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Social Sciences
Study guide: Geography
Grade 4
SAMPLE
CAPS aligned M Lübcker E van Emmenes
Learning objectives
What learners should know at the end of the lesson according to CAPS requirements.
Lesson elements
Important terminology
New terminology to assist with the understanding of the subject as part of the lesson.
Define
Definitions of concepts to understand the content.
Activity
Questions to complete to test learners’ knowledge of the completed lesson.
Tips
Any information other than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.
SAMPLE
Core content
Emphasise the core of the content; in-depth explanation of a specific section of the lesson; learners must understand this content.
Study/Revision
Time spent studying the content at the end of the unit and to prepare for a test or examination.
For the curious Encouragement to do in-depth research about the content. Expand the activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN): Explain the need to complete the basic questions to achieve a pass mark.
G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Preface
Geography is the study of people and the physical environment. Geography helps us understand a complex world. We investigate different branches of geography, namely physical geography and human geography.
In physical geography we investigate natural processes and characteristics, including the atmosphere, land formations and ecosystems. Human geography explores the activities and impact of humans on the earth.
To ensure that all concepts that are covered in this study guide are fully understood and applied, the lessons are followed by an activity. All activities in this study guide must be completed for marking purposes, as a consolidation of the content covered, but most importantly as revision for any test or examination.
When you do the activities, remember to write down the number of the activity and to number all questions exactly as they are numbered in this study guide. This will make it easy to mark and for you to refer to your work in future.
Introduction
This introduction is based on CAPS’s proposed topics that need to be specifically studied in each unit. All work, tests and examinations must be completed to the best of your abilities to ensure that you receive maximum marks.
SAMPLE
Each unit is accompanied by several lessons. There is an activity after each lesson that is based on the specific outcomes of the lesson.
Ensure that you understand the activity and answer each question. It serves as preparation for tests and examinations. Answer all questions in full sentences.
It is highly recommended that you use this additional textbook: Dilley, L., Monteith, M., Nunneley, D., Proctor, A. and Weldon, G., Oxford Successful Social Sciences: Grade 4, Oxford University Press South Africa, 2013.
The purpose of this textbook is to give you a broader perspective of how questions can be asked, different ways to answer a question and to have more than one view on a topic. Additional books can also help you to answer and complete tasks.
Since geography is the study of the world around us, it is important that this subject is completed in a practical manner as well. Use all resources available to you. Visit different areas in your environment that relate to the content being covered. There are many resources available online, including videos, games and extra activities. However, if you do not have this at your disposal, visit public libraries and use books, newspapers or any written resources available.
SAMPLE
Make learning fun by making the content relevant. Use a wide range of resources and explore the different topics that are covered.
G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Year plan
Keep the following in mind when planning your year:
● Be realistic and flexible
● Keep your other subject timetables in mind
● Allow for enough time to study for tests and examinations
Term Unit and lesson Date started
Unit 1: People and places
Lesson 1: Places to live
Lesson 2: Jobs that people do in different places
Lesson 3: Buildings and their uses in different regions
1
2
Lesson 4: How roads and trails are used in settlements
Lesson 5: Identify natural and man-made beacons
Lesson 6: Describe and sketch a short journey
Lesson 7: Needs and wants
Lesson 8: Basic needs: Water, food, energy, shelter and healthcare
Lesson 9: How people meet their needs
Unit 2: Map skills
Lesson 10: Different views of simple objects
Lesson 11: Pictures or letters as symbols or keys
Lesson 12: Large-scale map symbols
SAMPLE
Lesson 13: Simple grids and grid references
Lesson 14: Read and write directions on a map and in an area
Unit 3: Reading important maps
Lesson 15: How we indicate oceans and land on a map
Lesson 16: South Africa’s provinces and their capitals
Lesson 17: The earth is round and maps are flat
completed
4
Unit 4: Food and farming in South Africa
Lesson 18: The food we eat – plants and animals
Lesson 19: Ways we obtain food
Lesson 20: Subsistence farming and commercial farming
Lesson 21: Cultivating food in towns and cities
Lesson 22: Different kinds of farming
Lesson 23: Crop farming in South Africa
Lesson 24: Fruit farming in South Africa
Lesson 25: Livestock: Large animals, small animals and poultry
Lesson 26: Case study: Cattle farming in South Africa
Lesson 27: Major crop and livestock farming areas in South Africa
Lesson 28: Processed and unprocessed food
Lesson 29: How and why food is processed
Lesson 30: From farm to factory, from supermarket to home
Unit 5: Water in South Africa
Lesson 31: Uses of water
Lesson 32: Industrial uses of water
Lesson 33: Water as a resource
Lesson 34: The water cycle
Lesson 35: The importance of water storage
Lesson 36: Natural water sources
Lesson 37: Personal and daily uses that pollute water
Lesson 38: Waste water and sewage recycling
People and places Unit 1
Learning objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to do the following:
● Identify and describe the various settlements in which people live, including farms, villages, towns, and cities.
● Identify and describe the various places where people work.
● Identify and explain various types of buildings and their uses, including houses, animal shelters, shops, schools, clinics, banks, offices, places of worship, factories, garages and train stations.
● Understand the difference between roads and footpaths and how each is used within settlements.
● Identify various landmarks.
● Understand the difference between natural and man-made landmarks.
● Describe and draw a short journey, such as explaining the route you take to school or to a shopping centre.
SAMPLE
● Explain how to get from one place to another using terminology such as left, right and straight.
● Identify significant landmarks and correctly name roads or streets.
● Differentiate between needs and wants.
● Identify basic human needs, including water, food, shelter, healthcare and energy.
● Understand the different ways in which people meet their needs.
● Apply the knowledge you have learnt to a case study or relevant situation.
Introduction
The aim of this unit is to encourage you to explore places, people, issues and events with the assistance of various sources such as books, photos and the internet. Explore the world and people around you and apply the content to your own experiences.
It is important to use several different sources and to explain how you used them. We will also be investigating the interaction between society and the natural environment. It means that people need their environment to provide in their basic needs.
Important terminology Settlement Farm Town City Rural Employment Farming Agriculture Clinic Factory Landmark Route Natural Man-made Needs Wants Shelter Healthcare
SAMPLE
It is very important to learn and understand the terms that we cover. This will help you understand the content. Make yourself a terminology list or use a page at the back of your book, which lists all the new words we learn.
Lesson 1
Places to live
Core content
Everybody lives somewhere. People live in many different places and environments.
A settlement is where a group of people live.
Most people live in towns or cities . The most common form of dwelling in towns and cities are houses . Other people live very close to one another in flats or townhouses . The rest of the population lives in the countryside on farms or plots/ holdings .
For the curious
Watch the short YouTube video on the difference between life in the country and life in the city.
bit.ly/2TgJ7VA
Let’s have a look at the various settlements that were mentioned.
SAMPLE
A village is smaller than a town and not many people live there. They are mostly found in rural areas, and all the people of the village usually know one another. A village doesn’t have as many streets, homes and shops than a town, and inhabitants usually must travel far to get to a shopping centre or hospital.
A town is a settlement that is larger than a village, but smaller than a city. A town is big enough to contain many streets, schools, banks, shopping centres and police stations.
A city is much bigger than a town. It has more streets, shops and houses. This results in more offices in a city and therefore more job opportunities. Most big cities have their own airports and hospitals.
Farms are more prevalent in rural areas. There are not that many buildings, streets or shops. Farmers usually do their shopping in the nearest town. They usually farm with livestock or crops. They earn a living by selling their crops or animals.
Define
City: bigger than a town, with more shops and streets and sometimes even an airport
Farm: a big piece of land where people live and keep animals or grow crops, or both
Rural area: the countryside
Settlement: a place where people live
Town: a settlement with streets, houses, shops and buildings such as schools and banks
Image 1.1: Qunu, a rural village in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Nelson Mandela was buried in Qunu in 2013.
Image 1.2: An aerial photo of the town of Upington in the Northern Cape province
Image 1.3: Cape Town’s city centre. Cape Town is the oldest city in South Africa and is also the capital of the Western Cape.
Image 1.4: A typical picture of a South African farm
Activity 1
Study your surroundings and answer the questions.
1. What job does your mum, dad, guardian and/or facilitator do?
2. What shops are close to your home? Name any TWO.
3. How close is the nearest petrol station to your home?
4. Is there a school close to your home?
5. Where do sick people go in your area?
6. Is there a place for children to play, such as a public park?
7. How do you and your family spend your weekends and holidays?
Lesson 2
Jobs that people do in different places
Define
Agriculture: an industry that has to do with farming and/or the planting of crops
Employment: to work or do something to earn money and provide in your basic needs
Farmer: someone who lives on a farm and cultivates crops or livestock that are sold to make a living Core content
Someone’s job can depend on where they live.
People who live in cities can practise a variety of occupations, such as a lawyer, sales representative or real estate agent.
People who live on farms or in rural areas sell their produce, such as fruit and vegetables, animal skins or wool, and meat to make a living.
Since villages are small and often isolated, it's unlikely to find a large shopping centre or hospital nearby. This means that people must travel far to get to work, especially if they work as sales people, bookkeepers or nurses.
For the curious
Do some research on different types of jobs. There are many types of jobs available, so make a separate list for each type of settlement, e.g.:
● On the farm
● In the city
● In town
● In the village
Try to list at least five jobs under each heading. (Do not use the examples mentioned in activity 2).
Activity 2
Study the word bank and answer the questions. The word bank contains a list of occupations and job descriptions.
1. Sort the occupations in the word bank in the table on the next page. Would these occupations be more likely to be performed on a farm or in the city? Copy the table and complete.
On a farm
2. Which occupations are depicted in the pictures below?
In the city
Define
Lesson 3
SAMPLE
Buildings and their uses in different regions
Clinic: a place where you can get cheap or free medical care (like a hospital, but smaller)
Factory: a building where something is manufactured, e.g., a car factory
Core content
There are buildings in every type of settlement. The size of the settlement can determine the amount of buildings to be found. Each building serves a function.
A small settlement, such as a village, has very few people, and therefore not as many buildings. Cities have more and a larger variety of buildings.
The most common building in which people live is a house. Sometimes houses are also used as home offices.
Other buildings that serve an important purpose: schools, clinics, animal shelters, shops, offices, factories, banks, places of worship (such as churches, mosques and temples), petrol stations, train stations and airports.
Below is a picture of the Union Buildings in South Africa’s capital city, Pretoria. The Union Buildings is the official seat of the South African government. The offices of the president and ministers of South Africa are situated in the Union Buildings.
SAMPLE
For the curious
Watch the YouTube video on the Union Buildings. bit.ly/2MDWLfH
The buildings on the next page are in Sandton, Johannesburg. The shopping centre and the surrounding office buildings are known as Sandton City, and is the richest city block in Africa. Nelson Mandela Square is located next to Sandton City.
Image 1.7: The Union Buildings in Pretoria
For the curious
Put on your safety belt and take a tour through the streets of Sandton by watching the YouTube video.
bit.ly/2BbIPF5
Activity 3
SAMPLE
Study the word bank and answer the questions. The word bank contains a list of buildings that serve different purposes.
Word bank
house | place of worship | flats | airport | hospital/clinic | bank | petrol station
shopping centre | school | farmhouse | animal shelter | train station | factory
Image 1.8: Sandton City
1. Match the buildings in the word bank to the pictures on this page. Only write the correct term next to the question number, e.g., 1.13 Factory.
Describe each
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
2.
Lesson 4
How roads and trails are used in settlements
Define
Road: a big flat or flattened piece of land on which cars and trucks travel
Trail: a small path on which people and animals walk
Truck: a vehicle large enough to load heavy goods and objects
Core content
Roads and trails are used to travel from one place to another. Some roads are large and wide, such as highways and national roads. However, there are also smaller roads or paths, such as trails and footpaths. They are usually not designed for large vehicles, but rather for people and animals to walk.
Big roads are wide enough for many vehicles to travel on. These big roads are usually made from tar, but they can also be made from gravel, concrete or dirt. The biggest roads are called highways. Thousands of cars can travel at any given time, and they connect major cities. Most roads have signs or instructions next to the road that tell motorists how to behave on the road, how fast they can drive, and to relay tourism and safety information.
G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography 1
SAMPLE
Image 1.10: South Africa’s major national highways. Does a national highway run through your town?
Image 1.11: The N1 between Johannesburg and Pretoria is known as the Ben Schoeman Highway. It is the busiest road in South Africa, carrying more than 300 000 vehicles per day.
