Gr 8-Social Sciences-Facilitator's Guide Geography 2 by Impaq

Í2(È-E-SOS-FG027Î

SOCIAL SCIENCES FACILITATOR’S GUIDE: GEOGRAPHY Grade 8

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Social Sciences Facilitator’s guide: Geography

1808-E-SOS-FG02

Í2(È-E-SOS-FG027Î

Grade 8

CAPS aligned

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 Contact details .............................................................................................................. 4 What is Geography? ..................................................................................................... 5 Career links and subject integration .............................................................................. 6 ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................. 8 Guidelines for good assessment practices in Geography ............................................. 8 Informal or daily assessment ........................................................................................ 9 Formal assessment ...................................................................................................... 9 Programme of assessment ........................................................................................... 12

ANSWER BOOK EXPLANATORY NOTES ............................................................................................. 18

UNIT 1: MAPS AND GLOBES .................................................................. 19 LESSON 1:

MAPS.................................................................................................... 19 ACTIVITY 1 ........................................................................................... 19 LESSON 2: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS .................................................................... 19 ACTIVITY 2 ........................................................................................... 19 LESSON 3: LOCATION: GRID SYSTEM ................................................................. 19 ACTIVITY 3 ........................................................................................... 19 LESSON 4: LINES OF LATITUDE AND LINES OF LONGITUDE ........................... 20 ACTIVITY 4 ........................................................................................... 20 LESSON 5: CO-ORDINATES ................................................................................... 20 ACTIVITY 5 ........................................................................................... 20 LESSON 6: DIRECTION (GEOGRAPHIC DIRECTION) .......................................... 22 ACTIVITY 6 ........................................................................................... 22 LESSON 7: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: THE SHADOW-TIP METHOD ............................................................................................... 23 ACTIVITY 7 ........................................................................................... 23 LESSON 8: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: THE ANALOGUE WATCH METHOD ............................................................................................... 23 ACTIVITY 8 ........................................................................................... 23 LESSON 9: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: THE STARS, CELLPHONE AND SUN .............................................................................................. 23 LESSON 10: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: BEARING ............................. 24 ACTIVITY 9 ........................................................................................... 24 LESSON 11: HOW TO MEASURE DISTANCE ON A MAP ....................................... 24 ACTIVITY 10 ......................................................................................... 24 LESSON 12: DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF PHENOMENA ............... 24 EXERCISE 1 ......................................................................................... 24

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

UNIT 2: CLIMATE REGIONS ...................................................................... 25 LESSON 13: FACTORS INFLUENCING TEMPERATURE .......................................... 25 ACTIVITY 11 ........................................................................................... 25 LESSON 14: FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL ................................................... 25 ACTIVITY 12 ........................................................................................... 25 LESSON 15: SOUTH AFRICA’S CLIMATE ................................................................. 26 ACTIVITY 13 ........................................................................................... 26 LESSON 16: SOUTH AFRICA’S CLIMATE (CONTINUED) ......................................... 27 ACTIVITY 14 ........................................................................................... 27 LESSON 17: CLIMATE AND WEATHER ..................................................................... 30 ACTIVITY 15 ........................................................................................... 30 LESSON 18: CLIMATE AROUND THE WORLD .......................................................... 31 ACTIVITY 16 ........................................................................................... 31 EXERCISE 2 ........................................................................................... 31

UNIT 3: SETTLEMENTS ............................................................................. 34 LESSON 19: SETTLEMENTS ........................................................................................ 34 ACTIVITY 17............................................................................................. 34 LESSON 20: FACTORS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS .............................. 34 ACTIVITY 18............................................................................................. 34 LESSON 21: CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS ................................................... 35 ACTIVITY 19............................................................................................. 35 LESSON 22: URBAN SETTLEMENTS .......................................................................... 35 ACTIVITY 20............................................................................................. 35 LESSON 23: FUNCTIONS OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS .............................................. 36 ACTIVITY 21............................................................................................. 36 LESSON 24: FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS WITHIN CITIES ............................................ 36 ACTIVITY 22............................................................................................. 36 LESSON 25: LAND USE ZONES .................................................................................. 37 ACTIVITY 23............................................................................................. 37 LESSON 26: INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS .................................................................... 38 ACTIVITY 24............................................................................................. 38 LESSON 27: URBAN PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS .............................. 39 ACTIVITY 25............................................................................................. 39 LESSON 28: RURAL SETTLEMENTS .......................................................................... 39 ACTIVITY 26............................................................................................. 39 LESSON 29: FARMING TYPES AND RURAL SERVICES ........................................... 40 ACTIVITY 27............................................................................................. 40 EXERCISE 3 ............................................................................................. 41

UNIT 4: TRANSPORT AND TRADE ........................................................... 44 LESSON 31: TRANSPORT BETWEEN SETTLEMENTS ............................................ 44 ACTIVITY 28 ........................................................................................... 44

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

LESSON 32: THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT IN PROMOTING ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................... 44 ACTIVITY 29 ........................................................................................... 44 LESSON 33: TRANSPORT AND TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES .................................. 45 ACTIVITY 30 ........................................................................................... 45 LESSON 34: THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSPORT ON SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF SETTLEMENTS ...................................................................................... 46 ACTIVITY 31 ........................................................................................... 46 LESSON 35: TRANSPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF A DEMAND FOR TRADE............................................................................................ 47 ACTIVITY 32 ........................................................................................... 47

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

UNIT 1: MAPS AND GLOBES LESSON 1: MAPS ACTIVITY 1 1. A map of South Africa that shows how people have divided the land into provinces, is called a political map 2. A physical map shows features of the land, such as mountains and rivers. 3. To see where people live in a country, you should look at a population map 4. You can use a climate map to find out what the climate is like in a place. 5. Look at a land use map to find out where forests and farmland are. (5 x 2) = [10]

LESSON 2: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS ACTIVITY 2 Complete the sentence in column A by matching it with that in column B. Write only the letter of your choice next to the number, e.g. 2E. Column A 1 2 3 4

The green on a topographic map The blue on a topographic map The white on a topographic map The large scale representation on a topographic map

D A B C (4 x 2) = [8]

LESSON 3: LOCATION: GRID SYSTEM ACTIVITY 3 Choose a description in column B that relates to or matches an item in column A. Write down the letter next to the number of your choice, e.g. A6. Column A Column B A geographic grid system A 3 Location of the lines of latitude B 1 Location of the lines of longitude C 2 Because the earth’s surface is curved D 4 (Earth is spherical) Lines of longitude are also called … E 6 Lines of latitude are also called F 5 0º longitude line G 8 The equator H 7 (8 x 2) = [16]

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 4: LINES OF LATITUDE AND LINES OF LONGITUDE ACTIVITY 4 1.1 Refer to the diagram, figure 2, and write down the longitudinal and latitudinal locations of New York and London. Answer: New York: 41 º North (Latitude), 74 º West (Longitude) London: 52 º North (Latitude), 0 º (Longitude). (1 x 4) = [4]

Figure 2: Diagram indicating the locations of New York and London.

LESSON 5: CO-ORDINATES ACTIVITY 5 1. Using the map of the world, (figure 2 below), insert and label the following parallels and meridians: Tropic of Cancer 23 ½ º N Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½ º S Arctic Circle 66½º N Antarctic Circle 66½ º S Prime Meridian 0º Longitude (5)

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

Atlas work: Location of cities Using an atlas, determine the latitude and longitude of the following cities. Give your answers in full degrees.

2.1. Tokyo, Japan

Line of Latitude 36º N

Line of Longitude 140º E

2.2. Los Angeles, CA, USA.

34º N

118º W

2.3. Johannesburg, South Africa

30º S

25 º E

2.4. Honolulu, HI, USA.

21º N

158º W

2.5. Melbourne, Australia

38º S

145º E

2.6. New York, NY, USA.

41º N

74º W

2.7. Phoenix, AZ, USA

33º N

112º W

(2 x 7) = (14)

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

Use an atlas to answer the following questions:

3.1. Name the three South American countries located along the equator. (3) Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil 3.2. Name four Asian countries located along the Tropic of Cancer (4) India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, People's Republic of China , Republic of China 3.3. Name the four South American countries located along the Tropic of Capricorn. (4) Chile, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina 3.4. Identify the three European countries located along the Prime Meridian. (3) England, France, Spain 3.5. Name five African countries through which the Prime Meridian passes. (5) Algeria, Mali Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo 3.6 Why is the shortest route for a ship or airplane shown on maps as curved lines? (2) Because the surface of the earth is curved. [40]

LESSON 6: DIRECTION (GEOGRAPHIC DIRECTION) ACTIVITY 6 1.

To revise and practice determining the directions within your own community, complete the following sentences by writing in the compass points (directions): • My home is _____ (1) of the nearest shop. • My favourite park is called _____, and it is _____ (1) of my home. • My best friend lives _____ (1) of me.

(3)

(mark according to learners’ own environment)

Explain why you think it is important to understand compass directions like north, south, east, and west. Because it is a standard according to which everybody can orientate direction. (3) [6]

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 7: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: THE SHADOWTIP METHOD ACTIVITY 7 Select the correct answer (letter) for each of the following questions, e.g. 1 E. 1 A B C D

The earth rotates on its axis from west to east around the sun every month on its axis from east to west around the moon in 24 hours (2)

2 A B C D

When using the shadow-tip method and west is to your left and east is to your right, you are facing south north west east (2) (2 x 2) = [4]

LESSON 8: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: THE ANALOGUE WATCH METHOD ACTIVITY 8 Select the correct answer (letter) for each of the following questions, e.g. 1 E. 1 A B C D

Global Positioning System (GPS) works ... only where there are cellphone signals only during daytime in sunny clear sky weather 24 hours a day (2)

2 A B C D

With the analogue watch method the north-south line .... is the line dividing the angle between the hour hand and the one o'clock shadow cast line is the line drawn at a right angle to the shadow cast line is the line perpendicular to the shadow cast line is the line dividing the angle between the hour hand and the 12 o'clock shadow cast line (2) [4]

LESSON 9: Ways of determining direction: The stars, cellphone and sun Lesson 9: has no answers.

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 10: WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION: BEARING ACTIVITY 9 * Note to facilitator:

Give leniency 3 degrees up and down. NB: No degree symbol NO MARKS.

1. On the topographic map 2729BD Volksrust, measure the true bearing from trig. station 165 (block G4) to 1.1 1.2

the T-junction of the N11 and 543 (block C4). 355º (352° - 358°) (2) trig. station 157 (block J2). 213° (210° - 216º) (2) [4]

LESSON 11: HOW TO MEASURE DISTANCE ON A MAP ACTIVITY 10 * Note to facilitator:

Give leniency 3 cm’s up and down. NB: No km’s NO MARKS.

1. On the topographic map, 2729BD Volksrust what is the distance in kilometres of the aerodrome in D2 and D3? 2,9 cm x 0.5  = 1,45 km  (accept: 1.3 km to 1.6 km) (accept: 2.6 cm to 3.2 cm) No km means no marks for the answer. [4]

LESSON 12: DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF PHENOMENA EXERCISE 1 1. 20 ˚C 2. 30 ˚C 3. Mozambique 4. The infant mortality rate is the ratio between deaths in the first year of live births and births that occur in the same population during the same period. Infant mortality can be described as the death of children under one year of age. 5. Any of the following countries: France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Poland. 6. 200 000. 7. More. 8. Asia.

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

UNIT 2: CLIMATE REGIONS LESSON 13: FACTORS INFLUENCING TEMPERATURE ACTIVITY 11 1. 2. 3. 4.

6. 7.

Name five factors that affect temperature. Latitude, distance from the sea, altitude, ocean currents, mountains What is insolation? Incoming solar radiation (the sun’s energy, received by the earth). Is the temperature warmest or coldest at the equator? Warmest Why? The rays have a thinner layer of atmosphere to pass through at the equator, so less insolation is lost through scattering, reflection and absorption of rays. The rays also have a smaller area of the earth’s surface to heat at the equator, so the heat would be more concentrated at the equator. (any ONE fact or any other fact that makes sense) Where does a maritime climate occur, and explain what it is. At the sea. (1) Coastal places have cooler summer temperatures and warmer winter temperatures. (2) How does altitude affect temperature? The higher a place is, the colder it generally is. How do ocean currents affect temperature? The air above a warm ocean current is also warm, and the air above a cold ocean current is cold. So the warm air above a warm ocean current, would blow warm air towards the shore, and the cold air above a cold ocean current, would blow cold air towards the shore. In this way, ocean currents affect temperature on land. (any TWO facts)

(5) (2) (1) (1)

(3)

(1) (2)

[15]

LESSON 14: FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL ACTIVITY 12 Refer to an atlas if you are not sure where the following places are. 1.

Cape Town and Kuruman. Which of these would have more rainfall in your opinion? Why? (3) Any logical reasoning e.g. Cape Town, because it is on the west coast of South Africa (coastal areas have more rain); The orographic effect means that Table Mountain (the windward slope) receives rain from the sea current; Winds blowing from the sea feed moisture to the land. Why are warm ocean currents accompanied by rain? (2) Warm ocean currents increase evaporation and rainfall, while cold ocean currents limit evaporation.

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

Explain the orographic effect. (3) Relief rainfall is formed when air is forced to rise over relief features such as hills or mountains. Cooling and condensation occurs as the air rises. Would a warmer town be more likely to have rain? Why? (2) Yes. High temperatures are necessary in order for evaporation to take place. [10]

LESSON 15: SOUTH AFRICA’S CLIMATE ACTIVITY 13 Study the following line graphs and answer the questions that follow:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Which of the three places has the highest recorded temperature? Kimberley Which of these three places records the lowest temperature? Kimberley On which coast is Durban situated? East On which coast is Port Nolloth situated? West In which province is Kimberley situated? (Use an atlas if you’re not sure) Northern Cape If you were a foreigner and you were studying these graphs, when,

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

7. 8.

Unit

would you deduce, is the South African winter? Why? (2) June/July/August: All three places record the lowest temperatures around this time. Which place records the greatest extremes in temperature? (1) Kimberley Why would you say this is so? Include any influencing factors in your answer. (3) Kimberley is in the interior of South Africa. The altitude is higher there Compared with the other two places which are at the sea (sea level). South Africa experiences greater extremes of temperature inland compared with the coast. There is no maritime climate effect there from the sea – no moderating effect. (any THREE points) If Durban and Port Nolloth are more or less on the same latitudes, why does their temperature differ? Include any influencing factors in your answer. Durban is on the east coast – Port Nolloth is on the west coast. The west coast influenced by cold Benguela Current – so land next to sea is colder The east coast influenced by warm Mozambique Current – so land adjacent to sea is warmer in Durban. (4) [15]

LESSON 16: SOUTH AFRICA’S CLIMATE (CONTINUED) ACTIVITY 14 See answer to question 1 on the next page.

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

RAINFALL: PRETORIA  JANUARY TO DECEMBER 

(4)

(½ x 12) = (6)

140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Header and information: Graph information per month: ½ x 12 = Total:

4 6 (10)

2.1 Draw a line graph depicting the temperatures for Bloemfontein and Cape Town, based on the following information. Make your Bloemfontein line RED, and the Cape Town line BLUE.

(15)

Facilitator’s Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

TEMPERATURES: BLOEMFONTEIN AND CAPE TOWN

TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES CELSIUS

15 Bloemfontein 10

Cape Town

JAN

FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

Mark allocation: Heading: Vertical and horizontal axes names Bloemfontein in red Cape Town in blue Bloemfontein plotted correctly Cape Town plotted correctly Correct type of graph (line)

2 2x2=4 2 2 2 2 1 (15)

2.2 Which place has the highest recorded temperature in any one month? Bloemfontein 2.3 Which place has the lowest monthly temperature? Bloemfontein 2.4 Refer to an atlas if you need to, in order to explain the factors that would affect Bloemfontein’s temperature. Mention two points. Altitude (Bloemfontein is on South Africa’s interior plateau region at 1400 m above sea level, so it’s far higher than Cape Town). It has more extremes in temperature as the sea does not play a role. Any other reason that makes sense. 2.5 What is the coolest month in Bloemfontein? July

(1) (1)

(2)

(1) [30]