Intermediate Phase Grade 5 • Study Guide
Social Sciences: Geography CAPS IEB
Social Sciences Study guide: Geography
CAPS aligned
M Lübcker E van Emmenes
2005-E-SOS-SG02
Í4%È-E-SOS-SG02[Î
Grade 5
G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Contents
Lesson elements.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 7 Year plan........................................................................................................................................................8 Unit 1: World map and compass directions.................................................................................... 10 Lesson 1: Position of the equator, North and South Poles on a globe ................................................... 11 Activity 1..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Lesson 2: The seven continents ............................................................................................................................. 13 Activity 2..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Lesson 3: Eight points on a compass ...................................................................................................................14
Lesson 4: Eight directions from a fixed point on a world map ................................................................. 16
Activity 3......................................................................................................................................................................17 Revision exercise.....................................................................................................................................................17
Unit 2: Africa, our continent..................................................................................................................19 Lesson 5: Position of Africa on a world map and globe...............................................................................20
Lesson 6: Oceans around Africa ............................................................................................................................ 21 Lesson 7: Concepts of countries and borders .................................................................................................. 22 Activity 4..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Lesson 8: Locations of countries in Africa ........................................................................................................ 23
Activity 5..................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Lesson 9: Countries with a coastline ................................................................................................................... 26
Lesson 10: Madagascar and Zanzibar.................................................................................................................. 27 Lesson 11: South Africa’s neighbouring countries ........................................................................................28
Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 32
Unit 3: A physical map of Africa ..........................................................................................................34
Lesson 12: Reading a physical map....................................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 13: Africa’s highest peaks .........................................................................................................................38
Lesson 14: Africa’s three largest lakes ................................................................................................................39
Lesson 15: Africa’s great rivers............................................................................................................................... 41
Lesson 16: Southern Africa’s famous waterfalls.............................................................................................. 42 © Optimi
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Study Guide
Lesson 17: Africa’s great deserts............................................................................................................................43
Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 45
Unit 4: Images of Africa ..........................................................................................................................47 Lesson 18: Photos of a range of scenes and landscapes in Africa............................................................48
Lesson 19: Use grid references on a map to determine position ............................................................49
Revision exercise.....................................................................................................................................................51
Unit 5: Physical features of South Africa...........................................................................................53 Lesson 20: A physical map of South Africa........................................................................................................54
Lesson 21: Indicating altitude ................................................................................................................................ 56 Activity 6.....................................................................................................................................................................58
Lesson 22: Physical features....................................................................................................................................59
Lesson 23: Naming of important places.............................................................................................................60
Lesson 24: Where rivers start and end...............................................................................................................63 Lesson 25: Concept of river systems....................................................................................................................64
Lesson 26: Main rivers of South Africa ............................................................................................................... 65
Activity 7......................................................................................................................................................................67
Unit 6: Physical features and human activity................................................................................. 68
Lesson 27: Human activities in different physical environments............................................................69 Lesson 28: Influence of human activities on the physical environment...............................................70
Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 72
Unit 7: Water, climate and vegetation of South Africa..................................................................76 Lesson 29: Elements of weather and precipitation ...................................................................................... 77
Lesson 30: Measuring temperature and rainfall and the instruments used ......................................79 Activity 8.....................................................................................................................................................................80
Lesson 31: Determination and description of wind direction.................................................................. 82
Lesson 32: Weather charts and weather conditions..................................................................................... 83
Activity 9..................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Unit 8: Climate, rainfall and natural vegetation.............................................................................86
Lesson 33: Rainfall in South Africa........................................................................................................................ 87 Lesson 34: Rainfall patterns.....................................................................................................................................89 4
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Lesson 35: Difference between weather and climate...................................................................................90
Lesson 36: Different types of climate in South Africa................................................................................... 91 Lesson 37: Climate of own environment............................................................................................................92
Activity 10.................................................................................................................................................................. 92
Lesson 38: What is natural vegetation?..............................................................................................................92 Lesson 39: The relationship between climate, natural vegetation and wildlife................................ 93
Lesson 40: The Savannah grasslands .................................................................................................................. 96
Activity 11.................................................................................................................................................................. 97 Revision exercise....................................................................................................................................................98
Unit 9: Mineral and coal resources in South Africa....................................................................100
Lesson 41: Minerals as a non-renewable resource......................................................................................101 Lesson 42: The most important minerals mined in South Africa and their uses........................... 102 Lesson 43: How coal is formed............................................................................................................................ 104
Lesson 44: Uses of coal............................................................................................................................................ 106 Lesson 45: Location of mineral and coal mines............................................................................................ 108
Activity 12............................................................................................................................................................... 109
Unit 10: Mining and mining environments...................................................................................110
Lesson 46: What mining is and the ways of mining.....................................................................................111
Lesson 47: Open cast/surface mining and shaft/deep level mining................................................... 112 Lesson 48: Pollution, waste and sewage.......................................................................................................... 114
Lesson 49: Health and safety risks for mineworkers................................................................................. 116 Revision exercise................................................................................................................................................. 118
Glossary....................................................................................................................................................120
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................ 124
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Study Guide
Learning objectives What learners should
know at the end of the
lesson according to CAPS requirements.
Lesson elements
Important terminology
Tips
New terminology to assist
Any information other
with the understanding of the subject as part of the lesson.
than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.
Activity Define Definitions of concepts to understand the content.
Questions to complete to
test learners’ knowledge of the completed lesson.
For the curious Encouragement to do
in-depth research about the content. Expand the
activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are
encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded
Core content
Study/Revision
Emphasise the core of
Time spent studying the
the content; in-depth
explanation of a specific section of the lesson;
learners must understand
content at the end of the
unit and to prepare for a test or examination.
exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs
(LSEN): Explain the need to
complete the basic questions to achieve a pass mark.
this content.
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Preface
Prescribed book Recommended books are used supplementary to this study guide. It is always good to refer to other text books, such as:
●
●
Diley, L., Monteith, M., Proctor, A. & Weldon, G. 2013. Oxford Successful Social Sciences
Grade 5. Oxford University Press: South Africa.
Any printed atlas, such as the Oxford Primary Atlas for South Africa.
Introduction
Geography forms a part of Social Sciences, which aims to encourage learners to study their
worlds with fresh, critical eyes and introduce them to a world outside of their immediate realities. Geography is therefore the study of both our human and physical environment. We
investigate different branches of Geography, namely physical geography and human geography.
This study guide will place specific focus on spatial literacy, patterns and trends, with a focus on
Africa and its place in the world, paying specific attention to South Africa. We will investigate
the physical features, weather, climate and vegetation of South Africa. It will also cover a section on the minerals and mining of these minerals in South Africa. This is in accordance with the
guidelines set out in the CAPS curriculum.
Do not merely study the content provided in this study guide. Since Geography is constantly changing, you must also study the world around you, broaden your knowledge through the
internet, libraries and magazines. Most importantly, keep abreast of current affairs by reading or listening to the news a minimum of three times a week.
To make sure that all concepts that are shown in the study guide are thoroughly understood and can be applied, there is an activity after each lesson. All activities in the guide must be
revised for the tests and examinations. There are also a number of online tests, quizzes and activities available for extra revision.
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Study Guide
Year plan
Keep the following in mind when planning your year: ● Be realistic and flexible ● Keep your other subject timetables in mind ● Allow for enough time to study for tests and examinations
Term
Unit and lesson
Date Date started completed
Unit 1: World map and compass directions Lesson 1: Position of the equator, North and South Poles on a globe Lesson 2: The seven continents Lesson 3: Eight points on a compass Lesson 4: Eight directions from a fixed point on a world map Unit 2: Africa, our continent
Lesson 5: Position of Africa on a world map and globe Lesson 6: Oceans around Africa Lesson 7: Concepts of countries and borders 1
Lesson 8: Locations of countries in Africa Lesson 9: Countries with a coastline
Lesson 10: Madagascar and Zanzibar
Lesson 11: South Africa’s neighbouring countries Unit 3: A physical map of Africa
Lesson 12: Reading a physical map Lesson 13: Africa’s highest peaks
Lesson 14: Africa’s three largest lakes Lesson 15: Africa’s great rivers
Lesson 16: Southern Africa’s famous waterfalls Lesson 17: Africa’s great deserts Unit 4: Images of Africa
Lesson 18: Photos of a range of scenes and landscapes in Africa Lesson 19: Use grid references on a map to determine position Unit 5: Physical features of South Africa
2 8
Lesson 20: A physical map of South Africa Lesson 21: Indicating altitude
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography Lesson 22: Physical features
Lesson 23: Naming of important places Lesson 24: Where rivers start and end 2
Lesson 25: Concept of river systems
Lesson 26: Main rivers of South Africa
Unit 6: Physical features and human activity
Lesson 27: Human activities in different physical environments Lesson 28: Influence of human activities on the physical environment
Unit 7: Water, climate and vegetation of South Africa
Lesson 29: Elements of weather and precipitation Lesson 30: Measuring temperature and rainfall and the instruments used Lesson 31: Determination and description of wind direction Lesson 32: Weather charts and weather conditions Unit 8: Climate, rainfall and natural vegetation
3
Lesson 33: Rainfall in South Africa Lesson 34: Rainfall patterns
Lesson 35: Difference between weather and climate
Lesson 36: Different types of climate in South Africa Lesson 37: Climate of own environment
Lesson 38: What is natural vegetation? Lesson 39: The relationship between climate, natural vegetation and wildlife Lesson 40: The Savannah grasslands
Unit 9: Mineral and coal resources in South Africa
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Lesson 41: Minerals as a non-renewable resource Lesson 42: The most important minerals mined in South Africa and their uses Lesson 43: How coal is formed Lesson 44: Uses of coal
Lesson 45: Location of mineral and coal mines Unit 10: Mining and mining environments
Lesson 46: What mining is and the ways of mining Lesson 47: Open cast/surface mining and shaft/deep level mining Lesson 48: Pollution, waste and sewage Lesson 49: Health and safety risks for mineworkers
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Eenheid Unit 1 1 World map and
compass directions
Learning aims After completing this unit, you should be able to do the following: ● ● ● ● ●
Understand and work with a variety of resources – including maps, data and pictures.
Know the position of the equator and North and South Poles on a map or globe. Identify and know the positions of the seven continents. Identify the eight cardinal points on a compass.
Use these cardinal points and identify the eight directions from a fixed point on a map.
Introduction This unit covers a study of the globe and your place in the world. You will learn about the seven continents, how our world is divided, how to use a compass and what the eight cardinal points of the compass are.
Important terminology Equator
Hemisphere Continent
Compass
World map
Ensure you understand all new concepts. Draw up a terminology list for yourself, so that you can learn all the important concepts taught to you throughout each unit.
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Lesson 1 Position of the equator, North and South Poles on a globe
1
Define Equator: an imaginary line on the globe that divides the earth in half, dividing the northern and southern hemispheres
Hemisphere: Half of the world which has been divided by the equator. Generally, the
northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.
People used to believe that the earth was flat, like image 1.1, and if you sailed too far, you would fall off the edge.
However, we know now that the earth is round, like a beach ball, with no edges. The equator is an imaginary line which divides the earth into two equal parts. The top part is the northern hemisphere and the bottom part the southern hemisphere. South Africa lies south of the equator and is therefore in the southern hemisphere.
Image 1.1: A depiction of a flat earth
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Study Guide Northern hemisphere
Equator Southern hemisphere
Image 1.2: The location of the equator, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere on a map
The North and South Poles are the tips of their respective
hemispheres. The northernmost point of the globe is
the North Pole and the southernmost tip, the South Pole.
Equator Image 1.3
Activity 1 Use the words in the following word bank to label the diagram of the earth. Equator
Northern hemisphere
Southern hemisphere
South Pole North Pole
Image 1.4
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Lesson 2 The seven continents
1
Define Continent: a large land mass on the globe consisting of various countries
Core content The world is divided into seven land masses, which form the seven continents. They all consist of various countries, except Antarctica.
Here is a map that shows the seven continents.
Image 1.5: A world map of the oceans and continents
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Study Guide Activity 2 Study the globe and name the highlighted continents.
Image 1.6
[7]
Lesson 3 Eight points on a compass
Define Compass: an instrument used to determine direction
Core content We use a compass to indicate direction. Before the compass was invented, people used the stars as a point of reference.
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A compass can indicate sixteen different directions. This year, however, we are learning the eight cardinal points.
A compass works with a magnet which is pulled towards magnetic north. Magnetic north is the direction or area to the north towards which the needle of a compass points, situated in a specific area near the North Pole. This means that a compass will always point north, and we can determine the direction in which we are travelling using this as a reference. On a compass, abbreviations are used for the different directions. Study the image below. The eight directions and abbreviations used are:
N
N – North
NO – Northeast
NW
O – East
NE
SO – Southeast S – South
W
SW – Southwest W – West
E
NW – Northwest North, east, south and west are the four main directions and the others are in-between directions.
SW
SE S Image 1.7
Tips An easy way to remember the four main directions is by memorising this rhyme:
Naughty
Elephants Spray Water
Image 1.8
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Study Guide
As north and south are most important, the next four points will start with these directions, followed by whichever direction is closest, e.g., NW (northwest) or SW (southwest).
We don’t carry around compasses anymore. If you need to find your way around, you can use the following method to help you find your way:
The sun always rises in the east. If you look at the sun, north will be on your left and south will be on your right. The sun sets in the west, so west should be directly behind you.
Lesson 4 Eight directions from a fixed point on a world map
Define World map: a flat portrayal of the world where you see the whole world in a single view The island of Madagascar is highlighted on the map of Africa below. We must be able to determine direction from any given point on a map; there is, therefore, usually a small compass drawn on maps to help us. North always points towards the top of a map.
Image 1.9
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography Activity 3 Study the map of Madagascar and answer the questions.
1.
Which continent is north of Madagascar?
(1)
4.
Which continent is west of Madagascar?
(1)
2.
3.
5.
6.
Which continent is south of Madagascar? Which continent is east of Madagascar?
Which continent is northeast of Madagascar?
Which continent is northwest of Madagascar?
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
[6]
Revision exercise 1.
2.
Name the seven continents of the world.
(7)
Study the grid below. Use the eight compass points and describe the direction from the house in the middle.
Image 1.10
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Study Guide
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
(8)
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Eenheid Unit 2 1 Africa, our continent
Learning aims After completing this unit, you should be able to do the following: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Know the position of Africa on a world map.
Name and locate the oceans surrounding Africa.
Understand the concept of a country with borders.
Know the different countries of Africa, in relation to the rest.
Understand the concepts, and give examples, of countries which are landlocked or have a coastline.
Know which countries are north or south of, or along, the equator. Understand the concept of an island.
Compare Madagascar, an island country, with Zanzibar, an island which is part of Tanzania.
List and indicate on a map, Africa’s largest cities – including Cairo, Lagos, Johannesburg, Nairobi.
List and indicate on a map, South Africa’s neighbours: Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.
Understand the concept of capital cities and know the capital cities of South
Africa and neighbouring countries.
Introduction
In this unit, we will learn where Africa is on the world map and which countries and oceans surround Africa. We also learn about coastlines, borders and islands.
All countries have a capital city which is the most important city in the country. It is not
necessarily the largest city in the country, but it is generally the centre of trade or government.
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Study Guide
Countries which share borders are known as neighbouring countries. We will investigate South Africa’s neighbouring countries and what their capital cities are.
Important terminology Ocean
Border
Location
Coastline
Island
Capital city
Lesson 5 Position of Africa on a world map and globe When studying a world map, Africa appears to be right in the middle of the world. But it is
important to remember that the world is round and a map is merely a flat representation of this globe. Therefore, there is no real middle. Africa is the second largest continent and Asia is the largest. If you study the map below, you will see where in the world Africa is situated.
Image 2.1: Africa in relation to the rest of the world
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Lesson 6 Oceans around Africa
2
Define Ocean: a very large body of water or expanse of sea which separates the continents ● ●
The Indian Ocean lies to the eastern side, between Africa, Asia and Australia. The Atlantic Ocean is on the western side, between Africa and America.
There are two smaller bodies of water at the top of Africa, called seas.
The Mediterranean Sea is on the northern side of Africa and the Red Sea is on the northeastern side.
If you look at the map below, A is the Atlantic Ocean and B the Indian Ocean, C is the Mediterranean Sea and D is the Red Sea.
Image 2.2: Satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea (C) and the Red Sea (D)
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Study Guide Core content There are two large oceans around Africa. They are the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
Lesson 7 Concepts of countries and borders
Define Border: a line on a map which divides two countries or regions from each other
Core content Africa is the second largest continent on Earth and consists of 54 countries. All countries
have borders. A border is a line drawn on a map. It indicates where one country ends and
where another begins. On most maps, borders between countries are indicated in red.
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography Activity 4
Study the blank political map of Africa below and outline the borders of the various countries in red. How many countries do you count?
1 000 km Image 2.3
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Lesson 8 Location of the countries in Africa
Define Location: the place on a map where a specific country is found © Optimi
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Study Guide
The easiest way to learn these countries is to group them according to their location. To do this, you use the equator as a reference and create three groups. Group 1: countries which are north of the equator, such as Egypt, Libya and Algeria. Group 2: countries which are south of the
equator, such as South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana. Group 3: countries which are found
along the equator, such as Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Those countries along the equator are known as the equatorial countries of Africa.
Image 2.4: Map of equatorial Africa
Core content As Africa is the continent on which we live, it is very important to know all its different countries. This is rather difficult as Africa is the second largest continent and there are
54 countries on it. Here is a political map of Africa, showing all her countries.
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Image 2.5: A political map of Africa
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Study Guide Activity 5 Study image 2.5 and answer the questions.
1.
Copy the table below and fill in THREE countries each, North, South and along the equator.
2.
Name any FIVE countries with coastlines.
(9) (5)
4.
Name an island you can see on the map.
(1)
6.
Name ONE country that borders the Mediterranean Sea.
3. 5.
North of equator
Along equator
South of equator
Name any THREE countries without coastlines.
Name ONE country that borders the Red Sea.
(3) (1)
(1)
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Lesson 9 Countries with a coastline
Define Coastline: the line where land and ocean meet, generally at the edge of a continent Many countries in Africa have a coastline, meaning that one or more of their borders are along the ocean or sea.
There are other countries which are inland; they have no coastlines, just other countries surrounding them. These are known as landlocked countries. There are also islands. These countries are surrounded by water.
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Image 2.6: Countries in Africa with coastlines
Lesson 10 Madagascar and Zanzibar
Define Island: a country or piece of land surrounded by water A country, and even a continent like Australia, can also be an island. There are no other countries bordering them, as they are surrounded by water. © Optimi
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Study Guide
Africa’s largest island is Madagascar. Have another look at image 2.6 to see where Madagascar is located. It is a country all on its own and does not have any bordering countries.
Sometimes islands form part of other countries, e.g., Zanzibar is part of Tanzania because it is so close to its coastline.
Image 2.7: A map showing how close Zanzibar is to Tanzania’s coastline.
Lesson 11 South Africa’s neighbouring countries
Define Neighbouring country: a country which shares a border with another country 28
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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography Core content
Just like you have neighbours living next door to you, South Africa has six countries which share its borders. We call them our neighbouring countries.
South Africa’s neighbouring countries:
● ● ●
●
Namibia
●
Botswana
●
Zimbabwe
Mozambique
eSwatini (Swaziland)
Lesotho
Harare
Botswana Namibia Windhoek
Zimbabwe
Gaborone
Mozambique Maputo
Mbabane
eSwatini
Maseru
Lesotho
Image 2.8: South Africa’s neighbouring countries and their capital cities
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Study Guide Tips An easy way to remember our neighbouring countries is with this rhyme:
MY ZIPPER BROKE NEAR LONDON SQUARE
Define Capital city: the most important city in the region or country Symbol: a drawing which stands for something else Core content Every country has a capital city, the most important city in the region. Usually it is the city
where the government (ministers and president) congregate to have meetings.
South Africa has three capital cities: Pretoria, Bloemfontein and Cape Town. Pretoria is the
executive capital, Bloemfontein is the judicial capital and Cape Town is the legislative capital.
Capital cities are usually indicated by a small black symbol, something like this:
The table below summarises South Africa’s neighbouring countries and their capital cities. Compare the table with image 2.8 and locate the capital cities and countries. Neighbouring country
Capital
Namibia
Windhoek
Zimbabwe
Harare
Botswana
Mozambique
eSwatini (Swaziland) Lesotho
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Gaborone Maputo
Mbabane Maseru
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