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SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: HISTORY Grade 9
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Social Sciences Study guide: History
1809-E-SOS-SG01
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Grade 9
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Study Guide G09 ~ Social Sciences: History
CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE............................................................................................................................ 5 YEAR PLANNING ............................................................................................................... 6 UNIT 1: The World War II (1939 – 1945) ............................................................................ 7 Lesson 1: The rise of Nazi Germany .............................................................. 8 ACTIVITY 1.................................................................................. 18 Lesson 2: World War II: Europe ................................................................... 20 ACTIVITY 2.................................................................................. 26 Lesson 3: World War II in the Pacific............................................................ 28 ACTIVITY 3.................................................................................. 30 EXERCISE 1 ................................................................................ 31 STUDY / REVISION:.................................................................... 34 UNIT 2: The Nuclear Age and the Cold War................................................................... 35 Lesson 4: Increasing tension between the Allies after the end of World War II in Europe ..................................................................................... 36 ACTIVITY 4.................................................................................. 37 Lesson 5: End of World War II in the Pacific: Atomic bombs and the beginning of the Nuclear Age....................................................... 38 ACTIVITY 5.................................................................................. 39 Lesson 6: Definition of the superpowers and the meaning of “Cold War”..... 40 ACTIVITY 6.................................................................................. 41 Lesson 7: Areas of conflict and competition of the superpowers in the Cold War .............................................................................................. 41 ACTIVITY 7.................................................................................. 49 Lesson 8: The end of the Cold War .............................................................. 50 ACTIVITY 8.................................................................................. 53 EXERCISE 2 ................................................................................ 54 STUDY / REVISION:.................................................................... 55 UNIT 3: Turning points in modern South African history since 1948.......................... 56 Lesson 9: The universal declaration of human rights after World War II ...... 56 ACTIVITY 9.................................................................................. 57 Lesson 10: Definition of racism ...................................................................... 58 ACTIVITY 10 ................................................................................ 59 Lesson 11: 1948: National Party and apartheid ............................................. 59 ACTIVITY 11 ................................................................................ 67 Lesson 12: 1950s: Repession and non-violent resistance to apartheid.......... 67 ACTIVITY 12 ................................................................................ 71 EXERCISE 3 ................................................................................ 74 STUDY / REVISION:.................................................................... 74 UNIT 4: Turning points in modern South African history: 1960, 1976 and 1990 ........ 75 Lesson 13: 1960: Sharpeville Massacre and Langa march ............................ 76 ACTIVITY 13: ............................................................................... 78 © Impaq
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Lesson 14:
1976: Soweto uprising ................................................................. 79 ACTIVITY 14: ............................................................................... 83 Lesson 15: 1990: Release of Nelson Mandela and the unbanning of the liberation movements ................................................................... 83 ACTIVITY 15: ............................................................................... 88 EXERCISE 4: ............................................................................... 89 STUDY / REVISION:.................................................................... 89 ADDENDUM A: GLOSSARY ............................................................................................ 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 93
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YEAR PLANNING UNIT/ TERM 1
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Lesson 1: The rise of Nazi Germany Lesson 2: World War II: Europe Lesson 3: World War II in the Pacific
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Lesson 4: Increasing tension between the Allies after World War II in Europe Lesson 5: End of World War II: Atomic bombs and the beginning of the Nuclear Age Lesson 6: Definition of the superpowers and the meaning of the “Cold War” Lesson 7: Areas of conflict and competition between the superpowers in the Cold War Lesson 8: The end of the Cold War (1989)
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Lesson 9: The universal declaration of human rights after World War II Lesson 10: Definition of racism Lesson 11: 1948: National Party and apartheid
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Lesson 12: 1950s: Repression and non-violent resistance to apartheid Lesson 13: 1960: Sharpeville Massacre and Langa march Lesson 14: 1976: Soweto uprising Lesson 15: 1990: Release of Nelson Mandela and the unbanning of liberation movements
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DATE COMPLETED
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UNIT 1: World War II (1939 – 1945) LEARNING AIMS: After you have completed this unit, you must be able to do the following: • Give reasons why the Treaty of Versailles led to World War II. • Understand how the failure of the Weimar Republic and the Great Depression led to the rise of Hitler. • Identify which groups Hitler persecuted. • Explain and give reasons why the USA entered World War II. INTRODUCTION After World War I, harsh punishments were imposed on Germany through the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans blamed the Weimar Republic for Germany's economic problems. The Great Depression hit Germany hard and its economy was in ruins. Many people turned to Hitler and the Nazi Party to save Germany. The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to turn Germany into a fascist state and Nazi Germany aggression towards Europe led to World War II. World War II lasted for six years. During the war six million Jews were persecuted and many resistance groups formed against the Nazi government. The Americans entered the war after Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in 1941. After World War II the world order would change, just as it did after World War I. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY • • • • • • • •
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Weimar Republic Great Depression Enabling Act Nuremberg Laws Fascism Holocaust Resistance Uprising
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LESSON 1: THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY 1.1
End of World War I
After World War I, the European political scene had changed. There were about 16,5 million deaths and 21 million injured or wounded during World War 1. European cities and industries lay in ruins and many empires and kingdoms, such as the Austria-Hungarian kingdom and the Russian Empire, came to an end. The combination of food shortages and military defeats led to Germany asking for an armistice. 1.2
The Weimar Republic
On 9 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and the Chancellor, Max von Baden, handed power over to Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the German Social Democrat Party. The republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918 and in 1919, a national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of the same year. Because of the constitution that was written in the city of Weimar, the government was called the Weimar Republic. In its 14 years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists (with paramilitaries – both left and right wing) and continuing strenuous relationships with the victors of World War I. 1.3
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles Conference opened on 18 January 1919. Germany was not invited to this conference, but many Allied dignitaries were invited. Each of the three main Allied countries had a different approach to this conference. Woodrow Wilson, president of the USA, wanted a lasting peace and in his plan he wanted to create a League of Nations, while France’s President Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay for the war by reparations and being stripped of their land, industry and armed forces. Britain’s Lloyd George was torn between his own beliefs of supporting Wilson and public opinion that wanted Germany to be punished for the war, so he sided with Clemenceau during the conference.
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The Treaty of Versailles. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Versailles,_English_version.jpg
The Treaty was signed on 28 June 1919, and thus ended World War I. The Treaty itself was a lengthy document that consisted of 440 articles of which the most controversial part was Article 231. In terms of the article Germany was to take full responsibility for the damage caused during World War I (known as the “war guilt” clause), major land concessions (including the loss of all its colonies), the limitation of the German army to 100 000 men, and the extremely large sum in reparations Germany was to pay to the Allied powers. Brief summary of Germany’s punishments by the Treaty of Versailles: Territory: • Alsace-Lorraine, captured by Germany in 1871, was returned to France. • The Saar, an important German coalfield, was to be given to France for 15 years, after which a plebiscite would decide ownership. • Poland became an independent country with a “route to the sea”, a corridor of land cutting Germany in two. • Danzig, a major port in East Prussia (Germany) was to be under international rule. • All German and Turkish colonies were taken away and put under Allied control. • Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Czechoslovakia were made independent. • Austria-Hungary was split up and Yugoslavia was created. Arms: • • • •
The left bank of the Rhine was to be occupied by Allied forces and the right bank demilitarised. The German army was cut to 100 000 men and wartime weapons were to be scrapped. The German Navy was cut to 36 ships and no submarines, and Germany was banned from having an air force. An Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria was banned.
Reparations and guilt: • In the “war guilt” clause Germany had to accept total blame for the war. • Germany had to pay £6,6 billion in compensation to the Allies in 1921. © Impaq
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Map showing Germany's punishments by Treaty of Versailles. Source: http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties4.htm
1.4
Hitler and the Nazis (1920s)
Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1899 in a city named Braunau am Inn in the country of Austria. Hitler’s parents died while he was still very young. He did not do well academically in school and got expelled. After his expulsion, he moved to Venice, Italy, to become an artist. He did not have much of an artistic talent and decided to move to Munich, Germany, hoping to become an architect. When World War I began, Hitler joined the German army. It was during World War I that Hitler became a strong German patriot. Hitler sustained two major injuries during the war. The first occurred in October 1916 when he was wounded by a grenade splinter. The other was on 13 October 1918, when a gas attack caused Hitler to go temporarily blind. Both of these injuries led him to receive the Iron Cross for bravery. After the war Hitler entered politics and joined the German Workers Party led by Anton Drexler. Hitler soon became the leader of this party because he had excellent skills as a speaker and could hold large crowds spellbound with his oratory skills.
Adolf Hitler Source: www.librarising.com Š Impaq
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After he became leader of this party, he renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi Party. Hitler changed the Nazi Party into a paramilitary organisation by creating the swastika as their emblem and creating his own private army called Sturmabteilung (SA). The SA (also known as stormtroopers or Brownshirts) were instructed to disrupt the meetings of political opponents and to protect Hitler from revenge attacks.
The swastika emblem of the Nazi Party. Source: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de%7Dns_or.html
The insignia of the SA. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung
In 1923, Hitler felt that he had enough support from the German people and decided to overthrow the government. On 8 November 1923, the “Beer Hall Putsch” took place in Munich with Hitler trying to overthrow the government. The coup failed and Hitler was sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress, but he only served nine months. During his nine month sentence, he wrote a book called Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”), which was filled with anti-Semitic writings, his ideas, party policies and a strategy for world domination. It later became the bible of the Nazi Party.
A copy of Hitler's book Mein Kampf. Source: http://snyderstreasures.com/pages/mk.htm
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The Great Depression of 1929 and its effects on Germany
The Weimar Republic experienced a Golden Era from 1923 to 1929. The economy improved under the leadership of Chancellor Stresemann and the German people came to accept the principles of democracy in Germany. The Weimar government started to pay back the reparations of the Treaty of Versailles through the Dawes Plan. This plan was an agreement between American banks and the government to borrow money from them and used German assets as collateral. Although it looked as if Germany was stabilising, the Weimar Republic was very weak because of poor government and the fact that the new economy was built on foreign loans, particularly from the USA. This dependence on American banks made Germany the worst hit country after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The USA stopped all loans to the Weimar Republic, and it faced another crisis when Chancellor Stresemann died in 1929. The Weimar Republic was hit by hyperinflation, companies went bankrupt and millions of Germans were unemployed.
German children playing with money as the money was worthless in Germany after the Great Depression. Source: http://www.billcara.com/cara-community/wp content/uploads/2013/05/2364.png
1.6
Failure of democracy in the Weimar Republic
The Weimar government was politically very weak because the government consisted of a coalition of different political parties arguing with each other over what action should be taken to deal with the various crises, it faced, especially in terms of the economy. The Weimar government faced massive civil unrest combined with food shortages, hyperinflation and widespread unemployment. This made the Weimar government very unpopular and the German people started to turn to extreme political parties like the Nazi
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Party. Most parties had private armies to defend themselves at meetings and they had military marches in the streets to try and impress the public.
2 Million Mark Banknote as money become worthless because of hyperinflation. Source: http://theoryofsupply.com/Bayer2Mil.htm
1.7
Reasons for public support for the Nazi Party and the 1932 and 1933 elections
Before 1929, the Nazi Party was not very popular, but there were various factors that led to support for the party later on. Through propaganda, powerful speeches and attacks on other political parties through his stormtroopers, Hitler made sure that the German people understood his ideas. These were Hitler’s most important ideas: • Hitler knew that the German people were angry because of the Treaty of Versailles and by promising to get rid of the Treaty, many people supported him. • Germany had always had strong armed forces and needed to rearm. • Other parties, including the Communist Party, needed to be banned. • Germany needed to have Lebensraum, to unite all German speaking countries and areas with Germany. • The Weimar government was weak and Hitler promised a strong government, which people supported. • Hitler believed that Germans were the Aryan master race and would rule over the world. • Hitler also had the backing of wealthy industrialists to spread his ideas across Germany. The 1932 and 1933 elections There were two elections held in Germany in 1932, of which the one in July made the Nazi Party the largest party in the Reichstag with 37,2% (230 seats) of the vote. The majority of the vote now came from middle class people whose parties had been swallowed up by the Nazi Party. Hitler refused to serve as a minister under Chancellor Papen and wanted the chancellorship for himself, but it was rejected by President Von Hindenburg on 13 August 1932. As there was no majority of one party in the Reichstag to form a government, it was dissolved and a new election was called with the hope that one party could win enough votes to form a government. © Impaq
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On 6 November 1932, elections were held with the Nazi Party only getting 33.1% of the vote, two million votes less than the previous election. Hitler thought that the Nazis missed their chance but the same problem arose – President Von Hindenburg could not pass any laws through the Reichstag. He needed support from a big party and the Nazi Party was the largest in the Reichstag. Von Hindenburg offered Hitler the post of Vice-chancellor in return for his support, but Hitler refused. He demanded the post of Chancellor. Von Hindenburg and Papen took a risk, arguing that the government would still be full of their supporters and believing that they would be able to control Hitler. In January 1933, Hindenburg made Hitler Chancellor of Germany. Von Hindenburg and Papen were wrong: they could not control Hitler. Hitler immediately called another election for 5 March 1933 and set about getting a majority. He was helped in this by the Reichstag fire of February 1933, caused by a Dutch Communist called Van der Lubbe. This gave Hitler reason to arrest hundreds of Communists, and to convince the German people that Germany was in danger of a communist revolution. As a result, the Nazi Party gained 288 seats (44%) of the vote in the election. This still did not give the Nazis a majority, but Hitler was able to arrest the Communists and intimidate the other deputies of the Reichstag.
The Reichstag fire in February 1933. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire#mediaviewer/File:Reichstagsbrand.jpg
1.8
Enabling Act and dictatorship
The Enabling Act was passed on 23 March 1933. The Act allowed the cabinet to introduce legislation without it first going through the Reichstag. Although the Act stated that only the cabinet could introduce laws without parliamentary consent, Hitler would eventually have all the power and would pass all the laws in Germany without parliamentary consent.
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On 14 July 1933, all political parties except the Nazi Party, were banned. When President Von Hindenburg died in August 1934, Hitler merged the positions of the office of the President and Chancellor into one and called it Der Führer or The Leader. Under this Act, trade unions were banned and their leaders were imprisoned, local governments were taken over by the Nazis, and the Gestapo (secret police) was formed to crush any opposition towards Hitler and the Nazi Party. Most opponents were sent to concentration camps, including Jews, communists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, gypsies, Protestants and homosexuals. The Enabling Act made Hitler the dictator of Germany in 1934, and legally gave him the power to rule by himself. 1.9
Nuremberg Laws and loss of basic rights of Jewish people (1935)
During the period the Nazi Party ruled, from mid-1933 to the early 1940s, many laws, which took away the rights of Jews in Germany, were passed. When Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, he blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems and described them as a threat and danger to the German Aryan race. He used propaganda to show Germans that Jews were racially or socially inferior (untermensch – subhuman), calling them “germs of destruction”. In the beginning some laws seemed insignificant. For example, Jews were not allowed to fly the German flag or own pets. However, other laws took away basic civil rights, such as the right to vote, the right to education either through school or university, the right to own their own business or to hold particular jobs, from Jews. In 1936, Jews were not allowed to use public facilities and were not allowed to own electrical equipment, typewriters or bicycles. During a rally in the city of Nuremberg, two laws were introduced as the start of the “Final Solution” by Hitler and the Nazi Party. These laws became known as the Nuremberg Laws.
• The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour. This first piece of legislation defined a “full-blooded” Jew (Juden) as a person with either three or four Jewish grandparents. A “full-blooded” German was anyone with four German grandparents. Those who did not fit into either category were categorised as Mischlinge (“mongrels”), neither fully Jewish nor fully Aryan. This law also prohibited marriages or extra-marital sex between Jews and Aryans. German women of Aryan extraction under the age of 45 were also forbidden from working in Jewish households. • The Reich Citizenship Law. Under the terms of this law, only those of pure Aryan blood were granted automatic citizenship. Jews were deemed to be state subjects
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and their fate determined by government policy. This reform effectively abolished the citizenship of German Jews. 1.10
Persecution of political opponents and “Undesirables”
Hitler wanted to create a superior Aryan race. The perfect model for the Nazis was blond, blue-eyed, physically strong and highly intelligent. From 1933 Hitler introduced laws which discriminated against people who did not match this idea of perfection. These groups included the following: • Gypsies: 85% of them were killed in gas chambers. • Black people: They were sterilised, medical experiments conducted on them and imprisoned in concentration camps. • Disabled (mentally or physically): 250 000 were either killed by injection or were gassed and 400 000 were sterilised. • Homosexuals: 15 000 were gassed and 100 000 were arrested and castrated. • Jehovah’s Witnesses: 2 000 were gassed because they refused to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler. • Political opponents and rich Germans: 5 600 Catholic priests from 24 countries and other Germans were gassed. • Jews: The Germans systematically persecuted them. They were forced into walled ghettos, put into concentration camps, and used for medical experiments. In the end the Nazis devised the Final Solution – genocide that killed 6 million Jews. The following timeline contains a sampling of these anti-Jewish laws: • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Jews were no longer permitted to serve as officers in the army (May 1935). Jews were banned from working as veterinarians (April 1936). Jewish teachers were no longer permitted to work in government schools (October 1936). Municipal authorities in Berlin excluded Jewish children from state schools (April 1937). Jews were prohibited from owning gun stores or trading weapons (July 1938). All Jews had to add either “Israel” or “Sara” to their given names (August 1938). Jewish doctors were prohibited by law from treating non-Jewish patients (September 1938). Jews had to have a large red “J” stamped on their passports (October 1938). Jews were prohibited from moving freely around Germany (November 1938). Jews were no longer permitted to own a car or a driver’s license (December 1938). All Jewish academics, lecturers and students were expelled from universities (December 1938). Jews were forbidden from buying lottery tickets or claiming prizes (August 1939). Jews were no longer allowed to install, maintain or use telephones (July 1940). Source: http://alphahistory.com/holocaust/anti-jewish-laws/#sthash.xbTvS5Go.dpuf
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Nazi Germany as an example of a fascist state
When Hitler and the Nazi Party came into power they turned Germany into a fascist state, where no freedom or democracy was allowed. This is how Hitler turned Germany into a fascist state: • Germany was now ruled by a dictator with absolute power. • No opposition parties were allowed. • The economy was state controlled, with strong control over private businesses. • No Trade Unions were allowed and employees could not strike. • All media, plays, books and magazines were censored and controlled. • He ruled through terror via the Gestapo and the SS. • Education was controlled by the Nazi Party. • Religion was state controlled. Many ordinary Germans were not concerned about their rights being taken away because of the following: • Nazi economic policies offered full employment (work programmes/Strength through Joy), prosperity and financial security – many observers stated that there seemed to be no poverty in Germany. • The “Strength through Joy programme” provided fun and holidays. • The “Beauty of Work” movement gave people pride in what they were doing. • Law and order (few people locked their doors). • Autobahns improved transport. • Frequent ceremonies, rallies, colour and excitement. • Nazi propaganda gave people hope. • Nazi racial philosophy gave people self-belief. • Trust in Adolf Hitler gave a sense of security.
A Nazi parade. Source: http://life.time.com/world-war-ii/
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