IJITCE March 2020 by Editor IJITCE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

UK: Managing Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK

USA: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA.

India: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering 36/4 12th Avenue, 1st cross St, Vaigai Colony Ashok Nagar Chennai , India 600083 Email: editor@ijitce.co.uk

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

IJITCE PUBLICATION

International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.10 No.3 March 2020

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

Dear Researcher, Greetings! Articles in this issue discusses about Related Party Transaction in the new era of Corporate Governance. It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward many more new technologies in the next month.

Thanks, Editorial Team IJITCE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

Editorial Members Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering,Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPMSerdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia. Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at ShangaiJiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin,Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture,Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin,Germany Dr. Marco L. BianchiniPh.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR,Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 MonterotondoScalo (RM),Italy Dr. NijadKabbara Ph.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh,Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University,No. 303, University Road,Puli Town, Nantou County 54561,Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources,Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Dr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP. Ph.D. Project Manager - Software,Applied Materials,1a park lane,cranford,UK Dr. Bulent AcmaPh.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics,Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP),26470 Eskisehir,TURKEY Dr. Selvanathan Arumugam Ph.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602,USA. Dr. S.Prasath Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Nandha Arts & Science College, Erode , Tamil Nadu, India

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

Review Board Members Mr. Rajaram Venkataraman Chief Executive Officer, Vel Tech TBI || Convener, FICCI TN State Technology Panel || Founder, Navya Insights || President, SPIN Chennai Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY. Dr. MutamedTurkiNayefKhatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), TulKarm, PALESTINE. Dr.P.UmaMaheswari Prof &Head,Depaartment of CSE/IT, INFO Institute of Engineering,Coimbatore. Dr. T. Christopher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor &Head,Department of Computer Science,Government Arts College(Autonomous),Udumalpet, India. Dr. T. DEVI Ph.D. Engg. (Warwick, UK), Head,Department of Computer Applications,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-641 046, India. Dr. Renato J. orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 JavadRobati Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran VineshSukumar (PhD, MBA) Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc. Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020 Dr. S. B. Warkad Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India Dr. doc. Ing. RostislavChoteborský, Ph.D. Katedramateriálu a strojírenskétechnologieTechnickáfakulta,Ceskázemedelskáuniverzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168 DR.ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg.,HamptonUniversity,Hampton, VA 23688 Mr. Abhishek Taneja B.sc(Electronics),M.B.E,M.C.A.,M.Phil., Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Applications, at Dronacharya Institute of Management and Technology, Kurukshetra. (India). Dr. Ing. RostislavChotěborský,ph.d, Katedramateriálu a strojírenskétechnologie, Technickáfakulta,Českázemědělskáuniverzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. AmalaVijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE

Naik Nitin AshokraoB.sc,M.Sc Lecturer in YeshwantMahavidyalayaNanded University Dr.A.Kathirvell, B.E, M.E, Ph.D,MISTE, MIACSIT, MENGG Professor - Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tagore Engineering College, Chennai Dr. H. S. Fadewar B.sc,M.sc,M.Phil.,ph.d,PGDBM,B.Ed. Associate Professor - Sinhgad Institute of Management & Computer Application, Mumbai-BangloreWesternly Express Way Narhe, Pune - 41 Dr. David Batten Leader, Algal Pre-Feasibility Study,Transport Technologies and Sustainable Fuels,CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Private Bag 1,Aspendale, Vic. 3195,AUSTRALIA Dr R C Panda (MTech& PhD(IITM);Ex-Faculty (Curtin Univ Tech, Perth, Australia))Scientist CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai - 600 020,India Miss Jing He PH.D. Candidate of Georgia State University,1450 Willow Lake Dr. NE,Atlanta, GA, 30329 Jeremiah Neubert Assistant Professor,MechanicalEngineering,University of North Dakota Hui Shen Mechanical Engineering Dept,Ohio Northern Univ. Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY SeraphinChallyAbou Professor,Mechanical& Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 OrdeanCourt,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020 Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar)01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road - Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D ., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 008, India. Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India. Dr. N. Maheswari Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Kanchipiram Dt - 603 203, India. Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.) Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mrs. Smitha Ramachandran M.Sc(CS)., SAP Analyst, Akzonobel, Slough, United Kingdom. Dr. V. Vallimayil Ph.D., Director, Department of MCA, Vivekanandha Business School For Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, India. Mr. M. Moorthi M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of computer Applications, Kongu Arts and Science College, India PremaSelvarajBsc,M.C.A,M.Phil Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science,KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode Mr. G. Rajendran M.C.A., M.Phil., N.E.T., PGDBM., PGDBF., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Salem, India. Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020 Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, PrannathParnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. SeraphinChallyAbou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 558123042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India. MOHAMMAD YAZDANI-ASRAMI Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Babol"Noshirvani" University of Technology, Iran. Dr. Kulasekharan, N, Ph.D Technical Lead - CFD,GE Appliances and Lighting, GE India,John F Welch Technology Center,Plot # 122, EPIP, Phase 2,Whitefield Road,Bangalore – 560066, India. Dr. Manjeet Bansal Dean (Post Graduate),Department of Civil Engineering,Punjab Technical University,GianiZail Singh Campus,Bathinda -151001 (Punjab),INDIA Dr. Oliver Jukić Vice Dean for education,Virovitica College,MatijeGupca 78,33000 Virovitica, Croatia Dr. Lori A. Wolff, Ph.D., J.D. Professor of Leadership and Counselor Education,The University of Mississippi,Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, 139 Guyton University, MS 38677

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

Contents Corporate Risk Management & Insurance …..……………………………………………....[ 799]

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

Corporate Risk Management & Insurance A REPORT BY KOTA RAJASEKAR, HEAD OF FINANCE, CHEYYAR SEZ DEVELOPERS PVT LTD & S. MOHAN, MD, PAAVANA INSURANCE BROKERS P. LTD.

i. Background: This report gives a basic outline of Risk Management in relation to Insurance and introduces the concept and the process of Risk Management for Corporates. This report for IoD training. ii. iii. The Concept of Risks Risk is different from uncertainty in the sense that both are fortuitous, but uncertainty can produce both positive and negative effects, but Risk is always associated with an uncertainty with a negative effect only. Some others would classify the uncertainty as speculative risks and the latter as pure risks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; if that be so, this paper refers to

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pure risks only. The term Risks are used in various connotations, for instance, you can talk of Risk as a loss producing event like Earthquake, Fire etc. or some puritans would call them perils and only the accentuating factors as Risk. For the purpose of this paper we are referring to Risks as those attendants on business that could hit the balance sheet. When it comes to Pure Risks again, there is another classification into Pure Risks, Burning Band (or finite Risks) and Blended Risks. All these are dealt with in this report.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

iv.

• •

Pure Risk vs Finite Risks

Pure Risks in theory refers to those risks that have high severity but very low frequency of loss. Example – something like an Earthquake could happen in a place very rarely, but when it does happen, it could debilitate the balance sheet, so is terrorism, severe flooding, Tsunami etc. Finite Risks are exactly the opposite – like very high frequency, but low severity – like risks of employee medical ailments like cataract, maternity etc., inland logistics of small value cargo and so on. There are some that exhibit a blend of both – these are called blended risks.

Managing Insurance in Corporates

When not handled property – Insurance can be a nightmare in Corporates and can show up - in the most testing of times. Having taken the decision on Risks, managing the Insurance program is the key to Corporate Risk Management. Since in practice, in a country like India, most of the time, there is no full time Risk Management function and at times Insurance Management is also a part time function. For the purpose of Managing Insurance, Insurable Risks can be classified into the following types and handled individually – •

• •

Fixed Property: - Refers to all your property like Manufacturing Plants, Warehouses, Offices etc. where you have insurable interest. The buildings could be owned or leased. The premises from where you operate could be sole occupancy or cooccupancy. You would need to broadly categorize your assets into Buildings, Plant & machinery, Stocks and Stocks in Process, Goods held in trust etc. Care should be taken for taking adequate values to avoid underinsurance.. Tip: - Take Gross Block for Plant and Machinery – and apply Indices and correct Forex rate prevailing for insurance once in 5 or 6 years do actual valuation. Logistics Risks: - Refers to materials and cargo in transit, please co-ordinate with both inbound and outbound logistics departments, design a cover that is aligned to incoterms and buy the cover that is required and do not buy cover/ limits that are not required since they come with a cost. Care to be taken to choose – suitable Single Carrying Limits, Location Limits, Intermediate/ Final Destination Storage, special cargo if any ( like Reefer Cargo), loading / unloading cover, tail end transits, apparently sound but actually damaged situation, concealed damages, etc. Project cargo requires special attention. Business Interruption: - Choose the right basis for cover – like Turnover Basis/ Output Basis or Difference Basis. All Standing Charges (Fixed Overheads can be included – although you have an option to choose. Liability Risks: - Liability for a business comes from the following – •

Property Risks o Fixed Property o Property in Transit. o Business Interruption Liability Risks Employee Related Risks

•

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Financial Risks Other Miscellaneous Risks

Out of use of premises and transportation – Public Liability. Out of Products Sold – Product Liability/ Product Recall/ Contamination etc. incl Financial Loss. Arising from litigation from stakeholders –

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

Directors and Officer Liability. Arising from deficiency in services/ wrongful advise etc. Professional Indemnity or ‘Errors and Omissions’. • Employers Liability – both vicarious and no fault liability under statute and Tortious liability. • Other forms of liability – like Trademark Protection, Cyber Liability, and Infringement of IPR etc. Again liability could be long tail or short tail. Liability insurance policies could be Claims Made Basis or Occurrence Basis. Although in an Indian context, it is advisable to take’ Claims Made Basis’ policies with a good retroactive date. It is necessary here again to talk to stakeholders internally and design a suitable cover. There is a good possibility for customizing covers. Where there are multiple countries, care to be taken for Geographical Territory/ Jurisdiction as also for Admittance issues.

significance in recent times. This covers – Insolvency or protracted default or buyers, in some cases banker’s risks and in some cases, Political risks as well. Covers are available for whole turnover or single buyer. Significant exclusions are trade disputes, related party transactions, supplies to Government Entities and Long Term Credit.

Employee Related Risks: - Could be both statutory – like Gratuity, EDLI, ESI etc. or could be Benefits covers like Group Medical Insurance, Group Term Life Insurance etc. In this category, these are finite risks and hence in the medium to long term, it is your own Balance Sheet that funds the losses. Moreover being a sensitive issue, cover cannot be withdrawn in the light of adverse claim ratio and rising costs – so care to be taken..

This is the most important area.in the function of Insurance and Risk Management.

•

V. Claims Management becomes perception of internal stakeholders

crucial

Financial Risks: - This could be risks relating to not just physical handling of money – but also risks wherein log-in ids are given for operating your Company’s Bank Accounts to employees (with attendant risks of siphoning off etc.)

Then there is the ever increasing risks of receivables. Trade Credit Insurance or simply ‘Insurance of Receivables’ has assumed 801

Other Miscellaneous Risks: - There are several risks like All Risks for moveable assets like laptops, jewellery mobiles, cameras etc. Here geographical territory is important.

Motor vehicles is another area where cover is purchased,

MANAGING CLAIMS: -

Essential Ingredients management process

sound

claims

•

Take the active involvement of the internal functional departments from inception of the claim. • Having a SPOC (single point of contact) for all external entities like Insurance Company/ Surveyor/ Investigator / TPA etc. • Managing TAT for high frequency claims. • Handling exception and claim ratios and redesigning covers based on this analysis, periodically. • Handling admissibility and quantum issues. • Issues involving alternate dispute handling mechanism. e.g. Arbitration. • Claims through the litigation process. One other important issue is that – where risks are

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 3 MARCH 2020

retained , a loss register would need to be maintained â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this is necessary for future decision making on cost of risk and insurance as an option

IMPORTANT NOTE Take Expert Assistance. Insurance market has been in a state of transition. Ever since the turn of the century, the IRDAI was established as a statutory body when the recommendations of the Malhotra Committee was accepted. Ever since then, the IRDAI

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(Insurance Regulatory & Development authority of India) has rightly opened up the market gradually in phases and in an orderly manner. From a State owned tariff driven, tightly controlled market with completely homogenous products, today, we have several new age companies, and introduction of technology, new channel development, free pricing, new products developed, several riders introduced that it is possible to customize. It would be good idea for Corporates to take the professionals who are excel in this field and to help them in the back end risk management, customize covers and assist in the claims.

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