr. Mendoza for accepting the invitation to officiate over the seminar. Engr. Mendoza, for his part, stated that as a ranking officer and experienced officer in electrical profession, it is his duty to inform all the practitioners on the rules that regulates the profession. He also commended the Chapter for hosting the event for the benefit of its members. Delegates were treated with various subjects relating to the law and PEC 1. Queries regarding the subject were adequately answered by Engr. Mendoza. Engr. Paterno C. Cabangisan, IIEE-Iloilo Chapter President, assured all the members that the seminar is only the beginning of the Chapter’s project and guarantees that all his planned activities will be conducted before his term ends.
The Electrical Engineer welcomes your comments and suggestion. e-mail us at:
admin@iiee.org.ph, technical@iiee.org.ph iiee@iiee.org.ph, and eemagazine@yahoo.com Engr. Jaime V. Mendoza explaining to the attendees the provisions of RA 7920 and PEC 1.
July-September 2008
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The Electrical Engineer
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IIEE-ZAMBASULTA CELEBRATES 32nd FOUNDING ANNIVERSARY The officers and members of IIEE-Zambasulta gathering for their 32nd Founding Anniversary
the Philippine National Red Cross, Zamboanga Chapter. Included also during the celebration were technical, Product presentations, and sport events . On the other hand, Bingo and parlor games were sponsored by the Chapter.
In commemoration of its 32nd Founding Anniversary, IIEE-ZAMBASULTA of Region VIII The celebration concluded in a Chapter’s held a two-day celebration of its foundation day. Night at the Astroia Hotel which featured the The two-day celebration highlighted various oath-taking of new REE Board Passer. activities for the enjoyment of its members and community. The oath taking was presided by Atty. Senando N. Esteban, Regional Director of It kicked-off on July 12, 2008 and concluded Region 9, PRC Zamboanga City. The Induction the festivity the day after. The activity was of the new IIEE members were led by Engrs. primary held at the WMSU Open Stage and Alvin P. Miguel, present Chapter President, R. Astoria Hotel. Ducalas, D. Ilagan, M. Parat, and M. Hapalla, all Former Presidents of the Chapter. Engr. Alvin P. Miguel, Chapter President, in his opening remarks cited that the celebration The mentioned former presidents also shared is the first ever and the grandest gathering of inspirational messages to the Chapter and its all electrical practitioners in the Region. He members. In their speeches, the same passion commended all the attendees for its participation and desire for the Institute’s and its members’ and assured them of the Chapter’s support not success were vividly reflected. only on its members but also to its community. The commemoration commenced in a motorcade. Participants gathered at the WMSU car park and toured the Zamboanga proper. A blood-letting program followed suit; each member donated blood which will be then used or transferred to the Government Hospital. The latter activity was held in cooperation with July-September 2008
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Raffle prizes and giveaways were distributed to the delight of the attendees. Certificates and tokens of appreciation were also handed out to outstanding members, officers, and attendees. Highlighted was the awarding of Certificate of Recognition to the Founding President of the
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News Bits
Chapter, Engr. Guillermo G. Claridad. Engr. Claridad on his acceptance speech recollected the Chapter’s humble beginnings and further challenges the present and incoming officers to keep the Chapter’s integrity and support the mission and vision of the Institute for its betterment. Meanwhile, Engr. Miguel, during his closing remarks, commended the Chapter’s officers for their active participation and support to his activities and projects. He also congratulated the former presidents for the successful stint to Engr. Guillermo G. Claridad, Founding President of the Chapter, the Chapter. accepting the plaque of appreciation from Engr. Alvin P. Miguel, IIEE-Zambasulta Chapter was the second Chapter to be accredited by the Institute. It was accredited on May 30, 1976 with Accreditation No. 02. The Chapter is now being led by the following officers: Engrs. Alvin P. Miguel, President; Richard O. Lizardo, VP-Internal Affairs; Victor P. Frivaldo, VP-External Affairs; Romeo O. Pulis, VP-Technical Affairs; Marli P. Acosta, Secretary; Agripino P. Tan, Treasurer; Joseph P. Maquindang, Auditor; Alex A. Acosta, Auditor;
Incumbent Chapter President. Witnessing the ceremony are the other officers of the Chapter.
Rodolfo D. Conte, Jr., Isagani L. Lodevico, Filart D. Delos Santos, and Michael D. Jacinto. The Chapter is part of IIEE-Region VIII which is under the leadership of Regional Governor Engr. Mario E. Viñas.
AN INVITATION
The new-board passer being sworn in by Atty. Senando N. Esteban, Director of Region 9, PRC Zamboanga City
and Immediate Former President Domingo D. Jacinto.
The Electrical Engineer magazine invites all the Regional Governors and Chapters to submit all their activities for the whole year. We will highlight significant movements of our members in pursuit of the interest of the Institute and its community. We will choose the best activity conducted by your Chapters and will feature the same in the fourth and final issue of the EE magazine for the year 2008.
The present Board of Directors are as follows: Engrs. Ricardo B. Gonzales, Riche B. Arnoza, July-September 2008
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News Bits iiee IIEE-Sultan Kudarat Conducts Tree Planting and Educational Plant Tour Visits The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE)-Sultan Kudarat once again shows its love for Mother Earth by conducting a tree planting program at Brgy. IloMaVis, Mt. Apo, Kidapawan City on September 26, 2008. Engr. Manny S. Ibabao, the energetic Regional Governor of Region IX, aided by Engr. Elmo S. Batislaong, Chapter President, led the Group in the said activity. Hundred of seedlings were planted by the members and officers of the Chapter at the foot of Mt. Apo. In a short interview, Engr. Ibabao alluded to the importance of the activity, not only in bolstering the camaraderie of the members and officers, but also in assisting Nature in healing itself. After the tree planting activity, the Group trekked to the Philippine National Oil Company Geothermal Plant, which is also located at the same Barangay, for an educational/plant tour. Exhibited were the advance machineries being use by the plant to process the heat that they extract from the Earth’s mantle.
Beauty, brain, and compassion at work: Reviving the beauty of Nature.
Top Picture: Officers and members of IIEE-Sultan Kudarat during their Tree Planting Activity
fellow officers for their stanch support and participation.
Below: Officers and members of the Chapter with Engr. Manny S. Ibabao during their plant tour at PNOC Geothermal Plant
Engr. Batislaong thanked the Governor for his continuing support not only to his Chapter but also to the other Chapters of the Region. He also thanked his July-September 2008
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Regional Conference
IIEE-Tarlac Hosts Region II 10th Regional Conference IIEE-Tarlac Chapter, in its attempt to show its strength as organization, hosted the 10th Region II Regional Conferences last July 18-19, 2008 at the Transient Homes, San Isidro, Tarlac City in which they aimed to trounce the success of the previous Conferences of the Region. The Opening Ceremonies was graced by Honorable Victor Yap, Governor, Tarlac Province . During his speech, he cited the role of the Chapter in the continuing progress of the province and the programs which IIEE initiated in response of the call of the City Government for energy efficiency, environment protection, and electrical safety. The first day of the Conference plays witness to the various but relevant technical sessions which the organizer prepared for the participants and delegates. The first of which is the Performance, Measurement and Standards of TransCo which was presided by Engr. Jules S. Alcantara, 2008 IIEE National Treasurer; Electrical Systems Grounding and Bonding by Engr. Jaime V. Mendoza, Member of Board of Electrical Engineering; Professional Practice Manual by Engr. Mario E. ViĂąas, Region 8 Governor.
Engr GYGuevarra, VP-External of the Institute and Region 2 Regional Governor, Engr. JFBognot assisting the Honorable Victor Yap, Governor, Tarlac Province, during the Official Opening of Exhibit. With them are: (from L to R) Engrs. ABMilette, LCCruz, ADJunsay, DNValmonte, and (behind Gov. Yap) JSAlcantara.
In conjunction with the fora presented by the Chapter, the Chapter President’s Meeting was conducted on the same day and was attended by 14 participants including some of the 2008 IIEE Board of Governors. Two plant tours started the second day of the Conference. Participants first visited the IWSPC; the group was accompanied by Engr. Jovy Lim after which they proceeded to Phelps Dodge EIC Plant for a brief product presentation and tour of the site. Technical presentations were also held after the Plant Tours. The Latest Innovation in Electric Power Back-Up Supply was presented by Engr. Virgilio S. Luzano, Bulacan Chapter July-September 2008
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Regional Conference to continue to strive for electrical safety, energy efficiency and environment protection as reflected in the Institute’s theme for 2008. Engr. Joven E. Angeles, Tarlac Chapter President, responded by assuring the membership of more relevant technical seminars, conferences, outreach programs by the Chapter. He also expressed his gratitude for his fellow officers in the Chapter for their support in the conference.
The 2008 BOG with Governor Yap. (clockwise) Engrs. JSAlcantara, ARDiaz, Gov. Yap, JFBognot, GYGuevarra, GRCayetano, JVAngeles (Tarlac Chapter President), MEViñas, ADJunsay, ABMilette, LCCruz, and DNValmonte
President; Corporate Social Responsibility by Dr. Leodegardo M. Pruna; and concluding the technical sessions was the PRC Updates which was shared by Engr. Edward L. Mendoza, Member Board of Electrical Engineering. Various product presentations were also held during the span of the Conference, notable companies such as Zenith Electrical and Industrial Supply, CEPALCO Energy Services and Trading Corporation, Hilti Philippines, Inc., KOTEN Enterprises Company, FESTO, Inc., Firefly Electric and Lighting Corp., and OMRON Asia Pacific PTE LTD shared and apprise the delegates to the various products and innovations which their companies offers.
IIEE-Tarlac Chapter Officers are composed of: Engrs. Joven E. Angeles, Chapter President; Glenn A. Bautista, VP-Internal Affairs; Alvin P. Quito, VP-External Affairs; Marlon V. Gamido, Secretary; Noel C. Mercado, Treasurer; and Rodolfo T. Macaspac, Jr. as Auditor. Members of The Board of Directors of the Chapter are as follows: Engrs. Oliver O. Canlapan; Jerry D. Delos Santos ; Arnold R. Garcia; Jovy V. Lim; Glensellear Q. Macam; Danny L. Malonzo; Eduardo dR Mangune, Jr.; Henry John G. Sacaguing; Roy Y. Yutuc.
In his short speech during the Closing Ceremonies, Engr. Jose F. Bognot, Jr. Region 2 Governor, commended the Chapter for successfully hosting the Conference. He also encouraged the Chapter Officers, participants, and exhibitors Engrs. GYGuevarra, JFBognot, GRCayetano, and ARDiaz talks with Chapter Presidents of Region II during the Chapters President Meeting Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio, the Institute’s National President, shares inspiring insights during the closing ceremonies of the Conference
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Regional Conference
9 VISAYAS th
REGIONAL CONFERENCE, A DISPLAY OF NATURE AND TECHNICAL SCIENCE In the midst of all the adversities that brazed IIEE-Bohol Chapter in organizing the 9th Visayas Regional Conference, the Chapter successfully hosted the event without a nick on August 28-30, 2008 at Bohol Tropics Resort Club, Tagbilaran City, Bohol. This despite of what has transpired before the Conference Not known to many, this is the first time that IIEE-Bohol organized and hosted the event, as Day two of the event saw the Official Opening the annual event usually orbits in Cebu only. But in spite of this, the Chapter triumphed to wow Ceremonies of the annual event. The affair was graced by Engr. Moises Millanar, Head, Office of their delegates and visitors. Building Official. During his opening remarks, he On the first of day of the event, Chapter officers extolled the Chapter for their active participation to of IIEE-Bohol led by their Chapter President Engr. the activities and acknowledged their unwavering Virgilio M. Ungab treated their guests with an support to the projects of the City. Eco-Tour. The group trooped and witnessed the The participants were also treated to various beauty of Chocolate Hills, Sandugo, Baclayon and pertinent technical sessions and fora Shrine, Tarsiers Habitat, and Loboc River. which were presided by distinguished technical speakers. For the first day of the conference, the following technical presentations were featured: Professional Practice Manual by Engr. Emil G. Marabulas; Maintenance Practices of TranscoThermal Scanning by Engr. Jules S. Alcantara; and Electricians Affiliation Process by Dr. R. Gonzales.
Engr. RCCabarrubias awards the plaque of appreciation to Engr. Moises Millanar, at this right is Engr. Victoriano Ungab.
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Day two also served as the date for the Chapter Presidents Meeting. Presidents from the 10 Chapters of the Region expressed their concerns on the current issues hounding the electrical profession, membership, and the Institute. After the meeting, the Chapter arranged a Fellowship Night & Sponsor’s Recognition for the participants to unwind and get acquainted with each other.
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Regional Conference
Engr. J. Algabre started the third and final day of the technical session and conference with his lecture on “Substation Maintenance”; followed by Dir. A. Labios on “Energy Conservation”; Engr. E. Ediza on his part gave a discourse on “Electrical Safety and Industrial Application”; Engr. M. Fonollera imparted his expert knowledge on “WESM Operation and Updates with Basics of Unbundling”; and as the finale, BEE Chairman, Engr. R. Peñalosa, updated the participants on the “CPE and RA 7920”. Engr. Virgilio M. Ungab, during the closing ceremonies, thanked the officers of the Chapters for their whole hearted support on the event. He also expressed his appreciation for the guidance
The people of Brgy. Gotozan Balsa Tourism Project and Livelihood. Just one of the many tourism sites that the province offers.
The world famous Chocolate Hills and Baklayon Shirine
of Engrs. Arthur N. Escalante, VP-Internal Affairs (National) and Roberto A. Cabarrubias, Region VII Governor. Top Photo: IIEE Officers enjoying the site (from L to R) Engrs. ANEscalante, ACCabugao, JBPanhilason, ADJunsay, GRCayetano, RCCabarrubias, HALeoncio, and MSIbabao Below: The 2008 BOG: Engrs. ARDiaz, ANEscalante, GYGuevarra, LCCruz, ACCabugao, JSAlcantara, MEViñas, JFBognot, RAMarquez, JBPanhilason (Chair, MCDC), HALeoncio, DNValmonte, GRCayetano, ABMilette, ADJunsay, MSIbabao, and RCCabarrubias
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Engr. Roberto A. Cabarrubias, on his part, praised the Chapter for the success of the event and their dedication despite of the entire dilemma that surfaced during the preparation for the event.
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Regional Conference
through its technical sessions. Topics discussed were as follows: PEC Grounding, Bonding, Lightning BUTUAN & CAGAYAN DE ORO and Surge Protection by Engr. Jaime TIES UP TO HOST REGION VIII 13TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE V. Mendoza, Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE) Member; PEE Orientation and CPD Updates by Engr. Rodolfo PeĂąalosa, BEE To endow the membership with an improve Chairman; EPIRA-Power Advocacy Update/ regional conference, IIEE-Butuan Chapter tied Open Access (Boon or Bane) by Engr. Edward up with IIEE-Cagayan de Oro Chapter to host the L. Mendoza, BEE Member; Myths and Facts 13th IIEE Region VIII Regional Conference on on Wire Cable Applications by Engr. Dominico September 18-20, 2008 at the Dotties Place and Amora, PEE and 2005 Region VII Governor; Convention Center, JC Aquino Avenue, Butuan Forum on Philippine Grid Code Gray Areas (Connecting Points) by Rowaldo del Mondo, City. Professor on Power System, University of
IIEE
The Conference highlighted the close coordination and assistance between the two Chapters to provide the delegates, guests, and exhibitors an avant-garde ambiance and features that would differ the event from the previous Regional Conference of Region VIII hosted by other Chapters. A Welcome Fellowship was also conducted at the Almot CafĂŠ, San Jose St., Butuan, to receive and greet the National Officers, guests, and exhibitors who will be attending the Conference. The Opening Ceremonies was graced by Mayor Democrito D. Plaza II, the incumbent City Mayor. During his opening remarks, Mayor Plaza II applauded the programs of the Chapter in aid of his Administration. He also cited the importance of the socio-civic activities conducted by the Chapter and its benefit not only to its members but also to the community. He concluded his speech by encouraging all the officers and members of the Institute to continue its advocacies for power reform and environmental protection. Moreover, the delegates were also given a chance to augment their knowledge on the latest developments in the electrical professions July-September 2008
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the Philippines; Applicable Equipment and Components in Medium Size Power System by Engr. Ely Silva, PEE and Vice President of PEPSCOR/CEESEPS; Electrician Affiliation and Accreditation by Engr. Remegilio Gonzales Former Region VIII Governor; Global Climate Change and Environmental Protection by Engr. Helbert R. Cual, Nestle Philippines; Professional Practice Manual by Engr. Emiliano Marabulas, PEE and Chairman of IIEE Professional Practice Committee; Condition Base Maintenance by Engr. Roland C. Alcos of BAG Electronics.
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Regional Conference
Engr. Santiago Burdeos, Butuan Chapter President, in his closing remarks extended his appreciation to all the participants, guests, and the National Officers for sharing their time with the Chapter. He also congratulated his fellow officers for their unwavering support on all of the Chapter Activities. For IIEE-Cagayan de Oro, Engr. Robert Cruz, Chapter President, assured the membership of future tie-ups with other Chapters and organizations for their betterment. Region VIII Governor, Engr. Mario E. Vi単as, in his closing address, cited the importance of cooperation between non-government organizations and the present administration for the country to prosper. He also commended the activities of the Institute pertaining to energy efficiency and environmental protection and further encouraged the officers and members of IIEE to promote the same, not only within the Country, but overseas as well.
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The 2008 IIEE BOG during the opening ceremonies of the Conference. In the picture are (clockwise) Engrs. ANEscalante, ACCabugao, MEVi単as, HALeoncio, ARDiaz, MSIbabao, ADJUnsay, LCCruz, and DNValmonte. Below Pictures: (1) Engr. MEVi単as awarding the plaque of appreciation to the Manager of Dotties Place and Convention Center. Also in the picture are 2008 IIEE BOG. (2) Officers and members of IIEE-Butuan and CDO poses for a souvenir picture with the 2008 BOG.
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Health Section But after 30 minutes of “heaven”, the nicotine consumed will start to recede making the smoker less alert and more tenser, making the latter to want to have another smoke to sustain the “nicotine effect”. Unknowingly, the innocent smoker is now becoming nicotine dependent, and with all due respect to all smokers, it is a form of drug dependence and has now reach an alarming level specially to the teenagers who thinks they could stop whenever they want to. Only to find out latter in life, they got hook already.
With all due respect:
Smoking
is now tagged as the leading cause of Lung related diseases. Studies also reveal the immediate effect it has over our body, to our family, and surrounding community. And yes, our government and various private organizations have already conducted programs to at least minimize if not totally eradicate the vice. Currently, the cigarette industry is earning billion of dollars per year, one of the biggest contributors to our economy. A lucrative business to be in, if you have a strong and numb conscience. For those who would like to venture into smoking once in a while, let us share with you some hard facts on cigarette smoking. A stick of cigarette contains more than 700 chemicals additives, the most popular of which are nicotine and tar, and most of these are classified as “toxic” and are not allowed to be used in foods. The heat of a cigarette, once lit, can reach 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (wow!). This aids the release of chemical compounds, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen, cyanide (talking about cyanide fishing), and at least 43 carcinogens (cancer causing substances) and numerous mutagens. We welcome these toxins to our body for every stick of cigarette we lit. In fact, we even share them to the people around us every time we puff our cigarette and yes in fact, to our loved ones beside us because they can inhale its fume too. One of the main ingredients of a tobacco/cigarette is Nicotine. This hazardous compound is being produce naturally by tobacco; the same has no color or odor. Nicotine is an addictive drug, both physically and psychologically, the main reason why smokers crave for it. It enters into our body as tiny droplets and rest on particles of tar in cigarette smoke. The drug travels through our lungs and bloodstreams, and eventually reaches our brain within 10 seconds. By another 5-10 seconds, it has virtually invaded the entire parts of our body. This process can increase both the heart rate and blood pressure of the smoker, causing the person to be more relaxed and alert. July-September 2008
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Another hazard of smoking is the tar that enters our lungs. The hot smoke destroys the hair like projections (cilia) in our body and lungs which act as defenders against harmful materials. Cilia help traps dangerous particles before they can enter our lungs. Once these defenders are diminished, ones body now becomes more vulnerable to harmful foreign materials. Carbon Monoxide also poses a great risk to smokers. This chemical is absorbed in the smoker’s blood stream, diminishing its capacity to carry oxygen. As a result, the latter will need to exert more effort on a task given than non-smokers. It can also impair the vision, perception of time, and coordination. Moreover, such side effects are not evident readily since the smoker tends to puff-up more cigarette which in turn tries to off-set the side effect because the abnormal increase in heart beat and blood pressure tends to create an aura of virtual alertness. But in reality, the more cigarette one smokes, the more damages we unknowingly incur in our body. According to medical experts and researches, the following are the common ailments and problems that smokers would experience in due time: respiratory ailments, thickening of the arteries, blood clots, cancer of the lungs, cervix, larynx, mouth, esophagus, bladder, pancreas, and kidney; emphysema, reduced stamina, poor athletic performance, wheezing, coughing, dizziness, and nausea. Now, still craving to try…? As the wise men would say, “An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of medicine” But when should one quit, you ask. Well, if you knew that the glass of water you are drinking is contaminated with poison, what would you do? But I am thirsty you said. The answer is, if I were you, I would try to address my thirst in another way, but definitely I would not address my thirst by drinking from the glass of water I already knew is contaminated with poison. Just a simple healthy advice, with all due respect....
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Feature Story
Exploring Tomorrow’s Energy Today This energy is typified as either passive or active, depending on the way how we capture, convert, and distribute sunlight and its power. An active solar technique uses photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert solar energy into nifty yield, while, passive technique selects materials with favorable thermal properties. Solar technologies are now being use for practical ends. Although biomass, wind, waves, and ocean thermal gradients can be included in the broader description of solar energy, we will only discuss the general applications of this energy source.
The new millennium plays witness to the relentless research and development on renewable energy sources. This is in response to the Inevitable looming energy crisis, fuel shortage, global warming, and environment devastation due to detrimental mining for fuel and coals, notwithstanding the unreasonably priced cost of fuel at the expense of the majority and to the benefit of some. Various organizations and countries have taken a proactive stand in support of the ongoing studies to propel the increase in the share of renewable energy in order to enhance its sustainability and improve the security of energy supply. This ensures the future generation of adequate energy supply, cleaner earth, and balance economy. Energy such as solar, wind, hydro, and biofuel can provide enough power to replace fossil fuels, coals, and nuclear which we presently use. These forms of renewable’s are so abundant that we do not even have to resort to mining and other destructive methods of development to find them. Just to perk up those creative light bulbs in the mind of our engineers, let’s go over briefly and refresh ourselves on these energy sources. Let us take a journey back to take a second look at the what, why, when, where, and how of these renewable’s, reviewing them not only by names, but also to revisit how they really work. Solar Energy/Power Solar energy refers to the utilization of the radiant energy coming from the Sun while solar power is the end result of the conversion of sunlight into electricity by means of photovoltaic or thermal. Earth’s upper atmosphere receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) and 30% of this bounced back to space and the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans, and land masses. This generates heats which in turn our scientists develop to energy by means of solar panels which is made of thermal collector or photovoltaic materials.
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Some common applications for solar power are as follows: Architecture and Urban Planning - Studies reveals that the application of solar energy/power into house/building design can reduce our need for conventional energy sources, which in turn lowers the cost of our electric bills; Agriculture and Horticulture - this technology optimizes the capture of solar energy to maximize the productivity of the plant; Solar Lighting - this system gathers and distribute sunlight to give interior lighting, this offsets the regular energy that we would normally consume without it; Solar Thermal - this technology is being used to heat water, space heating and/or cooling, and heat generation; Water Heating - Uses sunlight to heat water; Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation - Household energy consumption accounts for this system accounts for 30% of the total electricity bill and nearly 50% for buildings, this application can equalize this percentage and lower down energy cost; Desalination and Disinfection - Technology use to make saline or brackish water potable; Cooking - Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying, and pasteurization. The technology is group into three categories: box cookers, panel cookers, and reflector cookers; Process Heat - Energy that can provide heat for commercial and industrial use. The sunlight is being captured by means of parabolic dish, trough, and Scheffler Reflectors; Solar Electricity - Radiant energy from the sun captured and converted into electricity using photovoltaic (PV). And we can go on and on because applications that can be derived from this technology are unlimited, thus the continuous research and development by its advocates. Presently, solar powered vehicles are being promoted. Although, the technology is still in the testing pace, the same is being endorsed by means of competitions being sponsored by solar advocates.
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Feature Story
Hydroelectricity Generated by hydropower, hydroelectricity is another alternative source of energy. The energy is being derived from water by means of gravitational force. Like solar energy/power, hydropower is also widely used form of renewable source of energy. Hydropower, aside from generating beneficial outputs, do not produce direct waste and has a significant difference in the output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) compared to the power plants which uses fossil fuel. Although there are some setbacks due to some issues pertaining to the construction of dams including its maintenance and the adverse effects to human, economic, and environment. The matter is now being address by its advocates to minimize, if not eradicate, the undesirable effects. Energy coming from hydroelectric power plants comes from the potential energy of dammed water. The energy from this water is being extracted by means of turbine and generator and that the amount of power being mined from this process depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and water’s outflows; although there are rare instances where the water’s kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels are used.
plant are dam failures. The Banqiao Dam tragedy in Southern China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and left millions homeless. (Wikepedia) Geothermal Power Geothermal power refers to the heat being generated by earth or the collection of absorbed heat derived from underground in the atmosphere and oceans. This energy can be found from shallow grounds down to the deep part of the earth, the hot water and rock and down to the untouchable magmas. The upper 10 feet of the earth’s surface maintains an almost constant temperature between 500 and 600 Fahrenheit or 100 and 160 Celsius while hot dry rock occurs at profundity of three to five miles everywhere beneath the earth surface and at lesser depth in certain areas. To obtain them, “you have to inject cold water down one well, circulating it through hot fractured rock, and drawing off the heated water from another well.*** (renewableenergy.com)” Turbines of power plants need steam to energize the generator to produce energy/electricity for consumers. In our Country, Geothermal energy provides 27% of our total electricity production generated in power plants. Advantage Geothermal energy presents a number of benefits as oppose to the traditional fossil fuel powered energy plants as geothermal plant do not requires fossil fuel to run its turbines. Although, emission of some toxic fumes maybe present, the percentage of it so small. Further, geothermal power plants cannot be altered due to changes in weather.
Common advantages of using hydro driven energy are the elimination of the cost of fuel, thus making it resistant against fuel increases. Also, hydro plants have a longer lifespan than the fuel-driven plants. Other advantages include facilities for water sports, tourist attraction, farming, fishing, irrigation, and flood control. But this source of energy also has a downfall, as the construction of dams can be disruptive to the surrounding aquatic ecosystem, both up and downstream of the plant site. There are some studies showing diminishing number of marine life as it prevent access to spawning grounds; disrupt their migration as they have to pass to turbines; and little suspended sediments, which can cause destruction of riverbanks. Hydro plants, though not directly producing CO2 , the reservoirs may produce substantial amount of methane and carbon dioxide as the vegetations in the flooded areas decays in an anaerobic environment thus forming methane. Studies conducted by the World Commission on Dams revealed that where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square meter of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.***(World Commission on Dams) Population relocation is also an issue as erection of the facility may induce people to relocate/move away from the reservoir. Moreover on top of all these, the most destructive and frightening effects of hydro-
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Geothermal power plants works 24/7, making them a base load power plants and from an economic point-ofview, the price of geothermal produced energy is much cheaper; and because it does not use fossil-fuel, it is and will not be affected by the unstable price of the latter. Disadvantage As with other renewable’s, adverse effects can also be seen in the use of geothermal energy. Research shows that construction of power plants can negatively affect the land stability in the surrounding region. This is one of the concerns with enhanced geothermal system, where water is injected into hot dry rock where no water was before present creating a sudden change in the soil composition of the land. Geothermal steams also contains, although in low level, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur. This adverse effect is being addressed by building emission-controlling systems that can and would inject the mentioned substances back to earth. There are also some issues pertaining to the life span of geothermal plants, as some sites may possibly cool down brought about by system which was designed too large for the site and that energy can only be stored and replenished in a given volume of earth. Although, if left alone, the earth mantle can refill the site with heat.
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Feature Story
Bio Mass Energy Biomass energy comes from organic matters, and since they are readily available, people have been using this energy source for centuries. This type of energy can be gathered through wood, plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, and the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes, including fumes from landfills. Presently, there are three types of technology applications for this kind of energy, and they are as follows: Biofuels; Biopower; and Bioproducts. Biofuels - Biomass energy can be converted into biofuels which can power vehicles. Currently there are two types of biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol, an alcohol, which is also being used for wine and beer processing, is one of the most widely available form of biofuel. The same is being made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (e.g. starches, sugars, or celluloses). It is also being use as a fuel additive, one way of cutting down carbon monoxide and other toxicsmug causing emission; Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, Geothermal Plant or recycled cooking grasses. The same can also be used as an additive to reduce toxic fumes emission; Biopower - Biopower, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate electricity. (www.renewableenergyworld.com) There are currently six major types of biopower systems: direct-fired, cofiring, gasification, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and small, modular. The most commonly used process in the world is the direct-fired systems, which burns bionergy feed stocks directly to produce steams to be captured by the plant turbines to convert the same into electricity. Cofiring can be used by coal-fired power plants, the same can significantly reduce the plant’s emission of noxious gases like sulfur dioxide. It uses bioenergy feedstock as a supplemental energy source in highefficiency boilers. Also, to convert biomass into gas, gasification systems can also be use. This system uses high temperature and an oxygen-starved environment. Decaying biomass also produces methane, a gas that can be used as an energy source. The same can be found abundantly in landfills, wells are being drilled to release the same to from the decaying organic matters. Pyrolysis is a biomass technology which produces liquid fuels. It occurs when biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen (www.renewableenergyworld.com). Small modular system has the capacity to produce five megawatts or less. The system can be used to energize small towns or to provide power to farms. This system helps farmers meet the environmental regulations set by their respective countries; Bioproducts - There is a saying among researchers, scientists, and environmental groups that whatever products we can make from fossil fuels, we can make using biomass. These products are created using renewable energies, they also requires less energy compared to petroleum based products. Some products that can be produced using this technology are as
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follows: antifreeze, plastics, glues, artificial sweeteners, and gel for toothpaste. Windpower Wind can also be transformed into useful energy to power wind turbines. This form of energy is so abundant, clean, and like other renewable source of energies, the same also reduces emission of greenhouse gases. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower or an elevated place, where it can ensnare energies coming from the wind. Moreover, being in a high place gives them the chance to capture faster and less turbulent winds. Wind turbines usually have two to three blades mounted on their shaft to form a rotor. This kind of technology can be used as standalone applications. For utility-scale sources of wind energy, a large number of wind turbine are usually built together to form a wind plant. Although this form of energy is still undergoing enhancement, its power is undeniably intense as the same has been in use by our forefathers to provide energy to their land. Renewable in the Philippines Employing renewable energy in our Country is one of the objectives of the present administration to provide efficient and sufficient energy source for our people. The utilization of renewable source of energy is critical for the country’s economic growth and future endeavors as the same can provide power for the factories which foreign investor’s plans to establish. It also can energize rural areas, thus supporting the ongoing development in those places. It is our government’s plan and policy to assist the energy sector’s transition to sustainable system with RE as the main option. The main objective of which is to provide sufficient energy for the future, and to drastically decrease our need for fossil fuel. Our government initiatives in quest for RE implementation are shifted toward creating a market-based environment that is both conducive for the private sector investment and ordinary consumers. In line with this, government agencies, like the Department of Energy and Department of Science and Technology, and other NonGovernment Organizations are encouraging technology transfer and research and development in aid of this vision. The Department of Energy projected that RE is foreseen to provide up to 40% of the Country’s primary energy requirements over the ten-year period beginning in 2003. It is also expected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.4% in absolute terms. Our country currently uses biomass, microhydro, and geothermal energy. The just mentioned RE contributes to the balance and significant source of electric power. A scenario was already drawn which sets higher goal for RE’s involvement to the country’s installed generating capacity. They are based on the enhancement of existing programs and strategies, the realization of higher production targets, establishment of market-based industry and availability of new international financing schemes such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
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Feature Story
RE is foreseen to reach 9,147MW by 2013, an increase of 10% from its present level of 4,449MW. The same corresponds to a total of 4,698MW of RE-fueled power plants which needs to be commissioned within the 10-year period. Policies Several laws and Executive Orders were also implemented and issued to support the ongoing research and developments of RE’s in the Country. Listed below are some of the laws already enacted by the present administration and Presidential Decrees related to the matter: Republic Act No. 7156, “An Act Granting Incentives to Mini-HydroElectric Power Developers and for Other Purposes” and the Rules and Regulations for the implementation of R. A. 7156 Section 2 of R. A. No. 7156 dictates the: Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to strengthen and enhance the development of the country’s indigenous and self-reliant scientific and technological resources and capabilities and their adaptation to the country in order to attain energy self-sufficiency and thereby minimize dependence on outside source of energy supply. In pursuance thereof, it is further declared that minihydroelectric power developers shall be granted the necessary incentives and privileges to provide an environment conducive to the development of the country’s hydroelectric power resources to their full potential. (www.doe.gov.ph) Executive Order No. 462, “Enabling Private Sector Participation in the Exploration, Development, Utilization and Commercialization of Ocean, Solar and Wind Resources for Power Generation and other Energy Uses”.
Executive Order No. 232, “Amending Executive Order No. 462, Series of 1997, Enabling Private Sector Participation in the Exploration, Development, Utilization and Commercialization of Ocean, Solar and Wind Resources for Power Generation and other Energy Uses.” Seeks to amend the provisions of the earlier EO issued parallel to the developments of RE’s in the country. (www.doe.gov.ph) RE Tomorrow’s hope Due to the unstable price of fossil fuels, and its adverse effects has on the economies of developing countries, the studies relating to RE’s are now in full blast. The same is also in response to the present environmental crisis that we are experiencing presently. With this in mind, various countries and organizations have initiated programs and activities to answer all the issues relating to the implementation and exploration of RE’s. This is to alleviate the concerns of some environmentalist on the possible havoc it can cause to the environment.
Executive Order No. 462 was issued in parallel to: Section 2 of Article 12 of the Constitution provides that “all land of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forest or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development and utilization of natural resources shall under the full control and supervision of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or may enter into coproduction, joint venture or production sharing agreements with Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens”; Presidential Decree No. 1068 issued on January 12, 1977 directed the “acceleration of research, development and utilization of nonconventional energy resources” and Republic Act 7638 of December 9,1992 mandated the Department of Energy (DOE) to “formulate and implement a program for the accelerated development of nonconventional energy systems and the promotion and commercialization of its application”; Ocean, solar and wind (OSW) energy resources are forces of potential energy which are nonconventional, indigenous renewable, environment-friendly and of such abundance that could provide the Philippines self-sufficiency in energy and possibly surpluses for export in the future despite high energy demand due to rapid economic growth; It is in the national interest to accelerate the development and utilization of OSW energy resources by enabling private sector participation. (www.doe.gov.ph)
Also, major constraints needs to be ironed out for the RE’s to be instigated, and these are: insufficient fiscal and financial incentives; lack of public awareness on the benefit of RE projects (socio-environment concerns); absence of commercially viable market for RE systems; and relatively high cost of technology relevant to RE’s. The above-issues are the main hindrance for the interruption in the implementation of RE’s in the Country. Although, there are laws and decree issued in response to them, the same cannot completely address the barrier mentioned. For us to really move forward, we have to create a sound system for our local and foreign investors to work with. We have to clear out the web in our present system. Our children need sustainable energy for their future, and we have to put up a sustainable energy program for their future need. RE’s implementation may not answer all our worries, but at least, it can soften the blow if ever. It is nonetheless incumbent upon us , the advocates, to pump prime all of these ideas into tangible results so that the dreams of the young generation would become a reality.
References: Department of Energy (DOE) European Commission on Energy RenewableEnergyWorld.com
Department Circular No. 98-03-005 ( Rules and Regulation Implementing Executive Order No. 462)
July-September 2008
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Industry News
NEA Takes Second Step Toward Good Governance Pathway, now “PGS-Compliant”
N
EA continues its journey towards the good governance pathway and advanced to the next level of the Public Governance System (PGS) through its conferment as PGS-Compliant by the Institute of Solidarity in Asia (ISA). The recognition was held during the conduct of the Public Governance Forum last August 29, 2008 at the Sofitel Philippine Plaza in Manila where Administrator Edita S. Bueno accepted the award, together with Director Diana M. San Luis and Adolben A. Flores.
ceremony at the Sofitel Philippine Plaza last August 29, 2008. With the Administrator are (L-R) Strategic Planning Manager Kiko A. Caymo; Human Resources & Administration Director and NEA-PGS Focal Person Diana M. San Luis; ISA’s Dr. Jesus P. Estanislao; and Management Assistance Group Director Ben A. Flores. The PGS is a participatory process in line with the principles and best practices of good governance and responsible citizenship. It calls for effective, sustained, and systematic contributions from individuals and institutions for the common good of their institution or community and of the Philippines as well as long term development of the Filipino. NEA was “PGS-Initiated” last August 30, 2007. This means that as an organization, it has responded to the parameters of the Institute’s program. It has undergone an Orientation on ISA and its Public Governance System and has been accepted as candidate. It had manifested its readiness and commitment to undergo the compliance process towards ISA’s governance pathway. As “PGS-Compliant”, NEA has gone through a PGS working session wherein it had formalized the stakeholders’ commitments to support the PGS Roadmap and developed subsidiary scorecards for the roadmap. During this stage, a Solidarity Mission runs as an audit that verifies the organizations’ efforts to align various stakeholders with the corporate road map.
Admnistrator Edita S. Bueno (3rd from left) holds the symbol for NEA’s “PGSCompliant” after the confirmation ceremony at the Sofitel Philippine Plaza last August 29, 2008. With the Administrator are (L-R) Strategic Planning Manager Kiko A. Caymo; Human Resources & Administration Director and NEA-PGS Focal Person Diana M. San Luis; ISA’s Dr. Jesus P. Estanislao; and Management Assistance Group Director Ben A. Flores.
Former Finance Secretary Jesus Estanislao founded the ISA, the organization responsible in administering good governance program which consists of setting- up and institutionalizing the Public Governance System in qualified agencies like NEA, for them to be able to pursue and track a long-term strategy together with their respective stakeholders towards the attainment of time-bound vision.
“We, at NEA value our active participation in the governance principles and processes to move forward, in solidarity, to reach the ultimate beneficiaries of the Rural Electrification Program. We persist on finding the best strategies, ways and means in order to give the best service to our client-ECs and ultimately to their memberconsumers, the Filipino people. The PGS-Compliant recognition is one the gauge by which we know that we are on-track of the total electrification vision of this country by 2020”, said Administrator Bueno. NEA now focuses on hurdling the next two levels, the “PGS-Proficient” and “PGS-Institutionalized” stage.
Admnistrator Edita S. Bueno (3rd from left) holds the symbol for NEA’s “PGS-Compliant” after the confirmation July-September 2008
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Industry News
The Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM) is expected to embark on another prepayment service after it received the full payment for the 75 megawatt (MW) Ambuklao and 100 MW Binga Hydroelectric Power Plants that the power firm successfully privatized through a public bidding last November 2007.
support from six local banks to fully pay its winning bid for the Ambuklao-Binga power facilities.
SN Aboitiz Power Benguet Inc. (SNAP Benguet), the winning bidder for the Ambuklao-Binga power complex, paid the last installment equivalent to 30% balance of the USD 325 million bid it offered for the Benguet based power facilities on 28 August. The last installment is equivalent to USD99.0925 million inclusive of the accumulated interest reckoned from the time PSALM turned over the power facilities last 10 July 2008. The interest earned by PSALM from the sale transactions on top of the principal amounted to USD1.5925 million.
Meanwhile, SNAP Benguet has disclosed plans to expand the capacity of the power facilities it has acquired. SNAP Benguet will boost the current capacity of the Ambuklao plant from 75 megawatts (MW) to 105 MW, while the capacity of the Binga facility will be increased from 100 MW to 125 MW. www.psalm.gov.ph
Pursuant to the 2001 Electric Power Industry Reform Act, proceeds from the privatization of the government’s electricity assets are used by PSALM to liquidate the financial obligations of National Power.
Iligan diesel plant sale attracts three investors
The first installment comprising 70% of the total purchase price was made during the turnover ceremony for the power plant facilities.
Three investor groups are keen on acquiring the 114-megawatt (MW) Iligan I & II Diesel Power Plant (IDPP 1&2) complex, the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM) recently disclosed.
SNAP Benguet secured loans from international creditors that include the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of the World Bank Group and the Norwegian Investment Bank. It also secured financial
The three interested parties, which have all completed the preliminary requirements for the bidding, attended the Pre-bid Conference that PSALM organized at its main office in Makati City last week. The conference, which was presided by PSALM President and Chief Executive Officer Jose C. Ibazeta and Vice President for Asset Management and Electricity Trading Froilan A. Tampinco, discussed and clarified issues raised by the bidders on the Bidding Procedures. While the sale of IDPP 1&2 will not form part of the 70% privatization threshold required by the Electric Power Industry Reform Act as one of the preconditions for the implementation of open access and retail competition, PSALM stressed the importance of the bidding, especially for Mindanao, which is experiencing a tightening power supply. The three bidders, consisting of local entities, are currently conducting their respective due diligence to assess and appraise the Mindanao-based power asset. PSALM has set 15 October 2008 as the date for the IDPP 1&2 bidding.
Ambuklao-Binga turnover. Energy Secretary Angelo T. Reyes and Aboitiz Equity Ventures Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Erramon I. Aboitiz shake hands after the presentation of the USD227.5-million facsimile check at the turnover of the 175-megawatt Ambuklao-Binga hydroelectric power plant complex. Looking on are, from left: PSALM President and CEO Jose C. Ibazeta, Finance Undersecretary Jeremias U. Paul, and National Power Corporation President Cyril C. Del Callar. July-September 2008
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Situated in the locality of Mapalad, Dalipuga in Iligan City, approximately 74 kilometers southwest of Cagayan de Oro City, the IDPP 1&2 complex runs on Bunker C and/or diesel fuel types for its start-up and shutdown operations. Both units were commissioned in 1993.
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Industry News
Power Purchase Contracts Allocated to Remaining NPC Plants Heeding the proposal of Energy Secretary Angelo T. Reyes, the Board of Directors of the National Power Corporation (NPC) has decided to allocate transition supply contracts (TSCs) to all its generation plants that have not yet been privatized, including power plants covered by Independent Power Producer (IPP) contracts.
The allocation of TSCs implements Section 67 of the Electric Power Industry Reform Act. The TSCs will be effective up to a maximum of one year after the introduction of open access.
“The allocation of TSCs to the government’s remaining power plants ensures a ready market for the electricity generated by these plants,” Sec. Reyes explained.
Reyes: ERC to Determine Actual Price Recoverable from Price Volatility in WESM
As ordered by the board of the state-owned power firm last 19 July, the remaining 249 TSCs will be allocated to the government’s remaining power plants in accordance with NPC’s policy on TSC allocation. Its policy provides, among other guidelines, that only base load and intermediate power plants, in general, will be allocated TSCs. Another major consideration is the proximity of TSC loads to NPC’s generating plants. “The allocation of TSCs will enhance the bankability of the government’s power plants, therefore accelerating the power privatization program and bringing us closer to a regime of open access where consumers will have a choice in electricity supply and reasonable power rates,” Sec. Reyes added. The Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation, the government corporation tasked to privatize the government’s electricity assets, has credited the allocation of TSCs as one of the factors for the successful bidding of large plants like the 600-MW Masinloc Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant. July-September 2008
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www.doe.gov.ph
Energy Secretary Angelo T. Reyes announced today that the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) will determine the actual price recoverable from consumers due to the congestion problem in the San Jose, Bulacan substation of the National Transmission Corporation (TransCo). Prices in the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM) have been volatile in the past months and are expected to continue until October this year. The transformers are currently being fixed. In a statement after yesterday’s meeting, Sec. Reyes said that “we agreed that the actual price recoverable from consumers will be determined by ERC after evaluation of pertinent documents to be submitted by the Philippine Electricity Market Corporation (PEMC), Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) and TransCo.” “I also ordered PEMC to review WESM rules covering, among others, WESM pricing policies that will promote stability, greater efficiency and transparency for all stakeholders,” Reyes added.
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Industry News
Reyes: Measures Setup to Mitigate Price Volatility in WESM Energy Secretary Angelo T. Reyes announced today the proposed price substitution mechanism that would be adopted for the billing months starting July in order to protect the interests of consumers affected by the price volatility in the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM). Price spikes in WESM were caused by the congestion problem in the San Jose, Bulacan substation of the National Transmission Corporation (TransCo). Prices in the WESM have been volatile in the past months and are expected to continue until October this year. The San Jose transformers are currently being fixed. Sec. Reyes said that the Philippine Electricity Market Corporation (PEMC) Market Operator proposed several resolutions to mitigate the price impact to consumers in a meeting last September 1. One is the implementation of ERC Resolution No. 12 which will shield a significant portion of WESM customers from high prices through their transition supply contracts (TSCs) with the National Power Corporation (NPC). Another measure is the immediate return of 90% of the Net Settlement Surplus to customers to further reduce the spot market effective settlement price by as much as 45%. A price mitigation measure was also set up in the event major transmission outages will occur in the future. The measure provides for a triggering mechanism which will initiate price substitution in the affected locations on the Grid. The substituted price will exclude the cost of line congestions and will only count the marginal price of generation. The price mitigation measure, however, will be subject to ERC approval since decisions on consumer prices are under the ERC mandate.
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According to Sec. Reyes, he will call a meeting with ERC to discuss how the situation will be managed. He also mentioned the possibility of suggesting the deferment of the implementation of pass on price volatility in the WESM and instead charge this cost under the stranded cost mechanism. During the meeting, Sec. Reyes said that he will ask the Grid Management Committee to conduct an audit of TransCo on its compliance to the Grid Code and to explore possible amendments to the said code to reduce the likelihood of similar congestions from happening in the future. Sec. Reyes also said that he will “call a meeting with MERALCO to discuss the impact of the volatile WESM prices to consumers. They should explain to the public how they determined the P1/KWh increase which they already announced, what month this will be reflected in the billing statement and until when it will be in effect.” In view of the department’s mandate of promoting investments in the energy sector, Sec. Reyes also ordered NPC and the Power Sector Asset and Liabilities Management Corporation to present how the congestion problem has affected power producers. www.doe.gov.ph
DID YOU KNOW...? Milk Chocolate was invented by Daniel Peter who sold the concept to this neighbour Henri Nestle
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Special Feature
Substation Asset Management Starts with Assets Itself By: Engr. Rodolfo R. Penalosa, PEE, PECE Chairman, Board of Electrical Engineering, PRC Utilities, industries and owners of big establishments use asset management as one of the most urgent programs ever introduced in modern business operations, as it implies a must to companies, most specially to Utilities, where substantial investments are made to provide reliable power, efficiency and predictable maintenance.
PAS55 was developed in the UK by interested parties, including utility companies, regulators, railway companies, local government and others. This specification looks at elements of PAS55 starting with the basic premise that asset management is about the assets themselves – what they are, where they are, what they do and how do we ensure they carry on providing value.
Wearne Asset Cycle as in shown in FIGURE 1, identifies the elements of an asset life cycle,. It Asset management has developed from a shows those elements traditionally involved with good theory to a publicly available specification: asset management. Current thinking is that all In the specification there are elements relating elements are now legitimately elements of the asset to strategy, risk, planning, work delivery and a manager’s purview. It is interesting to note that for host of other things. The key to the application is the majority of the electricity supply industry assets, PAS55, a publicly available specifications, that is, the two boxes in FIGURE 1 marked as “Use” and an understanding of what the assets are and what “Maintenance” covers more than 95% of the asset they are meant to do. Without this knowledge and life! The rest of the boxes have a significant impact understanding it is impossible to provide a closed on those elements. loop control between the assets, work planned and Wearnẻs Asset Life Cycle asset performance. This information will look at some of the basic data requirements (inputs and targets), the interpretation skills needed for analysis of the data (measurements and comparisons) and subsequent actions to ensure targets are met.
Business requirements. Policies
Identification of options
Demand
Available solutions; best practice
Study
Evaluation of options: Information, models, techniques
Records and Experience
Research
Schedules; records
Asset Management is a broad subject with many different approaches. Publicly Available Specification 55 - PAS55 (4) - has been developed as a means to identify good practice and allow for evaluation of an organization’s systems and processes with respect to a common standard.
Evaluation
Standards Methods Appraisals Data
Maintenance Development
Design
Use Contracts
Operating records; fault reports;
Test reports; user acceptance
Specifications Vendor approvals Assessments
Commissioning
Contracts
Manufacture and Construction
Quality controls, inspection reports; construction records; certificates
Engr. Rodolfo R. Peñalosa is the incumbent Chairman of the Board of Electrical Engineering of the Philippine Regulatory Commission and the current President of Westco Electrical & Equipment Corp. and a Representative of Doble Engineering
Traditional Asset Management Elements of the Asset Life Cycle FIGURE 1 PAS55 is a comprehensive document and is useful as a basis for reviewing asset management processes
and procedures in an organization. This is a particular benefit in relation to regulatory and stakeholder PAS55 is abeingcomprehensive document is audits and requirements; able to show that the various elements of PAS55 are fulfilled is a and solid basis for showing that, for example, planned asset replacements have been identified in a cogent and consistent manner with risks identified and benefits evaluated. useful as a basis for reviewing asset management LOOKING AT ASSETS : processes and procedures in an organization. Looking into Section 4.3 of PAS55 the Asset information systems; it’s entirely possible that the system can be paper based but that may not provide the efficiencies within your own The Thisbasic is premise; a particular benefit in sought relation toorganization. regulatory however, is that someone has a list of the assets of interest and also has salient details about them. and stakeholder audits and requirements; being able to show that the various elements of PAS55 are fulfilled is a solid basis for showing that, for
July-September 2008
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Asset manufacturer, serial number, year of manufacture Functional ratings, including MVA, BIL, voltage etc Purchase value, replacement value Location Maintenance history Faults, defects and failures found
iiee example, planned asset replacements have been identified in a cogent and consistent manner with risks identified and benefits evaluated.
Special Feature
Such information can be used to produce some basic charts of value: for example a breaker population may be analyzed for age. FIGURE 2 shows the breaker population of an organization using number of a particular age plotted against age, with the cumulative % showing what percentage are less than a certain age.
LOOKING AT ASSETS : Looking into Section 4.3 of PAS55 the Asset information systems; it’s entirely possible that the system can be paper based but that may not provide the efficiencies sought within your own organization. The basic premise; however, is that someone has a list of the assets of interest and also has salient details about them.
A breaker population plotted for age FIGURE 2
It is up to your organization to decide which are the critical assets and what are the important pieces of information. It is interesting to note that the main problems with computerized data systems were identified some 40 years ago (6) as: Data redundancy (collection of unnecessary data) Data duplication (multiple copies of the same data) This continues to this day with data of dubious quality arising from old spreadsheets with multiple versions.
It is clear from FIGURE 2, using the cumulative curve, that more than 50% of breakers are less than 35 years old. But there is a significant subThis simple control loop allows for review of the whole population; it may be that overall DGA samples population at about 80 years old and a few at are taken annually, and each sample is reviewed on arrival of the results, but the whole population is reviewed every six months. This meets the PAS55 requirement that critical assets are monitored almost 100 years old. Are these particularly reliable for performance. or particularly unreliable? would be useful have In practical terms it is possible to relate the DGAItscore of a transformer to the age of to the unit; as an example a population of transformers is shown in FIGURE 4; a linear trend line has been added to give a general impression of how the value of DGA score varies with age. Clearly older units have a higher an DGA idea of how many such breakers were originally score ̄ the real questions would be related to: Are there any particular units which stand out? obtained so that it would be possible to identify How do different voltage or MVA classes DGA scores vary with age? How do differenthave manufacturers scoresor vary low failure rate. It may whether they a DGA high And so on̖ be worth asking ask why there are, relatively, so few The chart is a means to visualize data and pick out transformers of interest ̄ making sense of the data requires engineering judgment and experience. breakers between 20 and 30 years old? Were less bought? they failed at a higher rate? Are older Relating assetHave failure modes to functional performance, usually through reliability centered maintenance (RCM), ensures that the actions we take address those things which will lead to poor performance. Again, this is a control loop process performers to ensure that our target or ̄ functional performance ̄ is related to the breakers poorer just more difficult to activities we perform, including maintenance. RCM is a system which allows us to relate the maintenance to the failure modes and thus tune the maintenance elements of the cycle (noting that maintenance maintain? is not necessarily time based, but could also be condition based, performance based or risk/criticality The situation can be summarized in a simple control loop, FIGURE 3. A target value is set for the DGA score of the transformer population. DGA results allow us to measure the population DGA scores to ascertain the present condition; actions then result in terms of maintenance, documentation, asset replacement, additional monitoring or, in some cases, „do nothing.
D
Typical information would include: 180
Such information can be used to produce some basic charts of value: for example a breaker population may be analyzed for age. FIGURE 2 shows the breaker population of an organization using number of a particular age plotted against age, with the cumulative % showing what percentage are less than a certain age. July-September 2008
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140 120
Score 100
Asset type Asset manufacturer, serial number, year of manufacture Functional ratings, including MVA, BIL, voltage etc Purchase value, replacement value Location Maintenance history Faults, defects and failures found
160
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Age
DGA versus Age for a Transformer Population FIGURE 4
Each asset must perform a function that provides some value (PAS55 section 4.5) – how do we measure and monitor that performance? Which are the most critical assets which will require most attention?
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Special Feature
Transformers are clearly large items, with long lead times and usually large consequences if they fail. They could be described as critical items on any electric network, but we should be careful to identify those which have little impact, and those which have a large impact – see the “RISKS” section. Most oil filled units are sampled on a regular basis for dissolved gases – DGA – which is a very cost effective way to monitor the health of the assets. Analysis of the results is not simple – there is a degree of uncertainty in any of the „standard” interpretations. Lapworth has developed a system which helps identify transformers which are „abnormal based on their DGA signatures. Each DGA result is passed through an algorithm which produces a single figure – the DGA score – based on gas ratios; the population is normalized and any score above a certain level, say 100, is deemed abnormal. The system is very useful in determining those units which stand out– either based on type or based on their own history. The system still requires an engineer with some understanding and knowledge of DGA to work out the possible causes, which may be benign or well understood and managed, but the scoring system is useful as a means to underpin a review of a transformer population. In PAS55 terms we are using the DGA score to help monitor the performance of critical assets – our transformers.
score of a transformer to the age of the unit; as an example a population of transformers is shown in FIGURE 4; a linear trend line has been added to give a general impression of how the value of DGA score varies with age. Clearly older units have a higher DGA score – the real questions would be related to: Are there any particular units which stand out? How do different voltage or MVA classes DGA scores vary with age? How do different manufacturers DGA scores vary And so on… The chart is a means to visualize data and pick out transformers of interest – making sense of the data requires engineering judgment and experience.
Relating asset failure modes to functional performance, usually reliability The situation can be summarized in a simplethrough control loop, FIGURE 3. A target value iscentered set for the DGA score of the transformer population. DGA results allow us to measure the population DGA scores to ascertain the present condition; actions then result in that terms ofthe maintenance, documentation, maintenance (RCM), ensures actions we asset replacement, additional monitoring or, in some cases, „do nothing. This address simple control loop those allows for review of the wholewhich population; itwill may be lead that overall to DGA poor samples take things are taken annually, and each sample is reviewed on arrival of the results, but the whole population is reviewed every six months. This meets the PAS55 requirement that critical assets are monitored performance. Again, this is a control loop process for performance. to ensure that ourto relate target functional In practical terms it is possible the DGA–score of a transformer to performance the age of the unit; as an example a population of transformers is shown in FIGURE 4; a linear trend line has been added to give a – isgeneral related we perform, including impression ofto how the the valueactivities of DGA score varies with age. Clearly older units have a higher DGA score ̄ the real questions would be related to: Are there any particular units which standsystem out? maintenance. RCM is a which allows us to How do different voltage or MVA classes DGA scores vary with age? How domaintenance different manufacturers DGAto scores vary failure modes and thus relate the the And so on̖ tune the maintenance elements of the cycle (noting The chart is a means to visualize data and pick out transformers of interest ̄ making sense of the data engineering judgment andis experience. The situation can be summarized in a simple thatrequires maintenance not necessarily time based, but control loop, FIGURE 3. A target value is set for could also bemodes condition based, performance based Relating asset failure to functional performance, usually through reliability centered maintenance (RCM), ensures that the actions we take address those things which will lead to poor performance. Again, the DGA score of the transformer population. DGA or risk/criticality based) this is a control loop process to ensure that our target ̄ functional performance ̄ is related to the activities we perform, including maintenance. RCM is a system which allows us to relate the maintenance to the failure modes and thus tune the maintenance elements of the cycle (noting that maintenance results allow us to measure the population DGA is not necessarily time based, but could also be condition based, performance based or risk/criticality scores to ascertain the present condition; actions then result in terms of maintenance, documentation, asset replacement, additional monitoring or, in some cases, „do nothing. D
180
160 140
This simple control loop allows for review of the whole population; it may be that overall DGA samples are taken annually, and each sample is reviewed on arrival of the results, but the whole population is reviewed every six months. This meets the PAS55 requirement that critical assets are monitored for performance. In practical terms it is possible to relate the DGA July-September 2008
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Score 100
120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Age
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DGA versus Age for a Transformer Population FIGURE 4
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Special Feature
WHY RISKS ? If the asset base is identified, and the performance monitored, the next step is to identify the impact that functional failure will have on the system.
terms of risk. This is a relatively simple process to implement in a spreadsheet system as appropriate data can be estimated and subsequently refined. This approach allows for risk to be associated with every asset – a useful step when it comes to identifying assets for replacement.
Risks are a combination of event likelihood (probability) and event impact (consequence). A high-impact low-probability event may pose the We can also look at particular sets of assets, same risk as a low-probability high-impact event. In any case, we need to identify, quantify and manage such as transformers, to identify specific risks which we may wish to draw out of the population. Event the risk. probabilities are usually estimated – we rarely know A means to quantify probability is required– a the probability of failure of a transformer, and need scale of 1-5 where 1 is unlikely and 5 is almost certain is a simple way to start. Likewise a means to look at population statistics. FIGURE 5 shows to identify impact is required – a 1 being low impact the number of failures recorded by a particular and a 5 being high impact is easy to state, but it organization over a number of years, based on also needs to be quantified. Impact may be in terms voltage class. of: Clearly some years have more failures than others; there are also very few 345 kV transformer asset value at purchase asset value to failures in comparison to 115 kV units. What is replace impact on the system in terms more valuable is the failure rate of transformers of customers interrupted & interruption – where we reference the number of failures to duration environmental effects safety the population. TABLE 1 gives failure rates for the effects some other measure. same population All possible impacts need to be identified and weighted. It is possible to start out in a simple manner and then get more complex and more detailed. A simple approach is to apply an asset condition score based on best available knowledge – say 1 for good and 5 for poor. This can be used as a proxy for likelihood of failure in the short term as a more complete algorithm is derived for likelihood of failure in the longer term – one which includes knowledge and accounting for: Count of Ref_No
10
9
8
7
HV
6
345
5
230 115
4
34
3
maintenance history operational history design and manufacture environmental considerations
2
1
0 2001
To gain the „risk associated with a certain asset we can multiply the likelihood of failure (condition code) by the impact score; the higher the result, the greater the risk. Assets can then be ranked in July-September 2008
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Failure Numbers for Power Transformers FIGURE 5
High Side kV 345 230 115 46 & 69 <=33
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2003
TABLE 1 Failure Rates of Power Transformers Pop. Fail Number % fail rate per year 16 2 2.5 19 5 5.3 479 28 1.2 65 0 0.0 486 5 0.2
33
Now it is clear that the 230 kV units are showing a relatively high failure rate; what should be done? What is missing, of course, is the cause of failure, and the need to know whether there was anything that could be done through maintenance or operations to prevent the failures. Is there something about the manufacture and design? Is weather a cause? Benchmarking failure rates against other, similar 11/25/08 4:06:11 PM organizations may help to bring out root causes and those risks which are more real than perception. Clearly the 230 kV transformers represent a risk to the system which needs to be identified
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Failure Numbers for Power Transformers FIGURE 5 TABLE 1 Failure Rates of Power Transformers Pop. Fail Number % fail rate per year 16 2 2.5 19 5 5.3 479 28 1.2 65 0 0.0 486 5 0.2
These processes allow us to manage risk in line with PAS55 and provide a trail which is auditable as an organization moves from a relatively simple view of risk to a far more complex view or risk.
It is therefore a good start with a simple asset list that will allow information on assets to be Now it is clear that the 230 kV units are showing a relatively high failure rate; what should be done? Now it is clear that the 230 kV units are showing What is missing, of course, is the cause of failure, and the need to know whether there was anything that extracted for management decisions and asset could be done through maintenance or operations to prevent the failures. Is there something about the a relatively high failure rate; what should be done? management risk analysis. PAS55 is a publicly manufacture and design? Is weather a cause? Benchmarking failure rates against other, similar organizations may help to bring out root causes and those of risksfailure, which are more real than What is missing, of course, is the cause and available specification which provides direction and perception. Clearly the 230 kV transformers represent a risk to the system which needs to be identified and addressed. the need to know whether there was anything that a framework to reference key asset management could be done through maintenance or operations also wish Balancing budgets is always a challenge, Asset risks based on likelihood of failure and impact may be applied to every asset, but we mayactivities. to separate and record the individual risks associated with certain assets. Risks at substation may get to out prevent failures. Is there something about level but a suitable asset register with associated risks the manufacture and design? Is weather a cause? allows an organization to make rational decisions Benchmarking failure rates against other, similar in this complex field. organizations may help to bring out root causes and those risks which are more real than perception. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Clearly the 230 kV transformers represent a risk The authors would like to thank National Grid to the system which needs to be identified and US for permission to publish this paper. addressed.
Further appreciation must be given to colleagues Asset risks based on likelihood of failure and within and without the company who have provided impact may be applied to every asset, but we may also wish to separate out and record individual comment, guidance and further comment on the risks associated with certain assets. Risks at content of this paper. substation level may get very detailed and quite REFERENCES specific; these would feed up the organization as 1. Asset Management Overview Ref 1 2. “Aspects of Asset Management at Energy Australia” J. Hardwick, Energy more generic risks. Examples may include specific Australia, 76thAnnual International Conference of Doble Clients, Boston, USA, voltage regulators which are identified (through 2007 inspections, for example) as possibly unreliable or 3. Asset Management Council of Australia, www.amcouncil.com.au, in poor condition with consequent impacts at those 4. Publicly Available Specification 55, BSI, 2004, ISBN 0-580-42766-8 locations; the generic risk is a regulator failure 5. “Control of Engineering Projects”, S. Wearne, Thomas Telford, 1989, ISBN 0727713876 which would have an undesirable impact. Having identified and quantified risk, mitigation measures should be put in place. It may be that the level of risk is acceptable. It may be that we can identify risks which are not obvious but which are significant. In any case we should identify target risk levels and control measures to bring high risk items within the risk level target. The result is that we have a ranked list of risks identified based on either every asset or on specific assets which we wish to identify separately. In both cases we can edit and update the risk as we identify control measures and subsequent changes in risk. July-September 2008
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6. “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Volume 1, 4thEdition, C.J. Date, Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-19215-2 7. IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers. IEEE Std C57.104-1991, IEEE NY, NY, July 1992. 8. IEC, “IEC 599- Interpretation of the Analysis of Gases in Transformers and Other Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment in Service”, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 1978 9. “A novel approach (scoring system) for integrating dissolved gas analysis results into a life management system”, Lapworth, J., Electrical Insulation, 2002. Conference Record of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Volume , Issue , 7-10 Apr 2002 Page(s): 137 – 144 10. “A scoring system for integrating dissolved gas analysis results into a life management process for power transformers”, John A. Lapworth, National Grid (UK), 71st International Conference of Doble Clients, Boston, USA, 2002 11. “Analysis of Transformer Failures” ,W.H. Bartley, Proceedings of the SixtyNinth Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, April 2000 12. “Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk”, Peter Bernstein, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, ISBN 0471295639
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Technical Paper
First of the two-part series Objectives • To provide basic information on the nature, sources and undesirable effects of power quality problems • To provide basic information/specifications that will allow proper integration and compatibility of industrial equipment, particularly electronic equipment, with the plant/building electrical distribution system. • To be aware of some methods used in the industry to mitigate power quality problems Part 1 – Power Quality Description: Nature, Sources and Undesirable Effects The Perfect Power Supply • Always available • Always within voltage and frequency tolerances • Has a pure noise-free sinusoidal wave shape. How much deviation from perfection can be tolerated will depend on:
in polarity (primarily either positive or negative). Oscillatory Transients[3] An oscillatory transient consists of a voltage or current whose instantaneous value changes polarity rapidly. It is described by its spectral content (predominant frequency), duration, and magnitude. Short-duration Voltage Variations[3] Short-duration voltage variations are almost always caused by: • fault conditions • the energization of large loads that require high starting currents • intermittent loose connections in power wiring. Sag Duration[3] Typical sag duration defined in some publications ranges from 2 ms (about 1/8 of a cycle) to a couple of minutes. Transients[3] Undervoltages that last less than 1/2 cycle (8.33ms) cannot be characterized effectively as a change in the rms value of the fundamental frequency value. Therefore, these events are considered transients Long Duration Variations[3] Undervoltages that last longer than 1 min can typically be controlled by voltage regulation equipment and may be associated with a wide variety of causes other than system faults. Therefore, these are classified as long duration variations Swell[3] A swell is defined as an increase in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 min. Typical magnitudes are between 1.1 and 1.8 pu. Swell magnitude is also is also described by its remaining voltage, in this case, always greater than 1.0. Swells are characterized by their magnitude (rms value) and duration.
BY: Engr Gener G. Restubog
How can power quality problems be detected?
Long Duration Variations[3] Long duration variations encompass rms deviations at power frequencies for longer than 1 min. Long duration variations are considered to be present when the ANSI limits are exceeded for greater than 1 min.
Determining the exact problems requires sophisticated electronic test equipment.
Long duration variations can be either overvoltages or undervoltages, depending on the cause of the variation.
Symptoms Indicating Possible Power Quality Problems: • A piece of equipment misoperates at the same time of day. • Circuit breakers trip without being overloaded. • Equipment fails during a thunderstorm. • Automated systems stop for no apparent reason. • Electronic systems fail or fail to operate on a frequent basis. • Electronic systems work in one location but not in another location. • Lights dim or blink and electronic systems misoperate.
Overvoltages and undervoltages generally are not the result of system faults. They are caused by load variations on the system and system switching operations. These variations are characterized by plots of rms voltage versus time.
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the user’s application the type of equipment installed and his view of his requirements.
Description Of Power Quality Phenomena
Use Of “Brownout” Term[3] Brownout is sometimes used to describe sustained periods of low power-frequency voltage initiated as a specific dispatch strategy to reduce power delivery. The type of disturbance described by brownout is basically the same as that described by the term undervoltage defined here.
IEEE STD 1159-1995 Definition[3] Power quality refers to a wide variety of electromagnetic phenomena that characterize the voltage and current at a given time and at a given location on the power system.
Because there is no formal definition for the term brownout, and because the term is not as clear as the term undervoltage when trying to characterize a disturbance, the term brownout should be avoided in future power quality activities in order to avoid confusion.
Impulsive Transients[3] An impulsive transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that is unidirectional
Sustained interruptions[3] The decrease to zero of the supply voltage for a period of time in excess of 1 min is considered a sustained interruption.
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Voltage interruptions longer than 1 min are often permanent in nature and require manual intervention for restoration. Use of “Outage” Term[3] Sustained interruptions are a specific power system phenomena and have no relation to the usage of the term outage. Outage, as defined in IEEE Std 100-1992, does not refer to a specific phenomenon, but rather to the state of a component in a system that has failed to function as expected. Also, use of the term interruption in the context of power quality monitoring has no relation to reliability or other continuity of service statistics. Voltage Imbalance[3] Voltage imbalance (or unbalance) is defined as the ratio of the negative or zero sequence component to the positive sequence component. The negative or zero sequence voltages in a power system generally result from unbalanced loads causing negative or zero sequence currents to flow. Waveform Distortion[3] Waveform distortion is a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally characterized by the spectral content of the deviation. There are five primary types of waveform distortion as follows: a) DC offset, b) Harmonics, c) Interharmonics, d) Notching, e) Noise DC Offset The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system is termed dc offset. Harmonics[1] Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are integer multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate (termed the fundamental frequency; usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz) Harmonics combine with the fundamental voltage or current, and produce waveform distortion. Harmonic distortion exists due to the nonlinear characteristics of devices and loads on the power system. Harmonic distortion levels can be characterized by the complete harmonic spectrum with magnitudes and phase angles of each individual harmonic component. It is also common to use a single quantity, the total harmonic distortion (THD), as a measure of the magnitude of harmonic distortion. Types Of Equipment That Generate Harmonics Harmonic load currents are generated by all non-linear loads. These include:
Problems caused by harmonic voltages • voltage distortion • induction motors • zero-crossing noise Interharmonics [7] IEC 61000-2-1 standard defines interharmonics as follows: Between the harmonics of the power frequency voltage and current, further frequencies can be observed which are not an integer of the fundamental. They can appear as discrete frequencies or as a wide-band spectrum. EC 1000-2-1 (1990) places background noise phenomenon in the interharmonic category. This recommended practice discusses noise separately as a distinct electromagnetic phenomenon. Main Sources • static frequency converters • cyclo-converters • induction motors • arcing devices • Power-line carrier signals can also be considered as interharmonics. Effects of Interharmonics • Thermal effects • Low-frequency oscillations in mechanical systems • Disturbances in fluorescent lamps and electronic equipment operation. • Interference with control and protection signals in power supply lines. • Overloading passive parallel filters for high order harmonics • Telecommunication interference • Acoustic disturbance • Saturation of current transformers. • Variations in rms voltage magnitude and flicker. Notching[3] Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance Voltage Notching Voltage notching represents a special case that falls between transients and harmonic distortion. Since notching occurs continuously (steady state), it can be characterized through the harmonic spectrum of the affected voltage. Severity The severity of the notch at any point in the system is determined by the source inductance and the isolating inductance between the converter and the point being monitored.
• Single phase loads • Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) • Electronic fluorescent lighting ballasts • Small uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) units
Voltage Fluctuations[3] Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series of random voltage changes, the magnitude of which does not normally exceed the voltage ranges specifed (of 0.95 – 1.05 pu).
• Three phase loads • Variable speed drives • Large UPS units
Voltage fluctuations are defined by their rms magnitude expressed as a percent of the fundamental.
Problems caused by harmonic current • overloading of neutrals • overheating of transformers • nuisance tripping of circuit breakers • over-stressing of power factor correction capacitors • skin effect July-September 2008
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Power Frequency Variations[3] The power system frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the generators on the system. At any instant, the frequency depends on the balance between the load and the capacity of the available generation.
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Technical Paper
When this dynamic balance changes, small changes in frequency occur. The size of the frequency shift and its duration depends on the load characteristics and the response of the generation system to load changes. Frequency variations that go outside of accepted limits for normal steady-state operation of the power system are normally caused by faults on the bulk power transmission system, a large block of load being disconnected, or a large source of generation going off-line. Frequency variations that affect the operation of rotating machinery, or processes that derive their timing from the power frequency (clocks), are rare on modern interconnected power systems. Frequency variations of consequence are much more likely to occur when such equipment is powered by a generator isolated from the utility system. In such cases, governor response to abrupt load changes may not be adequate to regulate within the narrow bandwidth required by frequency sensitive equipment. Part 2 – Power Quality Immunity Improvement Guidelines and Specifications[2] 1. Grounding For all electronic and power-electronic equipment, grounding is an extremely important aspect of system compatibility. Grounding conditions found in industrial plants vary widely. These methods of grounding are described in detail in: • IEEE 141 (The IEEE Red Book) • IEEE 142 (The IEEE Green Book) • IEEE 1100 (The IEEE Emerald Book) • Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) • Code of Practice for Grounding Industrial Ungrounded Systems Ungrounded systems have been identified as major sources of equipment unreliability and subsequent production losses. Ungrounded systems were originally used by industry plant operators to maintain production, even after a phase-to-ground fault had occurred. However, now they are unacceptable if high service reliability is to be achieved. Ground faults rarely occur cleanly and permanently. The normal fault arcs intermittently. This can create large transients, which can excite system resonance as well as degrade equipment insulation, resulting in reduced equipment life-expectancy. Cost-Effective Solutions The specific cost-effective actions required by the manufacturer of the electronic system are as follows: • design and test to the requirements of Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL) 508 • test the system on an ungrounded supply • apply an arcing ground to the input and output circuits one conductor at a time and modify the system until no spurious events occur • include common-mode filters as required • use isolation transformers to provide a means of establishing a local ground Specification Language The electronic equipment shall be designed to operate with the power system grounded using a solidly grounded neutral or one of the following options:
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• corner-grounded delta system • high/low-resistance grounded system • reactance-grounded system • split-phase ground. 2. Rating of Supply An essential aspect of improving PQ immunity is established with the rating of the service entry to the industrial facility and the number of separately-derived sources and feeders supplying power to the process. The current trend has been to use switch-mode power supplies and other rectifier-based power electronic equipment, such as ac ASDs, without input reactance. This trend makes power electronic equipment more vulnerable to high-fault capacity or “stiff” power supply systems. Cost-Effective Solutions • Map out each feed to the process through each of the step-down transformers. • Make a record of the impedance, and configuration of each transformer. • Once this record has been established, the values must be provided to the electronic systems supplier to ensure that the load is well protected. • It is most important that the nominal voltage rating and the shortcircuit capacity of the supply be included, so that there is a clear design basis for the electronic system designer. • Technology changes from linear to switch-mode power supplies and the elimination of dc link reactors, for economic reasons have increased the vulnerability of electronics to low-impedance supplies. • For systems with fault capacities higher than 10 kA, it is recommended that an engineering study be completed to ensure complete coordination with the electronic equipment. Specification Language The electronic equipment shall operate with the three-phase supply system rated at 500 kVA at 460 V with a short circuit capacity of 10 kA. 3. Service Entrance Transformer Configuration Power electronic equipment with three-phase input rectifiers relies on a balanced symmetrical configuration of the three-phase supply for maximum efficiency and reliability. The practical three-phase system will not have balanced impedance and, therefore, will exhibit some voltage unbalance. Open-delta configurations are fundamentally unbalanced, therefore, are unsuitable for the operation of both controlled and uncontrolled threephase bridge rectifiers. Unbalanced input voltages can create severe current unbalance conditions. A current unbalance of nearly 100% can be experienced with a voltage unbalance as low as 3%. Cost-Effective Solutions Manufacturers of power electronic equipment are able to calculate the voltage and current ratings that will provide the maximum reliability for the equipment. However, the exact details of the supply transformer configuration are required. Specification Language The electronic equipment shall be designed to operate with the supply system configured as a three-phase delta connection or one of the following options:
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Technical Paper Specification Language The equipment shall have a fully coordinated transient suppression scheme as demonstrated by three characteristics:
delta connected 480 V at 60 Hz wye connected with neutral 480 V at 60 Hz wye connected no neutral 480 V at 60 Hz open delta connected 480 V at 60 Hz.
4. Steady-State Voltage Steady-state voltage is well defined and is an essential part of the specification for power electronic equipment. The most notable aspect of the steady-state voltage standards is the range given by the National Electric Manufacturing Association (NEMA) for equipment standards of ±10% for nominal supply voltage. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) C84.1 Standard provides for a voltage range of +13% to -6% of nominal. To enable a clear definition of the operating conditions for the electronics, it is important to state the range to avoid any misunderstanding. Cost-Effective Solutions The performance of electronic equipment will depend on the nominal voltage available on-site. One of the most cost-effective PQ mitigating steps is assuring that the nominal input voltage is within the equipment’s specified application range. This applies to both the power and signal-level inputs. Potential transformer (PT) ratios must be carefully checked. Specification Language The electronic equipment shall provide 100% specified output power under the following range of steady-state input voltage and frequency: • root-mean-square (rms) voltage ±10% • frequency ±1%. 5. Transient Overvoltages Overvoltage conditions are instantly fatal for semiconductors. From the early days of electronics and power electronics design, significant effort has been placed on the safe specification of maximum overvoltage conditions. For power semiconductors connected directly to the ac supply, it has been customary practice to provide semiconductors with ratings of twice the peak value of supply voltage plus an additional 100 V as the minimum peak-inverse voltage (PIV) capability. As more is learned about the aging characteristics of semiconductors, it is realized that, with time, the average power semiconductor loses some of its ability to block peak voltages. This vindicates the long held practices of providing large safety margins in peak voltage capability. Resistor capacitor networks (“snubbers”) are commonly employed in electronic power converters to control the rate of applied voltage. IEEE C62.42 contains excellent reference information on surge arrestors and voltage waveforms. NEMA MG 1 Part 31 also contains voltage profiles for peak voltage waveforms. Cost-Effective Solutions Manufacturers can achieve best results by applying snubbers directly across the semiconductors. Additional snubbers, arranged as shown in Figure 4, may be used to attenuate supply voltage transients. One method uses metal-oxide varistors (MOVs) connected between the input phases and ground, two parallel redundant MOVs are shown in Figure 5. These devices are initially effective but do have a limited life. The cost-effective solution for the control of transient overvoltages is the application of transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) at both the service entrance and at lower voltage transformation locations. Each TVSS must be connected to clamp excessive voltage to ground. Recent additions to UL 1449 in Edition 2 provide for TVSS equipment capable of sustaining practical steady-state overvoltages without the risk of losing protection. July-September 2008
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1) the let through voltage per amp of transient energy 2) the withstand curves of the electronic components 3) the basic impulse level (BIL) of the internal components. This scheme is adequate for a Class B, ANSI C62 environment with grounding sufficient for a frequency range of 3–16 kHz. Alternate Wording The electronic equipment shall operate reliably and without interruption when subjected to occasional overvoltage transients. The magnitude of the transients shall be two times the peak of the normal sinewave power supply with a rise time of 0.1 μs and base width of 70 μs, as shown in Figure 6. 6. Three-Phase Voltage Sags Voltage sags present electronic equipment with several problems. The first and fundamental problem is how to keep the process operating during reduced-voltage conditions. The second problem is how to respond to rapid recovery from the sag condition, which can cause high inrush currents to be drawn by power electronic equipment. The third problem is one of detection. Are voltage sags to blame for reduced component life and erratic equipment operations? High Inrush Current The typical power-electronic converter using an uncontrolled diode rectifier requires the use of a pre-charge circuit to prevent high inrush currents during energization. During voltage sag conditions, the operation of these precharge circuits is not predictable. To limit inrush currents caused during recovery from the sag, some devices reinsert the pre-charge resistor while others do not. Devices that use the precharge do not tend to shorten their life expectancy as a result of inrush currents. Response of Power Electronic Equipment To Voltage Sag This issue is of particular importance to ASD applications. During momentary reduced-voltage conditions, ASDs will respond according to manufacturer- and user-specified setup and programming parameters. A simplified specification text may be successfully used to describe what is a very complex statistical event. Projects that were specified in this way have provided good immunity to voltage sags.
Engr. Gener G. Restubog is currently connected with Intel Technology Philippines as Facility Engineer and the College of Engineering and Technology of the University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna as part –time Faculty Member. He had attended the M. S. E. E. program of the University of the Philippines in 1989 – 1991. He is a candidate for the degree of Master of Engineering – Electrical Design Engineer and Design Project Manager in various consulting firm in the country and abroad. He is the 2008 VP – Internal Affairs of IIEE Northern Laguna Chapter.
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Membership Updates to acquaint the entire electrical practitioner either locally or overseas and also to make the celebration of the 33rd Annual National Convention and 3E XPO 2008 of the Institute more special.
In line with its aim to gather the entire electrical practitioners in the Country, the Institute of The petition is currently being studied by Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines the Office of the President and there are signs filed a petition to the Office of the President of the Republic of the Philippines to declare the first that the mentioned action will be granted by the week of November as a Electrical Engineering President. Week. It can be recalled that previously Civil Engineering Week was also proclaimed by the The Petition was signed by Engr. Arthur N. Escalante, VP-Internal of IIEE. Engr. Escalante President. stated that his move was fueled by his desire
Philippine Technological Council to Host First Ever Engineering Summit
The Philippine Technological Council (PTC), in close cooperation with the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippine, Inc. (IIEE), is grooming up for the first ever Engineering Summit in the Country which is to be held on January 29-31, 2009 at the SMX Convention Center, Mall of Asia Complex, Pasay City.
technical presentations to inform the attendees on the latest developments in the engineering professions.
Carrying the theme “Challenges in Engineering Education, Practice, Governance and Environment” the Summit will address all the tribulations currently hounding the engineering profession as a whole.
In preparation for the event, IIEE shall be the first Accreditted Professional Organization (APO) to host the engineering summit. The Institute whose track record in conducting such event has been proven time and again. The Institute will chair the Ways and Means Committee. Engr. Raymond A. Marquez, Institute’s former president and the incumbent Secretary of PTC, in a short interview mentioned that the event will be the biggest gathering of all technical/engineering professionals in the Country. Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio stated that managing the event will be a challenge for the Institute, but cited that IIEE’s experience in conducting such event will surface eventually. The Summit will feature various engineering equipment, machineries, appliances, and personal devices of top-rated companies in the Country. Moreover, distinguished speakers will hold July-September 2008
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