Gr 9-Social Sciences-Facilitator's Guide Geography 2 by Impaq

Í2)È-E-SOS-FG029Î

SOCIAL SCIENCES FACILITATOR’S GUIDE: GEOGRAPHY Grade 9

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Social Sciences Facilitator’s guide: Geography

1809-E-SOS-FG02

Í2)È-E-SOS-FG029Î

Grade 9

CAPS aligned

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 What is Geography? ............................................................................................................ 4 Career links and subject integration ..................................................................................... 4 Specific aims of geography caps for intermediate and senior phases ................................. 5 Assessment ......................................................................................................................... 6 Projects ................................................................................................................................ 8 Tests and examinations ....................................................................................................... 8 Tasks ................................................................................................................................... 8 Bloom’s Taxonomy ............................................................................................................ 10 Learning programme (syllabus) and broad overview of the year plan ............................... 11 Explanatory notes .............................................................................................................. 13 Unit 1: Map skills ............................................................................................................. 14 Lesson 1: Orientation ......................................................................................................... 14 ACTIVITY 1........................................................................................................................ 14 ACTIVITY 2........................................................................................................................ 14 ACTIVITY 3........................................................................................................................ 14 Lesson 2: Scale, distance and bearing .............................................................................. 14 ACTIVITY 4........................................................................................................................ 14 Lesson 3: Find places on maps ......................................................................................... 15 ACTIVITY 5........................................................................................................................ 15 Lesson 4: Photographs of the earth ................................................................................... 17 ACTIVITY 6........................................................................................................................ 17 Lesson 5: Altitude on maps................................................................................................ 18 ACTIVITY 7........................................................................................................................ 18 Lesson 6: The landscape ................................................................................................... 18 ACTIVITY 8........................................................................................................................ 18 Lesson 7: Cross sections ................................................................................................... 19 ACTIVITY 9........................................................................................................................ 19 Lesson 8: How to draw and read graphs ........................................................................... 20 ACTIVITY 10...................................................................................................................... 20 Unit 2: Development issues ............................................................................................ 22 Lesson 10: Development ................................................................................................... 22 ACTIVITY 11...................................................................................................................... 22 Lesson 11: Ways of measuring development .................................................................... 22 ACTIVITY 12...................................................................................................................... 22 Lesson 12: Factors affecting development ........................................................................ 22 ACTIVITY 13...................................................................................................................... 22 Lesson 13: Factors affecting development (cont.) ............................................................. 23 ACTIVITY 14...................................................................................................................... 23

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit 3: Surface forces that shape the earth ................................................................... 25 Lesson 15: Structure of the earth....................................................................................... 25 Activity 15 .......................................................................................................................... 25 Lesson 16: Types of rock ................................................................................................... 25 ACTIVITY 16...................................................................................................................... 25 Lesson 17: Endogenic forces (internal forces) ................................................................... 26 ACTIVITY 17...................................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 18: Landforms resulting from endogenic (internal) forces ..................................... 26 ACTIVITY 18...................................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 19: Landforms caused by exogenic (external) ....................................................... 27 ACTIVITY 19...................................................................................................................... 27 Lesson 20: Erosion ............................................................................................................ 27 ACTIVITY 20...................................................................................................................... 27 Lesson 21: Development of landforms .............................................................................. 27 ACTIVITY 21...................................................................................................................... 29 Lesson 22: Groundwater.................................................................................................... 29 ACTIVITY 22...................................................................................................................... 29 Lesson 23: Karst topography ............................................................................................. 30 ACTIVITY 23...................................................................................................................... 30 Lesson 24: Wind erosion and deposition ........................................................................... 31 ACTIVITY 24...................................................................................................................... 31 Lesson 25: Marine erosion................................................................................................. 31 ACTIVITY 25...................................................................................................................... 31 Lesson 26: Landforms characteristic of marine erosion ..................................................... 33 ACTIVITY 26...................................................................................................................... 33 Lesson 27: Coastline patterns ........................................................................................... 33 ACTIVITY 27...................................................................................................................... 33 Lesson 28: Glaciations....................................................................................................... 34 ACTIVITY 28...................................................................................................................... 34 Lesson 29: Alpine glaciers ................................................................................................. 34 ACTIVITY 29...................................................................................................................... 34 Unit 4: Resource use and sustainability ........................................................................ 35 Lesson 30: Types of natural resources .............................................................................. 35 ACTIVITY 30...................................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 31: How resources are being used ........................................................................ 35 ACTIVITY 31...................................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 32: Consequences of unwise resource use ........................................................... 35 ACTIVITY 32...................................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 33: Sustainable use of resources .......................................................................... 36 ACTIVITY 33...................................................................................................................... 36 Lesson 34: Working towards sustainability ........................................................................ 36 ACTIVITY 34...................................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 35: Food resources ............................................................................................... 37 ACTIVITY 35...................................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 36: The roles of science and technology in food production.................................. 38 ACTIVITY 36...................................................................................................................... 38 Lesson 37: Sustainable farming – appropriate technologies and farming techniques ....... 38 ACTIVITY 37...................................................................................................................... 38

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

UNIT 1: MAP SKILLS LESSON 1: ORIENTATION ACTIVITY 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

F D E A C G B

(7 x 2) = [14]

ACTIVITY 2 Points 1 – 8: Refer to an atlas to mark this activity. It is important for learners to know the basic map of South Africa.

[39]

ACTIVITY 3 1. 2. 3.

North America Europe

South America Australia

(a) (b)

Atlantic Indian

(a) (b)

North/true north (2) Antarctica (2)

Africa Antarctica

Asia

Pacific Southern/Antarctic/Austral

(7) (4) (4)

Canada

(2)

(a) (b)

Mediterranean Sea Red Sea

North Sea Gulf of Mexico

(4)

(a)

0° (2)

(b)

180° (2)

(4)

Africa (use an atlas to determine this.)

(2) [27]

LESSON 2: SCALE, DISTANCE AND BEARING ACTIVITY 4 1.

Please note: When writing the scale use “represents” and NOT “=”. 1.1 1 cm represents (50 000 ÷ 100 000)  0,5 km.  1.2 1 cm represents (10 000 ÷ 100 000)  0,1 km.  2.1 2.2

1 cm  represents 500 m.  1 cm  represents 100 m. 

(2) (2) (4) (2) (2) (4)

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

3. ●

Unit

Measuring distance always starts with writing down the steps: Map distance cm x scale = Real distance km No km means no marks for the answer.

●

3.1 8,9 cm  x 0,5  = 4,45 km  (accept: 4,3 km – 4,6 km) (accept: 8,6 cm – 9,2 cm) 3.2 1,7 cm  x 0,5  = 0,85 km  (accept : 0,7 km – 1 km) (accept: 1,4 cm – 2 cm) 3.3 23,1 cm  x 0,5  = 11,55 km  (accept: 11,4 km – 11,7 km) (accept: 22,8 cm – 23,4 cm) 3.4 7,5 cm  x 0,5  = 3,75 km  (accept: 3,6 km – 3,9 km) (accept: 7,2 cm – 7,8 cm)

(4) (4) (4) (4) (16)

(14) (2) (2) (2) (6)

5.1 North-northeast/NNE  5.2 West-northwest/WNW  5.3 South-southwest/SSW  6.1 165°  6.2 102°  6.3 220°  (Accept 5° on either side.)

(2) (2) (2) (6) [50]

LESSON 3: FIND PLACES ON MAPS ACTIVITY 5 1.

Refer to the reference at the bottom of the topographical map. Note: ● The arrow of the bench mark is accompanied by a number, referring to the height above sea level. ● A bench mark always appears at the side of a road or railway line.

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

(a) (b)

 

(c)



(d)



(e)  (a) – (e) Refer to the topographic map of Volksrust . 2.

(5 x 2) = (10)

(a) 20° South; 20° East [Note: The line of latitude first]  (b) 60° North; 100° East  (c) 30° South; 25° East 

(2) (2) (2) (6)

3.    

When co-ordinates are complete, mark allocation is 4. Accept FIVE seconds ('') both ways. Deduct one mark for every mistake. No directions with the co-ordinates means no marks should be allocated.

3.1 20°00'42'' South;  25°17'12'' East  3.2 20°01'12'' South;  25°16'42'' East  3.3 20°01'36'' South;  25°17'48'' East  4.1 Sewerage works  4.2 Wind pump 

(2) (2) (4)

5.1 27°28'37'' South;  29°50'54'' East  5.2 27°19'30'' South;  29°57'35'' East 

(4) (4) (4) (12)

(4) (4) (8) [40]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 4: PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE EARTH ACTIVITY 6 1.1 (a) (b) (c)

10:00 to 14:00  East – west  30% between flight strips  60% between photos 

(1) (1) (1 + 1) = (2) (4)

Please note: in tests and examinations, mark allocation in Geography is generally 2 marks per fact. Should discussion or explanation be required, a short descriptive sentence would be needed. 1.2 - Clouds  - Aerial photography difficult/impossible during rainy weather.  - Therefore choose dry season for photography. 

3 x 2 = (6)

1.3 Vertical: Directly photographed by camera.  Ortho: Is a computer-rectified vertical aerial photograph. 

2 x 2 = (4)

1.4 - Some map information appears on the photo and vice versa.  - E.g.: contour lines/street names, etc. 

2 x 2 = (4)

1.5 An aerial photograph is a direct image of earth’s surface showing all detail and consequent distortions (some points are closer to the camera than others are).  An orthophoto map has the distortions present on aerial photographs, removed.  2 x 2 = (4) 1.6 Volksrust is the main town  in the orthophoto map. 

(2)

1.7 1:10 000 

(1)

1.8 Representative fraction/fraction scale 

(1)

1.9 (a) (b)

1 cm  represents 0,1 km  1 cm  represents 100 metres 

(2) (2)

1.10 (a) (b) (c)

Railway  National Freeway  Secondary road  Trees  River 

(1) (2) (2) [35]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 5: ALTITUDE ON MAPS ACTIVITY 7 1.

If there is no example of height, only half a mark should be allocated. Contour line e.g. 1720 m  Trig. Station 1885.5 m  Bench Marks 241  Spot height 1811 m  South-western direction 

(1) (1) (1) (1) (4) (1)

3.1 20 m  3.2 5 m 

(1) (1) (2)

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

1700 m  1740 m  1720 m  1620 m 

(2) (2) (2) (2) (8)

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

1705 m  1630 m  1680 m  1679 m  1680 m 

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (5) [20]

LESSON 6: THE LANDSCAPE ACTIVITY 8 1.

Mountain peak/Butte  Valleys  Spurs  Watershed 

(4)

Eastern part: More gentle slope.  Contour lines spaced further apart.  Western part: Very steep slope.  Contours very close together.  2 x 2 = (4)

Highest: 1634 metres  Lowest: 1615 metres 

(2)

Northerly direction 

(1)

Perennial 

(1)

- Large part not utilised.  - Small part in the north-east  is cultivated. 

(3)

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

7. ● Contour lines must be labelled; contour interval must be constant.

a) Valley: v-shaped to higher ground.

b) Spur: v-shaped to lower ground

c) Mesa: highest circle has a wide circumference.

d) Saddle/Pass: lower e) Waterfall: lines must lying area between 2 hills touch where the river (dotted line) flows through.

(5 x 3) = (15) [30] LESSON 7: CROSS SECTIONS ACTIVITY 9 1.

Note: The map distance and the width of the cross section might differ slightly due to scanning. See notes at question 5.

(10)

1 cm represents 0,6 km

(2)

8,7 cm (1) x 0,6 km (1) = 5,22 km (2)

(4)

J: K: L: M:

Saddle Valley Spur Cliff

(4 x 1) = (4)

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit



   



 

- Marks may differ for the labels. - Give one mark if the cross section starts and ends correctly. - Give one mark for each correct “section” of the diagram. - The easiest way to mark cross sections is to redraw it on a transparent and put it over the one to be marked.

(10) [30]

LESSON 8: HOW TO DRAW AND READ GRAPHS ACTIVITY 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

22 °C/23 °C 10 °C 16 °C/16.5 °C Summer (1) –Nov, Dec, Jan is summer for Southern Hemisphere (1) Nov. 115 mm (1) Dec. 100 mm (1) Jan. 125 mm (1) Add three figures, (1) divide by three (1) Average: 340 mm (1)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (6) [15]

ASSIGNMENT 1.

27°22’35” South   ; 29°51’10” East  

(4)

Western side 

(1)

Map distance 4,4 cm  x Scale 0,5 km  = 2,2 km 

(3)

Map distance 1,8 cm  x Scale 0,5 km  = 0,9 km  Allow a map distance up to 2 cm.

(3)

- Outside the town.  - Less noise from aeroplanes.  - Close enough to reach aerodrome easily.  (Any two)

(2)

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

7. 8.

Unit

Time = 2,2 km  = 0,028 hours  = 2 minutes (rounded)  80 km/h [Multiply decimals of hours by 60 to get minutes: 0,028 x 60 = 1.68]

(3)

Yes   - Secondary roads that are connected to the town. 

(3)

- Very gentle/flat.  - Contour lines spaced far from each other.  - Favours construction of runways. 

(3)

- Surrounded by farming area.  - Cultivated lands.  - Enough space for expansion.  - Even for a second main runway.  (Any three)

(3)

10. Yes, the airport has a good location.  - It is outside town, less noise  - but close enough to be reached easily with roads.  - The landscape is fairly level, favours construction of runways.  - There is space to expand to surrounding agricultural land. 

(5) [30]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

UNIT 2: DEVELOPMENT ISSUES LESSON 10: DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY 11 1. Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

(3)

2. When social, environmental and economic development work together, development becomes sustainable. They form the three pillars of sustainable development. (3) 3. Economic development evolves from one based on agriculture, to one based on industry. 4. Any two: access to health services, food, employment, and education, housing and fair distribution of income.

(2) (2) [10]

LESSON 11: WAYS OF MEASURING DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY 12 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

49 million (1) Aids (1) 19.14 (or 19 per 1000) (1) South Africa is number 93 on the list of countries, so that means SA has the 93rd highest figure in terms of births per thousand people per country. (1) 0.77 or 1 doctor per 1000 people. (1) 17.36 deaths (or 17 per 1000) (1) South Africa (the figure ‘1’ for ‘country comparison to the world’ shows this.) (1) 17.8% or 18% (1) 5.6 million people. (1) South Africa (1) [10]

LESSON 12: FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY 13 1. 2. 3.

Natural factors and human factors. Climate, location and resources. 3.1 A landlocked country. 3.2 The greatest empires have been based around sea routes 3.3 High mountain ranges, or without any navigable rivers, long coastlines or good natural harbours (any two) E.g. Malawi, Bolivia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, any other.

(2) (3) (1) (1) (3) [10]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 13: FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) ACTIVITY 14 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Colonialism is the extension of a nation’s dominion (power) over territory beyond its borders. (2) Colonial practices also encouraged the spread of languages, literature and cultural practices. (any two) (2) Anything relevant, e.g. colonial powers exploited areas rich in minerals, using cheap labour, and workers saw almost no reward/profit, as it was sent back to the ‘motherland’. Colonialism was based on the belief that the ruling power’s morals and values were better than those of the people in the colony. It is believed that Africa lost power through colonialism, although we’ll never really know if that is true. (3) Human trafficking (2) Poor management, corruption, political instability. (3) A trade surplus is when the value of a country’s exports is greater than the value of their imports (1) When a country’s imports are greater than the value of their exports. This is also referred to as a negative balance of trade. (any one) (1) When MEDCs (More economically-developed countries) make business laws that are to their advantage. (2) When discussing two issues in terms of our health and welfare system in South Africa, that contribute to poor development, learners can use anything out of this section, and more (i.e. anything that makes good reasoning sense – two issues and a descriptive sentence of each) e.g.: In South Africa we have the daunting task of dealing with an enormous number of HIV positive people. Educational campaigns and programmes have only slightly affected our figures positively, and we currently stand at 5 600 000 people living with Aids in South Africa. This is approximately 11% of the total population, and bearing in mind that this is an ‘official’ figure based on an ‘official’ census statistic, this effectively means that the South African taxpayers are paying for the ARV (antiretroviral) medication on a monthly basis for 11% (or more, considering how many illegal immigrants are living in South Africa) of our population to receive, for the rest of their lives. ARV therapy has proven hugely beneficial when it comes to extending the life expectancy of people living with Aids, and in improving their quality of life. Again, this would make this part of the population able to work. However, our unemployment level is sitting at around 25% in 2013. An even more worrying statistic is the fact that, of people aged around 20 to 35, in excess of 50% of that age group is unemployed. Here we have a classic example of statistics covering the alarming truth. Twenty-five percent is far less alarming than knowing that more than half of people who should be working, are unemployed. At any rate, getting back to the state of a nation’s health and welfare: effective management of these national government portfolios is indicative of a nation that is geared for development. In South Africa, millions of people receive grants and welfare assistance. Be that as it may, having young girls falling pregnant on purpose in order to receive grants is devastating to the economy. (4) [20]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

ASSIGNMENT

-Not striking

Partially achieved 2 -Content described -Incomplete -No initiative -Dull -General

-Not eyecatching -Vague 0 – 19

-Somewhat eyecatching -General 20 – 29

Not achieved 1 Bibliography and presentation (5) Introduction (5) Content (40) TOTAL

-General -No bibliography -No effort

Achieved 3

Outstanding 4–5

-Complete -Good effort -Neat

-Creative -Complete -A masterpiece

-Functional

-Makes you want to keep reading -Original -Persuasive - A good read 40 – 50

-Eye-catching -Valid 30 – 39

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

UNIT 3: SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH LESSON 15: STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH ACTIVITY 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Granite Sial Basalt Sima Moho level Continental crust consists of lighter material/it is lighter. Much pressure is exercised on it. Molten rock below earth’s surface. Inner core: 5 000 ºC Human body: 37 ºC

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) [10]

LESSON 16: TYPES OF ROCK ACTIVITY 16 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

- Form soil, which contains plants that can be utilised by man and animals. - Rock contain ores, material for building. - Contain fossils. - Determine landforms. (4) Igneous rock, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock. (3) Magma moves through weak parts in the mantle and crust and solidifies on or below the surface of the earth. (2) On: Small crystals/solidified quickly Below: Large crystals/solidified slowly (2) Very hard (1) Drakensberg Mountains (1) Small pieces of weathered rock are deposited by rivers in lakes and in the sea. Layers collect and are compressed so that they harden. (2) Contains fuels like petroleum, oil and coal. Is used in the building industry, e.g. sandstone. (2) Solar energy/Wind/Hydro-electricity/Natural gas/Nuclear/Tides (any four) (4) Existing igneous and sedimentary rock are changed into metamorphic rock by extreme pressure or heat or both. (2) Slate: Floors/Paving Marble: Ornaments/Buildings. Diamonds: Drill tips/Jewellery (3) It is very hard/Looks beautiful (2) Granite/Dolerite/Ironstone/Basalt (2) [30]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 17: ENDOGENIC FORCES (INTERNAL FORCES) ACTIVITY 17 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Forces originating inside the earth Pangaea Gondwanaland - Shapes of certain continents fit together. - Fossils are similar on different continents. - Mineral belts correspond on different continents. (Accept other) Seven Convection currents Generated by the heat of the earth’s core - Away from each other - Sideways (parallel) (alongside) each other

(1) (1) (1) (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) [10]

LESSON 18: LANDFORMS RESULTING FROM ENDOGENIC (INTERNAL) FORCES ACTIVITY 18 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Endogenic and exogenic forces. - Pressure is exerted on rock layers, causing friction. - Pressure builds up. - The rock layers shift or break. - Relief of tension releases energy and causes tremors - Tremors move through the earth’s crust as an earthquake. (four points) Point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake originated. Right above the focus, on the earth’s surface. Instrument measuring the intensity of the earthquake. A graph line representing the intensity of earthquake waves/sketch ‘drawn’ by the arm attached to the seismograph. Richter scale. Block mountains and rift valleys. Soutpansberg Mountains Fold mountains. Anticline. Valleys. (a) Volcanoes that erupt regularly. (b) Volcano that erupted long ago but the possibility of an eruption exists. (c) Has shown no signs of activity for thousands of years. Japan/Indonesia/West-Indies/Hawaii (Any other)

(2)

(4) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (3) (2) [22]

Facilitator’s Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

LESSON 19: LANDFORMS CAUSED BY EXOGENIC (EXTERNAL) FORCES ACTIVITY 19 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

They are external forces that wear down landforms on the earth’s surface. Weathering, erosion and deposition At the surface of the earth. Weathering is the process whereby rocks are broken up in various ways. Mechanical weathering: Rocks are broken down without any change in their chemical composition Chemical weathering: A rock is broken down by a change in its chemical composition. Biological weathering: Plants, animals and man breaking down rocks. 6. - Water occurs in cracks in rocks. - In cold regions water freezes and expands. - Repeated freezing and expanding of water breaks rocks down. - This is called freeze/thaw or frost shattering. 7. Oxidation and carbonation. 8. Roots break down rocks/Acid in rotten plant matter causes weathering. 9.1 Weathering by differences in temperatures of day and night. 9.2 - The sun heats the rock, causing the outer layer to expand. - At night the rock cools down and the layer shrinks. - Repeated expanding and shrinking causes peeling of a layer. - Also called exfoliation 9.3. - Difference in day and night temperatures is big. - At day much expansion takes place and at night much shrinking. 10.1 - Called freeze/thaw or frost shattering - Water occurs in cracks in rocks. - In cold regions the water freezes and expands. - Repeated freezing and expansion of water breaks the rocks down. 10.2. High mountains, polar regions

(1) (3) (1) (1)

(3)

(3) (2) (2) (1)

(3) (2)

(3) (2) [27]

LESSON 20: EROSION ACTIVITY 20 1. Erosion is the removal and transportation of weathered material. (1) 2. Running water/Wind/Glaciers (moving ice)/The sea (4) 3. Yes (1) By mining man breaks down rocks (weathering) and then transports the ore to other places (erosion). (1) OR - Farmers ploughing their lands make it easier for wind and running water to remove the soil. (1) (Accept other logical examples) (2) 4. Material being transported by a river. (1)