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SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: GEOGRAPHY
Grade 7
A member of the FUTURELEARN group
Social Sciences Study guide: Geography
1807-E-SOS-SG02
Í2’È-E-SOS-SG02]Î
Grade 7
CAPS aligned
T Greyling S Jordaan T van Vollenhoven
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ 4 YEAR PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 6 UNIT 1: Map skills ............................................................................................................. 7 Lesson 1: Local maps and street maps ........................................................... 9 Exercise 1 ........................................................................................ 13 Activity 1 ........................................................................................... 18 Activity 2 ........................................................................................... 19 Exercise 2 ........................................................................................ 22 Activity 3 ........................................................................................... 23 Activity 4 ........................................................................................... 29 Lesson 2: Sketch maps and explaining routes ............................................. 30 Activity 5 ........................................................................................... 31 Activity 6 ........................................................................................... 32 Activity 7 ........................................................................................... 33 Lesson 3: Distance and scale ......................................................................... 34 Activity 8 ........................................................................................... 38 Activity 9 ........................................................................................... 41 Activity 10 ......................................................................................... 44 Activity 11 ......................................................................................... 44 Lesson 4: Current events ................................................................................ 46 Exercise 3 ........................................................................................ 51 UNIT 2: Volcanoes, earthquakes and floods ................................................................ 56 Lesson 5: The structure of the earth .............................................................. 58 Activity 12 ......................................................................................... 66 Activity 13 ......................................................................................... 70 Lesson 6: Earthquakes ................................................................................... 71 Activity 14 ......................................................................................... 85 Activity 15 ......................................................................................... 86 Lesson 7: Volcanoes ....................................................................................... 87 Activity 16 ......................................................................................... 93 Lesson 8: Floods ............................................................................................. 94 Activity 17 ....................................................................................... 103 Activity 18 ....................................................................................... 106 Exercise 4 ...................................................................................... 109 UNIT 3: Population growth and change ...................................................................... 112 Lesson 9: Population boncepts.................................................................... 114 Activity 19 ....................................................................................... 120 Activity 20 ....................................................................................... 121 Lesson 10: Factors affecting birth and death rates ..................................... 124 Activity 21 ....................................................................................... 134 Lesson 11: World population growth............................................................. 136 1
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Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Activity 22 ....................................................................................... 137 Activity 23 ....................................................................................... 144 Exercise 5 ...................................................................................... 145 UNIT 4: Natural resources and conservation in South Africa................................... 150 Lesson 12: Natural resources ........................................................................ 151 Activity 24 ...................................................................................... 156 Lesson 13: Management of resources .......................................................... 157 Activity 25 ...................................................................................... 168 Lesson 14: Water in South Africa.................................................................. 168 Activity 26 ...................................................................................... 173 Activity 27 ...................................................................................... 176 Exercise 6 ..................................................................................... 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 182 ADDENDUM ................................................................................................................... 186
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Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
YEAR PLAN UNIT
DATE STARTED
LESSON Lesson 1: Local maps and street maps
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Lesson 2: Sketch maps and explaining routes Lesson 3: Distance and scale Lesson 4: Current events Lesson 5: The structure of the earth Lesson 6: Earthquakes
2 Lesson 7: Volcanoes Lesson 8: Floods Lesson 9: Population concepts 3
Lesson 10: Factors affecting birth and death rates Lesson 11: World population growth Lesson 12: Natural resources
4
Lesson 13: Management of resources Lesson 14: Water in South Africa
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DATE FINISHED
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
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UNIT 1: Map skills LEARNING AIMS After you have completed this unit, you must be able to do the following: • Use grid references to locate places on a street map. • Use a street map and compass directions to describe a specific route. • Sketch a map of a local area. • Use and define scale, differentiate between linear and statement scale, compare different types of scales and use those scales to calculate distance. • Know the main lines of latitude and longitude and use them to locate where events happened on a world map. • Stay abreast of current affairs and analyse certain events to ascertain certain information about those events, such as where, when, why and how an event occurred and what the effects of the event in question were.
INTRODUCTION The focus of this unit is to develop your ability to read and work with maps. You will investigate different types of maps including physical, political, sketch and road maps. You will also learn of the different elements of each of these maps and how to apply this knowledge in a practical sense. This unit will also teach you how to use different geographical skills and elements which will help you apply your knowledge, including a compass, linear and statement scale, grid references and lines of latitude and longitude. The following definitions will help you to better understand the maps discussed in lesson 1. Ensure that you now the definitions before starting with lesson 1.
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DEFINE Map
A picture or representation of the earth's surface, showing how things are related to each other by distance, direction, and size.
Maps can also be defined by type, e.g., political, physical, topographic, climate, economic or resource, or road and street maps. Altitude
The height of a place above sea level, usually measured in meters.
The top of the peak is 840 m above sea level.
Contour lines Lines used on a map, placed at intervals to indicate altitude and slope. Contour lines
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Precipitation
Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground.
Diagram
A sketch or picture used to explain something.
Cardinal directions
The main directions (N, E, S, W).
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LESSON 1: LOCAL MAPS AND STREET MAPS The types of maps below contain different details and are used to communicate specific information to the user. Each type of map will be discussed in detail during the lesson. The lesson will outline what each map is used for, as well as what type of information it provides to the user. 1.1
Types of maps
A map is a picture or representation of the earth’s surface, showing how things are related to each other by distance, direction, and size. There are many different types of maps and each map is used for a specific purpose. Refer to the addendum for colour versions of the maps. •
Political maps show international, national and provincial boundaries of a place and usually include the locations of cities, depending on the detail of the map.
Border between provinces, e.g., borders between Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, the Free State and North West. Capital cities of Gauteng are indicated: Pretoria and Johannesburg.
A political map of South Africa Source: https://goo.gl/6nH9o
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A physical map shows the physical landscape features of an area such as mountains, rivers and lakes. Changes in altitude are usually shown using different colours and shades.
Rivers are indicated using thin blue lines, and mountains using brown. Different shades of brown are used to indicate the height of the mountain range.
Physical map of South Africa Source: https://goo.gl/wnkMPU
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A topographic map also shows some physical features, however it uses contour lines and shows man-made attributes too. All topographic maps use symbols to show different attributes such as roads, dams and power lines.
Legend at the bottom of the topographic map indicates which symbol is used for each attribute on the map, e.g.:
Main road
Trees
Topographic map of Cape Town Source: https://goo.gl/6PtMke
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Climate maps use colour to show information about the climate in a specific region. The climate of an area is the basic weather pattern and precipitation over a period of time. The colours give an indication of the temperature in a specific region over a specified period of time, e.g.: Red:
indicates average temperatures of 7,5 °C and less in a specific region. Blue: indicates average temperatures of between 7,5 °C and 10 °C in a specific region. Brown: indicates average temperatures of between 10 °C and 15 °C in a specific region. White: indicates average temperatures of 15 °C and higher in a specific region.
Winter temperatures in South Africa Source: https://goo.gl/FBNj9N
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Road or street maps are the most commonly used. They show highways, roads, hospitals, parks and various places of interest. People generally use these types of maps to find their way to or from a specific place.
Shows highways and roads, e.g., indicates different street names.
Street map of Pretoria city centre Source: https://goo.gl/Q9Sq49
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Economic or resource maps show a specific type of economic activity or natural resource in an area, using symbols and colours depending on what is being shown on the map.
Agricultural map of South Africa Source: https://goo.gl/3KWHJt
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Resources cultivated and/or produced in a specific area, which brings about economic activities, e.g., in Cape Town, Western Cape: • Oil refinery • Engineering works • Vehicles • Textiles/clothing • Chemicals and fertilisers • Food/drink/tobacco
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EXERCISE 1 Match the use of the map in column B to the type of map in column A. Only write the correct letter (A – F) next to the question number (1.1 – 1.6), e.g., 1.7 G. COLUMN A Type of map
COLUMN B Use of the map Shows physical geographical characteristics of an area.
1.1
A
1.2
B
Shows highways, roads, hospitals, parks and other important places.
1.3
C
Shows physical characteristics, contour lines and man-made structures.
1.4
D
Shows the climate of an area over a specified period of time.
1.5
E
Indicates specific types of economic activity.
1.6
F
Shows international, national and provincial borders of countries and regions.
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Characteristics of maps
Each detailed map should contain the following characteristics: • A bird’s eye view: Because maps are flat, they should give you a bird’s eye view of a location, in other words, a view as seen as if you are looking down on the map.
Bird’s eye view of Paris, Arc de Triomphe Source: https://goo.gl/x9zQBa
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Direction: All maps should have an arrow marked ‘north’. This helps you work out the other compass directions and ascertain the orientation of the map, i.e., north, south, east and west. On the following page is an illustration of a wind rose showing the 16 cardinal points of a compass.
The 16 Cardinal Points of a Compass
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Place/location: A direction, topographic or street map indicates exactly where a person is going. All buildings, rivers, roads, etc. should be clearly marked. However, these elements cannot be indicated on a world map. The details shown depends on the purpose of the map.
•
Symbols: We can show some detail by using certain pictures to show landmarks or important structures. A cross may indicate a hospital, a capital ‘P’ a police station, or a dotted line may indicate power lines. These signs can only be understood if the map includes a key or a legend. Point
Designation Windmill
Monument
Communication tower
Triangulation station
Fire tower and lighthouse Water tower, reservoir, water point Line
Designation Perennial river Pipeline (above ground) Secondary road, benchmark Conservation area Railroad, station or siding Power line Main traffic route
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Area
Designation Erosion; sand Perennial water Swamp and marsh Orchard or vineyard Wooded area Built-up area (high, low density) Cemetery; grave
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Key/legend: A key or legend is a little square on the map which explains each picture, sign and symbol, e.g., bridge.
•
Scale: Naturally we cannot realistically represent an area kilometres wide on an A4 piece of paper. Therefore, all maps are reduced representations of what exists in the real world, e.g., 1 km of reality has been reduced to 1 cm on the map. There are different types of scales we can use, e.g., word scales, ratio scales and linear scales. Each of these are explained in detail in Lesson 3.
FOR THE CURIOUS To determine direction, you need a compass. Follow these instructions to make your own compass. MAKE YOUR OWN COMPASS There are a number of videos on YouTube that can help, e.g., https://goo.gl/oVnHa2 © Impaq
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Requirements: • bucket with water • small bowl • magnet • nail
TIPS You will find the following websites helpful: • •
Types of precipitation: https://goo.gl/S82hRh How a compass works: https://goo.gl/TqbZna
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First identify the four cardinal points. In order to remember the order of the four main cardinal points, think ‘never eat silk worms’ which represents north, east, south, and west.
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Then fill in the halfway point between each of the main points. Make sure you always start with north and south before east and west as they are more important, e.g., if you are labelling the point which is halfway between east and south, the direction would be south-east or SE, not east-south.
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