Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Composite Wear Behaviour Analysis

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 04, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Analysis of Wear Behavior of Glass/Jute Fiber Reinforced Composite Experimentally and using ANSYS software Mr. Vijay Sharma1 Mr. Deepak Gupta2 1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2 Galaxy Global Educational Trusts Group of Institutions Ambala Abstractâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; A composite is a struc tural material that consists of two or more combined constituents that are either combined at a macroscopic level or microscopic level and are not soluble in each other. One constituent is called the reinforcing phase and the one in which it is embedded is called the matrix. The reinforcing phase material may be in the form of fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix phase materials are generally continuous. A composite material can provide superior and unique mechanical and physical properties because it combines the most desirable properties of its constituents while suppressing their least desirable properties. Now-a-days composite materials plays a key role in aerospace industry, automobile industry and other engineering applications as they exhibit outstanding strength to weight and modulus to weight ratio. The present work focuses on determination of wear behaviour of polyester and random oriented glass/jute fiber (mat) reinforced composite at 10% wt and 20% wt fractions. The test specimens will be prepared using hand moulding technique and will be tested. The analysis will have carried out by using ANOVA) to analysis the wear properties of polyester and glass/jute fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. The experimental results will be compared for different specimens. Key words: ANOVA, ANSYS software, ASTM standards I. INTRODUCTION Composites are one of the most advanced and adaptable engineering materials. A fast progress in the field of materials science and technology has given birth to these fascinating and wonderful materials. Composites are heterogeneous in nature, created by the assembly of two or more components with fillers or reinforcing fibers and a compactable matrix. The matrix may be metallic, ceramic or polymeric in origin. It gives the composites their shape, surface appearance, environmental tolerance and overall durability while the fibrous reinforcement carries most of the structural loads thus giving macroscopic stiffness and strength.A composite material can provide superior and unique mechanical and physical properties because it combines the most desirable properties of its constituents while suppressing their least desirable properties. II. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS WITH ANSYS SOFTWARE ANSYS is finite element analysis software that uses to analyze a wide range of deferent problems. ANSYS runs under a variety of environments, including IRIX, Solaris and Windows NT. Like any finite element software, ANSYS solves governing deferential equations by breaking the problem into small elements.The governing equations of elasticity, fluid flow, heat transfer and electro-magnetism can all be solved by the finite element method in ANSYS. ANSYS can solve transient problems as well as nonlinear problems.

Many researchers have proposed their theories, numerical results and experimental results regarding various properties of composite materials under different types of loadings and boundary conditions. M. Boopalanet al. investigate and compare the mechanical properties of raw jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. To improve the mechanical properties, jute fiber was hybridized with banana fiber. The jute and banana fibers were prepared with various weight ratios and then incorporated into the epoxy matrix by moulding technique to form composites. M. Rameshet al. studied, sisal-jute-glass fiber reinforced polyester composites is developed and their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength are evaluated. The results indicate that the incorporation of sisal-jute fiber with GFRP can improve the properties and used as an alternate material for glass fiber reinforced polymer composites. Thi-Thu and Hanna by the use of surface treated jute fiber the interfacial interaction between jute natural fibers and an epoxy matrix. The fibers are exposed to alkali treatment in combination with organosilance coupling agents and aqueous epoxy dispersions. Sun and Lin presented computer-aided design and finite element analysis technique to model and simulates composite single fiber pull-out problem and demonstrate effects of material and geometric variation on stresses in fiber and matrix. Parametric studies of fiber pull-out with different stiffness ratio of fiber and matrix, and with different fiber cross-sections were also presented. Jawaidet al.found the tensile properties of hybrid composites increase substantially with increasing jute fibers loading as compare to oil palmepoxy composite. The nature of fiber/matrix interface was examined. Addition of jute fibers to oil palm composite increase the storage modulus while damping factor shifts towards higher temperature region. The hybrid composite with oil palm:jute (1:4) showed maximum damping behavior and highest tensile properties.Hong Wan et al. found that the stacking combination of CFRP and aluminum alloy significantly reduced the peak shock pressure induced by hypervelocity impact, and the increase of the layer number enhanced the shielding performance of the hybrid laminate. The five-layered aluminum alloy/CFRP laminates resisted the impact of the flyer without perforation. Furthermore, the extent of the damage of an impacted laminate was related to the velocity profile on its free surface. The planar plate impact testing employing a Doppler laser velocity interferometer is a feasible approach to quantitatively evaluate the shielding performance of structural material.Emanuelet al.investigated the use of alkali treatment of sisal to improve fibre-matrix adhesion was evaluated. High density polyethylene was used as matrix and the composites were produced in a two-step process using twin-screw extruderfollowed by compression moulding.The hybrid composites containing cork powder (40 wt.%) and randomly distributed sisalfibers were evaluated in terms of morphology and mechanical properties. The use of a 10 wt. % sisal fiberin

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Analysis of Wear Behavior of Glass/Jute Fiber Reinforced Composite Experimentally and using ANSYS software (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/151)

the presence of a 2 wt. % coupling agent based on maleicanhydride, has shown to improve the tensileand flexural properties of the composites. III. PROBLEM FORMULATION Composites are used everywhere nowadays. Their increased utilization necessitates detailed study of mechanical engineering properties before putting them in actual use. Mechanical characterization is one of the important parameters which have to be studied for safe utilization of composites in various field related to aerospace and automobile industries. Tensile strength is ability of material to resist tensile load and flexural strength without getting damaged. Reinforcement types contribute towards mechanical behaviour and strength of material. In present work mechanical behavior of pure epoxy and glass/jute fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy material will be studied. A. Research Gap in The Existing Literatures: Following research gaps are reported on the basis of study of existing literature:  It is observed that a little work has been reported on determination of mechanical properties of Glass/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composite.  Very few efforts have been made to understand effect of natural fiber reinforcement on glass fiber reinforce epoxy composites.  Very few efforts have been made to find the optimum %age of jute/glass fiber reinforcement for increased mechanical properties. B. Objectives: To fill these research gaps following objectives are carried out:  To produce pure epoxy specimen as per ASTM standards.  To produce glass fiber reinforced composite at varying weight fraction as per ASTM standards.  To produce jute fiber reinforced composite at varying weight fraction as per ASTM standards.  To produce hybrid (Glass/Jute fiber) composite at varying weight fraction with varying percentage of glass/jute fibers as per ASTM standards.  To evaluate mechanical properties experimentally (tensile strength, toughness and flexural strength).  To evaluate and compare tensile and flexural properties using ANSYS. Composites are used everywhere nowadays. Their increased utilization necessitates detailed study of mechanical engineering properties before putting them in actual use. Mechanical characterization is one of the important parameters which have to be studied for safe utilization of composites in various field related to aerospace and automobile industries. Tensile strength is ability of material to resist tensile load and flexural strength without getting damaged. Reinforcement types contribute towards mechanical behaviour and strength of material. In present work mechanical behaviour of pure epoxy and glass/jute fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy material will be studied.

IV. METHODOLOGY To achieve objectives of proposed study following methodology was used.In first phase die was manufactured for hand molding of composite material the die consist of three part two thin plats and base, the plats and base are fixed by using nut and bolt by making to holes in each side.In second phase of work, fabrication of P.E, GFREC and JRC at different weight fraction of glass fiber was carried out.In third phase of work, fabrication of glass/jute hybrid epoxy composite with varying percentage of reinforcement was carried out.In fourth phase of work, the tensile strength, flexuraland impact strength of composite specimens were investigated.In fifth phase, the comparison of various properties of the P.E, GFREC, JRC and Glass/Jute hybrid composite specimen’s of different weight fractions were carried. In sixth phase of work, numerical analysis of hybrid composites for tensile and flexural strength were carried out by using finite element analysis software ANSYS.In the last phase comparison was done between Experimental and Analytical Results. Raw materials for preparation of composites are listed below:  Glass fiber  Jute fiber  Epoxy resin  Epoxy hardener V. FABRICATION OF COMPOSITES The pure epoxy and glass fiber reinforced composites with different weight fraction were prepared by using hand molding technique; the components of hand molding process Standard epoxy resin was mixed with standard hardener in 4:1 ratio and glass fibers were added to the mixture and poured into cavity. This mixture was cured for one day at room temperature. The composites obtained by hand molding process are shown in figure

Fig. 1: Specimens of size: 13 cm X 1.2 cmX0.4cm (ASTM D790) for flexural strength test and 63.5 mm X 12.7 mm X 4mm (ASTM D256) for impact strength test. After the preparation of the specimens following tests were conducted  Tensile Testing of Composite  Flexural Testing of composite  Impact Testing of composite

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Analysis of Wear Behavior of Glass/Jute Fiber Reinforced Composite Experimentally and using ANSYS software (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/151)

VI. RESULTS

HYBRID 74.59 71.32 124.56 COMPOSITE 3. GFREC 62.2 68.95 114.23 4. J.R.C. 36.4 64.3 73.56 Table 1: The mechanical properties of the composites are presented 2.

The results of various tests are reported here which includes evaluation of tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength and there comparisons A. Tensile Test: The UTS is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the stress versus strain values the highest point of the stress-strain curve is the UTS. Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area. For some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported just as a force or as a force per unit width. In the SI system, the unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the mega- prefix); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per square metre (N/m²). The customary unit is pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or psi), or kilo-pounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi), which is equal to 1000 psi; kilo-pounds per square inch are commonly used for convenience when measuring tensile strengths. The tensile strength of a fiber reinforced composite (Tsc) depends on the bonding between the fibers and the matrix. The function of the matrix is to transfer the stresses to the load bearing fibers the tensile strength for composite specimens is given by eq. 4.1. Tsc=wfσf+wm σm ……………….. (4.1) Where:  Tsc: tensile strength of the composite.  σf: stress of the fibers  σm: stress of the matrix  wm: weight fraction of the matrix  wf: weight fraction of the fibers The characterization of the composites reveals that the content of fiber have significant effect on the mechanical properties, the force v/s displacement graphs were plotted using tensile test for P.E., GFREC, JRC and Hybrid composites shown in figures with test speed of 5 mm/min:

B. Flexural Test: Flexural strength, is also known as modulus of rupture, bends strength, or fracture strength, which is mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a rod specimen having either a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture occurs using a three point flexural test technique, the flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of stress, which is given by eq (4.2) for a rectangular sample under a load in a three-point bending:

………………………….. (4.2) Where:F is the load (force) at the fracture point. L is the length of the support span. b is width. d is thickness From the flexural tests force v/s deflection plots for P.E, GFREC, JRC and Hybrid Composite shown in figures. The test speed used was 5 mm/min as for ASTM D790.

Fig. 3: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection in Flexural Test Results

Fig. 2: Comparison of Force v/s Displacement Curve for Composites for Tensile Test.

Sr. No

Nomenclature of Sample

Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

P.E.

18.78

32.12

Impact Strength (J/mm2) 41.37

C. Impact Test: Impact tests are used in studying the toughness of material. A material’s toughness is a factor of its ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation. Brittle materials have low toughness as a result of the small amount of plastic deformation they exhibit. Generally synthetic fibers produces interface having lower strength with matrix due to which energy absorption increases at these interfaces. A natural fiber exhibits greater fiber/matrix strength which does not allow energy to get absorb at interfaces. The experimental results of impact tests of composites with different weight fraction of reinforcement are presented in table

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Analysis of Wear Behavior of Glass/Jute Fiber Reinforced Composite Experimentally and using ANSYS software (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/151)

D. Effect Of Hybridization On Impact Strength: Experimental results revealed that small addition of jute increases the bonding capability and produces greater impact strength. On increasing the amount of jute content, which is more brittle than glass fiber, the overall brittleness of material increases and impact strength decreases.On adding jute fibers in glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites, the impact strength increases. In comparison to glass fiber reinforced epoxy, hybrid composite showed increased impact strength in comparison to jute reinforced epoxy composite.

Fig. 6: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for P.E.

Fig. 4: Effect of Hybridization on Impact Strength of Composites VII. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANSYS RESULTS

Fig. 7: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for (GFREC)

The experimental results are compared with numerical results, the boundary condition and load conditions were similar to the experimental condition, the work piece was fixed from the bottom and load is applied at the upper end, the element type used for ANSYS work is (solid 8-node 45) the value of young modulus and poison ratio are taken from experimental results the force v/s deflection plotted using ANSYS data and the comparison was made with experimental data. A. Comparison of Tensile Test: The nodal solution of tensile test by using ANSYS is shown in figure 4.14. The experimental results of all the specimens for tensile test compared with ANSYS results by using same boundary and loading conditions are shown in figures Fig. 8: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for (JRC)

Fig. 5: Nodal Solution of Tensile Test for Hybrid composite

Fig. 9: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for (Hybrid Composite)

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Analysis of Wear Behavior of Glass/Jute Fiber Reinforced Composite Experimentally and using ANSYS software (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/151)

B. Comparison of Flexural Test: The nodal solution of flexural test by using ANSYS shown in figure 4.19 ,the flexural test results of (P.E, GFREC, JRCand Hybrid 10%wt ) are compared with ANSYS results by using same load and boundary condition are shown in figures.

Fig. 12: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for (JRC)

Fig. 10: Nodal Solution of Flexural Test for Hybrid Composite

Fig. 11: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for P.E.

Fig. 13: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for (Hybrid Composite) Results revealed that tensile and flexural properties for numerical analysis are better than experimental results because during the manufacturing of composites a number of defects appear in specimens like blow holes, porosity etc. In analysis part isotropic behavior was considered, but it is not possible to achieve this practically using random oriented fiber. VIII. CONCLUSION

Fig. 12: Comparison of Force v/s Deflection Curve for (GFREC)

The present investigations of mechanical properties of hybrid (glass/jute fiber) reinforced epoxy composites leads to the following conclusions:  Results revealed that the mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile strength and flexural strength are greatly influenced by the fiber content.  The effect of jute fiber on mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite was studied and it showed that by incorporating the optimum amount of natural fibers, the overall strength of synthetic fiber reinforced composite can be increased.  Reinforced hybrid composites show more tensile, flexural and impact strength than unreinforced epoxy.  The increment in mechanical properties is due to the increased fiber/matrix interfacial strength of chemically treated jute fibers.  F.E Analysis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite has generated detailed quantitative data about the failure morphology of the composites.

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Analysis of Wear Behavior of Glass/Jute Fiber Reinforced Composite Experimentally and using ANSYS software (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/151)



F.E. analysis results and experimental results show good comparison. REFRENCES

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