International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
Groundwater quality in eastern area of North Kordofan State, Sudan AM Ahmed1*, AK Abd El Aal2*, NA Abu el Bashar3 1
2
College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch 3 Rural Water Corporation, Khartoum, Sudan
Abstract—This study was carried out for investigation of the quality of ground water in the area that lies in the eastern part of North Kordofan State. The study depends on chemical analysis of water samples collected from 20 water wells, to investigate its suitability for humans, animals and for agricultural purposes, and compare it with the Sudanese and the world Health organization standards. The dominant rock type of the study area is the basement rocks, Nubian Sand Stones recent sediments and Um Ruwaba I. INTRODUCTION Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life (UNOSIA, 2005). In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface (FAO, 1997a). On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation. The oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water, such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products (UNEP, 2002). There are many water related diseases caused by water pollution, which includes those diseases spread by insects that breed or feed near contaminated water, such as malaria, and dengue fever. These diseases are not typically associated with lack of access to clean drinking water or sanitation services, and they are not included here in estimates of water-related deaths. It must be noted, however, that their spread is often facilitated by the construction of large-scale water systems that create conditions favorable to their hosts. (Peter H. Gleick 2002). Public water systems are required to deliver safe and reliable drinking water to their customers 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. If the water supply becomes contaminated, consumers can become seriously ill. Fortunately, public water systems take many steps to ensure that the public has www.ijaers.com
sedimentary rocks. The study concluded that most of the analyzed elements of the ground water at the south east of the study area, have high salinity which hinders the above mentioned usages, but the ground water in the south-west area of the study is suitable for different purposes and usages. Keywords—Groundwater, Hydrogeology, physical and chemical parameters, Um Ruwaba.
safe, reliable drinking water. One of the most important steps is to regularly test the water for coliform bacteria (http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/Programs/coliform.htm). Location The studied area is located between longitudes 310 06.878 - 31º 59.349 and latitudes 12º 54.322 - 13º 29.263 in the North kordofan state, Sudan. The study area lies around Ashana Administrative Unit which comprises a number of villages in the eastern north kordofan state. Geology and Hydrogeology The geological structures of the study area vary with respect to groundwater condition due to variation in their lithology and rock type. The following hydro-geological units are present in the study area: Basement Complex, Paleozoic Sandstones (Nawa Formation), Nubian Sandstone Formation, Um Ruwaba Formation and Superficial Deposits. Figure 1 shows the geological map north Kordofan State where the study area lies in the eastern part. The sedimentary basins and sub-basins, which are encountered in the area, are separated in some parts by lowlying Basement rocks of the Precambrian era (Vail, 1990). The Basement rocks in the area are mainly metamorphic rocks of amphibolites that mostly retrograde to green schist faces Biotitic and granitic gneisses, that are megmatized in some parts, are very common. Batholithic granites are infrequently in the area such as Jebel kon. The older Basement rocks consist of gneisses, met sediments, metavolcanics and older granites. The gneisses are Page | 18
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) considered as the oldest rock unit, affected by at least three periods of deformation, whereas the met sediments are affected by two periods of deformation The metavolcanics are younger, they are affected only by the last deformation (El Shariefetal. 1989). II. MATERIALS AND MEHODS Field work was carried out during May. 2011, a group of wells in the study area were randomly selected for water sample collection. The chosen wells has been named according to the location of villages. The containers (bottles) were washed with water and soap and then with distilled water and then dried were then washed each bottle with water well to be studied and open the tap to be sampling it for 10 seconds to pour the water in order to ensure that the water from the depth of the reservoir and then aquifer of water the size of 2 liters per well in the field to study and measure the physical parameters (pH, EC, T, TDS). Then the remainder of the sample was taken to the laboratory to measure the chemical parameters (Na, K, Ca, Mg, CL, F, SO4, NO2, NO3, CO3, HCO3) and heavy elements (Fe, Cu). Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved Solids (TDS) and Temperature, were measured, on-site immediately after the collection of the water samples, using a conductivity meter (model HQ14d, HACH). The pH was measured with a Microprocessor pH meter (HANNA Instruments, Romania).
(WHO, 1984) international standards for drinking water and for human consumption, the water must be free from organisms and from concentrations of chemical substances that may be hazardous to human health.
•
•
•
•
• III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The groundwater contains salts in solution that are derived from the location and past movement of the water. Reported salts contents range from less than 25 mg/l in the quartzite spring to more than 300,000 mg/l in brines (Todd, 1988). de Moel et al, 2006), mentioned that, groundwater is hygienically reliable and typically has a constant composition. According to the World Health Organization
www.ijaers.com
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
•
IV. CONCLUSION Within the study area with a high concentration of salinity was recorded even more than the average values accepted by the World Health Organization and the Sudanese standards for drinking water. East_west part of the kon mountain high average of salinity was recorded due to the flow of ground water in this direction where it passes through the mountain. High salinity was also found in the groundwater where mudstones were available. A clear high average of the total dissolved solid (TDS), was recorded in the areas of Elshewafa, El Bazaa, DefisJuda and Kasoura. There is also a high concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) at DefisJuda and Kasoura. V. RECOMMENDATIONS Animals should not drink from the human water sources to avoid water pollution. Authorized officials must convince the inhabitants of these villages to be gathered in area where services and safe drinking water are available. Bigger sizes of troughs must be constructed according to special specifications with fixed covers, beside constructing surface water reservoirs during the rainy season to use it later in the dry season. The inhabitants of these villages should be trained to use the chlorine in water to protect the people from water Related diseases.
Page | 19
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
Fig. 1: Geological Map of North Kordofan State
Fig. 2: Hydrological map of North Kordofan
www.ijaers.com
Page | 20
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
Table.1: No
The mean values of physical parameters
Temp. 0C
Villages
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
EC µS/cm
T.D.S mg/L
pH value
1
UmasharaSheikh Abu Aiza
Mean 32.8
St.d ±0.1
Mean 1398.3
St.d ±1.2
Mean 979.2
St.d ±0.2
Mean 6.9
St.d ±0.1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
UmJarari Mekhsazina GlabaHawara Jagoura Sharafat Kasoura Zaidan AbuLamisGanim ElshewafaEl Bazaa Hyeisafa Um Ruwba DefisJuda WadGeloyal UmBegila WadAshana AlRebtaAlhala ElKhun HaibeilaElsheikh UmGanas Al dnaksa UmBundog
33.3 35.7 32.1 28.5 33.1 31.5 27.5 30.3 32.1 28.4 29.2 27.2 27.6 29.2 27.6 28.6 28.5 32.2 28.6
±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1
1398.0 3575.4 3158.7 2291.7 2610.7 7585.0 3171.7 1942.7 8472.3 551.0 1071.4 1048.7 3300.0 1237.0 1324.7 2811.7 1617.0 2440.3 4790.1
±1.0 ±0.1 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±1.0 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±1.2 ±1.0 ±0.1 ±0.6 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±1.0 ±0.6 ±0.2
979.1 2502.9 2211.2 1604.3 1827.6 5309.4 2220.2 1360.1 5930.7 384.3 7500.4 734.2 2309.7 865.8 927.6 19687.2 1132.6 1708.2 3352.7
±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.6 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.6
7.7 7.4 6.8 7.1 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.2 7.0 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.9 7.7 7.6 6.7 7.2 7.6 7.3
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.3
*The values are mean of triplicate readings Table.2: No
Villages
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
UmasharaSheikh Abu Aiza UmJarari Mekhsazina GlabaHawara Jagoura Sharafat Kasoura Zaidan AbuLamisGanim ElshewafaEl Bazaa Hyeisafa Um Ruwba
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
DefisJuda WadGeloyal UmBegila WadAshana AlRebtaAlhala ElKhun HaibeilaElsheikh UmGanas Al dnaksa UmBundog
The mean values of Chemical parameters Chloride mg/L
Florida mg/L
SO4(mg/l)
Mean 63.8 141.3 817.9 358.8 220.1 261.2 934.3 221.4 102.1 521.9
St.d ±0.06 ±0.58 ±0.06 ±0.70 ±0.06 ±0.06 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.06
Mean 0.35 1.31 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09
St.d ±0.01 ±0.01 ±0.00 ±0.01 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.01
Mean 109.7 60.3 500.3 179.7 100.3 129.7 100.0 364.7 212.4 437.4
St.d ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±1.0 ±0.6 ±0.2 ±0.2
55.3 923.1 49.8 289.7 173.9 33.4 284.2 127.8 174.6 702.9
±0.07 ±0.15 ±0.12 ±0.15 ±0.01 ±0.01 ±0.21 ±0.06 ±0.06 ±0.06
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.37
±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.02 ±0.01
50.1 1125.1 60.2 275.1 43.1 76.2 134.7 100.2 90.0 610.0
±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.6 ±0.3 ±0.1 ±0.1
*The values are mean of triplicate readings
www.ijaers.com
Page | 21
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
Table.3: No
Villages
1
UmasharaSheikh Abu Aiza UmJarari Mekhsazina GlabaHawara Jagoura Sharafat Kasoura Zaidan AbuLamisGanim ElshewafaEl Bazaa Hyeisafa Um Ruwba DefisJuda WadGeloyal UmBegila WadAshana AlRebtaAlhala ElKhun HaibeilaElsheikh UmGanas Al dnaksa UmBundog
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
The mean values of Chemical parameters (Na + K) mg/L
Mean 122.1 281.2 0.0 299.1 40.9 269.9 265.2 0.0 249.3 0.0 0.0 15.8 44.6 128.1 217.5 195.5 176.3 199.3 135.7 806.8
Ca mg/L
St.d ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.3 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0
Mean 51.3 32.8 578.3 102.2 86.3 40.8 236.8 190.7 94.3 303.2 129.5 956.5 35.1 208.1 58.3 37.4 176.8 114.6 56.0 204.7
Mg mg/L St.d ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1
Mean 43.7 31.4 242.7 37.9 90.1 48.5 105.3 1204.6 26.4 269.1 42.9 50.3 21.4 18.4 21.4 13.8 23.2 18.1 81.5 66.3
St.d ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.6 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0
*The values are mean of triplicate readings Table.4: No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
The mean values of heavy elements
Villages
UmasharaSheikh Abu Aiza UmJarari Mekhsazina GlabaHawara Jagoura Sharafat Kasoura Zaidan AbuLamisGanim ElshewafaEl Bazaa Hyeisafa Um Ruwba DefisJuda WadGeloyal UmBegila WadAshana AlRebtaAlhala ElKhun HaibeilaElsheikh UmGanas Al dnaksa UmBundog
Fe mg/L Mean 0 0 0 0.02 0.91 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.01 0.31 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.00
Cu mg/L St.d ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.001 ±0.010 ±0.015 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.002 ±0.002 ±0.000 ±0.001 ±0.010 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.002 ±0.002 ±0.000
Mean 0 0 0 0.91 0 0 40 2.17 0.57 2.22 0.00 15.17 0.22 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.72 0.61 0.00
St.d ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.01 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±1.00 ±0.06 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.00 ±0.15 ±0.02 ±0.06 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.00
*The values are mean of triplicate readings
www.ijaers.com
Page | 22
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
N
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
mg/L 900
mg/L
850
19000
800
18000 17000 16000 15000 14000 13000
750 700 650 600
12000 11000 10000 9000 8000
550
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000
350
1000
150
500 450 400 300 250 200 100 50
Fig. 3: Three dimensional diagram of TDS concentration in the study area
Fig. 6: Three dimensional diagram of Ca concentration in the study area
N mg/L 7.6 7.5 7.4
N
7.3
mg/L
7.2
1150 1100 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 -0
7.1 7 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.3
Fig. 4: Three dimensional diagram of pH concentration in the study area N
mg/L
Fig. 7: Three dimensional diagram of Mg concentration in the study area
750 700 650
N
600 550 500
mg/L
450 400 350
280 260
300
240
250
220
200
200
150
180
100
160
50
140 120 100 80
Fig. 5: Three dimensional diagram of Na+ K concentration in the study area
60 40 20
Fig. 8: Three dimensional diagram of NO3 concentration in the study area
www.ijaers.com
Page | 23
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
N mg/L 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
Fig. 9: Three dimensional diagram of SO4 concentration in the study area
Vol-3, Issue-2 , Feb- 2016] ISSN: 2349-6495
1995 (linked 4/2007) vital water , united nations environment programmed. [6] (UNOSIA, 2005). UNOSIA (2005) .water for life the United Nations office to support the International Decade for Action 2005 – 2015 / UN. http://www.org/water for life decade/background.html. [7] (Vail, 1990). VAIL J. R (1990). Geochronology of the Sudan overseas geology and mineral resources. No. 66. British geological survey, London HMSO 1990. [8] W.H.O.(1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality, vol. 1 Recommendations, Geneva. (http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/Programs/coliform.ht m
N mg/L 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
Fig. 10: Three dimensional diagram of Cl concentration in the study area
[1]
[2] [3]
[4]
[5]
REFERENCES De Moel, P.J., J.Q.J.C. Verberk and van J.C. Dijk, (2006). Drinking water, principles and practices, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pie Ltd. D. K. Todd (1988). Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. El sharief , I. M. and Ginaya , M. A., (1989). Training course in EM surveys with apex maxim I equipment for groundwater exploration in areas with shallow basement pp 10. FAO (1997). Chemical analysis manual for food and water; 5th Ed, food and agriculture organization , Rome 1:20 – 26. (Peter H. Gleick 2002). (UNEP, 2002). UNEP (2002) .water vapor in the climate system special Report , {AGU} ; December
www.ijaers.com
Page | 24