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AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FACILITATOR’S GUIDE Grade 11
A member of the FUTURELEARN group
Agricultural Management Practices Facilitator’s guide
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Í2+È-E-AMP-FG01TÎ
Grade 11
CAPS aligned
JC Zandberg
Facilitator’s Guide G11 – Agricultural Management Practices
CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ 5 LETTER TO THE FACILITATOR ........................................................................................ 6 STUDY TIPS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 7 WORK SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................. 7 UNIT 1 ................................................................................................................................. 8 Lesson 1: Maize – The main production areas in the RSA ............................................ 8 ACTIVITY 1.1: MEMORANDUM ........................................................................... 8 Lesson 2: Maize – Classification of crops...................................................................... 9 ACTIVITY 1.2: MEMORANDUM ........................................................................... 9 Lesson 3: Maize – Important cultivars ......................................................................... 10 ACTIVITY 1.3: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 10 Lesson 4: Soil sampling and profile studies................................................................. 11 ACTIVITY 1.4: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 11 Lesson 5: Soil characteristics and properties .............................................................. 12 ACTIVITY 1.5 ...................................................................................................... 12 Lesson 6: Soil cultivation and tillage practices ............................................................ 13 ACTIVITY 1.6 ...................................................................................................... 13 Lesson 7: Irrigation and water scheduling ................................................................... 14 ACTIVITY 1.7 ...................................................................................................... 14 Lesson 8: Soil and water management aspects .......................................................... 15 ACTIVITY 1.8 ...................................................................................................... 15 Lesson 9: Fertiliser management and application ....................................................... 16 ACTIVITY 1.9 ...................................................................................................... 16 Lesson 10: Fertilising methods and programmes ........................................................ 17 ACTIVITY 1.10 .................................................................................................... 17 UNIT 2 ............................................................................................................................... 18 Lesson 11: Crop establishment practices .................................................................... 18 ACTIVITY 2.1: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 18 Lesson 12 Maize – Weeds and diseases .................................................................... 19 ACTIVITY 2.2: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 19 Lesson 13: Maize – Pests ........................................................................................... 20 ACTIVITY 2.3: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 20 Lesson 14: Principles of crop rotation.......................................................................... 21 ACTIVITY 2.4: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 21 Lesson 15: Calibration and setting of farm implements ............................................... 22 ACTIVITY 2.5: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 22 Lesson 16: Manipulation of plant growth ..................................................................... 23 ACTIVITY 2.6: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 23 Lesson 17: Crop protection programme ...................................................................... 25 ACTIVITY 2.7: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 25
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 – Agricultural Management Practices
UNIT 3 ............................................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 18: Sheep farming – economic importance ..................................................... 26 ACTIVITY 3.1 ...................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 19: Breed standards........................................................................................ 27 ACTIVITY 3.2 ...................................................................................................... 27 Lesson 20: Breeding systems ..................................................................................... 28 ACTIVITY 3.3 ...................................................................................................... 28 Lesson 21: Reproduction............................................................................................. 29 ACTIVITY 3.4 ...................................................................................................... 29 Lesson 22: Housing and facilities ................................................................................ 31 ACTIVITY 3.5 ...................................................................................................... 31 Lesson 23: Diseases ................................................................................................... 32 ACTIVITY 3.6 ...................................................................................................... 32 Lesson 24: Animal handling and facilities .................................................................... 33 ACTIVITY 3.7 ...................................................................................................... 33 Lesson 25: Basic veterinary practices ......................................................................... 34 ACTIVITY 3.8 ...................................................................................................... 34 Lesson 26: Parasitology .............................................................................................. 35 ACTIVITY 3.9 ...................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 27: Feeding aspects........................................................................................ 36 ACTIVITY 3.10 .................................................................................................... 36 UNIT 4 ............................................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 28: Keeping records ........................................................................................ 37 ACTIVITY 4.1 ...................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 29: Production-related legislation .................................................................... 39 ACTIVITY 4.2 ...................................................................................................... 39 Lesson 30: Objectives of veld management ................................................................ 40 ACTIVITY 4.3 ...................................................................................................... 40 Lesson 31: Fodder flow planning ................................................................................. 41 ACTIVITY 4.4 ...................................................................................................... 41 Lesson 32: Carrying capacity and veld composition .................................................... 42 ACTIVITY 4.5 ...................................................................................................... 42
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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UNIT 1 Lesson 1: Maize – The main production areas in the RSA
ACTIVITY 1.1: MEMORANDUM
1.1
1.2
dent maize flint maize, mealie maize, sweet corn and popcorn.
(5)
Genus: Zea Species: Zea mays
(4)
1.3
Maize generates foreign currency due to exports. Maize is the staple food of a large part of the population. Other industries develop around maize because farmers spend millions of rands on fuel, fertiliser, seed, implements and wages for labourers. Thousands of job opportunities are created. Other industries which depend directly on maize cultivation are: Millers Producers of cattle feed Starch factories Breakfast cereal producers Producers of bio-fuel such as ethanol (13)
1.4
Zeerust, Christiana, Ladybrand and Ermelo.
(4)
1.5
It is food that is eaten every day by a certain population of the country.
(1)
1.6
samp mealie rice or grits popcorn
(3) TOTAL: 30
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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Lesson 2: Maize – Classification of crops ACTIVITY 1.2: MEMORANDUM
1.1
Maize belongs to the grass family. Maize is an annual crop, grown in summer. It grows upright. Development: the plant has mainly single stems, although some cultivars may form sprouts, to a greater or lesser degree. A plume or male flower is at the top of the plant. The cob or female flower is more or less in the middle of the plant. Maize is a monocotyledonous plant. (10)
1.2
The plant has eight to 20 leaves. Leaves are arranged in a spiral on the stem. A leaf consists of a leaf sheath and a leaf blade. Each leaf has a prominent middle nervure, with nervure parallel to it.
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
(8)
66 days after sprouting. Appearance of beard and shedding of pollen. The plant stops growing. Temperatures that are too high harm pollination. The pollen dries out. Too much moisture causes pollen grains to burst. Hail damage can destroy the total harvest. Cool, moist weather is necessary (February / March). Tabular roots appear at the end of the growing point. moisture nutrients in the ground head units
(10)
(3)
GROWING STAGE 9: Maize plants physiologically ripe. Cobs begin to hang. Black layer on basis of kernels. Sheath leaves around cobs fade to light brown. Moisture contents of maize fall quickly to 35%.
(5)
This is the last stage and takes about 50 to 100 days. The plant is biologically ripe. The moisture contents of the kernel drop quickly. Maize is harvested when the moisture content of kernels is 14% or less.
(4)
TOTAL: 40
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
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Lesson 3: Maize – Important cultivars ACTIVITY 1.3: MEMORANDUM
1.1
Ear space does not play such a big role in South Africa as most varieties are selected correctly by breeders. Ear space of 1,5 m is ideal. Higher place of the heads can cause the plants to collapse easily especially when it rains too much or due to root diseases. The ear height of cultivars in the rapid growing seasons tend to be lower than later growing season hybrids. Information about specific cultivars’ ear height can be obtained from the seed companies. (6)
1.2
Rust, Northern leaf scorch, Grey leaf spot, Bacterial leaf spot, Maize streak virus, Diplodia and Fusarium. (7) The soil temperature should be above 15 °C before planting maize. Maize seed germinate at temperatures below 10 °C. The ideal soil temperature is 18 °C. At low temperatures seedlings tend to turn purple. Phosphate are usually inaccessible to the plant at low temperatures. (5)
1.3
1.4
An organism that arose through cultivation and survival, in other words maize seeds developed to a certain extent. (3)
1.5
Yield potential, stability and agronomic characteristics.
1.6
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(3)
Adaptability Disease pressure Expected date of harvest Is silage cut by contractor Yield or return Desired quality
(6) TOTAL: 30
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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Lesson 4: Soil sampling and profile studies
ACTIVITY 1.4: MEMORANDUM
Geological , biological, and hydrological additions and removal (erosion)
(4)
It is a system continually subject to soil-forming, soil-leaching and soil erosion processes.
(4)
1.3
Climate, vegetation, topography, man
(4)
1.4
The age of soil
(1)
1.5
A layer of soil more or less parallel to the ground surface
(2)
1.6
O; A; B; C ; R
(5)
1.7
No. It is texture differences only due to seasonal deposits of a river.
(2)
1.8
Climate; Vegetation; Topography
(3)
1.9
This is a sequence of horizons visible in a vertical section through the soil.
(2)
1.1
1.2
1.10. It is lacking organic material.
(1)
1.11 Reduction or decrease
(2) TOTAL: 30
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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Lesson 5: Soil characteristics and properties ACTIVITY 1.5: MEMORANDUM
1.1
1.2
1.3
soil surface, plough layer, directly beneath plough layer and subsoil.
(4)
root growth, nutrient uptake and biological activity.
(3)
gross density, porosity, aeration and specific area.
(4)
1.4
In acid and alkaline conditions most nutrients are not accessible to plants. This is the main reason why most plants grow best at a neutral to slightly acid pH. (6)
1.5
The clay’s structure causes it to have a negative charge. This is known as the soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC). The CEC gives the soil the ability to keep and exchange the most important positive charged nutrients (like Ca, Mg and K). The CEC of different types of clay differ significantly. The base saturation refers to the percentage of exchange complex filled with basic cations like Ca, Mg and K. (10)
1.6
compacted layers residues on the surface roughness
(3) TOTAL: 30
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
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Lesson 6: Soil cultivation and tillage practices ACTIVITY 1.6 MEMORANDUM
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
This way: root restrictive horizontal, as well as vertical compaction layers in the soil are counter acted, water run is limited, crusting on the surface is offset, and soil chemical conditions improve.
(5)
to prepare the seedbed, to control weeds and to improve the structure of the soil.
(3)
The elimination of crop residues Primary tillage or ploughing Secondary tillage or harrow Weeding Fertilisers and deep ploughing
(8)
fertilisers, root development, water usage and disease tolerance
(4)
root growth, nutrient uptake and biological activity.
(3)
1.6
For conventional tillage you need to mix the soil and remains thoroughly before the primary operations start. (3)
1.7
the handling of remains from the summer, primary tillage and preparation of the seedbed.
(3)
chisel
(1)
1.8
TOTAL: 30
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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Lesson 7: Irrigation and water scheduling ACTIVITY 1.7 MEMORANDUM
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
rivers dams lakes boreholes
(4)
Flood irrigation Drip irrigation Sprinkler
(3)
Let irrigation Strip irrigation Ditch irrigation
(3)
precipitation temperature evaporation radiation humidity
(5)
With irrigation water use efficiency of 19 kg per hectare per millimetre to 20 kg per acre per millimetre is realistic. That means for every millimetre of water, 19 kg to 20 kg grain per acre can be produced. (5) TOTAL: 20
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
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Lesson 8: Soil and water management aspects ACTIVITY 1.8 MEMORANDUM
1.1
the soil, the climate and the average rainfall.
(3)
1.2
Maize germinates at 10 °C and higher. Warm, wet soil hastens germination. Maize should be protected from frost between November and March. The growth cycle may be shortened by the fact that maize is sensitive to frost. (4)
1.3
Water is a very important ecological factor, because without it, life on earth is inconceivable. Apart from the fact that between 80% and 90% of organisms’ body mass is made up of water it is also crucial for physiological processes in plants and animals. Water is not only a necessity, but also a limiting factor. (5)
1.4
The movement of water from the atmosphere to earth is called precipitation. Precipitation includes dew, mist, hail, snow, rain. Apart from the fact that it provides moisture to the earth and organisms, rain, snow, dew, hail, etc. absorb heat. Soil, water masses and organisms are cooled. Water that reach soil is partially absorbed by the (capillary and hygroscopic water). (17)
1.5
The presence of enough moisture in the soil around the seed to let it germinate and let the seedling grow. (3)
1.6
Dry weather conditions extend the time between the shower of pollen and the forming of the beard. It has a detrimental effect on the pollination and seed setting of the head, which causes the yield to decrease, particularly when it lasts longer than five or six days. (7)
1.7
One to two weeks before flowering.
(1) TOTAL: 40
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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Lesson 9: Fertiliser management and application ACTIVITY 1.9 MEMORANDUM
1.1
To supplement the organic matter (plant food) used by the seedlings, or to provide organic matter to infertile soil. .
(4)
1.2
The roots of crops use large amounts of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and calcium in the form of various compounds in the soil. These compounds need to be replenished periodically to ensure a good harvest. (7)
1.3
Harvest = rainfall (mm) x effective soil density x F Where: Rainfall
=
Soil depth =
annual average from May to April depth to restricting layer
F is read from tables, for example 0,007 818 for red sandy loam soils.
(8)
1.4 Excess aluminium released in soil. Aluminium inhibits root growth. Plant shows symptoms of drought, despite having enough moisture.
(4)
1.5 Manual labour is saved, because bags do not need to be handled anymore. Liquid is immediately available to the plant.
(3)
1.6 The addition of the required plant nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) potassium (P) and other elements (5) 1.7
To determine if there are any deficiencies or imbalances or excesses that might inhibit growth. To determine the soil fertility with regard to recommendations for fertilising and adding lime which need to be done according to set guidelines. In certain situations to help harvest potential. For planning purposes. (8) TOTAL: 40
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
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Lesson 10: Fertilising methods and programmes ACTIVITY 1.10 MEMORANDUM
1.1
Through faeces, dead plants and animal residue.
1.2
On or near the seed kernel:
(3)
Here the fertiliser is immediately available to the seedling, but not sufficient for sustained growth. It can be followed by low fertiliser arrows. The fertiliser is applied at planting. (6) Belt positioning: 15cm
15cm
Fertiliser is available fairly quickly but usually not sufficient for high production. Single or dual-band application can be used. Effective at medium soil fertility and medium level of fertiliser application. It must be applied at planting time. (8)
Belt positioning plus broadcasting: Fertiliser is available fairly quickly and is also sufficient (broadcasted part) for high production. It is effective with high levels of soil fertility and the application of artificial fertiliser. The broadcasting before planting time can save time by eradicating the need to stop and fill up planters. The overall broadcasting of P is done to increase the P level. Agricultural lime can also be spread by broadcasting. 1.3
Granular: This group of liquid fertiliser can be compared to a soft porridge. This solution contains a lot of lumps. Suspensions: Looks like soft porridge without big lumps. Liquids: Solid particles remain and dropout is almost impossible. Clear solution: Can be compared to a little salt in water. Dropout is impossible. 1.4
(11)
From four weeks: due to leaching, everything is not applied equally.
(2)
TOTAL: 40
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
2
UNIT 2 Lesson 11: Crop establishment practices ACTIVITY 2.1: MEMORANDUM
1.1
A management plan includes the methods to manage pests, nutrients and fertiliser. It takes into account the monitor and testing of soil chemical treatments (such as herbicides) and feeding livestock. (8)
1.2
Less money is spent on fertiliser, pesticides, energy, feeding, and the amount of work is done more effectively.
1.3
(5)
Crop Management Practices means farmers regularly look for ways to manage natural resources in a way that a productive agricultural system can be maintained. (3) Seeding: Management factors that affect the harvest includes row spacing and the quantity of plants in a row. The optimum plant population depends on factors like hybrid selection, moisture, soil fertility and target harvest. (8)
1.4
Dry weather conditions extend the time between the shower of pollen and the forming of the beard. It has a detrimental effect on the pollination and seed setting of the head, which causes the yield to decrease, particularly when it lasts longer than five or six days. (6)
1.5 available soil moisture. soil potential
effective depth hygroscopicity
soil fertility cultivar – Some cultivars must be planted more densely than others to prevent sprouts forming. annual rainfall. nitrogen fertiliser measured in kg / ha. (9) 1.6
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(1) TOTAL: 40
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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices
Unit
2
Lesson 12 Maize – Weeds and diseases ACTIVITY 2.2: MEMORANDUM
1.1
Weeds take valuable moisture and nutrients from the soil that are essential to the maize plant. (3)
1.2
Competition for moisture, nutrients, space and air. Weeds serve as a breeding ground and shelter for insect plagues and plant diseases. Harvesting can be delayed because the harvester can be blocked. The presence of harmful seeds, like oil boom, could cause a load to be refused at the grain elevator. (11)
1.3
Crop rotation is done so weeds doesn’t have the opportunity to settle in a plantation. A braising crop can be planted that suffocate and kills the weeds by “overgrowing”. Use only weed free seed. Clean equipment and tractors after use to prevent seed dispersal. A very expensive option is to cover soil with plastic so weeds doesn’t get light and can’t grow. (9)
1.4
Mechanical, chemical and biological.
1.5
Identification of weeds, namely broadleaf weed or grass, are essential. A spray pump on a tractor or aerial application can be used. The correct dose of herbicide for the weed must be closely followed. Herbicides as liquid or grain. Herbicide with a contact force has no residual effect. Weeds must be thoroughly wetted. Herbicides with a hormonal action can inhibit initial growth of a weed seedling.
1.6
(3)
(11)
Diseases that can be controlled by seed treatment, are Fusarium, (seed rot), dry ear rot, pink ear rot and plume or ear burn. Diseases that cannot be controlled by seed treatment, include cob rot, stripe disease, powdery mildew and white rust and brown rust.
(8)
TOTAL: 45
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