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NATURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Grade 4
A member of the FUTURELEARN group
Natural Sciences and Technology Study guide
1804-E-NST-SG01
Í2$È-E-NST-SG01OÎ
Grade 4
CAPS aligned
L Young
Study Guide G04 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology
CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 STUDY TIPS........................................................................................................................ 4 YEAR PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 5 UNIT 1: Life and living things, and structures ................................................................. 6 LESSON 1: Living and non-living things ...................................................................... 6 Investigation 1.1: A bean in a bottle .................................................................. 12 Activity 1.1 ........................................................................................................ 14 Activity 1.2 ........................................................................................................ 15 LESSON 2: What plants need to grow ...................................................................... 17 Investigation 2.1: The growth of a plant ............................................................ 19 LESSON 3: Habitats of animals ................................................................................ 21 Activity 3.1 ........................................................................................................ 24 Activity 3.2 ........................................................................................................ 29 LESSON 4: Structures of plants and animals ................................................... 30 Activity 4.1 ........................................................................................................ 32 Activity 4.2 ........................................................................................................ 35 LESSON 5: Structures for animal shelters ................................................................ 38 Activity 5.1 ........................................................................................................ 43 UNIT 2: Matter and materials, and structures ................................................................ 45 LESSON 6: Materials around us ............................................................................... 46 Activity 6.1 ........................................................................................................ 47 Activity 6.2 ........................................................................................................ 52 Investigation 6.2 ................................................................................................ 56 Activity 6.3 ........................................................................................................ 60 Investigation 6.3 ................................................................................................ 61 LESSON 7: Solids ..................................................................................................... 63 Investigation 7.1 ................................................................................................ 65 Activity 7.2 ........................................................................................................ 67 LESSON 8: Reinforcing material ............................................................................... 68 Investigation 8.1 ................................................................................................ 70 LESSON 9: Strong frame structures ......................................................................... 72 Research task 9.1 ............................................................................................. 76 Activity 9.2 ........................................................................................................ 79 UNIT 3: Energy and change, and systems and control ................................................ 80 LESSON 10: Energy and the transfer of energy........................................................ 81 Activity 10.2....................................................................................................... 84 LESSON 11: The energy around us .......................................................................... 85 Activity 11.1....................................................................................................... 90 Activity 11.2....................................................................................................... 94 1
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Study Guide G04 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology
LESSON 12: Motion and energy in a system ............................................................ 96 Activity 12.1....................................................................................................... 97 LESSON 13: Energy and sound .............................................................................. 101 Activity 13.2..................................................................................................... 106 Activity 13.3..................................................................................................... 110 UNIT 4: Planet Earth and space, and systems and control ........................................ 112 LESSON 14: Planet Earth ....................................................................................... 113 Activity 14.1..................................................................................................... 116 Activity 14.2..................................................................................................... 122 LESSON 15: The sun .............................................................................................. 126 Activity 15.1..................................................................................................... 127 LESSON 16: The earth and the sun ........................................................................ 131 Activity 16.1..................................................................................................... 134 LESSON 17: The moon ........................................................................................... 138 Activity 17.1..................................................................................................... 141 Activity 17.2..................................................................................................... 144 LESSON 18: Rocket systems.................................................................................. 149 Activity 18.1..................................................................................................... 151 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 154
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Study Guide G04 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology
YEAR PLAN UNIT
LESSON
DATE
DATE
STARTED
COMPLETED
Lesson 1: Living and non-living things Lesson 2: What plants need to grow Lesson 3: Habitats of animals 1
Lesson 4: Structures of plants and animals Lesson 5: Structures for animal shelters Lesson 6: Materials around us
2
Lesson 7: Solids Lesson 8: Reinforcing materials Lesson 9: Strong frame structures Lesson 10: Energy and the transfer of energy
3
Lesson 11: Energy around us Lesson 12: Motion and energy in a system Lesson 13: Energy and sound Lesson 14: Planet Earth Lesson 15: The sun
4
Lesson 16: The earth and the sun Lesson 17: The moon Lesson 18: Rocket system
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Unit
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UNIT 1: Life and living things, and structures LEARNING AIMS After you have completed this unit, you should be able to do the following: •
Sort a selection of living and non-living things
•
Identify and describe the parts of a plant
•
Identify and describe the parts of an animal
•
Grow plants from seeds, measure and record their growth
•
Describe different habitats
•
Designs, draw and evaluate an animal shelter
This unit should be completed in 10 weeks. Remember that these 10 weeks exclude all assessments and activities. Ensure that you leave enough time to complete all the activities as well as the assessments in the portfolio book. In this unit you will learn about things you see every day. Take note of what you see, experience, and how they work. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY At the end of each lesson there is a list of important terminology. Make sure that you know these terms and that you know what each one of these terms means. LESSON 1: Living and non-living things What do you need to complete this lesson? •
Beans (sugar beans or kidney beans)
•
A glass bottle
•
A paper towel
•
Water
•
Old magazines 6
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Study Guide G04 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology
Unit
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1.1 Living things When you have to decide whether something is alive, what are you going to look at? Whether it breathes? Whether it has a heartbeat? Although it isn’t incorrect to ask these questions, these are not the only things one looks at when trying to determine whether something is alive or not.
Living things can be distinguished from non-living things by their ability to perform all seven life processes.
What are life processes?
There are seven life processes and these can be identified as feeding, growth, reproduction, breathing, excretion, senses and motion. Let’s take a look at what each of these processes means.
Nutrition What is nutrition? This is a question which is not often asked, because we all know what it means to eat and everyone knows that we should eat every day. Nutrition refers to the food you eat. Food is the fuel that all living things need in order to function. Remember that all animals do not eat the same food, and that it is not only animals that absorb nutrients. Plants absorb food from the soil and receive nutrients from water and sunlight.
Why do we need food? We need food to give energy to all the cells in our bodies so that they can perform their functions. New cells are necessary for growth and food gives building materials to the cells so that they can form new cells and allow growth to take place.
We have all heard that you should eat an apple every day in order to stay healthy, and there is some truth in that: food provides protection against diseases. Healthy eating habits can build up your immune system to protect you against something such as colds, and it can also help you to recover from them more quickly. Healthy nutrition doesn’t only help with
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protecting you from diseases, and making you recover from them more quickly, but it also helps with growth and energy, and the recovery of damaged tissues. Nutrients are needed to replace dead cells, such as when you fall and hurt yourself – that’s when new cells are needed to replace the dead cells and to heal the wounds.
Growth From the moment you are born, your growth is monitored against your age on a chart like the one below. According to this chart it is easy to see if you are growing enough and whether you weigh enough for your age. This growth chart can also indicate to you whether you might not be getting enough of the right nutrition, or whether you might be getting too much of the wrong kinds of food.
CDC growth chart 8
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Study Guide G04 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology
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Although it is easy to measure your growth, and even to observe it, it isn’t always so easy to see the growth of all living creatures, for example new cells which are growing. Those are far too small to see with the naked eye, but that doesn’t mean that they are not growing. Even small plants, bacteria and mould all grow!
Reproduction
Reproduction means to bring forth new life. An example of that is if you got a new sister or brother. Can you think of other examples of reproduction? Use the pictures below for some guidance and make a list for yourself in the space provided.
1
2
3
A few examples of how reproduction can take place:
Breathing
Look down at your chest. Do you see how it moves up and down as air moves into and out of your lungs? Respiration is another word for breathing and it means that oxygen in the air replaces carbon dioxide in your blood. There are different ways in which respiration takes place. Respiration does not just take place in your lungs as you breathe, respiration also takes place in the cells. Respiration takes place in the cells of both plants and animals. Go and do some research by using the internet, textbooks, or even magazines to find out more about the different ways in which respiration takes place.
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FOR THE CURIOUS Give some thought to the cause and the influence of air pollution on your ability to breathe. Excretion
The human body excretes substances which are called waste products. These waste products transport all the unnecessary or toxic matter out of the body, so that you do not become ill, and your body does not become poisoned. Examples of this is if you sweat and when you urinate.
Senses
We use our senses to observe everything around us, and also in order to react to our environment. There are five senses we use for this. Use the pictures below to identify the five senses.
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__________________________
By using our senses, we react differently to different situations. An example of this is when you use your touch sense – when you feel that it is cold, you go and put on a jacket, but if you touch a hot stove plate, you will immediately pull away your hand, otherwise you could be seriously hurt. Our senses are also there to protect our bodies. FOR THE CURIOUS Think about how the senses are used to protect the body. Motion
It isn’t only people who move – plants do too. Phototropism is when the plant stem adapts to the light to which it is exposed. Positive phototropy of plant stems is when the stems bend
towards
the
light
and
negative
phototropy is when the stems bend away from the light. This bending represents movement of the plant stem. Just as plants can move, so can people and animals. People can run, swing their arms, turn around and many other movements.
It isn’t always so easy to identify living things, because often it seems as if there are no living processes taking place. Things which might appear to you to be dry bones, dry yeast, and even a fertilised egg can “live” again in the right circumstances. These circumstances include the right temperature, humidity and light intensity. The next investigation is aimed at demonstrating this phenomenon to you where something which appears to be non-living, can live again given the right circumstances.
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Investigation 1.1: A bean in a bottle This investigation is both simple and fascinating. Not only are you going to see that the bean “lives” again, but you are also going to see how its roots grow, and also how the plant grows in the bottle.
What do you need? 1.
A sugar bean or kidney bean
2.
A glass bottle
3.
A paper towel
4.
Water
Method 1.
Pour a little bit of water in the glass bottle and let the water wet the insides of the bottle by swirling it around.
2.
(1)
Moisten the paper towel slightly using the water and also put it in the glass bottle (you can crumple it).
(1)
3.
Put the bean in the glass bottle on top of the paper towel.
(1)
4.
Pour a bit of water onto the bean every few days.
(1)
5.
What do you observe? (What do you see?)
___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
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(2)
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In the space below, draw (with a heading and captions) what you see.
(4) [10] These roots which begin to grow after a few days show that the bean is alive. There has been feeding, growth, respiration, motion, and even to an extent reproduction, in this investigation.
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Activity 1.1 1.
Look at all the pictures below. Make a tick in each of the blocks in which there are living things. Then give a reason why you decided that this thing is indeed alive.
2.
(28)
Make a mind map of all the life processes. Make sure that you know what all the life processes are and also what they mean. If your mind map is fully completed, you can use it for preparation for your tests and examinations.
(17) [45]
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1.2 Non-living things By now you already know that living things can perform the seven living processes. Non-living things do not possess the ability to perform these life processes. In other words, they cannot eat, they cannot grow, reproduce, breathe (respirate), excrete, use their senses, or move around.
Things that were alive can die and now be non-living. Examples of this are not only when someone close to us dies, but also when we look at something such as wood, which was part of a living tree, which has been chopped down, and is now dead. Activity 1.2
1.
Now that you know what the difference between living and non-living things is, use an old magazine and cut out pictures of living and non-living things. Stick all the pictures of living things on one sheet of paper and those of nonliving things on another.
2.
(6)
Not all things can be seen with the naked eye and we can only observe it with a microscope. Name three living things that we are unable to see with the naked eye. You can do some research on this if you do not know.
(6)
____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
3.
Do a bit of research on the internet about how these things look that we are unable to see with the naked eye. Store these images on your computer so that you can look at them again, or print them and stick them into a book. (5)
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4.
Unit
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In the following table there are a few living and non-living things which are not so easy to identify. Think carefully about what it means to be living or non-living. Classify each of the following pictures as living or non-living and give a reason for your choice. Living or non-living
Reason
(8) [25]
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