Energy in Denmark
2008
Energy in Denmark 2008 Contents General Information on Denmark Energy Production Imports and Exports of Energy Electricity and Heat Renewable Energy Danish Energy Flows 2008 Energy Consumption Emissions Energy Economy and Prices International Comparisons Danish Key Figures
3 4 8 9 12 14 16 19 20 22 23
Design Danuta Kestenbaum, Danish Energy Agency Edition 10 000 Printing Vester Kopi as Quotations may be made from this publication with appropriate acknowledgement of source. Internet Available at www.ens.dk The publication can be ordered from: The Danish Energy Agency’s Internet Book Store: www.ens.netboghandel.dk Danish Energy Agency Ministry of Climate and Energy Phone: +45 33 92 67 00 October 2009 ISBN 978-87-7844-809-5 ISBN 978-87-7844-810-1 www
2
GENERAL INFORMATION ON DENMARK
10
10
Aalborg
Aarhus Esbjerg Copenhagen Odense
Geography Area (2009) km2 Coastline (2009) km Number of islands Number of lakes Forest area (2001) Preserved areas (2000)
Currency (2008) 1 Krone (DKK) 1 USD 1 EURO 1 GBP
43 098 7 314 407 1 008 5 294 km2 1 781 km2
Economics (2008) GDP, Billion DKK Exports, Billion DKK Imports, Billion DKK
Climate Average temperature (2008): January 4.1° C July 17.6° C Sunshine 1 821 hours Precipitation (av. per year) 783 mm
= 100 øre = 5.10 DKK = 7.46 DKK = 9.40 DKK 1 734 951 911
Constitution and Government Denmark is a constitutional monarchy Monarch is Queen Margrethe II The present government consists of: The Liberal Party The Conservative Party
Population Population (Jan. 2009) 5 511 451 By age: 0-19 24.5% 19-59 52.7% 6022.8% Population density 127.9 per km2
Labour Market (2008) Labour Force, ’000 Employed, ’000 Employed in Industry, % Employed in Agriculture and Fishing, % Employed in Trade and Service, %
2 927 2 828 27.4
Note: Adjusted means adjusted for climate and fuels for net electricity exports
3
9.6 63.0
ENERGY PRODUCTION In 2008, Danish oil and gas production came from nineteen fields (sixteen oil and three gas fields). Seven fields are situated in the northern part of the Central Graben, while all the other fields are situated in the southern region of the Central Graben. Denmark is the third largest oil producer in Western Europe trailing only UK and Norway.
Danish Oil and Gas Fields and Pipelines
NorthSea Sea North
Pipeline: Gas Pipeline: Crude Oil Oil and Gas Fields
Energy Production [PJ]
1980
1990
2000
2007
2008
Total Production
40
425
1 165
1 138
1 119
Crude Oil
13
256
765
652
604
Natural Gas
0
116
310
346
378
Waste, Non-renewable
3
4
7
16
17
24
48
83
123
122
Renewable Energy
Oil and Gas Reserves (Ultimo)
Reserves/Production (R/P) 20
300
15 200 10 100 5
0
0 1982
1990 Crude Oil, Million m R/P Crude Oil
2000 3
4
2007 Natural Gas, Billion Nm R/P Natural Gas
2008 3
ENERGY PRODUCTION Energy Production and Energy Consumption
Degree of Self-sufficiency
PJ 250%
1400 1200
200%
1000 150%
800 600
100%
400 50%
200 0 1990
'95
'00
'05
0%
'08
1990
'95
'00
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Total Energy
Renewable Energy and Waste
Gross Energy Consumption
Natural Gas
Renewable Energy Production by Type
'05
'08 Oil
Consumption of Renewable Energy – Share of Total Energy Consumption (TPES)
PJ 140
18% 16%
120
14% 100 12% 80
10%
60
8% 6%
40
4% 20
2%
0
0% 1980
'90
'00
1990
'08
Wind
Straw
Wood
Biogas
Waste
Others
'95
'00
'05
'08
Share covered by net imports Share covered by indigeneous production
5
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Degree of Self-sufficiency - Total Energy, 2007
1% - 15% 16% - 30% 31% - 40% 41% - 50% 51% - 60% 61% - 70% 71% - 80% 81% - 100% >100% Not included Source: Eurostat and IEA
6
7
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF ENERGY Imports and Exports of Energy Products, 2008 Imports Crude Oil [1000 Tonnes] Oil Products [1000 Tonnes] Natural Gas [Million Nm3] Electricity [GWh]
Exports
2 364 4 460 0 12 815
8 4 5 11
657 675 516 360
Imports of Coal and Exports of Crude Oil by Country, 2008 Imports of Coal
Exports of Crude Oil
Poland 2%
Russia 34%
Sweden 61%
France 8% South Africa 30%
Colombia 22%
Germany 1% USA 5% Others 2%
Netherlands 6% Finland 3%
Norway 5%
Net Exports of Electricity
UK 15% USA 2% Ireland 3%
Canada 1%
In Denmark, the foreign trade in electricity varies more than in any other European country. Foreign trade is strongly affected by price trends at the Nordic Electricity Exchange, Nord Pool, which is significantly influenced by the varying precipitation conditions in Norway and Sweden where electricity generation is dominated by water power.
PJ 60
40
20
In 2008, the Danish net import of electricity totalled 5.2 PJ. It was the result of net import of 15.8 PJ from Norway and 17.4 PJ from Sweden and net export of 28.0 PJ to Germany
0
-20
-40 1990
'95
'00
'05
Total
Germany
Norway
Sweden
'08
8
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT Number of Wind Turbines by Size 1980
1990
1995
2000
2007
2008
68
2 664
3 655
6 256
5 215
5 104
68
2 654 8 2
3 465 186 4
3 683 2 294 251 28
2 013 2 582 363 257
1 866 2 589 362 287
Total - 499 kW 500 - 999 kW 1 000 - 1 999 kW 2 000 kW
Total Capacity of Wind Turbines by Size [MW] 1980
1990
1995
2007
2008
3
326
600
2 390 3 124
3 163
3
317 6 3
491 103 5
537 1 518 279 56
343 1 757 443 621
Total - 499 kW 500 - 999 kW 1 000 - 1 999 kW 2 000 kW
Number of Wind Turbines and Capacity MW 3500
6000
3000
5000
2500
4000
2000
3000
1500
2000
1000
1000
500
PJ 30
20
10
0
0 1990
'95
'00
Number of Wind Turbines Capacity of Wind Turbines
'05
376 1 751 444 554
Production of Wind Power
7000
0
2000
1990
'08
9
'95
'00
'05
'08
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT Electricity Production by Fuel [PJ] Total Gross Electricity Production
1994
2000
2007
2008
145
130
141
131
10
16
5
4
8
32
25
25
Oil Natural Gas Coal
120
60
72
63
Renewable Energy
4
15
26
25
Others
3
7
14
14
Electricity Capacity [MW] Total Electricity Capacity
1994
2000
2007
2008
10 774
12 600
13 129
13 150
Large-scale Units
9 126
8 160
7 634
7 558
Small-scale Units
773
1 462
1 689
1 738
Autoproducers
339
574
670
679
Wind Turbines
527
2 392
3 124
3 163
9
12
12
12
Others
Electricity Production by Type
Electricity Generated by Renewables: Share of Domestic Supply
PJ
30%
25% 150 20%
15%
100
10% 50 5%
0%
0 1990
'95 CHP
'00 Others
'05
1994
'08
Wind Power
'00
Wind Power Waste, Renewables
10
'05
'08
Wood, Straw, Biogas etc.
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT District Heating by Fuel [PJ]
1994
2000
2007
2008
113
120
122
124
6
4
5
4
Natural Gas
25
42
35
36
Coal
56
39
33
33
Total Gross Production Oil
Surplus Heat
3
4
3
3
Waste, Non-renewable
5
8
10
10
18
23
36
37
- Straw
4
6
7
6
- Wood
4
5
12
13
- Bio Oil
0
0
1
1
- Waste, Renewables
9
11
15
15
- Biogas
0
1
1
1
Renewable Energy of which:
District Heating Production by Type of Producer
CHP Shares of Electricity and District Heat Production
PJ 60
100%
80% 40 60%
40% 20 20%
0%
0 1990
2000
1990
2008
'95
'00
Large-scale CHP Units
Small-scale CHP Units
District Heating
Autoproducers
District Heating Units
Electricity, Share of Thermal Production
11
'05
'08
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy, 2007 Share of Total Energy Consumption (TPES)
0% - 1% 2% - 5% 6% - 11% 12% - 15% 16% - 18% 19% - 24% 25% - 30% 31% - 50% 51% - 100% Not included Source: Eurostat and IEA
12
13
DANISH ENERGY FLOWS
14
15
ENERGY CONSUMPTION Gross Energy Consumption by Fuel Adjusted [PJ]
1980
1990
2000
2008
Total Gross Consumption
814
819
837
864
Oil
546
355
374
340
0
82
192
177
241
327
176
187
3
5
13
17
24
50
88
143
1980
1990
2000
2008
610
604
649
673
16
13
13
11
Transport
143
170
199
221
Industry and Agriculture
168
159
168
156
78
77
81
87
204
184
189
198
Natural Gas Coal and Coke Waste, Non-renewable Renewable Energy
Final Energy Consumption by Sector Climate Adjusted [PJ] Total Final Consumption Non-energy Use
Trade and Services Households
Gross Energy Consumption and Final Energy Consumption (Adjusted)
GDP, Gross Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity (Adjusted)
PJ 900
Index 1990=100 150
800 700 600
100
500 400 50
300 200 100 0
0 1990
1995
'00
'05
'08
1990
Transformation and Distribution Losses
'95
'00
'05
'08
Energy Sector
GDP Gross Energy Consumption
Final Energy Consumption
Gross Energy Consumption/GDP
16
ENERGY CONSUMPTION Final Energy Consumption by Fuel (Climate Adjusted)
Final Energy Consumption by Sector (Climate Adjusted)
PJ 700
PJ 700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
0 1990
'05
'00
'05
Oil Coal and Coke Electricity
Natural Gas
Town Gas
District Heating
'08
1980
Renewable Energy and Waste
1990
2000
2008
Non-energy Use
Transport
Agriculture and Industry Households
Trade and Service
Final Energy Consumption (Climate Adjusted)
Electricity Consumption (Climate Adjusted)
PJ
PJ 50
220 200 180
40
160 140 30
120 100 80
20
60 40
10
20 0 1990
'95
'00
'05
'08
0 1990
Road Transport Trade and Service
'95
'00
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Trade and Service
Households
Households
17
'05
'08
ENERGY CONSUMPTION Heating Installations in Households
Energy Consumption for Space Heating in Households (Climate Adjusted) Index 1980=100
1000 Units
150
3000
2500
100
2000
1500
50
1000
500 0 1980
0
'85
'90 '95 '00 '05 '08 Heated Floor Space Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption per m
1981 2
Energy Intensities (Climate Adjusted)
1990
2000
2009
Others
Oil
Natural Gas
District Heating
Shares of Renewable Energy in Final Energy Consumption (Climate Adjusted)
TJ per DKK Million Gross Value Added (2000 Prices) 25%
1.0
20%
0.8
0.6
15%
0.4
10%
0.2
5%
0.0 1990
0% '95
'00
'05
'08
1990
Manufacturing
'95 '00 Manufacturing Trade and Service
Trade and Service
18
Households
'05
'08
EMISSIONS CO2 Emissions from Energy Consumption [Million Tonnes]
1980
1990
2000
2007
2008
64.0
52.7
52.5
52.5
49.6
0.9
1.4
2.3
2.5
2.4
- Transformation Sector
29.9
24.8
23.3
22.7
20.6
- Final Energy Consumption
33.3
26.5
26.8
27.3
26.6
Total, adjusted
62.3
60.8
54.2
52.6
51.5
0.9
1.4
2.3
2.5
2.4
- Transformation Sector
28.6
32.0
24.6
22.4
22.2
- Final Energy Consumption
32.9
27.4
27.4
27.6
26.9
Total, observed - Energy Sector
- Energy Sector
Total Emissions from Greenhouse Gasses
CO2 Emissions per Fuel Unit and per kWh of Electricity (Adjusted)
Million Tonnes CO2-Equivalent
Kilograms per GJ
100
80
Grams per kWh 1000
800
80 70 60
600
400
40 60 20
200
50
0 Base Year Observed
1990
2008
0 '95
'00
'05
'08
CO2 Emissions per Fuel Unit [Kilograms per GJ]
Adjusted
CO2 Emissions per kWh Electricity Sold [Grams per kWh]
19
ENERGY ECONOMY AND PRICES
Foreign Trade with Energy: Net Currency Surplus Billion DKK, Current Prices 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 1990
'95
Total
'00
Oil
Natural Gas
'05
'08 Electricity
Coal and Coke
Economic Key Figures [Billion DKK, Current Prices]
2007
Total Energy Expenditures
155.6
Revenues from Energy, CO2 and Sulphur Taxation
36.4
Expenditures to Public Service Obligations on Electricity Value of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production
2008 • 36.8
3.8
1.6
61.2
67.0
Exports of Energy Technology and Equipment Billion DKK, Current Prices 80
12% 10%
60 8% 6%
40
4% 20 2% 0%
0 1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2005
Exports of Energy Technology and Equipment, Billion DKK Share of Denmark's Total Exports of Commodities, %
20
2006
2007
2008
ENERGY ECONOMY AND PRICES Electricity Prices for Industrial Consumers (Annual Consumption 2 GWh) DKK per kWh 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 GR
IE
LU
2007
UK
BE
ES
DE
AT
NL
PT
SE
NO
FI
FR
2008
Source: Eurostat
Energy Prices for Households, 2008
DKK
Euro
10.54
1.41
Heating Gas Oil [DKK per Litre]
9.19
1.23
Natural Gas [DKK per Nm3]
8.24
1.10
Electricity [DKK per kWh]
2.02
0.27
Gasoline Regular [DKK per Litre]
Decomposition of the Electricity Price for Households, 2008 (Per cent) 30.8% 20.0% Energy
1.9%
Distribution
Electricity Taxes
VAT
47.3%
21
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, 2007
132
17
Electricity Generated by Renewables: Share of Domestic Supply [%] 29
157
106
UK
79
2
5
152
115
Estonia
73
10
2
188
577
Poland
73
5
4
108
400
Netherlands
72
4
8
216
177
Czech Republic
72
5
5
187
553
Romania
69
12
27
78
652
Sweden
65
31
52
231
156
France
50
7
13
178
165
Bulgaria
48
5
8
111
1 016
EU 27
47
8
16
152
169
Slovenia
47
10
22
152
253
Finland
42
23
26
298
230
Germany
40
8
15
173
151
Lithuania
38
9
5
114
432
Latvia
38
30
36
88
307
Hungary
38
5
5
112
401
Greece
36
5
7
125
182
Slovakia
31
5
17
140
539
Austria
31
24
60
170
141
Belgium
24
3
4
226
199
Spain
21
7
20
137
184
Portugal
18
18
30
103
197
Italy
14
7
14
129
142
Ireland
9
3
9
153
103
Cyprus
2
2
-
146
212
Luxembourg
2
3
4
406
159
Malta
0
-
-
97
197
780
47
106
246
129
Japan
17
3
9
171
93
USA
71
5
9
328
190
Denmark
Norway
Degree of Selfsufficiency [%]
Renewable Energy and Waste: Share of Gross Energy Consumption [%]
Source: Eurostat and IEA
22
Gross Energy Consumption per Capita [GJ]
Energy Intensity [TOE per Million EUR GDP (2000 Prices)]
DANISH KEY FIGURES
1980
1990
2000
2008
Gross Energy Consumption per Capita [GJ]
159
160
157
158
Final Energy Consumption per Capita [GJ]
119
118
122
123
Energy Intensity, Gross Energy Consumption [TJ per Million GDP]
0.997
0.818
0.647
0.604
Energy Intensity, Final Energy Consumption [TJ per Million GDP]
0.747
0.603
0.502
0.471
5
52
139
130
67
43
45
39
Renewable Energy: Share of Gross Energy Consumption [%]
3.0
6.2
9.8
16.5
Refinery Capacity [Million Tonnes/Year]
9.0
9.0
9.2
9.0
6 618
9 142
12 600
13 150
Wind Turbine Capacity: Share of Total Electricity Capacity [%]
-
4
19
24
Net Electricity Exports: Share of Domestic Supply [%]
5
-22
-2
-4
CHP Production: Share of Thermal Electricity Production [%]
18
37
56
55
CHP Production: Share of District Heating Production [%]
39
59
82
80
Renewable Energy: Share of Total Domestic Electricity Supply [%]
0.0
2.0
15.3
26.7
CO2 Emissions per Capita [Tonnes]
12
12
10
9
1 034
937
623
547
87
63
41
34
Degree of Self-sufficiency [%] Dependency of Oil [%]
Electricity Capacity [MW]
CO2 Emissions per kWh Sold [Grams per kWh] CO2 Emissions per Consumed Unit of District Heating [Kilograms per GJ]
Note: Data on energy consumption and CO2 emissions are adjusted
23
Do you need more data? „ „ At www.ens.dk under Facts & Figures you can find: Energy Statistics 2008 -
Electronic version of publication Time series and tables Construct your own graphs and tables Danish energy flows
Data Key tables Monthly updates of: - Oil and gas production in Denmark - Monthly energy statistics - Wind turbine data Maps Key maps showning aspects of the Danish Energy Sector
Danish Energy Agency 44 Amaliegade DK-1256 Copenhagen K Denmark Tlf: +45 33926700 Fax: +45 33114743 ens@ens.dk www.ens.dk CVR: 59778714
Danish Energ
3
2007