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W Water Quaality Asseessment: A case stu udy on suiitability of o water for fo Irrigaation purp pose of Koota Mand dal, Nellorre districtt, Andhraa Pradesh h, India A. Rajaa1, S. Sum mithra1*, S. JameerA Ahammad1, R. T. Yaamuna2. 1. Department of Environnmental Sciennces, Yogi Vem mana Universiity, Kadapa -5 516 003, A.P *Correspondding Author: sssumithra1@yaahoo.co.in, +9 91 9573339144 2. Deparrtment of Sciennce & Humannities, Kalaignnar Karunaniddhi Institute off Technology, Kannampalayyam Post, Coimb batore – 6414002 T. N.
ABST TRACT: Irriggation with pooor quality waaters may brinng undesirablle elements to the soil in exxcessive quantiities affecting its fertility. In I the present study water samples s were collected from canal, boree wells, open wells w and riveers in Kota mandal and an nalyzed for pH H, EC, TDS, chloride, c totall alkalinity, suulphate, nitratee, phosphate, sodium, maggnesium, calciium and potassium. To evaaluate the suiitability of waater for irrigattion purposess, Sodium Adssorption Ratio o (SAR), Soluuble Sodium Percentage P (SS SSP) and Maggnesium Adsorpption Ratio (M MAR) were caalculated usingg the standardd equations an nd found experimentally as (2.66 – 28.94)), (62.34 – 1000), (16.92 – 89.47) 8 respectiively. Throughh proper management the water w sources can be effectively used for irrigation purrpose Keywords: Irrigatiion, sodium addsorption ratiio, sulphate, magnesium m ad dsorption ratioo.
I. Introductioon wing the waterr for agricultuure from the canal, c tank, well w etc. for th he purpose off growing Irrigationn means draw crops. Allmost 80 per cent c of the waater in the world is taken upp for irrigatio on. In India, thhe irrigation seector uses approxim mately 85 perccent of its avaiilable water reesources. Irriggated agricultuure is indepen ndent on adequuate water supply off usable qualitty. Water quaality concerns have often beeen neglected because goodd quality wateer supplies have beeen plentiful annd readily avaailable [1, 2]. Irrigation waater quality is related to itss effects on sooils, crops and its m management. High H quality crops can be produced onlly by using high h quality irrrigation wateer keeping other inpputs optimal. Presently, 85 % of the wateer requiremennt for domesticc in rural areaas, 55 % for irrrigation and over o 50 % for indusstrial and urban uses is met from grounnd water [3]. Many areas in the countrry are facing a serious problem of not only sccarcity of wateer, but also off its poor qualiity. Water useed for irrigatioon can also vaary greatly in qualityy depending upon u the type and a quantity of o dissolved saalts. Adamu, 20133 [4] carried out the work inn Watari riverr irrigation pro oject, located on the slopes of Watari river vallley in Bagwaii local governnment of Kano state with thhe aim of asssessing soil prroperties and quality of irrigationn water. Irrig gation water quality was determined based on saalinity hazardd, sodium haazard and bicarbonaate hazard. Out of tested wells, w 20.6 % of the wells hhave good qu uality irrigatioon water, 44.1 % of the wells havve permissiblee to doubtful irrigation i wateer quality, 35.. 3 % of the wells w have unssuitable irrigattion water quality annd based on SAR, S almost all a the wells have h good quaality irrigation n water respecctively [5].Verrma, et al. (2012) [6] conducted d by monitoriing four canaal water i.e A Ariyl canal, Ghoorpur cannal, Sharda canal c and agricultuural canal of Allahabad A regioon for irrigatioon water suitaability.
II. Mateerials and M Methods dy area 2.1. Stud Kota Mandall in S.P.S.R Nellore N Districct, Andhra Prradesh. Kota town t is locateed in the 14o27’ 2 13” N o Latitude 79 59’12”E Longitude. The T study areaa is habituateed with aroun nd 2,12,640 population p off the Kota 2,166 residentts that is spreaad across totall 69 Villages. Mandal lliving in the 12
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Water Quuality Assessm ment: A casee study on suuitability of water w for Irriigation purpoose of ….
Fig. 1. Locattion Map of thhe Study area. 2.2. Selecction of parameters The samples were analyzeed for variouss water qualitty parameters such as pH, Electrical connductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)), Total Alkaliinity, Chloridee, Phosphate, Sulphate, Nittrate, Sodium,, Calcium, d for estimatioon of various physical Magnesiuum and Potasssium using staandard proceddures [7]. The methods used chemicall parameters are a tabulated inn Table 1. Tablle 1: Methodss used for esttimation of Ph hysical - Cheemical Param meters S. No N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0
Parametters pH Electrical Conductivity (μS/cm) Total Diissolved Solids (m mg/L) Total Allkalinity (mg/L) Chloridee (mg/L) Sulphatee (mg/L) Phosphaate (mg/L) Nitrate (mg/L) ( Calcium m and Magnesium m (mg/L) Sodium and Potassium (m mg/L)
Methods pH meter (Hanna) ( Conductivity meter (Hannaa) TDS Meter (Hanna) Indicator method m Silver nitraate method Colorimetrric method Stannous chloride c method Phenol Dissulphonic acid meethod EDTA com mplexometric metthod Flame pho otometer
Use of poor p water quuality can creaate four typess of problemss namely toxiicity, water innfiltration, saalinity and miscellanneous [8].For current irrigattion water quaality assessmeent, the follow wing parameterrs were considdered. Accordinng to Richardss (1954) [9], soodium adsorpption ratio (SA AR) is expressed as: SAR = N + Na √(Caa2+ + Mg2+)/2 Todd (19980) [10] defiined soluble soodium percenntage (SSP) as: Na++ K+ X 100 SSP = 2 2+ N 2+ + K+ Ca + Mg2+ + Na Magnesiium adsorption ratio (MAR R) [11] was callculated as: 2 MAR = Mg2+ X 1000 2+ Ca + Mg2+ Kelley’ss ratio (KR) [12] described as: KR = Na+ Ca2+ + Mg2+
III. Resu ults and Disccussion Generallyy pH values for normal irrrigation shouuld be betweeen 6 to 7, while values above a 7 are considered c hazards [[13,14].The reecommended pH p values speecified by BIS S for irrigation n purpose are between b 6.8 too 8.5. The values off pH in the sttudy area are within desiraable limits (T Table 2).The concentration c of total salt content c in irrigationn waters is esstimated in teerms of EC annd it may bee the most im mportant param meter for asseessing the suitabilityy of irrigationn water [15, 16]. The EC value for irriigation water specified by the BIS limitts is 3000
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Water Quuality Assessm ment: A casee study on suuitability of water w for Irriigation purpoose of …. μmho/cm m (1998). In thhe current stuudy the EC vaalue ranged beetween 501 too 5560 μs/cm m (Fig. 2). Waater with a high salinnity is toxic to o most plants and a poses a saalinity hazard.. The TDS rangged between 3315 to 2840 mg/L m (Table 2)). The TDS lim mits for irrigaation water specified by the BIS is 600 mg/L L (1998). Thee observation shows that the t TDS is not n within thee permissible range as prescribeed by BIS (19998) [17]. Cerrtain study arrea showed hiigher TDS vaalue due to poollution of cannal water. TDS is aan important water w quality parameter whhich determinees the plant growth, g crop yield y and quallity of the product. Total alkaliniity was found to be in the range r of 102.00 to 510.6 mgg/L. High alkaalinity indicatees that the o the soil or growing meddia, possibly to a point thatt is detrimentaal to plant water will tend to incrrease the pH of The total alkaalinity limit foor irrigation water w specifiedd by BIS is 140 mg/L. Exccess of chloridde ions in growth. T irrigationn water lead too phytotoxicityy. The normall and safe lim mit for chloridee ions in irrigaation water specified by BIS is 5000 mg/L, If thhe chloride contamination inn the leaves exceeds e the toolerance limitss (0.3 to 1.0 percent) p of the crop,, symptoms liike leaf burn occur. The vaalue of the chhloride in the study area raanged betweeen67.35 to 825.98 m mg/L. Phosphate conncentration was w found with hin the permissible limit (2 mg/L, FAO) of o irrigation sttandard in all samplling sites. It iss one of the most m importan nt nutrient andd a limiting faactor in the maintenance m off reservoir fertility. Sulphate conccentration varried between 6 to 50mg/L and was founnd within the prescribed lim mit (<400 mg/L) as per BIS.
Fig. 2. Sodium aadsorption ratiio (SAR) is ann indication of the probablee pressure on the t soil properrties caused by sodium. SAR stattes the conceentration of soodium in watter relative too calcium andd magnesium. When the amount a of sodium inn the irrigatio on water exceeeds than allow wable limit, it disperses the soil resulting in low penetrration rate of air andd water into the t soil. Thus it is difficult to harvest onn the dispersed d soil. Soils can have excesss sodium because of o the waste water w irrigatioon that is why y it is importaant to measurre SAR [18]. The amount oof sodium ions in thhe water predicts the sodicitty danger [13]]. Low SAR values have beeen found in the month of December D wheereas high andd very high SA AR values have beeen found in th he month of January J in thee study area. The data sho owed clearly that increasinng salinity levels in the irrigationn water had led l to an incrrease in the SAR S values on all locationns under studyy. Similar results w were obtained by b Ahmed Ibrrahim Moham med, 2013 [19]]; El Kholy, 20004 [20]; El Kholy K and Kanndil, 2004 [21]. The soluble sodium s percenntage (SSP) vaalues were fouund to vary frrom 62.34 to 100 % dependding upon locationss in different months (Tabble 3). Howevver, in terms of MAR, irrrigation waterr of all samples is not acceptablle. MAR causses a harmful effect when exceed e a valuee of 50 [22]. In I the study area, a MAR rannged from 86.36 to 55.55 in the month m of Deceember and 89.47 to 16.92 inn the month off January.
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Water Quuality Assessm ment: A casee study on suuitability of water w for Irriigation purpoose of ….
Fig. 3 R for irrigatioon water shoulld not exceed 1.0. KI (Kellley’s index) orr Kelley’s Kelly (19963) [12] sugggested that KR ratio of m more than onee indicates an excess level of sodium in waters. Thereefore, waters with w a KI lesss than one are suitabble for irrigattion, while thoose with a rattio more thann one are unsu uitable. The KI K in the pressent study varied froom 0.89 to 2.47 in the monnth of Decem mber and 80.522 to 366.6 in the month off January. Sim milar study was reported in the waater quality off Mayur river [23]. [ Wilcox (19555) [24] suggeested a graphiical method for fo knowing th he suitability of water for irrigation purposes. The proposeed method is widely w used and a is based on percent soddium and electtrical conducttivity plot. The diaggram consists of five distincct areas i.e., excellent e to goood, good to permissible, p p permissible to doubtful, doubtful to unsuitable and unsuitablle. The data was w calculatedd and subsequ uently plotted on the Wilcoxx diagram n as salinity hazard and SAR S in meq//L as alkaliniity hazard (Fig. 4).IIn this diagraam, EC in µs/cm is taken [25].Perccentage of sod dium values of o water sampples indicate that some off the water sam mples showedd good to permissibble category for fo irrigation use, u except two o samples whhich are under unsuitable cattegory
Fig g. 4.Wilcox diagram for classification of water quality in the study area. a
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Water Quality Assessment: A case study on suitability of water for Irrigation purpose of …. Table 2: Physical – Chemical characteristics of Irrigation water in the study area. Parameters pH EC (µs) TDS (Mg/L) Chloride (Mg/L) Total Alkalinity (Mg/L) Nitrate (Mg/L) Phosphate (Mg/L) Sulphate (Mg/L) Sodium (Meq/L) Calcium (Meq/L) Magnesium (Meq/L) Potassium (Mg/L)
December 2014 3 4 7.08 6.79 4590 2244 2300 1093 684.18 251.69
1
2
6.78 1077 621 120.53
6.74 945 483 443.12
205.5
455.6
510.6
102.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.5
6
5 6.21 726 374 67.35
6
1
2
3
January 2015 4 7.60 7.30 5150 1079 2570 956 568 99.4
7.07 5560 2840 825.98
7.05 890 590 127.8
6.95 501 368 312.4
135.0
295.5
202
501
525.4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.5
ND
2.0
0.5
3.5
6
15
15
27
53
3.94
13.06
14.13
9.91
2.82
0.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
3.8
7.6
4.44
5.6
15
3.35
5
6 7.56 693 315 56.8
7.74 2140 1054 340.8
160.5
160.0
377.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.8
0.7
2.2
2
0.5
6
10
9
10
30
50
18.45
1.1
0.49
1.53
1.06
0.53
2.05
0.8
4.6
0.0014
0.0006
0.0024
0.0008
0.0006
7.41
6.0
1.0
8.64
0.0016
0.002
0.017
0.0022
0.0014
0.0092
3.6
2.9
3.55
1.95
5.85
15.21
5.85
7.41
3.9
*ND = Not Detected Table 3: Calculated parameters to evaluate water quality for irrigation use. Location 1 2 3 4 5 6
SAR 2.66 6.10 8.31 5.24 3.0 7.17
December 2014 SSP MAR 68.43 86.36 70.30 82.60 74.95 76.02 65.23 83.33 76.06 55.55 62.34 65.25
KR 0.89 1.41 2.47 1.37 1.56 1.39
SAR 28.94 13.61 15.61 27.89 18.70 27.70
January 2015 SSP MAR 99.90 53.33 100 16.92 99.93 89.47 100 73.33 99.97 70 99.82 82.14
KR 366.6 188.46 80.52 353.3 290 183.0
IV. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it has been concluded that the current usage of irrigation waters is comparably safe and acceptable. Since the concentration of sodium is quite alarming there is every possibility of the soil to become sodic after prolonged usage in near future. Apart from this, it has been observed that, the way and manner in which the water is put into use might likely impose some toxic substances into the water which might get deposited into the soils and enter into the food chain leading to deleterious effects. Therefore it is recommended that the prevailing unaesthetic conditions of water pertaining to various human activities and effluent discharge from industries have to be curtailed in order to prevent the soil from deterioration.
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