Í2’È-E-TEC-SG01DÎ
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TECHNOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Grade 9
A member of the FUTURELEARN group
Technology Study guide
1809-E-TEC-SG01
Í2)È-E-TEC-SG01HÎ
Grade 9
CAPS aligned
S Jordaan FI le Roux JC le Roux J Lubbinge HA Saaiman JJ Saaiman A Schwartz M Smit
Study Guide G09 ~ Technology
Contents PREFACE............................................................................................................................ 5 STUDY TIPS........................................................................................................................ 5 SUBJECT CONTENT AND PLANNING.............................................................................. 6 TERM 1: UNIT 1: Design skills.......................................................................................... 7 LESSON 1: Drawing conventions........................................................................... 9 Activity 1................................................................................................................ 18 LESSON 2: First angle orthographic projection.................................................... 19 Activity 2.1............................................................................................................. 20 Activity 2.2............................................................................................................. 24 LESSON 3: Artistic drawing.................................................................................. 27 Activity 3................................................................................................................ 30 LESSON 4: Isometric projection........................................................................... 38 Activity 4.1............................................................................................................. 38 Activity 4.2............................................................................................................. 42 Activity 4.3............................................................................................................. 44 TERM 1: UNIT 2: Structures............................................................................................. 49 LESSON 5: Forces and loads................................................................................ 50 Activity 5.1............................................................................................................. 54 Activity 5.2............................................................................................................. 56 Activity 5.3............................................................................................................. 58 Activity 5.4............................................................................................................. 60 LESSON 6: Properties of materials....................................................................... 60 Activity 6................................................................................................................. 65 LESSON 7: Costing of products ........................................................................... 65 Activity 7................................................................................................................. 69 practical assessment task..................................................................................... 70 TERM 2: UNIT 3: Mechanical systems and control........................................................79 LESSON 8: Pneumatic and hydraulic systems...................................................... 81 Activity 8.1............................................................................................................. 81 Activity 8.2............................................................................................................. 84 Activity 8.3............................................................................................................. 85 Activity 8.4............................................................................................................. 86 LESSON 9: Hydraulic press and hydraulic jack..................................................... 87 Activity 9................................................................................................................. 89 LESSON 10: Pulleys and mechanical control systems......................................... 91 Activity 10.............................................................................................................. 97 LESSON 11: Gears................................................................................................ 99 Activity 11.1.......................................................................................................... 103 Activity 11.2.......................................................................................................... 105 Activity 11.3.......................................................................................................... 108
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Study Guide G09 ~ Technology
Activity 11.4.......................................................................................................... 108 Practical assessment task................................................................................... 110 TERM 3: UNIT 4: Electrical and electronic systems.................................................... 116 LESSON 12: Symbols for components and circuits............................................ 119 Activity 12.1......................................................................................................... 124 Activity 12.2......................................................................................................... 124 LESSON 13: Ohm’s law ..................................................................................... 125 Activity 13.1......................................................................................................... 126 Activity 13.2......................................................................................................... 130 LESSON 14: Resistors........................................................................................ 131 Activity 14.1......................................................................................................... 137 Activity 14.2......................................................................................................... 138 LESSON 15: Electronic systems......................................................................... 139 Activity 15.1......................................................................................................... 145 Activity 15.2......................................................................................................... 146 LESSON 16: Sensors......................................................................................... 146 Activity 16.1......................................................................................................... 149 Activity 16.2......................................................................................................... 150 Activity 16.3......................................................................................................... 150 Activity 16.4 ........................................................................................................ 151 LESSON 17: Circuit construction techniques...................................................... 152 Practical assessment task................................................................................... 153 TERM 4: UNIT 5: Processing......................................................................................... 159 LESSON 18: Processing of metals ..................................................................... 160 Activity 18............................................................................................................ 162 LESSON 19: Food processing............................................................................ 164 Activity 19............................................................................................................ 168 LESSON 20: Food preservation.......................................................................... 169 Activity 20.1......................................................................................................... 172 Activity 20.2......................................................................................................... 172 LESSON 21: Convenience food.......................................................................... 173 Activity 21............................................................................................................ 175 LESSON 22: Food packaging............................................................................. 176 Activity 22............................................................................................................ 181 LESSON 23: Processing of plastic...................................................................... 181 Activity 23............................................................................................................ 188 Practical assessment task...................................................................................192 ADDENDUM A: Important terminology......................................................................... 194 ADDENDUM B: Squared paper...................................................................................... 197 ADDENDUM C: Isometric paper.................................................................................... 199 ADDENDUM D: Resistor colour codes......................................................................... 201
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Study Guide G09 ~ Technology
SUBJECT CONTENT AND PLANNING UNIT 1
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3
4
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LESSON TERM 1 LESSON 1: Drawing conventions LESSON 2: First angle orthographic projection LESSON 3: Artistic drawing LESSON 4: Isometric projection LESSON 5: Forces and loads LESSON 6: Properties of materials LESSON 7: Costing of products PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK TERM 2 LESSON 8: Pneumatic and hydraulic systems LESSON 9: Hydraulic press and hydraulic jack LESSON 10: Pulleys and mechanical control systems LESSON 11: Gears PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK TERM 3 LESSON 12: Symbols for components and circuits LESSON 13: Ohm’s law LESSON 14: Resistors LESSON 15: Electronic systems LESSON 16: Sensors LESSON 17: Circuit construction techniques PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK TERM 4 LESSON 18: Processing of metals LESSON 19: Food processing LESSON 20: Food preservation LESSON 21: Convenience food LESSON 22: Food packaging LESSON 23: Processing of plastic PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK
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HOURS 2 2 2 ½ 12 2 2 2 2 7 2 2 4 2 9 2 2 2 2 6
Study Guide G09 ~ Technology Unit
TERM 1
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UNIT 1: Design skills
Learning objectives
After you have completed this unit, you must be able to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of: Communication • Drawing conventions • First angle orthographic projection • Artistic drawing • Isometric projection
Introduction
Graphics are images visible on paper, walls, canvas, stone, etc. Graphic forms include drawings, photographs, diagrams, graphs, etc. In technology graphics are used to: • develop ideas in the form of an initial sketch that later leads to the final design • communicate ideas and designs in the form of a universal and accepted language When an object is to be designed, it must be sketched and drawn to: • give the reader an idea of the nature and appearance of the object • give the reader specific dimensions of the object as well as the scale of the drawing
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IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY Isometric projection A three dimensional 3-D drawing that uses lines drawn at 30º.
Orthographic projection A two dimensional (2-D) drawing used to produce a working drawing, usually showing three separate views of the same object.
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Artistic drawing
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When advanced techniques such as colour, texture, shading, shadows and perspective are used to create a drawing that resembles reality.
LESSON 1: Drawing conventions Drawing conventions are necessary for communicating ideas. They enable a person to interpret an idea and form a complete picture of an object. Learners need: • a clutch pencil with 0.5 mm HB (a clutch pencil with 0.3 mm 2H lead is optional) • mathematics set (drawing instruments) • pencil, eraser, ruler and a set of drawing triangles • A4 paper • 6 mm double-sided tape to build models • other tools as required for the execution of the PAT as mentioned in the Facilitator’s Guide Conventions include: • Line types: • Scale: • Dimensions:
outlines, construction lines, hidden detail and centre lines size on paper in comparison to the actual size, e.g., 1:100 measurements of sides in millimetres (mm)
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1.1:
Study Guide G09 ~ Technology
Types of lines in drawings
Using different types of lines gives the viewer a clear picture of the object. Different lines emphasise different parts of a drawing and convey specific information about the object, such as folding lines or hidden detail. 1.1.1
Outlines (dark)
Example of line
Draw with a 0.5 mm pencil. 1.1.2
Description •
thick
•
dark
•
continuous
Uses •
outlines of drawings
•
finishing of drawings
Example in sketches
Construction lines (faint)
Example of line
Draw with a 0.3 mm pencil with 2H lead.
Description •
very thin
•
light (faint)
•
continuous
Uses •
folding or bending lines
•
dimensions
•
construction lines
Example in sketches
(A 0.5 mm pencil may also be used.) 1.1.3
Hidden detail (dashed)
Example of line
Draw with a 0.3 mm pencil with 2H lead.
Description •
thin
•
medium (faint)
•
dashed lines
•
(A 0.5 mm pencil may also be used.)
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Uses
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hidden detail (information)
Example in sketches
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1.1.4 Centre lines (chain) Example of line
Draw with a 0.3 mm pencil with 2H lead.
Description
Uses
•
thin
•
medium (faint)
•
dashed lines, long and short
•
Example in sketches
centre lines
(A 0.5 mm pencil may also be used.). 1.1.5
Dimension lines for measurements
Example of line
Description •
very thin
•
medium (faint), continuous with arrow heads on both sides with measurement indication
Draw with a 0.3 mm pencil with 2H lead. (A 0.5 mm pencil may also be used.) •
1.1.6
Uses •
length, width, height of the object
•
size and measurements of levels
Example in sketches
always indicate measurements in millimetres (mm)
Wavy lines
Example of line
Draw with a 0.3 mm pencil with 2H lead.
Description
Uses
•
medium (faint)
•
evenly drawn with freehand
•
Example in sketches
indication ofcuts in a shaft
(A 0.5 mm pencil may also be used.)
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Study Guide G09 ~ Technology
1.1.7 Horizontal Description
Example of line
Line used in sketch
Example of line
Line used in sketch
Example of line
Line used in sketch
Horizontal refers to the horizon, parallel to the ground surface.
1.1.8 Vertical Description Vertical refers to an object that is 90° to the ground surface; perpendicular.
1.1.9
Arrow head
Description An arrow head has a specific size. It is usually 3 mm in length and depends on the size of a drawing. The width or thickness of the arrow head is 1 mm.
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The pointed end of an arrow head starts on an extension line that indicates the angles that it is measured between.
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Study Guide G09 ~ Technology Unit
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Take note of the following on extension lines and measurements in relation to dimension lines. Description • Centre lines can be used as extension lines as well.
Extension lines
•
In orthographic projections extension lines are perpendicular (90°) to a dimension line or drawing line.
always
•
An extension line usually starts 2 mm from a drawing line that completes the drawing.
•
Extension lines are usually 12 mm long.
12 mm
2 mm Measurements
•
The dimension indicator (measurement indicator in millimetres) must be printed 1 mm from the dimension line.
•
The measurements (in millimetres) must be printed 3 – 5 mm high.
•
Dimensions are read from left to right.
The different lines and their uses are shown in the drawing below.
Example 1
A
Outlines
B
Dimension line
C
Centre line
D
Hidden detail
E
Construction line
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Example 2
Centre line
1.2 Scale In drawings where size and dimention are important, the object is drawn according to a specific scale in milimetres(mm). A scale indicates the relationship between the drawing and the actual size of the object; e.g., 1:2. The scale is written in a ratio, e.g. 1:2 where 1 represents the size of the real object and the 2 indicates the size of the drawing. The scale can also be treated as a fraction, e.g.: • •
:2 may be written as meaning it will be half of the true size. 1 2:1 may be written as meaning it will be twice the true size.
NB: 1 is always the true size.
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The use of different scales Note: The block with the pattern is the true size of the object. •
1:1
Measurements drawn according to the true size of an object.
•
1:2 Measurements are half the true size of the object (downscaling).
•
2:1 Measurements are double the true size of the object (upscaling).
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Study Guide G09 ~ Technology
3:1 Measurements are triple the true size of the object (upscaling).
Scales may be used in different ways because the actual size of the object does not always fit on a page. It can be drawn smaller or bigger than the actual size and this is referred to as scale.
Example 1
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Example 2
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Half size Half grootte
1: 1
True size Ware grootte
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2: 1
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Double size Dubbel grootte
SCALE/SKAAL
1.3 Dimensions Dimensions are measurements of an object in a drawing and are always given in millimetres. The principal dimensions of an object in a drawing indicate the length, height and width or depth. Two-dimensional drawings (2-D) reflect two dimensions with measurements.
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