Í2’È-E-SOS-SG01OÎ
1
8
0
7
-
E
-
S
O
S
-
S
G
0
1
SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: HISTORY Grade 7
A member of the FUTURELEARN group
Social Sciences Study guide: History
1807-E-SOS-SG01
Í2’È-E-SOS-SG01OÎ
Grade 7
CAPS aligned
T van Vollenhoven
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS ............................................................................................... 3 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. 5 YEAR PLAN ............................................................................................................. 7 UNIT 1: The Mali Empire and the city of Timbuktu ............................................... 9 1.1. Lesson 1: Trade across the Sahara Desert ............................................. 11 ACTIVITY 1 ........................................................................................ 15 1.2. Lesson 2: The Mali Empire ...................................................................... 16 ACTIVITY 2 ........................................................................................ 20 1.3. Lesson 3: The city of Timbuktu ................................................................ 21 ACTIVITY 3 ........................................................................................ 25 UNIT 2: The transatlantic slave trade .................................................................. 27 2.1. Lesson 6: West Africa before the European slave trade .......................... 28 ACTIVITY 4 ........................................................................................ 31 2.2. Lesson 7: The nature of slavery in West Africa before the arrival of the Europeans ............................................................................. 31 ACTIVITY 5 ........................................................................................ 34 2.3. Lesson 8: Slavery in the American South ................................................ 35 ACTIVITY 6 ........................................................................................ 42 2.4. Lesson 9: The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on slaves .............. 43 ACTIVITY 7 ........................................................................................ 50 2.5. Lesson 10: The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on the economies of West Africa, America and Britain ....................................... 50 ACTIVITY 8 ........................................................................................ 55 UNIT 3: Colonisation of the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries ....................... 57 3.1. Lesson 11: Introduction............................................................................ 58 3.2. Lesson 12: Revision of Grade 6 ............................................................... 60 ACTIVITY 9 ........................................................................................ 64 3.3. Lesson 13: Dutch settlement ................................................................... 65 ACTIVITY 10 ...................................................................................... 68 3.4. Lesson 14: Free burghers; Dutch and French Huguenot immigration to the Cape ................................................................................ 73 ACTIVITY 11 ...................................................................................... 77 UNIT 4: Cooperation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early 19th century .................................................................................... 82 4.1. Lesson 15: Arrival of the British and the expanding frontiers of the European settlements ........................................................... 84 ACTIVITY 12 ...................................................................................... 87 4.2. Lesson 16: The eastern frontier of the European settlements ................. 89 ACTIVITY 13 ...................................................................................... 95 4.3. Lesson 17: The northern frontier of the European settlements ................ 97 ACTIVITY 14 .................................................................................... 104
© Impaq
1
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
© Impaq
2
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
LESSON ELEMENTS LEARNING AIMS What learners should know at the end of the lesson. Taken from CAPS.
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY New terminology to extend understanding of the subject as part of this lesson.
DEFINE Definitions of concepts to understand the content.
IMPORTANT Explain misunderstandings; possible confusion regarding existing knowledge.
TIPS Any information other than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.
© Impaq
3
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
FOR THE CURIOUS Encouragement to do in-depth research about the content. Expand the activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN): explain the need to complete the basic questions to achieve a passing mark.
ACTIVITY Questions throughout the lesson that must be done in order to test the knowledge of the lesson completed.
EXERCISE In conclusion of the specific unit. Formative assessment.
CORE CONTENT Emphasise the core of content; in-depth explanation of a specific section of the lesson; needs to be understood.
STUDY/REVISION Time spent to study the content in conclusion of the unit and in preparation for the test or examination.
Š Impaq
4
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
FOREWORD INTRODUCTION In History, an attempt is made to critically expose you to your own world and to expand the boundaries to the world outside of the known and the everyday contact. You are enabled to look at your own history with fresh eyes and to get into touch with new knowledge. The focus is on in-depth knowledge and this is indicated by the amount of time allocated to a particular topic. The lessons are short, with activities. You are encouraged to develop the following skills: Speculate. Debate. Make connections. Select. Make projections. Persist in tackling real issues and important questions. It is important that you always keep the following questions in mind: Who? What? When? Where? How? Why not? If? Could? Is/become? Language remains an important component of any subject, also in History. It is essential that you always spell correctly and answer questions in full sentences. Answering in full sentences enables you to formulate answers to longer questions logically and grammatically correct. It is important to keep in mind that different forms of text, such as verbal, written and visual, are central to the discipline. Similarly, writing is a skill that we also try to develop through this subject. You must write regularly, with clear progression in length and complexity as indicated in the CAPS language documents. The language documents specify the requirement levels for the various grades. Evidence of your work, including written work, should be kept.
© Impaq
5
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
The activities at the end of each lesson should be completed to practise the necessary skills. At the end of each unit, an open book test is completed to provide a unit mark. An examination is also written at the end of the second and fourth units. It is important that you consult additional sources such as magazines, newspapers, the internet and maps to provide a visual perspective on the content.
Š Impaq
6
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
YEAR PLAN UNIT/TERM
LESSON
DATE
DATE
STARTED COMPLETED 1
1.
Trade across the Sahara Desert
2.
The Mali Empire
3.
The city of Timbuktu
4.
Timbuktu as trade centre on the trans-Saharan caravan routes
5.
Timbuktu as a centre of education
2
6.
West Africa before the European slave trade
7.
The nature of slavery in West Africa before the arrival of the Europeans
8.
Slavery in the American South
9.
The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on slaves
10. The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on the economies of West Africa, America and Britain 3
11. Colonisation of the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries: Introduction 12. Revision of Grade 6 13. Dutch settlement 14. Free burghers; Dutch and French Huguenot immigration to the Cape
Š Impaq
7
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
4
15. Arrival of the British and the expanding frontiers of the European settlements 16. The eastern frontier of the European settlements 17. The northern frontier of the European settlements
Š Impaq
8
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
UNIT 1: The Mali Empire and
1
the city of Timbuktu LEARNING AIMS Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to do the following: Understand the importance of heritage and conservation.
Explain how and why people and events are publicly remembered in a community, town or city, province and the country. Investigate how people and events in the past are commemorated in ceremonies, celebrations, museums and monuments.
INTRODUCTION In this unit, we will look at African empires, trade and the impact these had on South Africa. In Grade 6, you learnt about the empires in southern Africa, namely Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe in Unit 1. Mapungubwe, the first known empire in southern Africa, originated in the Limpopo Valley. This civilisation reached its peak between 1220 and 1300, after which it went into a steady decline. The importance of Mapungubwe is that it was the first settlement that showed a clear class difference between the rulers and the workers. Mapungubwe was also an important trade centre in southern Africa. Trade in gold, ivory, tortoise shells, iron, cattle and slaves in exchange for glass beads, porcelain and fabric from the East helped to build this empire. The indigenous inhabitants of Mapungubwe probably traded with India and China through the Muslim traders who controlled the trade along the east coast of Africa as far as Sofala (near the modern-day Beira, Mozambique). From 1270 another empire started coming to the fore, namely Great Zimbabwe, which would eventually replace Mapungubwe. Great Zimbabwe gradually became the centre of trade in southern Africa and this contributed to the fall of Mapungubwe. It is very likely that Great Zimbabwe was in direct contact with the trade cities on the east coast of Africa. Just as in Mapungubwe, gold played an important role in trade and growth of this town. As the Portuguese took over control of the Swahili city states along the east coast of Africa from the Muslim traders, the city states and trade with the interior started to decline. This also affected Great Zimbabwe.
© Impaq
9
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
In addition to the southern states of Africa, other empires in West Africa were also directly affected by trade.
1
1
Trade in West Africa was driven mostly by gold and salt. Gold was an important metal for the West and the Arab nations and was mined in West Africa. The gold was exchanged for salt, which was a scarce and valuable commodity in West Africa. The slave trade also played a big role and slaves were used in early Europe and Asia through the centuries. From about 700 to 1500 AD (CE) a number of powerful empires developed in West Africa. Three of these empires were Ghana, Mali and Songhai. They were powerful because they controlled the trade in gold and salt across the Sahara Desert.
Ancient map of Africa
As was the case with trade along the east coast of Africa, the Arabs also played an important role in West Africa. They traded across the Sahara Desert and also spread Islam here. This can be seen especially in the architecture and the government style in the region. Trade occurred across land, as the rivers had too many waterfalls and the coastline was very rocky. Baseline assessment: Answer the following questions in detail (in full sentences): 1. Name one commodity that was traded along both the east coast of Africa and in West Africa. 2. What religion was spread by the Arabs? Through what is this evident? 3. Compile a timeline on which the dates and the origin of the discussed empires in Southern and West Africa are shown. 4. Why, do you think, was gold such an important metal for trade? (Do research if necessary.)
Š Impaq
10
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY 1 Swahili is the Arab word for “coastal plain”. A group of camels is called a caravan. Cowry shells were used as money. Commodity means item. BC is before the birth of Christ. BCE means Before Current Era and is a more modern term used in history to refer to the period before Christ. AD is after the birth of Christ (Anno Domini). CE or Current Era is the more modern term used in history to refer to the period after the birth of Christ. The learning material in the first unit in History is mainly about the African empires that maintained a high standard of civilisation before, during and after the Middle Ages. The content of this unit is quite comprehensive and therefore, it is impossible to cover everything in the study material. Thus, it is of the utmost importance that you read wider than only the information that is provided here. You should read in particular about the empires of Ghana, Songhai, Morocco and the French rule over the Mali Empire, which is discussed here in more detail. This prior knowledge is especially important to gain a better understanding of the relationships that the government forged with, in particular, Nigeria. Also take note of the impoverishment of the African states as a result of colonisation and the deterioration of literacy as a direct result of this. 1.1. Lesson 1: Trade across the Sahara Desert 1.1.1 Camel caravans as the means of transport DEFINE A camel caravan is a group of camels that walk behind one another and transport people or goods. Middle man is when trade does not take place directly, but by means of an intermediary. Nomads are groups of people who move around in search of food and water, and can therefore not stay in one place. Throughout the centuries, camel caravans transported people and goods through the Sahara Desert. The camels’ ability to survive in the tough desert conditions made them suitable for communication and trade in the regions from North Africa to Asia. Routes with sufficient food and water were chosen to ensure the survival of the people and animals. © Impaq
11
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
The journeys through the desert were 1 challenging, dangerous and slow. It was challenging because the danger existed that travellers could get lost or die of hunger or thirst. In addition, the travellers were often attacked by robbers, which made these travels even more dangerous. The use of camels made trade through the desert possible and established connection routes between the various trade centres. Trade caravan
According to Ibn Battuta, the caravans could consist of as many as 1 000 to 12 000 camels. Highly paid Berbers led the caravans through the barren desert and provided protection against attacks by other nomads. Camels have the ability to withstand changes in body temperature and do not sweat a lot. A camel’s skin is also specifically adapted to protect the animal against the conditions of extreme heat in the desert. The camel’s mouth, eyes, legs and feet have been adapted to aid movement across the desert sand, retain every drop of moisture and protect his eyes against the sand. 1.1.2 Trading goods CORE CONTENT The trading method The trading products Transport of goods Influence of Islam Various trading goods were brought from Arabia and North Africa to Mali. The main goods were salt and gold. The Mediterranean countries experienced a shortage of gold and Mali had a shortage of salt. The West African countries in particular needed slaves as soldiers and had been trading in slaves since the 10th century. Mali traded mainly in gold and salt. As a result of the Mali Empire, the cities at the Niger Bend prospered and became wealthy and powerful. These cities included Gao, Djenné and Timbuktu.
© Impaq
12
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
Muslim traders sent goods such as textiles, silk, ceramics, beads, ornamental weapons and commodities by camel caravans from North Africa to West Africa. In cities such as Timbuktu and Gao, the articles were exchanged for gold, ivory, ebony wood, cola nuts (it contains caffeine) and slaves. From there, the trade goods were distributed further into Europe. Ivory from Africa was in great demand, since it is softer to carve than the ivory from India. Initially, slaves were in demand, especially from the Arabs and Berbers, to be used as servants, soldiers and farm labourers.
1
1
The main trade centres in West Africa
The nomads in the desert exchanged their services as guides, as well as meat and salt for fabric, gold, slaves and grain. During Portugal’s journeys of exploration, feitorias (Portuguese for trading post) were established along Africa’s west and east coast, all the way up to Southeast Asia. The feitorias were fortified citadels (fortresses), built to monopolise and centralise the local trade. These forts also served as markets, storage spaces and customs offices. The first feitorias were established by Prince Henry the Navigator in 1445 on the island of Arguin near Mauritania. The idea was to attract Muslim traders and to monopolise the trade along the North African routes. Portugal was particularly interested in the gold that came from Guinea. The rich Europeans were a bigger attraction for West African traders, which caused North Africa to suffer politically and economically.
Š Impaq
13
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
1
Trade routes in West and North Africa
1.1.3 The spread of Islam across North and West Africa FOR THE CURIOUS Make a poster in which six reasons are illustrated why camels are so suitable as a means of transport in the Sahara Desert. Pay special attention to: i. Water. ii. Food. iii. Adaptability to move across sand. iv. Sand storms. v. Transport of goods. vi. Adaptation to extreme temperatures. As a result of trade, the Berbers came into contact with Islam. Mali was a Muslim empire and trade made the spread of Islam possible. The Arab and African historians referred to the empires of West Africa in their writings and specifically to the various trade routes as well as economically successful empires such as Ghana. The translators and treasurers in Ghana were Muslims. The Muslim ministers were welleducated and could record all occurrences in Arabic. They could also correspond with other rulers on behalf of the king. Muslims in an empire’s government obviously also formed part of the bigger political system of Islam and consequently, they could promote international relations. This enabled the Muslims to obtain more political power and they became increasingly influential. As the trade centres on the trade routes became better known, Islam spread and these cities were acknowledged as centres of learning in civilisation. New ideas developed as a result of the contact between the various traders of the different countries and regions.
Š Impaq
14
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
In Mali, Islam has been present since the 13th century during the rule of the Sundiata 1 Keita, the founder of the empire. The most influential Muslim ruler was, however, Mansa Musa, and he is generally regarded as the architect of the empire.
University of Timbuktu
The spread of Islam was peaceful. As a result, international relations were established and promoted, opportunities for learning were presented and it also had a positive impact on architecture and government systems. The local inhabitants benefitted greatly from Islam. Islam was also much more tolerant than Christianity towards the local people’s religions. In addition to the written religion that was then practised, the Arab geographical knowledge of the world was the most advanced at that stage, and local inhabitants had access to universities. The introduction of Christianity was at times coupled with violence, for example, when Mali was colonised by the French. Universities and mosques were destroyed and the locals were regarded as uncivilised. The country became poor and the people illiterate. The spread of Islam therefore greatly benefitted and advanced North and West Africa. ACTIVITY 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Š Impaq
What kind of animal is exceptionally well-suited to the trade routes in the Sahara Desert? Explain why the journeys through the desert were so dangerous. Name the commodity that was scarce in Mali? Name any three trade articles that were brought to West Africa from North Africa. Compare the spread of Islam and Christianity in Africa. Name three differences and similarities. Make use of a Venn diagram to illustrate your answer. What advantages did Islam have for the West Africans?
15
(1) (6) (1) (3)
(6) (3) [20]
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
1.2. Lesson 2: The Mali Empire 1
1.2.1 Mali at the height of its power under Mansa Musa early 13th century DEFINE: Mansa means king or emperor. Vassal states: Subordinate states or provinces; in other words, which were not governed independently and were subjects of the king. Mali was one of the provinces of the Ghana Empire. By 1300, the Ghana Empire collapsed and the Mali Empire was established in its place under Emperor Sundiata Keita. He was young and smart, and immediately reinstated trade relations with its neighbouring countries. He expanded the Mali Empire by gaining control of the gold and salt mines. The most famous emperor (Mansa) during the Mali Empire was Musa I (1307 to 1332). Like his predecessors, he expanded the empire even further and added, among others, the cities of Walata, Timbuktu and Gao. Mali was a bigger empire than any in Europe. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim who had a love of knowledge and poetry.
Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage
Š Impaq
16
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
Mansa Musa divided the empire into provinces, each with its own governor. Each 1 province had a number of towns under its control, each with its own mayor. The mayors and governors were responsible for the management of the individual towns or provinces and had to handle smaller matters internally. This enabled Mansa Musa and his advisors to focus their attention on the bigger empire as a whole. Under his rule, the Mali Empire became very wealthy and the trade increased threefold. Until gold was discovered in the Americas, Mali was the main supplier of gold to the known world at the time. Mansa Musa was a convert to Islam and built exquisite mosques. Legend has it that, while on his pilgrimage to Mecca, he handed out so much gold to the poor that the gold price in Egypt fell. He also established important centres for education in politics, philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and science; and under his leadership, the language, culture and judicial system spread along the Niger River. The Mali Empire consisted of a number of vassal states that formed the greater empire, and maintained its own unique level of civilisation. Citizens were free to trade and travel as they wished and the state functioned peacefully. Consequently, the citizens were very happy. According to Ibn Battuta, women enjoyed their freedom and were not veiled as is the Muslim custom, even though they followed Islam. The inhabitants of Mali were very creative and intelligent. They worked very hard and there was no poverty among them. Mansa Musa shared his riches and handed out luxury items to them. 1.2.2 Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca CORE CONTENT Pilgrimage to Mecca. Visits other states and countries. Builds trade relations. Displays Mali’s wealth. North Africa and Europe take note of Mali. Introduced to other cultures. Mansa Musa was also known for his world-famous pilgrimage to Mecca. The pilgrimage started in 1324 and ended in 1326. Legend has it that his personal guard consisted of 500 men and the journey was 3 000 miles long (almost 5 000 km). This large group elicited reactions of disbelief as far as they travelled. The journey was made on camels. Before this pilgrimage, Mansa Musa had never been beyond the country’s borders. Once he had established his rule and his country was enjoying prosperity and good governance, he decided that it was time for his pilgrimage to
© Impaq
17
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
Mecca, a journey that every devout Muslim is expected to undertake at least once 1 during his lifetime. It was mainly the way in which Mansa Musa spent money, especially gold, that impressed people. Apparently, he handed out so much gold as donations and alms, and bought so many products with gold that the value of gold dropped for the next 12 years in the Near East and Egypt. Mansa Musa was surprised at the high prices of the products. He realised that the traders increased their prices because they saw that he did not mind spending money.
Mansa Musa surrounded by his soldiers
He spent so much money that he had to borrow money to fund his return to Mali. Upon his return, he generously repaid the loans. No one tried to invade or take over Mali in his absence. As a preventative measure, he took some of the most influential people in the country with him and left behind a very strong army to guard the empire. The pilgrimage had far-reaching consequences. Many scholars came to Mali and both the Europeans and the Muslims worldwide took note of Mali.
Š Impaq
18
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
1.2.3 The Great Mosque 1
FOR THE CURIOUS Draw a map showing the route that Mansa Musa followed to and from Mecca; also indicate the names of the countries and cities on the map. Write a paragraph in which you address the following: i. How many people accompanied him. ii. How many camels he had in his caravan. iii. How much gold he took with him. iv. Why he went to Mecca. v. Paste a picture of Mansa Musa and Mecca next to your map. Upon his return from Mecca, Mansa Musa embarked on big building projects. He built mosques and universities in Timbuktu and Gao. The best known was the University of Timbuktu, which was built in 1327. The university was built by Abu Es Haq es Saheli of Granada, and paid for with 200 kg in gold. It is still standing today and is renovated every year after the rainy season. Most of the buildings consist of soil, straw, grass and wood, except for the minaret (tower) and the northern façade, which was built from sand-lime blocks.
Sankoré Mosque
Sankoré Madrasah
The Sankoré and Sidi Yahya madrasahs (university) were another two impressive buildings. In Arabic, Madrasah refers to an educational institution, e.g. a university or school. Both universities are also mosques. The Sankoré University had to be built around the mosque by order of Mansa Musa. Abu Es Haq es Saheli was also appointed to do the conversions. Just like the Djinguereber Mosque, this building still exists today. The Sidi Yahya University and Mosque was completed in 1440, but not on the instruction of Mansa Musa.
© Impaq
19
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
1
The Mosque of Sankoré
ACTIVITY 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
© Impaq
Was Mali a big empire right from the start? How do you know this? What does Mansa mean? Who was the well-known ruler of Mali? From when until when was he the ruler? Why, do you think, was he such a good and successful ruler? What is the difference between a mosque and a madrasah? Name two well-known buildings that Mansa Musa commissioned. Compile a timeline that shows Mansa Musa’s birth, death, rule, pilgrimage (departure and return) and building projects (two most important buildings). What were mainly used to build the buildings?
20
(2) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2)
(7) (2) [20]
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
1.3. Lesson 3: The city of Timbuktu 1
1.3.1 Introduction. Leo Africanus’ eyewitness accounts of his travels DEFINE Permanence: permanent, not temporary. Tuareg: a nomadic people of the Berbers. Moors: The medieval Muslim inhabitants of especially Morocco and of mixed Arab, Spanish, Amazigh (Berber) descent. Diplomat: a person who is appointed by the government to enter into official negotiations with another country and to expand political, cultural and social relations. The original spelling for Timbuktu was Tombuto. The town is situated approximately 20 km north of the Niger River, on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. During the 12th century, the town gained a more permanent status after the trade route changed and went right past the town. During the 14th century, the town became part of the Mali Empire. The town benefitted from the trade in gold, salt, ivory and slaves. Early in the 15th century, Timbuktu was invaded by the Tuareg, who remained in control until the Songhai Empire took over the city in 1468. Later, in 1591, a Moroccan leader defeated the Songhai and used the town of Goa as the main centre instead of Timbuktu. The new ruler established a new ruling class there and over time, gained independence from Morocco. Eventually, the city declined and lost its former glory. In 1893, the French took over control and in 1960 it was incorporated into the Republic of Mali. Leo Africanus (1494 – 1554) was an Amazigh Moorish diplomat who described the geography of North Africa in his book Descrittione dell’Africa (A description of Africa), which consists of nine volumes. He was born in Granada and as a young man, accompanied one of his uncles on a diplomatic journey to the Maghreb. The journey was undertaken in approximately 1510 and extended as far as Timbuktu. This was his first visit to Timbuktu; his second journey to Timbuktu took place in 1513. He described Timbuktu as a city known for its wheat, cattle, milk and butter, but with no significant gardens or orchards.
© Impaq
21
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
Leo Africanus described Timbuktu as a place where the houses were built from mud. 1 The city had a big temple in the centre, which was built from stone and tar. The king’s palace was also in the centre of the city. There were plenty shops of craftsmen and particularly cotton weavers. The women wore veils. There were also plenty of fountains with sweet water and when the Niger was in flood, the fresh water was distributed to the city along channels. Today, Timbuktu is a poor city, which is increasingly depopulated. The rich king of Tombuto hath many plates and sceptres of gold, some whereof weigh 13 000 pounds... He hath always 3 000 horsemen... (and) a great store of doctors, judges, priests and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the king’s cost and charges. The inhabitants are very rich, especially the strangers, who have settled in the country [...] But salt is in very short supply because it is carried here from Tegaza, some 500 miles from Timbuktu. I happened to be in this city at a time when a load of salt sold for eighty ducats. The king has a rich treasure of coins and gold ingots. Excerpt from Descrittione dell’Africa Lesson 4: Timbuktu as a trade centre on the trans-Saharan caravan route CORE CONTENT Trade routes determine the continued existence of a city. Trade routes determine what will be traded. Camels and the Niger River as a means of transport. Gold and salt dominate trade. Control a region’s trade, control its economy. Silent trade. Because Timbuktu was so well-positioned for trade in Africa, it quickly attracted people who settled there, and the city fast became the centre of trade in West Africa during the 15th and 16th centuries. Being situated so close to the Niger River, the city provided merchants with the opportunity to transport goods on boats, thereby speeding up distribution. The wealth of the Mali Empire depended on its control of the trade routes in the Sahara between North and West Africa. Gold was widespread in rivers and from March to April, whole families panned gold in the rivers; this work was performed mostly by the Akan women and children, while the men mined the gold. The gold came from mines in Ghana and Sahel. The exact position of the mines was kept secret so that they could not be attacked and taken over. Gold was the most important commodity that Mali exported. It was transported from the south, in Sudan, to Timbuktu and from there distributed on the various trade © Impaq
22
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
routes that led to North Africa. The rulers of Mali did not restrict the availability of gold. Mali supplied approximately two thirds of the gold of the known world at the time. 1 In 1325, Ibn Battuta travelled to Mali from Morocco through Taghaza. The town was situated south of the Maghreb and near the ocean. Salt was mined by Masufa slaves of the Berber tribe and sent to Sudan once a year. It was cut into big blocks and transported by camels. Gold and salt were exchanged equally; in other words, the same amount of gold was exchanged for the same amount of salt. The principle of “silent trade” was applied. In 1510, Leo Africanus also stayed over here. In the big market in the city, manuscripts, salt from Taghaza; gold and cattle were traded. Timbuktu was at the crossroads of many trade routes. Tradesmen from various cities from North Africa met here and exchanged trade articles, such as horses, slaves and cloth from North Africa.
Gold lump
Trade in Timbuktu
Kola nuts
Salt
Cowry shells
Other articles that were traded in Timbuktu included ivory and ebony wood. The cities south of Timbuktu, such as Gao and Djenné, sent fully-loaded boats with gold, ivory, cotton, dried fish and kola nuts to Timbuktu to sell to the inhabitants there, or further to the north. Therefore, Timbuktu was the centre of trade between North, South, West and East Africa. Salt and copper from the north were traded for other articles in Timbuktu.
© Impaq
23
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
Lesson 5: Timbuktu as a centre of learning 1
FOR THE CURIOUS Do an investigation into the manuscripts of Timbuktu. Write a short paragraph of 150 words in which you highlight the following points: Focus on: i. What is a manuscript? ii. How was it stored throughout the ages? iii. In whose possession is it now? iv. Where is it currently being stored? v. What is South Africa’s involvement in this? vi. What happened in January 2013? vii. Illustrate your information with suitable pictures/illustrations. Timbuktu was regarded as the centre of Islamic culture. The large number of Muslim scholars promoted the trade in books, since the city was at the centre of trade routes between West and North Africa. The trade in books and the University of Sankoré Madrasa promoted Islam and elevated Timbuktu to a prominent city of learning between the 13th and the 17th centuries. With the rise of the city, Timbuktu attracted many learned people from Walata (today’s Mauritania). This formed the basis for education in religion, arts and science. The trade in books led to the writing of a great many manuscripts. Most manuscripts deal with art, medicine, science and calligraphy. It also contains old parts of the Quran, which are invaluable. The manuscripts were written predominantly in Arabic, but there are also manuscripts that were written in local languages, such as Songhai. The age of the manuscripts vary between the late 1300s (from the Islamisation of Mali to the collapse of traditional teaching in French-Sudan) and the 20th century. Teaching was offered in various informal madrasas. The madrasas of Djinguereber, Sidi Yahya and Sankoré taught approximately 25 000 students. The teaching and education of students was supported by families who opened their homes to students. The manuscripts were mostly in the possession of families in Timbuktu and were carried over from the one family to the next; they are, therefore, not in a good condition. Some of the writings have never been studied or catalogued. Since Timbuktu was at the heart of a busy trade route, there was a high flow of students between Mali and the other trade cities. The students qualified in a specific subject field; over and above the fields mentioned above, they also received tuition in astrology, music, botany and mathematics. This gave rise to a demand for more books, book production, copying, illustrators, ink manufacturers, paper manufacturers,
© Impaq
24
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
1
book-binding, etc. All of this stimulated the book market and attracted people to 1 Timbuktu. Some of the manuscripts were written on paper that came from Europe, as can be seen from the water marks. The most famous scholar in the region was Ahmed Baba al Massufi, who was born in 1556. Later, in 1593, he was banished to Marrakesh because he would not accept the emperor’s authority. Here he was once again allowed to teach and in 1607, he returned to Timbuktu, where he specialised in lecturing law. He died in 1627. Between 1468 and 1469, Timbuktu’s popularity as city of learning decreased, owing to the Songhai taking over the Mali Empire, the Moroccan colonisation and, much later, the colonisation by France. Education started to deteriorate rapidly after the Songhai takeover, as Timbuktu was not the centre of trade anymore; that position now belonged to Gao. This got worse when Morocco, and later France, moved the country’s boundaries. The changing sea trade routes along the west coast of Africa constituted a serious setback for the caravan routes across the Sahara Desert. All these factors together contributed to the collapse of a prosperous empire and the breakdown of literacy in old empires in West Africa. ACTIVITY 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a. b. c. d.
© Impaq
Where did Leo Africanus come from? (1) What was his occupation? (1) Name two things that Leo Africanus noticed in Timbuktu. (2) What items were mainly traded between North and West Africa? (2) How were the goods transported to and from Timbuktu? (2) Explain the term "silent trading" and explain how it was applied in Mali. (3) Indicate whether the following statements are true/false. Rewrite the false statements so that they are true. (4) Islam promoted literacy. Arts and culture were the only subjects that were taught. The manuscripts were always housed in a library. The book trade was big business. [15]
25
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
EXERCISE 1: OPEN BOOK TEST In conclusion of the specific unit. Formative assessment.
1
1
Answer the following questions in detail: Answer in full sentences wherever possible. Marks will be deducted for answers where full sentences were not used. 1. Name the African empire and its main city that were discussed in this unit.(2) 2. What was traded in both Southern and West Africa? (one commodity) (1) 3. Why were camels used as the primary means of transport in the Sahara desert? Give three reasons. (3) 4. Describe briefly what nomads are. (2) 5. Who was Leo Africanus and why is he so important? (2) 6. Study the following map and answer the questions in detail:
a. b.
6. 7. 8.
0 AD
Which continent does this map represent? Do you think there were links between West Africa and Europe and Asia? How do you know this? c. Would you regard Timbuktu as a trade centre? Motivate your answer. Indicate the link between trade and literacy in Timbuktu. Explain why salt was so important to the residents of Timbuktu. Rearrange the following events and dates in the correct chronological order. Then indicate the events and dates on the timeline. 1324 Mansa Musa departs for Mecca 1513 Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu 1327 Building of the Great Mosque 1893 France colonises Mali 1270 Great Zimbabwe 1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
(1) (2) (2) (4) (1) (5)
1800
[25]
Š Impaq
26
Study Guide G07 ~ Social Sciences: History
Unit
UNIT 2: The transatlantic
2
1
slave trade LEARNING AIMS Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to do the following:
Contrast what information would be like if it was seen or used from another point of view. Be able to compare two or more different points of view about the same person or event. See how historians, textbook writers, journalists, or producers and others come to different conclusions from each other and be able to give a reason(s) for why this is so in a particular topic of history.
INTRODUCTION In the first unit, we looked at the West African Mali Empire. Trade, which included the slave trade, was flourishing. Millions of people from Africa were sold as slaves in other parts of the world. Arab merchants sold the slaves at the west coast of Africa to European tradesmen, who in turn sold the slaves to North and South America in particular. This trade continued for about 300 years, from the early 15th century to the early 19th century. However, slavery is as old as humanity itself. From the earliest days, nations were attacked and the losers taken into custody as slaves. The Roman Empire was built in this manner. Various kinds of slavery were found in ancient Africa. Some of the empires sold prisoners of war as slaves instead of executing them. Some criminals were sold rather than setting them free in society again and some slaves were obtained through raids on neighbouring tribes. However, some of the empires refused to supply slaves, such as King Jaja of Opobo and King Agyeman Prempeh of the Ashanti. In some countries, a person’s wealth was measured based on the number of slaves he owned, as in Bambara and Khasso.
© Impaq
27