ricerche e progetti per il territorio, la città e l’architettura ISSN 2036 1602 Direttore / Editor in chief Luigi Bartolomei
Università di Bologna | in_bo.unibo.it
volume 09 issue 13
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop Ravenna, 8th-9th November 2018
2018, n° 13
Marco A. Bragadin Kalle Kähkönen
Luigi Bartolomei, Università di Bologna
Sérgio Barreiros Proença Eduardo Delgado Orusco, Reset Arquitectura, Spagna Esteban Fernández-Cobian Arzu Gönenç Sorguç Turchia Silvia Malcovati Sara Marini Alberto Perez Gomez Claudio Sgarbi Teresa Stoppani, Architectural Association, Regno Unito
ricerche e progetti per il territorio, la città e l’architettura. ISSN 2036 1602.
Jacopo Benedetti, Università Roma 3 digitale e open access, del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Bologna.
Alessandro Tognon, Università di Bologna
DA - Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Bologna and in the most prestigious international
Editorial
indice
Kalle Kähkönen
index
Alessio Pino,
2
1 to Knowledge Management in
36
Sebastiano Maltese,
Rossana Paparella, Mauro Caini
Giuseppe Montanari
3
5
4 Allocation
Buildings
Ridracoli con il patrocinio di
m a m
al
ru m io
ru m io
al
d
e r sttue r st u a
ru m io
C
at
m a m al
e r st u
d
at
d
m a m
6
E S E N A C E S C EAS EN EN A A .D
. 10 8 8
A .D
. 10 8 8
A .D
. 10 8 8
DIPARTIMENTO DI ARCHITETTUR DIPARTIMENTO DIPARTIMENTO DI AARCHITETTUR DI ARCHITETTUR A A
alm a m alm ater ru md stu aalm mstu ater admioater stu io ru d imo ru m u n iverusi bo ntà iver udnisi iver tàlogna si di tàbodlogna i bo logna
SCUOLA SUPERIORE DI STUDI SULLA CITTÀ E OIL TERRITORI SCUOLASCUOLA SUPERIORE SUPERIORE DI STUDI DI STUDI SULLA SULLA CITTÀ CITTÀ E OIL TERRITORI E OIL TERRITORI
indice index
8
7
Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
nstruction Site
Stefano Politi Fabrizio Sampietro
9
10
116
136
11
Analysis and Evaluation
12
with the Methods Fault
Built Environment
13 Management
Valentina Villa, Alberto Lauria,
14
Knowledge Methods and
15
166
Vito Getuli,
indice
Pietro Capone,
index 16
176
Gabriele Novembri,
17
Framework Agreement and
Antonio Fioravanti
18
A Theoretical Framework
Bim Approach
Paolo Ettore Giana
19
A Literature Review
Kalle Kahkonen
20
Marko Keinänen, Kalle Kähkönen
21
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 9 n. 13
Autori Authors and
Environmental
Engineering
American Development Bank on public procurement.
Transport Roadstructures (University Building Technology and Architecture real word employment and worked innovation and sustainability in the building process and product. Author
Technology.
publications
and
sustainable
design,
currently
general management team and then
Founding partner and head manager
Management.
building technology and construction to University, where he has been lecturer on building technology and project management. Actually, he is
research is related to Management and
participate in several research projects.
Building
Engineer
graduated
with
methodology to public procurement
books.
and he obtained a Second Level Master’s degree in Sustainable improving his skills about parametric
historical heritage buildings” (University Engineering and Architecture at the
prevention in buildings” and “Working
The master degree thesis subject
Florence.
supervisor. Bologna.
9
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She was born in Bologna on the 5th February 1991. She graduated in Architecture and Building Engineering
building construction, construction site Alvise Bragadin as supervisor. She
and Economics at Tampere University interests and activities are addressing
cooperation between stakeholders and
Building Engineer passionate by research and teaching and
single cycle degree in Building Engineering and Architecture at the
the Ferrara University. Enthusiastic about computational design he dedicated primarily to the the management and control in the
designer.
Architectural Engineering. She teaches
is on knowledge management and collaborative environments in the digital transition.
analysis.
Architectural
and
Enviromental
Building Engineer with MSc thesis
project core team, the appearances estimate.
is currently working with construction project systems and innovative privatepublic procurement process.
Monitoring.
on
buildings
sustainability
(Rating
constructions and on the technologies
a user-centered approach.
Bologna.
research topic concerns Digital Asset Management business process
publications.
Building
Milano she worked on sustainability, energy saving and renewable energy in the built environment. At Unibs she
Engineering
degree
behavioral
design
in
in Architectural Engineering at the TLS surveys and on the application
Model
heritage.
implementation.
Management
and
Building
Building Recovery and Technological
land planning and management.
Systems Engineering.
11
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Construction Management Workshop 2018
M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen
Construction Management Workshop 2018
change in the societies, business environments and in the real estate and construction
the sector can be improved only via large scale systemic changes and innovations.
and devices autonomously communicating each other along the value chain (EU,
co-operate with each-others, and with humans, in real time both inside the production
integrating the two systems, physical and virtual, an intelligent system is created.
technologies.
Kalle Kähkönen
13
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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Europe and America when steam power combined with mechanical production led to
Industry 4.0”, indicate that the
Construction Project Management
Smart Factory Value Chains construction companies and their suppliers.
Construction Management and Economics
construction and maintenance.
Smart Factory” in construction, aiming at creating a “Smart Building Site
operations and maintenance.
in_bo
Construction Management Workshop 2018
M. Bragadin, K. KähkÜnen
method based on project activities’ understanding, grouping, planning, scheduling and controlling. The second has its intellectual roots in the social sciences, such as
theories.
theory, respectively the work needed to achieve project objectives and work needed to organise and develop project management processes.
15
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management.
amendments to construction management, or, even to reshape it.
1. Industry 4.0 the construction sector.
• • •
• •
construction site
•
the construction sector
•
process simulation
2. Project Management & Lean Construction
and construction process
Modelling and virtual reality in construction
4. Low – impact building site design projects and urban regeneration construction projects.
• • • • •
• management management in construction projects
5. Facility Management & Life Cycle Planning
management
3. Building Information Modelling& Built Heritage
renovation and conservation
16
•
Low-impact construction site design Urban and building-blocks regeneration projects
• • • •
Facility management operations
6. Quality and Safety
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Construction Management Workshop 2018
• • • •
Quality management
site construction
• •
• 8. Project Management: standards
7. Construction site design and Off-
•
M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen
logistics process
and competences in the construction sector.
• • •
standards Real estate development and construction economics
papers. Those address research results or on-going research activities that are clearly
elsewhere as well.
developments to change the built environment sector”. Furthermore, three industry presentations were given in the workshop. Those were about
17
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committee.
Ernesto Antonini, Università di Bologna Andrea Boeri, Università di Bologna
Marco Bragadin, Università di Bologna Lavinia Tagliabue, Università di Brescia
-
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Construction Management Workshop 2018
Economics
M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen
Construction Management and
Edition
Construction Management and Economics
.
Management
Van Nostrand
Management
edition.
€ BY NC
19
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
1 A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector
allow its introduction in the construction sector. This main topic is integrated with
model with the means to analyse distributed and decentred organisations, and the
the construction sector introducing a spatio-temporal perspective that highlights the the construction process.
â‚Ź BY NC
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector
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T
he construction sector is an
C. Mirarchi
decision support systems. Moreover, proposed an evolutionary perspective
and consumption process in the construction sector dealing with the
project, during each phase are generated solving
capabilities,
understanding
during knowledge and learning processes in the construction sector is
temporal perspective that highlights
time during the construction process. This
paper
proposes
a
novel
the schema to represent the typical
analysis, the second chapter introduces
project and once it is delivered they introduction in the construction sector. organisation schema highlighted in the
documented with the consequence that knowledge remains stored in the minds
vision based on the cultural historical activity theory. Furthermore, starting research proposes an interpretation
� on the construction sector, e.g. Kamara,
management strategies. Robinson et al.
KM in construction projects including
Figure 1: The hypertext organisation schema (Nonaka and Takeuchi. 1995)
organisation schema. The third chapter proposes a spatio-temporal perspective on knowledge creation and use in
work.
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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“ knowledge dynamics. Moreover, the
tract, store, share and update this knowledge, who are the subjects involved, why do they learn, what do they learn, and how do they learn represent critical questions
its analysis and integration making it an ideal candidate to promote the discussion in the research community. The knowledge base layer represents the place where the knowledge can reside and where it can be categorised
• • • • Socialisation is based on direct interaction between individuals that
where the learning process is introduced as a whole. The individuals acting in the team project level can acquire and knowledge creation process needs
usually with analogical and practical means.
the business system level in a complete
The middle-up-down approach that they
the same way, the knowledge created in the project level is interpreted in
a knowledge conversion layer between because there is a change in time and management in the knowledge base when tacit knowledge is shared, it still requires to be decoded by individuals
knowledge construction in his or her mind. Moreover, each subject acts in
the knowledge perception (Tversky,
how knowledge can be converted and
“
”
crucial point. The most popular model
combine
knowledge
through
meetings, and computer networks. The adding, combining and categorising
knowledge conversion process, Roos
mechanism is required.
combination in shared mental models
A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector
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documents, graphical representations, or stories.
level and the knowledge generated by the subjects as a whole at the team project level highlighting its volatility
C. Mirarchi
societal and interpersonal relations in a environment.
S
the above-mentioned principles cannot be directly applied. The temporary aggregation between clients, designers,
companies that can have long histories
and the other stakeholders makes hierarchical roles and consequently processes. Furthermore, the conversion processes, that represent the learning activity, needto be managed in a cross
mediation. According to Engeström and
knowledge conversion model proposed mediation idea, is commonly represented with other partners that are seen as competitor entities.
organisation
schema
connection between subject (“stimulus”
proposed down approach (Engeström, Miettinen,
representation, the business system level is in contrast with the typical project environment in construction processes. its own hierarchical and organisational structure. The knowledge base level is in turn disrupted representing both the knowledge embedded and generated by each subject at the business system
this schema, individuals and society cannot be understood without their mutual interaction and cultural means. The second generation, based on the
analysed the model highlighting its limitations according to the cultural
between individual action and collective activity. This concept was crystallised
proposed
the graphical representation reported in
schema
needs
to
be
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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business system level highlights the centred on his or her community creating a human activity structure.
subjectivity and its interrelation by means
level can be represented as an activity system that collaborate on a shared
highlighting the movement, the evolution
interpretation in the construction sector
object in the interaction between the
object is interpreted by each subject in
Figure 5 can help in understanding the organisational structure in construction projects and the interactions between subjects, it is not able to capture the spatial and temporal distribution that characterise the construction process.
these dimensions. Analyse the spatial represents a critical point to understand
words, “ Moreover, the norms and rules that regulate each activity system at the team project level are generated by the
�.
one place to another and while it moves
business system level and the directions can include several activity systems.
where the construction project is embedded. This interpretation highlights the
Figure
6
reports
a
qualitative
generated during the project activities. activity
systems
in
the
reviewed
At the business system level, each
Figure 4:
in the construction process. The graph communities and perspectives shape the way in which subjects act at the project level and the way in which they interpret and convert the generated knowledge.
processes. The proposed representation includes three locations, namely construction site (i.e. the place where
A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector
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C. Mirarchi
product (i.e. the construction product
can be seen as longer than it is in the this last is designed and monitored and its components are designed, produced
regulatory knowledge through open
the operation and maintenance phase possible ones that can be proposed by
indicates the time correspondent to the process, namely design, construction, and operation and maintenance. The
During the construction phase, the especially in the construction site, there
requirements can be converted in an the construction site is progressively
stored and used through digital tools. For
construction phase are generated problem solving, know-how, know-what
dimension. These include the use in tacit and its collection and transmission proposed representation, the time scale
Figure 5:
a general contractor environment, the site
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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work is subcontracted to various trade contractors on a competitive tendering
stakeholders involved in a project,
organisational schema including the societal and cultural aspects derived
phase the interaction between designers, engineers, clients, authorities, contractor, and subcontractors produce a dynamic
business level where can be established techniques and technologies to document this knowledge asset. The operation and maintenance is distributed in a long time span. Furthermore, once the design and construction phase is concluded, it is interested in the collection, management,
The author argues that a spatiotemporal perspective must accompany an organisational vision on knowledge
This paper proposes a critical analysis proposes a qualitative graph that can possible integration in the construction sector. The above-mentioned paradigm presents several issues
creation and consumption during the construction process. means and environments supported by digital processes and instruments represents one main area in the
other sectors, like the automotive one, collector in all phases including design,
cultural basis can hinder the principles
related to both collaborative and KM environments. The proposed schema
between the involved stakeholders to
schema answering questions such as how can we optimise the integration
Moreover, a quantitative evaluation related to the proposed spatio-temporal
Figure 6: A spatio-temporal perspective in knowledge generation and use
A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector
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, E., and E.
and M.
-
,
. Barcelona, Spain.
, Abdul Samad, and Anssi
-
, edited by Abdul , Lauri, and Ruben
, Bhargav, and Lauri
Shreekanth
Management in the Architecture, Engineering and ve.”
M.
-
-
Automation in
Construction
C. Mirarchi
, and Ahmed M.
-
, and L.
, Abhijeet, Salman
, and
-
-
New Business Landscape
Engineering, Construction and
, D.J., and D.M.
, and Robert
Creating
, Amos, and Daniel
Audit.” struction , Anastasiya, and Alain
Construction Research
Automation in
through Web Map-Based Knowledge Manage-
,
in Taiwan.” Automation in Construction
Interaction
, J.
, and EWork and EBusiness in
S. , and R-L
, Edmund, and Stephanie
, T.
.
.
Beha
.
, Andreas, and Mike
Enginee . , M. B., T.J.
M. Selecting a Knowledge Management Strategy.” In
, L., A.
, E. K.
,
mation in Construction
, and
,
Auto
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
Alessio Pino
2
Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning M
M
one parameter, in order to guide designers towards choices that are consistent with
â‚Ź BY NC
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning
E
very year, the building sector is
which the consequences related to the
M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola
depreciation method.
between maintenance and economic value in a building, is also caused by the issuesin predicting with precision
phenomenon which can be attributed to uncertainty on determining the service
becoming more and more relevant in comparison to new constructions, shown several signals in the last decades.
proposed an application on medical
position on the building, constructive
Their approach consisted in setting the periods between interventions and on a component can change deeply
economic incomes. cost, while management costs, which include maintenance as well, constitute a much more relevant share.So, together with the less and less consistent
variation might apparently seem an unreachable goal.
and evaluations, estimated the mean to state that, in order to reduce the cost compute the negative consequences
in intervening on a component to
components, in presence or in absence
and suggested a model in which the directly to evaluate the most convenient maintenance activity, as it was obtained
substituting it.Following this purpose, muchresearch has been carried out in
taken into account. This makes it less realistic, as even with the same costs, restoring intervention considered. This reasoning can be applied to any maintenance intervention, and between maintenance and building
approach provides the suggestion to obtain similar values by carrying out
two opposite scenarios. The other element is constituted by an encouraging research carried out by
a reliable parameter to compare maintenance choices according to cost, which
actually a standard since a relatively in particular in relation to the cost
maintenance
interventions
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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a painting intervention produces a more and mathematical models that describe interventions on those components.
A
to v , it is possible
less. Moreover, this connection with time is not only in relation to the
these purposes, and to the possibility interventions that have already been by using tools such as the Factor Method or by comparing the results
calculating the economic value related reasoning cannot be applied in the same way to ameliorative maintenance, as it is not true that carrying it out produces little increases in it. So, since
evaluations on maintenance choices.
in every case, and none has ever been any component, it is necessary to avoid
takes into account all the interventions
Av
time ti i
For a given component A, the number
Aj
i
on a component A at a time ti can (t Aj Aj i i
solution could also be represented by consists, can be named vA. Then, during
Aj
Aj
A1
A1
A3
A3
So,
considering a maintenance on the component A, k
Av by the back-discounted residual value
which correspond to the vA
An
An
increase changes according to the time tendency that depends on the typology r
paint applied on a plaster covering v
years, when there is a drastic decrease
k
vA
Av
Aj
.
k
A is increased to n years through a
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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning
M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola
, then it results
k
parameter is constituted by the lowest
between the two is indeed the economic k
component.
are not mutually independent parts
opportune to carry out at the same time works on all the components
•
cornices and balconies with all their components, coverings, downpipes, gutters, etc.
on that k
on the component A corresponds to
over time, indicated as Maintenance k
technological connections, those where two elements are bound to each other, so that it is necessary to intervene on both at the same time.
This means that, while two strategies
by an amount that is equal to the those components, their combination when intervening on plaster, paint strategy is obtained, and this, named k
which the evaluations on the economic based.
•
and so an intervention has to be
might not too compatible, considering
operative connections, related to the convenience to associate interventions on two elements,
the global convenience can be noticed maintenance strategies on the single
As when evaluating the economic
nature, such as provisional works,
equipment, work yard
solved by applying small adjustments
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
single maintenance strategies on the components that have shown to be
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
which is used to determine the increase to the maintenance intervention. Since
course, this process is on one hand easily applicable, but on the other hand hides other combinations which may have higher synergies.
As it has been shown, technological and operative connections make it necessary to consider the combination the whole building together, rather than ranking the convenience on the single components separately, to
intervention, and to the short code that
maintenance interventions has not been implemented yet, the current one only contains placeholders. The
component on which the intervention is component is the vertical enclosure,
machinery
and
provisional
works
the costs needed to put them in use are
Every relation also contains additional strings, as many as the technical corresponding component, which are
combinations, is a task which could
•
•
calculating, within a range, the
•
combining the single strategies on
• •
ranking the maintenance scenarios. -
database schema contains the inter-
Aj
(ti
i
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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning
M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola
can be considered through the strings contains the attributes related to the equipment, machinery and provisional
them will be relevant when evaluating the economic convenience.
equipment and provisional works. The
the strings contain data on their v parameters as they are available in the every time it appears in the sequence, by the quantitative measure that has
respectively the unitary costs which have to be multiplied by the quantitative
same year on components that have an operative connection between them.
the unitary cost corresponding to
Jj
applies to the global cost a reduction , as the i technical solutions, consisting in only one string whichreports spontaneous duration.
i
the single increases are summed to spontaneous duration to obtain the
A
• •
cost between the two. This appears to
the interventions on components with operative connections.
a Ranking Method script to show a this parameter.
• •
produces all the combinations between the arrays containing the previously
solution is necessary to restrict the set
seemed appropriate to analyse its
component, to the ones in which the package corresponds to the chosen
mainly conceived as the practical
combinations corresponding to the
others. When calculating the total cost maintenance activity. The computed set the interventions automatically selected through the package parameter in the
and operative connections have to be taken into account. While technological connections are mostly present between the elements within components, statements mainly stand as speculative hypotheses, rather than being related
l
. components,
operative
connections
possibility to create similar computing
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
Although national regulations have codes and computer languages. programmed maintenance, and in some local cases have deeply enhanced its
buildings are rarely considered an item the users. The same principle applies to
designing maintenance results limited to adapting pre-established patterns to
which could be indicated in a more open
this would be subordinated, though, to indeed conceived as an encouragement to carry out quantitative analysis on planning, in order to choose the most suitable solution.
such apparently quantitatively accurate anticipated
aim,
considering
that
becoming available and comprehensive solutions.
Despite
that,
developing
such data presumably constitutes a
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
in_bo
Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning
. Real Estate
M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola
.T et al.
.
strategies
,
,
.
. metodi e strumenti ,
,
. .
,
.
.
1997. . . and Land Rent. Applied Mechanics and Materials
. La qualitĂ et al.
.
.
.
35
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
Giuseppe Montanari
3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Uav) and Building Information Modelling (Bim) Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli D
S
M
E
M
concerning volumes, mechanical characteristics, monitoring data, etc., it could be able
technological comparison between traditional topographic instrument and the innovative
â‚Ź BY NC
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2018, vol. 09 n° 13
UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli
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A
A. Gambi, G. Montanari
important
structural
elements
(i.e.
works (i.e. spillways, a stilling basin, can be monitored in order to guarantee a important elements can be investigated in static and dynamic conditions. dams is still rare and at an early stage,
innovative approaches beside traditional methods.
an inspection by traditional methods. Although a reliable terrestrial survey accurate as-built data collection, as
Laser Scanner technique, as employed
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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be assumed. The thickness progressively increases uses into the predictive and proactive The Ridracoli dam, managed by Romagna Acque SocietĂ delle Fonti
the base, in line with the arch gravity construction type. The connection
Ridracoli reservoir is to supply drinking milestone managed by Romagna Acque S.p.A.. So it is need to maintain
through the inspection galleries midway between two blocks, in a radial direction and repeated several times in order to Moreover, during the concrete casting
require an innovative maintenance stop elements were placed along the preventive one. That needs the adoption 33Mlm3 about the dam and building a structural
.
stresses under several load conditions.
started in 1975 and it was completed in reservoir became operational.
the surrounding topography on which a 3D model can be developed. This phase
structural behavior over time and, thus, the risk progressive levels which have to
detecteble
in the key section the top thickness The structure. The simple concrete archcurved structure, symmetrical with respect to the main section, resting on a the water discharge throughout them
UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli
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A. Gambi, G. Montanari
is governed by their geometry, with a 3
energy in the stilling basin constructed at dam. Moreover, the dam has a middle height sluice gate, a bottom sluice gate and a depletion sluice gate. The survey. The Ridracoli dam has been
surrounding area at which is associated aerial photogrammetry. The surveyed the traditional topographic survey geo-
between traditional topographic instruments and unconventional traditional topographic instruments are
39
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
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DATABASE
really high resolution. They are the basis
The interactive summary, reported in
summary, hyperlinks connect to the to which the same link is related to. The structure and the surrounding area
Groups 593
and galleries, Fig.3. Tab.1 reports the 3 - picnic area
197
6 - crowning
163
9 - galleries
395
in which are reported, respectively, the
was taken and camera settings such
Total
whole dam system. The criteria are based on the knowledge in which data integration procedure with other data sets, such as design changes. The selection operations are open source 3D point cloud editing and point list picking, Fig. 5b. Subsequently,
that, including a volume, are solids by
mechanical characteristics, interactions important details such as the vertical
UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli
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joints, the spillways, the stilling basin
A. Gambi, G. Montanari
accessibility, would require considerable
is imported in a FEA (Finite Element and management technicians would the properties, the parts are assembled and loads, interactions and boundary
to traditional topographic tools, although
investigating the linear and non-linear
over time and cheaper. Moreover, some
water.
possibility to have a photographic record
a base level by which to monitor
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
the whole dam system which includes a predictive and proactive one. The those which can evolve over time. All would be merged in the same tool, the company archives and allowing the the technicians are involved in, also in model, the solid elements developed
properties.
Moreover,
the
position,
instrumentation can be included and by Romagna Acque SocietĂ delle Education, University and Research structures such as dams is not able
and
a
detailed
three
dimensional
impulsive loading�.
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli
in_bo
, Luigi.,
, Mattia, and
,
,
Geomatics,
, Athos, and Republic. Laura,
,
, Marco, , Aandrea, and
,
,
Engineering. Silvia,
, Marco, and
, , Andrea.
photogrammetry and traditional topographic
, Andrew,
, L.,
, A.,
, Francesco and
, Matthias, , Frank, and
.
, Michael,
models created by unmanned aerial systems
, Elena,
, Riccardo, , Marcello,
, Sara, and
, Damiano, and
and delay and disruption analysis� Engineering
, Kyriacos,
A. Gambi, G. Montanari
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
Sebastiano Maltese
4
Ifc-based Maintenance Budget Allocation
some additional attributes may be associated to elements and stored in custom
during new constructions (to prepare the maintenance plan, as required by current
â‚Ź BY NC
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation
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T
he built environment is currently characterised by an increasing
Facility
maintenance
S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti
management
physical characteristics,it is more and
hand, the building intended as a physical has been employed in order to store
has been associated to components belonging to the same building entity maintenance interventions. For that physical asset producing and gathering
some demonstrations have proved the possibility to implement this approach the current maintenance status has
implementation must be addressed
addresses the issues related to the
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
among project stakeholders(Eastman what
concerns
the
implementation building stocks and their parts into the
has also been promoted through the use beginning, FM has been supported by budget allocation and the prioritisation approach has been tested on a case
Maintenance
Management
Systems
universal approach to the collaborative buildings based on open standards
regarding the asset during its whole
The model and the documentation,
Figure 2: Research schema
Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation
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maintenance budgeting and scheduling
be employed, since it can be associated to single elements (e.g.
this process to other several activities, during assets operations (e.g. space management, contracting, rent,
S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti
a time series ( by using in combination with the property set , which allows to save one or more data with a time stamp (
be assigned and maintenance scheduled. maintenance cost (i.e. maintenance
how to store maintenance operations
The methodology depicted in the previous paragraph has been validated
to work on these data. The entity used The research is willing to overcome an
above the ground and one underground. research, connected to the
by .
operational phase. All spaces and main
developed and all data concerning maintenance management and implementation have been collected and
associated to maintenance operations
each component to be maintained ( synthesis reasons,Figure 5represent the
has been used as
interventions.
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
The data inserted in the model thanks
on 73 components surveyed. The total shown inFigure 6. A simulation with a budget constraint,
curve related to the total maintenance interventions to be accomplished to
Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation
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S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti
interventions carried out with the DM the case study showed the possibility
spending peaks. assets comparison. Thanks to the data inserted in the model To conclude, it can be stated that through the research presented in this paper the
tool or plugin.An algorithm has been developed by the authors, but this has
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
to be implemented into a management market.Moreover, the methodology allows also to reduce the costs related
methodology, it is necessary that the
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation
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S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti
, , F.,
, S. and
, M.
, R. and
, R., Automation in Construction.
, J. and
Automation in Construction
Engineers and Contractors. John Wiley and Sons.
,
, S.,
, J. A. and
, S. and
, X.,
, D. and
,
mathematical models in building simulation. Automation in Construction , A. K. and Engineering , E. A.,
, D. J. and
Automation in Construction
51
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Rossana Paparella Mauro Caini
5
Innovative Approach to the
• • •
empowering and making the user aware, especially in the management phase, depending
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R. Paparella, M. Caini
Buildings
T and
environmental, social and economic he European Union pursues
legislation encourages the construction
decarbonised
solutions are widely used. Smart buildings are created when these
energy
system
and operational tools, with which the sector can be restarted. Aiming at integrating
States will have to adopt measures to achieve the long-term emission target
renewable
sources
and
systems, managed by supervisory and opportunities to relaunch the sector that must be pursued by all means.
the housing stock, which accounted emissions
a smart building, users are involved housing stock. Taking into account
prototype project in order to create lowtypologies, involving the user into a within a pre-constituted grid, its needs, requirements. building, directly related to estimates.
renew its building heritage, giving an approach innovative and oriented to aimed at empowering and making the user aware especially in the management
Technologies, solutions, materials and available on the market, but so that term renovation strategies will have to have clear and measurable objectives, as well as initiatives to support
a concrete application it is necessary
Directive also promotes economically the relationship between technological means more security, sustainability, accessibility and usability. The demand
also including this last aspect in the
air conditioning systems. Among the objectives pursued are also to underline those that encourage the use the initial moment to the building and
sustainability
in
construction
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the operation phase is essential to once the Revit model has been imported, an instant parametric estimate can be generated.
2. developed in the various phases that can
3. quantities to be included in the
1.
4. REFERENCE GRID Residential type
Detached
Semidetached
1
3
5
6
7
1
3
5
6
7
5
6
FUNCTIONAL - SPATIAL
1 Day area
Terraced
3
energy resources in the management
7
Living - Kitchen Dining
Dining
completed. The grid illustrated in table
Master bedroom
1
3
Single room
1
3
Double room
1
3
1
3
Bathrooms
1 Single in
possibly by more descriptive documents, in which, by answering open questions,
3 Double in
• ASPECT
Wood
Shielding system
Whole ceramic
Whole wood
Blinds
Blackout curtains
Aluminium
• Shutters
•
TECHNICAL - ENERGY
1 X-Lam wood
Brick
•
By air Transmittance values Transmittance
Best values Best values
•
to a photovoltaic system with power
in_bo
R. Paparella, M. Caini
Buildings
windows and French windows specially designed is shown.
construction elements, are summary peculiarity is that these schedules,
• • the constraints set out above, to make
Thus, ordered abacuses have been
and technological choices proposed and between
a
wooden
structure
and
The work continued in-depth analysis
meets his needs, but also its cost, thus obtaining a true online estimate. This
have been associated with technological
directly on the network. This computer system will also allow to control costs
are instantly updated.
process has been implemented through
and its cost calibrated according to the
used in buildings were created, and the
online estimate. way has been possible to improve the computation process.
possible to generate computations and complete estimates. The work that was communication between Revit and STR. To do this, we worked in the STR
Following the above logic, the second
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1. 11. 2. 3. 4. 5.
all the rules created are loaded and the automatic estimation should show an image in which he can creating the rules, we need to create will serve as a container to the rules. necessary to create all the articles
and a price. These are the basic parameters that each article must have. Articles can be added, paying attention to the hierarchy that commands them. Subsequently
6. project, it will be possible to import
7.
and, once active, use it.
that is, make sure that STR detect
8.
The imported model is displayed and proceed with the measurements. The measurements must be made by setting the search conditions,
have been generated, they will be
9. 10.
56
be used in Revit.
have been created.
STR
12.
generates
the
Automatic Figure 3.
template has been created and the estimate can be printed and presented.
in_bo
Buildings
R. Paparella, M. Caini
structure.
environmental units, such as living room, kitchen, living-dining room, laundry and power plant, garage and porch.
illustrated in Figure 5.
the cost, on the other hand the designer
semidetached house, Figure 6. The
below. Altitude 6 meter. above sea level,
garage and laundry room and the living room, kitchen, hallway, bathroom.
bedrooms, a single bedroom, a walk-in closet, a bathroom and a lodge.
Figure 6: Semi-detached house model realised in BIM
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MODEL IN REINFORCED CONCRETE AND EPS
Load-bearing perimeter wall and wall
Load-bearing internal wall between heated-unheated rooms
Metal and stone wool structure - 75 mm
Floor on the ground
Mineralised wood wool 35 mm
Windows Air conditioning
Electrical
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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R. Paparella, M. Caini
Buildings
layers, at steady state and at periodic
The construction techniques, materials that the optimal solution is that that
•
•
Load-bearing
internal
wall
bearing walls considers 16 possible
• • the minimum transmittance value equal
• the heated and non-heated rooms. For
• because between environments that have the same temperature does not
The model provides the supporting
and thickness. The package has been
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Figure 8: AAL system scheme
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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Buildings
used in design between the heated and unheated rooms (between living room and garage
R. Paparella, M. Caini
tank is equipped with a circulation pump
The model provides the load bearing which can vary in thickness and thermal
During the design phase it is necessary to make sure that these powers are
the heat pump, which is equipped with also evaluated. connect to the air-conditioning terminals depart. The smaller air handling unit can 3
system scheme is shown in Figure 7.
Kit. The heat pump is equipped with
lower accumulation is the accumulation
provides domestic hot water with a
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The present work, shows how it is according to user needs and aims to
natural ventilation whenever the ambient operating temperature
a smart tool whereby, through an online
distribute audio and video signals. Since the various system components, as commonly happens
technological, as well as its cost. A
• terminals will be installed. Building
•
subsequent steps. The consequences
• the AAL system can be connected to cameras and sensors placed in
•
supplier companies, a single AAL touch has been studied, able to dialogue with all the components in order to have a single building management. For this purpose, it
that will be installed in the building work,
this approach helps to make the planning the user the possibility to choose
open building automation standard, logic. been carried out upstream, with the
• application, it is possible to manage the temperature and humidity in
used.
•
were held between the suppliers to understand what protocol to use in the communication between the home automation system and the air conditioning system.
energy
savings.
The
dimming
already present in natural lighting
•
are elderly or with motor disabilities.
Buildings
R. Paparella, M. Caini
, Feneal Uil , M.,
, M.,
, M.,
, J.,
, M.,
, J.,
,
managers, designers, engineers and contractors.
, S.,
, A., , E.,
, U.,
,
,
, Architectural
, Energy and strategygroup,
Forum.
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6
Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects
The paper will show how a long term project can be controlled using dynamics or according to the project characteristics and duration.
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2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects
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T
his paper is relevant to long term
G. di Castri
term is substantially stochastic. start, it becomes quite impossible, or
well as industrial project, however we
as a project whose duration is more
other, longer term projects. since there is always something deterministic and, on the other side, deterministic. We dare then to propose a new
composed by 15 hydroelectrical projects, 17 power plants (thermoelectric or
allow us to project the past data towards
The historical data we have are generally not enough, in addition short-term statistical data and indicators are not
• • • •
short term be calculated with high reliability and a limited contingency margin medium term durations can change not in a way to impact on the constraint structure long term can change
project can be adjusted during the Even long term project can be duly kept under control, but we must consider
meaning. Sometimes the owners do not really own the time span they need, in some cases the original budget are estimated lower on purpose in order to get a project decision. This has important
projects.
Without
• • •
needed
owners and then in the goals to be achieved through the project (in this case, it would probably be better to divide the whole project in several medium term or long term minor
Major political or economic events,
those
heavily underestimated at the beginning,
beginning, nobody would make the decision to go on and the world, today, would be poorer.
• and medium term, this is to say that deterministic methods are not enough. company, normally “short term” means
The most used deterministic method
sheet, “medium term” means within the
time and on budget. while “long term” means beyond the
scheduling are only limited to work
Every project goes through a stochastic say that short and medium term are substantially deterministic while long
65
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become clearer, this is still a deterministic methods albeit organised into two levels
operational research, that is beyond the
allow stochastic routines and add-ons. method, with the possibility to consider some durations with a stochastic approach.
contingencies and work variation can help up to a certain point, however it
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
quite impossible to make a reliable
motorway or railway projects than can be divided in several sections to be put in operation one by one, being the other sections still not completed or even cancelled. The same has been applied
adjusted through projected economic side, a project like the bridge to connect divided into sections with the same would become quite useless. resources needed, whose amount is
as in the overall project budget. due to owner related events or to major political events, as well as to causes
economic
normally
and analysing is quite completed and statically correct, but they start
• either
the
probability
that
an
•
•
•
are
work processes. Those indicators are quite reliable in the short and medium
methods, as they are known in the operational research, we would like to
•
indicators
the stochastic network creating an equivalent reduced network, that can be managed as deterministic
term projects cannot be managed in a be considered neither in level 1 nor in
simulation
• • •
that are assumed as a sample has
services are varying, the technology evolves, equipment evolves too.
those cases, also budgeting becomes stochastic. maintenance workshop whose contract was stipulated on 1976 and suspended
as well as stochastic methods can be cases the best way is to divide it into
[1] that, multiplied
66
Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects
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budget was again estimated in about 6
G. di Castri
•
onsite (process units), that were
•
offsite (connecting network and
•
utilities cooling
•
services (workshops, warehouses,
and then to re-negotiate the contract. When we investigated into the design, we noticed that
• •
•
the railway signal technology used
calculated considering that the rails be installed by hand, while the
using regression methods and then comparing with the actual data. Some
•
water
restaurant,
system,
emergency
steam
toom,
on mechanical installation was about 6 years, standard workload installation works had had a sensible increase
•
times the estimated cost
the workshop should have been in the to say, contractor should have been estimated cost
the term sub-project was misused. The project controls was based on a project schedule and on a budget, that were
years, but this consideration was on the assumption that no major change happens neither in the world economic system. The same will apply to sensitivity analysis, that makes
value criterion to compare the planned versus the actual cost. When the project went into delay and then toregister cost overrun, although the assumption was still to use a deterministic method, constraints as well as the critical path this is to say that the planning became that such change was never declared
span suspension bridge with a central
A major petrochemical plant in Middle East was composed by 13 process units centred around a steam cracker, 6 utility units and a connecting network
canteen, etc. The project was actually
was necessary to redraw the structure any sense to keep the process units and to cancel the utilities. Simply, the plant would not work. By this way, the scope
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some years.
been better to consider this possibility since the beginning, by introducing
completed.
by taking into consideration a more suitable division into autonomously sustainable sub-projects.
“
A long term project whose scope is quite
time to time the parametres to the [2]
term project is a medieval cathedral
To have an idea about how those a modern project that is more similar to a medieval cathedral than to the projects we are usually taking into consideration in recent times. Thisis in
Barcelona,
whose
The Messina bridge was clearly a long term project, albeit articulated in several subprojects (bridge properly so said, road connection in Sicily, road not make any sense to complete the bridge without the road connections on both sides.
corresponding to the reality, it would have been better to consider the
construction
been consecrated by pope Benedict
only the willingness to build a cathedral. Like in medieval cathedrals, design
Project A
during construction, parts were added
•
gasoline
hydrogen,
LLD
• •
utilities, services. Project B
• construction had to rely only on private not any possibility to make a reliable planning, the work packages were
butadiene, polybutadiene rubber Project C
• •
has been managed. When the works was changed several times, the actual design is not anymore the original one
impossible to make any assumption about time and cost, thedesign was
subdivided into
• death, in order to complete his design.
kept under control section by section,
were still in the strategic phase. Then,
Even now, that the cathedral is already consecrated (business-like, we can say
Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects
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G. di Castri
Note Notes
[1] L.it [2]
La Sagrada FamĂlia is
,
, Flaccovio , John W., Kenneth K.
editor.
,
, Marcel, Stuart , and Eddy , Alessandro, and Aldo
.
Franco Angeli , Roger, and Donald R.
Alinea Editrice
, The
Ingegneria Economica,
,
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7
Multi-dimensional Risk Assessment
and health on workplace topics. “ Assessment ”, “ ”.
risk assessment.
€ BY NC
”, “
”, “
” and “
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Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
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D
promotes decent and productive work
U. Di Camillo
Through these indications we can deduce
to be taken to eliminate or reduce risks the minimum international standards legal requirements in regard to system
are to be used, that eliminate or minimise
highlighted
regulations concerning the health and
not yet been adopted by the national one.
• • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
• • •
many sectors have improved over time
others have remained practically the same
procedures, organisation, health and
out by applying the tools indicated in the construction site in Milan.
Figure 1: The continual improvement cycle (source: ILO Guidelines on OSHMS)
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OUTPUTS SHOULD BE State clearly and precisely what is to be delivered
complete risk assessment.
Measurable
assessment documents, it does not mean that written procedures have to
Achievable
Be within resources, skills and competencies, joimtly determined, challenging
Relevant
Be linked to the unit workplan and be within your job role
Time bound
that are clear, and easily understood. procedures is that they serve as a clear
indirect ones. Regarding this issue the states that “ how the work is done, not just how it poor match between the procedure and that can be done in practice it will devalue the procedure and others and is achieved, in a manner that is clear to workers and supervisors, there is a higher chance that it will be complied with and the supervisors will be more
“
”.
To achieve what is indicated in the an analytical and complete approach
have occurred in the same conditions deeper and more detailed, observing not only the direct causes but also the
” Since the actions releted to determine
1. 2. 3.
recurrence. substandard
conditions.
These
are
Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
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U. Di Camillo
physical symptoms wich can be seen or sensed. Whilst these symptoms can not be ignored, only the direct preventive
elaborated in compliance with the
ensure that recurrence is prevented. occupational diseases when they are the workplace, young people do not have
Recently some innovative elements introduced by TUS have concerned the among the risks also those related to work-related stress, to pregnant workers,
both physically and psychologically, as workers and employers. The European this process and to create in 1996 an agency dedicated to this purpose, EU-
situation they do not have adequate
With regard to the management systems, these regulations recall the
present danger. should be noted that their application in Several European national regulations anticipating possible new and emerging risks through the European Risk
limited. ”
main topics involved in the research and
(e.g. “
Aging workers. prolonging working lives are important consideration may also vary substantially Materials in the correct Environment to
“
• • • •
sensory, decrease due to the natural
• •
began to be evaluated, linked to the ability to support working conditions that can cause physical and psychological
• • •
work in noisy environments or in low or high temperature conditions.
•
Testo Unico
•
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• • •
This concept is closely correlated Mechanical and machinery contacts the substandard act happened or the conditions arose. They are not always
•
with which it was conceived, however, Risk assessment, according to a traditional approach, results in a two-
•
preventive and protective measures necessary to eliminate and reduce the assessed risks are concentrated towards
•
•
no adequate case study to measure equipment and layout, environment,
would not be possible to determine the
to address these risks by carrying out must appeal to technical-engineering workings. For this reason they have belong to protective nature and will contribute to increase the attention
connected to an eventual accident (risk
dimensional risk analysis must deal
adequately taken into consideration,
• vulnerable people, young workers,
•
moreover those that belong to traditional
•
Table 2: A typical two-dimensional risk assessment (source: THEMA)
Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
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U. Di Camillo
individual measures to those already
• • • • • •
lone workers
Their possible presence must induce supplementary
measures,
such
as
The case study is based on the
construction site, as he had to have the
detailed and precise planning and management, especially with regard to the aspects related to the health and
75
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to avoid dangerous repercussions on the
• •
adapting them to national regulatory requirements. The criteria with which it
• the opportunity to use additional security procedures compared to those established by current regulations, to protect both workers and the
The intervention that has been carried
•
76
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
outputs provided by the Deming cycle concepts.
•
circa
•
circa € 3
•
6
has gone through a systematic, cyclic and dynamic approach that involves the direct managers involved in the
1. indicates the procedures to be
Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
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7.
Working
at
height
during
U. Di Camillo
the
protective measures relating to all the risks envisaged in the
2.
•
The outputs challenging are within
•
All the responsible shall sign in the template. The document has a
intrinsically dangerous working phases
a.
risks were those that can be attributed
spatial and temporal planning
objects. To prevent them it was vital that SSW should be in place.
evaluating and adopting the preventive and protective measures relating to all the risks
previously made, as an integrative tool that was considered to be included in the
• the key steps to reviewing the
b.
envisaged. This procedure, already widely used in industrial areas (eg chemical What is highlighted during the meeting
c.
document, just to point out the cogency determines how that job shall be carried adopted and applied to eliminate
contractors involved.
authorised and properly trained people
construction site was a unique tool in the cyclic and dynamic steps.
The criteria with which it was conceived,
Work on plant with live electrical
• • •
3. 4. 5. 6.
•
also take the necessary precautions which they have been trained to take responsible.
• 1. 2.
that these are avoided by using suitable precautions. Those carrying out the job should think about and understand what they are doing and how their work may
•
and to check the quality and quantity
it is necessary that this instrument
•
it is not regularly applied, because it
•
be underestimated by the workers
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Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
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due attention.
U. Di Camillo
•
Register has been compiled, where all done. For these reasons it was considered necessary to assign the chronological order. Furthermore, among the peculiarities systems are to be applied at a particular
has emerged to avoid dangerous
instruction-training session should be done and registered in appropriate contractors. This will apply equally
another. indicated above, but also to respond dimensional risk evaluation according to parameters comparable with those analysis. This step would allow a
•
risk classes and thus lead to a more
on site. For these reasons it was considered necessary to assign the
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The approach used to address the
• •
proper conditions.
a multi-dimensional risk assessment by the contractor involved. Despite a
by the companies involved, since its managers involved.
workers involved. Minor results were instead made in the work phases involved, as the contractors have not always managed to respect
• •
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment
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Bologna. .
, Bologna. (available
.
. , K.,
, J,
U. Di Camillo
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Serena Di Marco
8 Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’aquila
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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila
S. Di Marco
INTRODUCTION
I
Figure 1: Plan of the active cranes encumbrance in the old town of L'Aquila, October 2017
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S. Di Marco
Figure 2: Compartment 9 of the central axis
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(Fig. 01)
(Fig.02)
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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila
S. Di Marco
(Fig. 03)
(Fig. 04) (Fig. 05)
Figure 4: Cranes plan, phase 1 Figure 5: Cranes plan, phase 2
(Fig. 06)
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(Fig. 07)
1.
Figure 6: Typologies of considered scaffolds
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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila
S. Di Marco
(Fig. 08)
2.
3.
Figure 7: Map of the builder skips Figure 8: Three different transit area and temporary storage point
(Fig. 09) (Fig. 10)
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Figure 9: Route A Figure 10: Route B
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila
Figure 11: Flow chart
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Figure 12:
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila
Bibliography
Web sites
La Ricostruzione dei centri storici di L’Aquila e delle sue frazioni
Il Piano di Ricostruzione dei centri storici di L’Aquila e Frazioni
Stralcio degli interventi edilizi diretti nella perimetrazione del Capoluogo Criteri operativi per la programmazione della ricostruzione privata nei centri storici del comune di L’Aquila L’emergenza e l’inerzia. Politica e politiche dopo il sisma aquilano
urbanistico
Manuale di diritto
Tecnologia della produzione edlizia metodiche industriali e tecnologie operative per i cantieri edili Protocollo di intesa Emergenza sisma Abruzzo 2009: ottimizzazione delle attività relative alle misure per la salute e sicurezza nei cantieri temporanei o mobili Procedure per la ricostruzione post-sisma: analisi e proposte
Il nuovo cantiere Piano per la gestione delle macerie e rocce da scavo derivanti dagli interventi di prima emergenza e ricostruzione.
L’Aquila. Non si uccide così anche una città?
Criteri operativi per la programmazione della ricostruzione privata nei centri storici del comune di L’Aquila Libro bianco sulla ricostruzione privata fuori dai centri storici nei comuni colpiti dal sisma dell’Abruzzo del 6 aprile 2009 dell’emergenza e urbanistica
Elementi di organizzazione del cantiere e sicurezza nelle attività edili Non si uccide così anche una città?
S. Di Marco
L’Aquila.
Progettazione esecutiva, progettazione operativa e sicurezza nei cantieri
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9
LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage
and moisture spots caused by condensation
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LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage
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C. Scognamillo
building component. The objective is to a society that sees a continuous and uncontrollable growth in consumption sustainable
consumption,
in
which
environmental and social needs. This is without a thermal insulation system, was
sector, that is responsible at European
to the comparison residential (which
To
solve
the
problem
described
maintenance strategies and constructive environmental resources. The present study is aimed at reiterating parameters relating to the materials methodologies as decision support tools
hypothesised, thus returning, according insulating layer to be inserted in the two
the economic and environmental impact
• •
placing on the cementitious support,
that covers the outer insulation panel
Figure 1: Old demaged sheath Figure 3: Original section
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
time, reducing in this way the possibility This stratigraphy allows to protect layer, retains its characteristics and changes, keeping it at temperatures
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
• •
Maintenance, which includes the
•
Decommissioning, which includes
the sealing layer. To protect the insulating insulating capacity and because it is able
then a heavy protection in washed round gravel, which also allows access to the
resistance to compression and humidity.
analysis and consists in the quantitative The thermophysical parameters relating
bituminous membrane. The decision not to use a single panel is dictated by maintenance and economic issues that will be dealt with later. Moreover, given
entering and leaving the two systems. For this reason it was necessary to associate the materials and processes,
limit
to the data present in the databases necessary step to be able to construct
middle and the others in the corners, at a material the correspondence with the
•
source and the quantity required. Alternative A
BituminouswaterprooEcoinvent system process
Kg
Acrylic varnish
Alternative B The thermophysical parameters relating
We obtain Unit thermal transmittance U limit
Figure 4: Alternative A Figure 5: Alternative B
96
membrane Ecoinvent system process
Kg
LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage
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C. Scognamillo
Alternative A To reduce the environmental impacts due to transport, the materials used Bituminous 76,6 Km
membrane RES U
recovered, as well as processed, within
Acrylic varnish
Malvin
put in place.
Alternative B
Bituminous
Furthermore, the energy consumption demolition
equipment
and
the
membrane
RES U Transport, lorry 3,5-
76,6 Km
15,5 Km
Semac
Roccarainola
RES U
durability, the best results were obtained with the systems where the mantle protected bituminous membranes, ie with traditional stratigraphy and without protection, where the mantle is made The investigations carried out to date, radiations and to the consequent high 1995 include the results published by
must be protected with acrylic paints.
no maintenance intervention has been
to the stratigraphy in which it is inserted cases, according to the report, there are no protection systems.
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environmental savings obtained with the
were planned during the maintenance
•
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
environmental releases to certain impact
• • • • •
• •
impact associated with the systems studied.
•
real environmental balance with the help
• belongs to the materials used. maintenance work were considered sent environmental impacts caused by the two intervention alternatives studied was assessed. This evaluation starts
• • •
Alternative A the insulating panel determined the highest impact values, in particular with
the inventory phase and allows, through During the maintenance phase, the greatest damage was generated by the
For the decommissioning phase a manual and mechanical demolition was considered, with the consequent on the trucks. The materials were sent to recycling
with the protective acrylic paint. danger. With the Eco-indicator 99 evaluation it was possible to quantitatively associate
recyclable materials. Alternative B
was
Bituminous
determined
by
the
insulating
B.Recycling membrane
Trasport, lorry 3,5-
bituminous membrane
Eurometal
carcinogenic damage to humans and
RES U
Trasport, lorry 3,5-
strutture B.Recycling
maintenance
phase
the
greatest
LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage
in_bo
the
impact
categories
have
been
C. Scognamillo
greatest environmental impact. the production phase, the alternative A presented the largest environmental load in
membrane, since it is the only nonmembrane has determined damage to the
remaining materials were negligible. Subsequently, the environmental impacts that compete with the two design alternatives have been traced design solutions and at the same time
• •
Ecosystem Quality, measured in
• •
Resources, measured in MJsurplus. The results are shown as a single
a comparative assessment was made between the two design alternatives according to the environmental impacts
minerals.
19,9
Alternative A Ecosystem quality Resources TOTAL
123,45
105,04
7,67
6,61
136,37
118,31
the vapor barrier.
maintenance interventions responsible alternative A was the design solution and the greater damage to human health
to replace the pre-bitumed insulating Ecosystem quality
acrylic paint. During the decommissioning phase, the
Resources TOTAL
to resources but also in that relating to human health. phase, where the gap between the two alternatives was more pronounced not Alternative B
73,373
particular, Resources was the most
the maintenance intervention with the
Ecosystem quality
35,751
Resources
139,57
TOTAL
318,05
222,123
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2018, vol. 09 n° 13
because alternative A needs more
that they presented the main problems were those related to human health and the two alternatives have been divided two restoring works on the bituminous to recycle the bitumen-based material, painting operations must be added with acrylic protective paint. two years.
Even in the decommissioning phase the alternative B was the most sustainable solution, with a total environmental
• •
Maintenance, which includes the costs triggered by maintenance
•
Decommissioning, which includes phases.
11,1 Ecosystem quality
each intervention, thus obtaining the
Resources TOTAL
24,04
17,91
•
costs related to energy consumption
•
the cost related to the consumption
•
the cost related to the consumption -
Alternative A
acrylic paint
•
-
remake plaster
Alternative B
sary to proceed with the discounting -
rent maturities over time.
remake plaster
Table 8: Phases costs
LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage
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C. Scognamillo
this alternative constitutes the most economically advantageous solution
maintenance phase and the discounted the alternative A, in blue the alternative
obtained the global costs.
Taking also into consideration the interventions.
â‚Ź
5.636,75
maintenance costs, between the two
Maintenance Decommissioning
RESULTS
• •
methodologies to the present study has made it possible to evaluate and compare the environmental and
intensive maintenance activity and by
analysis showed that alternative B represents the least impacting choice
solution to the European purposes
materials.
environmental damage related to the
Ecosystem quality
The greater environmental criticality
Table 9: Phases costs
Resources
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
higher weight. economically
advantageous
solution
approach that allows you to have an
Moreover, the decision to intervene on the building envelope with a thermal redevelopment the
intervention,
environment,
since
involves
decreasing
that is emitted into the atmosphere.
allows to limit the maintenance costs
in the construction phase. Added to this is the need to make the
she is aware that a certain design choice impact on the environment associated
included in the comparative evaluation conducted, with which it was possible to
Figure 9: Global costs
broader science based on the reduction
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage
in_bo
(available
Termotecnica.
Codice dei contratti
.
. , dicembre
(available
Recycle. (available Editore.
, M.
, M. R.
Ed. Franco Angeli.
La Chimica & La , (available
C. Scognamillo
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
Stefano Politi Fabrizio Sampietro
10
LCA Analysis Through a Visual on a BIM Model Case Study
growing concern about environmental issues, they embody a valuable mean to analyse buildings process consequences thus guiding designers towards better and more aware choices.
and automatically update the outcomes when something in the model changes.
selection occurs.
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2018, vol. 09 n° 13
LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:
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onstructions
today
represent
the environmental impacts related to construction materials and products
Furthermore, buildings contribution to global pollution is estimated to reach
within the common design practice, trying to overcome some critical issues to building sector, several Sustainable Development strategies have been
with tools and methods were developed to implement sustainability in the built
application. considering both the recent European regulations on construction materials
For a long period, main attention has buildings operation, thus to energy
rating systems such as LEED, BREEAM
to heating and cooling aspects (Rรถck et
not consider environmental analysis during the design process. The reasons usually concern the high
buildings sustainability and to achieve approaches and technologies have
comparisons. Such tools should evaluate buildings
investment.
the assessment outcomes, provide in
the
design
process
allowing choices.
alternatives.
Among
the
already
two in particular are able to enhance
S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro
in_bo
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
at the same time, the entire buildings method is considered a valuable means to evaluate the environmental impact
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
When employed to achieve sustainable purposes in buildings projects, this
generating and managing coordinated and consistent building data during its
to reduce environmental impacts and established sustainability goals� (Wong
report
several
impacts
throughout
involving air, water and soil quality, thus
energy
consumption
assessment
approaches the complete method. model to sustainability indicators and metrics, can enhance detailed water
and
energy
(Anderson
and to undertake more aware decisions in the early projects phases. At the same time, this approach can stimulate the last decades, crucial changes in the design and management approaches
methodology, requiring a great amount
used in construction into a common
transparency and interoperability between the stakeholders thus enhancing communication and
cycle�
(nationalbimstandard.org,
purposes, once the building is close
the building that includes a variety
processes and technologies able to endorse a systematic approach to able to guide the design process and
Despite being more challenging, the has to occur in the early phases when construction and operation processes dimensional,
spatial,
quantitative,
LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:
in_bo
qualitative, and other data included in a data.
sorted per building materials, components or assemblies.
building becomes a complicated task.
in
heterogeneous
environmental
decommissioning circumstances along with transportation issues
it involves assumptions about materials tools, are still considered among the cycle phases and conducting complete
Anyway, as previously stated, the stages are the early ones, when the project
represents a key issue as it involves redundant and potentially error-ridden
For these reasons, integration between
S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
assessment
techniques
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
currently
products, materials and components but not including study will consider the building
data compatibility occurs, thus resulting
investigation will be limited to the
•
scheme adopted is shown in Table 1.
represents a key element in shaping applications, this paper provides a and it covers a considerable portion
Dynamo, which can interoperate between
•
consumption during the use phase are listed as element to be included in the assessment, this study has been limited to the impacts associated with materials and
related application. related to buildings materials.
undertaking certain design choices at initial project stages or, at least, at those products selection occurs.
• residence, has been developed with
assemblies and attributes such as
•
environmental implications at initial stages.
materials and products alternatives, since preliminary characteristics
LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:
in_bo
Data acquisition is the most conspicuous issue since buildings
envelope materials and products
the most representative data related
spreadsheet
containing
all
the
• “common language” based on data
development.
This
convention
the Autodesk Dynamo visual programming tool, able to associate the environmental impacts contained in the spreadsheet to the related materials and products
is
“Solution”, this study relies on a similar
•
and sorted per singular material or
• application.
S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro
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schedule�. designed
in
compliance
with
the
have been collected, thus assuming the composed by plasterboard structures
and with the latest environmental management standards. When the
Rockwool panels, enclosed in calcium-
With Autodesk Revit, it was possible
coat layers.
building materials generating a “wall
were used as a secondary data source.
LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:
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S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro
Eventually, a structured spreadsheet materials and products environmental
•
materials per category and per
• mark considering the previous
• environmental indicators included 1
•
assigning unique tags to each column in order not to create ambiguities with the Revit model
consisted in the generation, within parameters
able
to
contain
the
This was accomplished through the
script through the visual programming tool Autodesk Dynamo, in order to contained in the spreadsheet to the
•
Detecting the spreadsheet within a
1
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
• • • • •
Assigning the lists content incorporating the spreadsheet data, to Revit detected parameters
•
singular material and per aggregate components. Revit schedules, actually, to run easy operation between the cells. other custom parameters intended
indicator was calculated through the Revit schedules.
Autodesk Dynamo in order to interrelate
to compare and select the materials with the lower environmental loads or
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:
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S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro
impact databases but, when data occurs, they might not allow universal designers on a day-to-day basis without
some step, as it requires manual data
an ambition to provide design guidance materials and products as well as
Further development could boost the leading to innovative, comprehensive and reliable applications.
construction process are available and can be considered a reliable opportunity provided
to
several
order to conduct reliable and, within certain circumstances, comparable
environmental
and analysis completion.
technology can represent a valid means scales. models usually reach only a low
database at a building element level can initial phases.
evaluation, as the project acquires a
literature (Shadram and Mukkavaara,
allowing updates.
progressive
assessment
to obtain comparable assessments, and conventions to adopt, both in the
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standards and regulations depending
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
• outcomes, depends greatly on the
integration employing the proposed
•
•
automatically including aspects
assessment
construction techniques, materials and product maintenance, is still
aiming at providing a reliable overview
initial
stages
and
alternatives. Such an approach has shown to imply
building, thus avoiding manual
•
at
easy access to the actual quantities
assessment variables (e.g. study boundaries, environmental on just one case study does not
economic convenience, as well as some
environmental data processing and its
limitations.
scopes, depending on personal
•
design alternatives, especially with regard to materials and products,
• the conclusive ones, without re-
and products with the unit processes
• materials and product that can be updated with new elements and
is providing a great improvement in
This paper also evidences certain
•
Further developing the interoperability producing a spreadsheet implies a robust structure in naming environmental impacts, resulting in an accurate but time-consuming manual data entry since is still not achievable to obtain an automatic
• still a delicate step since it depends
can concur to the improvement and the
LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:
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S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro
. Green Sustainability,
.
. . A guide
Enhancing . Automation in .
. . .
. Building and Environment, . Renewable and Sustainable Energy , Introduction to the . Understanding and
. Rough guide to sustainability.
,
Building and Environment, .
,
. Energy
Building and Environment,
.
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11 Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the Fault Tree Analysis and the Failure Mode and
supervision during main working phases.
â‚Ź BY NC
116
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the
in_bo
T
he
construction
sector
S. Marchello
has respiratory tract and protective clothing.
intend to proceed with a probabilistic changed. FTA - Fault Tree Analysis, based on a backward approach, and the FMEA are witnessing a worrying increase in
The occupational diseases caused
automobile industries. The analysis is carried out on the three techniques
data related to Mesothelioma cases
the materials and the products to be used, the individual protection devices to be done to operate in complete
cases. About occupational cancers, construction workers are the most
cancer than all other workers.
construction industry determines a
is normally carried out by specialists with dedicated training. The
building intervention where laborers
or without breaking the slabs, and reasons suitable temporary works must
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Asbestos is a natural mineral with a
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
These mandatory communications are preventive, ie they concern activities that have not yet been carried out. To arrive at an assessment on the
gives the asbestos a remarkable mechanical resistance and a high during the remediation interventions, biological agents, abrasion and thermal and mechanical wear, it also has sound-absorbing and heat-insulating properties and easily binds with building
developed over time to obtain objective remediation and describes the technical
materials containing asbestos, the or mobile construction sites provided
• • • •
Regions. characteristic to divide longitudinally, whereby the material maintains the
inhaled, it can penetrate deep into the pulmonary alveoli and be carcinogenic.
Remediation can be achieved by three
dimensional model that has the purpose
•
indications on the actions that must be taken towards cement materials plates with products that cover the
• remediation work. The importance
•
• removal-elimination
and
•
inserted material
material containing asbestos. The calculation is made by adding the scores assigned to the parameters the appropriate protection devices, considered the Framework Law on asbestos as it was intended to regulate
workers.
nature through which the intervention criteria have been established, the operating procedures to be adopted
concerning
taken in materials removal work.
•
graph, and the scores attributed to the
materials
containing
• actions to be undertaken correspond.
Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the
in_bo
S. Marchello
Language
• analysis, assessment and subsequent
•
to have methodologies and support tools that, through the acquisition
• evaluate and manage in scenarios
• • • the risk assessment process, to provide risk analysis and management and Analysis system are the correct initial small business types where the risk underestimation could be greater, microactivity in which the error resides.
FMEA and FTA, already used in reality by greater risks. The research activity
• •
dei guasti
With this study we intend to proceed with a probabilistic risk assessment, using the Risk Analysis tools.
•
a preventive study aimed at eliminating critical system issues
•
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symbology, as are the logical gates that connect events to one another. There undesired event to determine (or rather causes in a systematic way, through steps. The Fault Tree Analysis was developed
over time shows that the interest in the FTA is not declined, but currently remains constant over time. As with any new discovery, there have been criticisms over the years, but the the FTA have discredited the arguments against it. Thus the FTA has become used internationally.
to the universal system, not just to the within the same company noted the results that this program was able to provide and began to use the FTA
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
its characteristics can be evaluated using the Boolean equations. The events correspond to the variables
between the events, corresponds to the the intersection between the events, corresponds to the product.
The basic concept that drives the
Failure tree analysis was, in the mid-
preceding. That is, you should not jump directly to the root causes, but you When the Top Event equation is steps through the causes immediately
it was used to evaluate the probability steps, will end with the basic causes Moon and their return to Earth in good condition. The result was a probability
set. analysis. The FT is presented as a graphical
unacceptably low, against the decidedly
these diagrams can be grouped into 5 event, top event, undeveloped event and conditioning event. The events are located in the tree with a precise system.
Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the
in_bo
hours worked. The relevant time interval considered corresponds to the duration
assembly, installation and control phases. The FMEA originated in the United
space missions. the automaker Ford to reduce the risks
FMEA. by
various
quality
management
S. Marchello
in_bo
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
methodology, a quality management
The developed approach involves a probabilistic risk assessment, using the
average square deviation (indicated
or service to a certain level, particularly
Analysis. The analysis is carried out on the three remediation techniques, carried out, the products to be used, the individual protection devices to wear
are determined.
To carry out the analysis, a work carried
building located in Minerbio, in the occurring the cause.
through the controls normally used in the process. These indices are evaluated with a
rate and relevant time interval. The
each other, whose study represents
strategies. Knowing how accidents prevention and protection action, but corrective actions must be decided to accidents in order to make them prevention, through adequate training
Detectability. reported in the individual complaints are traced to codes and constitute an analysis. Within its database, which can and to highlight the items on which to intervene subsequently.
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the
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S. Marchello
prepared containing all the possible events that cause the injury and the material agents involved in such events.
The Top Event is represented by the and the material agent involved in the
calculations is obtained. operating phases during which the Top in the construction report based on we want to impose that the TE occurs
with
the
encapsulation
technique
• • • • • • •
Maintenance and control.
Fault Tree Analysis to remediation by encapsulation.
system component, so they must be
in_bo
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
with the B the basic events and with the could be avoided through preventive
Then it proceeds with the qualitative evaluation using the Boolean equations,
there is no control during the work, otherwise the error could be noticed. This proceeds with the construction
million.
construction site.
represented by basic events that can
waste. the Top Event, the event descriptions are replaced with the corresponding codes. results obtained.For the encapsulation, events were indicated with the letter E,
could be avoided through preventive maintenance or control.
Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the
in_bo
S. Marchello
event becomes a condition to be
control during the work, otherwise the error could be noticed. This proceeds until the causes are all represented by developed.
the Top Event, the event descriptions are replaced with the corresponding codes. events were indicated with the letter E, with the B the basic events and with the
• • • • • • • • •
The same analysis procedure was
using the removal technique involves
the coverage, which represents about
• • • •
• • • • •
Undressing.
During the remediation through Removal the most risky phase is the
in_bo
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
the
remediation
through
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Removal
however be considered that the Encapsulation phase is present in all carrying out the work, so it was obvious
statistical data and the data collected by removal turns out to be the riskiest manipulate the asbestos-cement slabs.
Analysis techniques is a valid choice to make critical and reasoned choices in -
thus allowing a meticulous evaluation vene on individual events by making preventive changes. ads to an accurate analysis because the FTA method, which represents the most
makes the analysis chooses to take into consideration. Another consideration to make is that the preponderant component is the worker and is associated -
companies carrying out remediation work on materials containing asbestos
product between probabilities related to
almost impossible to obtain because it
-
-
the risk and its causes, while the FMEA -
would lead to even more detailed and precise results. Finally, it is important to underline that, however precise a risk analysis may
keep under control. data and the data collected in the litera-
its consequences.
numerous uncertainties.
into consideration when doing an analy-
FMEA analysis techniques, a more de-
asbestos-cement slabs.
ensuring the most precise and objective like reality.
Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the
in_bo
,
,
Scuola Edile della provincia di Modena.
,
,
,
, January 1976.
, master degree thesis in Architecture and Building Engineering (M.
, ,
, Dario
Bologna.
, Maggioli Editore. ,
,
,
,9
, Roma ,
, .
, Eidgenรถssische technische
,
,
,
,
, , master degree thesis in Architecture and Building Engineering (M.
, dispense
Bologna. ,
,
,
,
,
,
, 9 novembre
,
S. Marchello
,
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
12 Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment
methodology between digital surveys and their derivative 3D abstractions, not a
are in development all over the European countries. Thus, this paper delves into
more and more interconnected semantic technologies, proposing a consolidated models. Moreover, the data interpretation operated by machines could be the most the knowledge contents about buildings and monuments will be no longer intelligible
â‚Ź BY NC
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment
in_bo
a data management process actually
objects onto laser scan survey data� as
S. Garagnani
interventions on constructions. Many
especially all over the north American in Europe, its real potential has been
and man-made digital abstractions
using accurate tools and consolidated be backed by today’s computational laser
scanning,
as
suggested
by techniques applied to the already built
or
digital
photogrammetry
(whose restorations and renovations lead to a
buildings is still challenging, since the point clouds produced are then compared to new construction tasks,
and better estimations on costs and resources.
sources on techniques adopted and process aims at a general abstraction dedicated to the built environment, in
to author lean models whose elements
are almost missing or unshared across
architectural meaning related to their
in progress all over Europe, particularly on monumental sites or consolidated urban areas.
documentation or numerical sources
survey and digital representation, in is more in general a process whose misunderstandings
in
terms
and
as
reported
by
Eastman,
Sacks,
the actors involved in the process. The misinterpreted,
improperly
used
to
building, where perhaps 3D parametric primarily a database in which the
parametric objects, based on historic architectural data, in addition to a
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
behaviors over the long term. These words are paramount in the built environment, since they represent
many issues connected to the maturity
monumental or placed in historical where all the data pertaining to the subject, its development, its inner historic essence and the evolutions that occurred over time can be shared practitioners
using
the
common
constructions, considering the digital
introduced considerable changes in (paper
documents,
photographs, in which the building process is traditionally conceived by the involved operational practices towards original ones, implemented with advanced tools able to relate to each other through
on the other. Technical English, as a
the process that can be implemented at an industrial level through which languages.
relationships. From a commercial perspective, the
are assisted by digital technologies (in asset initially in the public procurement adopted also in the private sector.
several levels to combine the initial
that must be designed and that can
model to the real built architecture.
socially and productively.
individual industries cannot approach
Italian building by S. Garagnani, 2015).
Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment
in_bo
S. Garagnani
are pushing survey technologies in
inclusive data models, progresses are encouraging, as written by Xiong
The continuous data browsing and
and data sharing in mind as quoted
transition as pointed out accordingly by many European best practices and regulations, which are introducing data
the whole process is necessary.
process
among
operators,
when
hard to comply with predetermined
or restorations have to be prepared sources.
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to walls, trusses distribute their loads
components and their preservation are variable parameters, their semantics can be similar. This way, components’
just like the ones used to design new
in data layouts. Many case studies were
representing real elements are needed. Again, components have to be acquired and prepared. As a consequence, three
by
the object shapes, knowledge about their identities and knowledge about the relationships between elements. While the last two aspects are generally
“smart
objects”,
architectural
semantics and undergoing analysis and with each other. Smart objects are they contain not only a morphological built environment is although very parameters, but interaction routines as well (e.g., doors and windows belong
smartphone’s sensors detect all the head movements, so the model view is changed accordingly (Survey campaign, data processing, app development and BIM
Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment
in_bo
S. Garagnani
various stakeholders (maybe interested with other components, materials and “smart� components, slightly lighter in computer’s memory and much more editable than point clouds or polygonal
human operators cannot be directly
aimed
registered and divided objects can be studied along with their relationships,
into segmented elements , many
these aspects represent important
studies during last years on historic buildings can be proposed as a
consolidated
Following
a
methodology
approach,
segmented
regular parametric elements on the The applied and severely tested pipeline which architectural monuments are
survey, in which architecture is captured in its morphology, where materials, colors and shapes are documented
task and, generally, they can import
done by hand, then heavily subjective, time-wasting and almost inaccurate. To
relationships between components, as
applications by commercial houses will probably make this approach
on registered point clouds has to be documentation and investigation. heterogeneous, unsorted data set. During this stage, points belonging to
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The process, the common language that would allow data sharing becomes
author
would
like
to
thank
participated and collaborated over the years on many digital modeling
collected on the as-built constructions could be processed by machines principles
able
to
aggregate
and
and churches (just like the sluice presented in some pictures along this
no.31 in BolognaFiere (presented at the
time digital simulations that are a and architectural intents, as widely
digital transition in the built environment is perhaps the data interpretation as a prerogative meant to be a human knowledge contents about buildings and monuments will be no longer intelligible only to the human perception, through a shared digital language,
intervention through many alternatives, restorations and renovations.
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment
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S. Garagnani
. Applications
John Wiley
.
,
.
, Elsevier,
,
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13
A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management
commonly recurrent in construction sites and in the advanced one are implemented. The
workmen and environmental quality. Moreover, the possibility to control the warehouse economic gains.
â‚Ź BY NC
136
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A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management
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tangible
processes
innovation
L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini
and the asset are attributable to design.
sector, since it allows a coherent and is possible to considerably reduce these errors, thanks to the continuous This paper aims at highlighting the
making decisions without considering their impact on the other disciplines. or incorrect documentation, especially when there are tight deadlines to
At this very important moment in is essential to support decision-making.
in construction processes provides stakeholders with the opportunity to understand and support decisions through a computational approach. The most recent legal provisions also
some critical aspects are also unveiled and suggested.
limited to the design and construction
separation in use between design and construction has led to an ongoing lack
contractors and others still called construction sites in general reveal a requires a unique strategy (Love et al.,
processes, their relationships and the transposing European legislation, the
digital transition pushed by regulations also increases the probability and
approach
in
public
and reality. This merge is constantly increasing, thanks to the development
procurement, phases.
Although
many
studies methodology in this regard. Many
most important and strategic works
known about the real costs associated applications to convey the project to the to estimate and measure these costs
this process, it is necessary to enable in the construction sector account This crucial operational change is also impacting the construction companies, called upon to change their structure
themselves and other actors involved
discussed and approved. Building Research Establishment, in
phase, the project developed by means
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be used in the construction phase. the works and, on the other hand, it
the operational managers, the site inspectors and the works manager.
towards the smart, or beyond, towards the cognitive worksite requires a robust methodological basis, a greater attention to the management and
construction
actors involved in the process.
time, equipment and employees. The
managers
are
also
are not able to provide added value dimensional representations. Although
customer, on the other hand creates the
congruence between the documents, the projects drawn up may contain construction sector, which has remained
validated through these three phases, it can be placed on a competitive basis. The represented design is used by the selected company to carry out an
to the graphic one. data allows us to develop increasingly
that is most suited to the realisation checking the materials used on-site to ensure that they meet the design
and overall costs, which means the equipment and employees. Through the activities, inside and outside the site, procedures, is now possible mostly as
gradually corrected to respect time and costs. These issues are becoming project and, consequently, the contents
project grows, requiring a systematic smart site is a connected site through speed up and increase the productivity
A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management
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cognitive site goes beyond and applying machine learning algorithms could learn by the data and predict issues and propose solutions increasing to a
non-compliance with prevention and protection procedures. Users can only access data using
L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini
on a civil construction site, but in the
procedures.
allows to manage three-dimensional
regulated in order to keep under control all the processes that take place in situ.
way, it is possible to simultaneously control multiple sites located in areas
permits.
anomalies in the construction sites. These structures are able to locate in real time, both indoors and outdoors,
system
would
involve
the
incompatible and not interconnected
is made possible by an interconnection network that can detect the presence
installations. The positioned devices connect autonomously to the others
as well as materials with presence control and access authorisations to the various construction site
would ensure that the actors in the people oversteps the personal privacy used to manage the various aspects the aspects listed above are just some
entrust each workman with a user with certain characteristics that he or she
and resource management, which are many companies are moving to set
the administrator allowed to link the the compliance with the requirements by monitoring in real time, with wireless compliance with prescriptions. These multi-level architectures are able to record and analyse data in order to obtain statistics on site behaviour and, reports. This structure acquires data connects and locates sensors, tags and badges, developing data management
includes machine learning algorithms to introduce a responsiveness related to
real identity.
are delivered back to machines or
in a cognitive concept the machines and materials can implement their intelligence through data analytics and machine learning to introduce predictive logics.
the surveys are analysed in real time,
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The adopted methodology pursues to such as sensors that could be used to locate materials, people and machines.
is wide and in this paper a short introduction has been given in the paper is to describe some case studies about how to use the data gathered model to control, enable and implement site. Four case studies are described in
controls are structured by colour codes and actuations could be implemented towards the communication architecture pervading the construction
simulated and written in a database
and actuation or a control system about environmental conditions, workmen’ implemented.
controls and actuations.
1. 2. 3. 4.
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possible applications highlighted.
approach are wide considering the data that can be gathered by sensors installed and the environmental control
implemented to monitor and decrease
temperature and relative humidity have been used as main control parameters simulate the data collection by sensors
The reported ranges state the correct conditions and thus the colour code “green” is displayed, while the values are lower or higher than the thresholds the values are reported as not compliant and consequently combined with a “red” colour code. The data have been as repository as shown in Table 1.
as and promote a tailored service to relocate resources which could have problems with indoor and storage conworkmen in the construction site areas.
L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini
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The second simulation is about the in the construction site related to
corresponding to masses and the
monitor the environmental condition
model in the Autodesk Revit authoring been applied to the construction site
the simulation is shown including the The simulation allows to understand areas in the construction site however
processes and location. The masses
however the areas could change during
avoid methodological discrepancies or inconsistencies.
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control to restricted access areas. The and man down signal converge to the
colour code.
light or correct procedure and “red� light or the man down signal as shown in
emergency level however it could be
important issue and accidents and controlled by using sensors to delimit
connected to the sensor in the machine
The process could be supported both outdoor and indoor. The actual converted with a dynamo script in the
L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini
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to solve. The simulation could be used to enable elements in the construction site such as pillars, beams, etc. adopting a control procedure and a colour code to highlight
the construction site in a congruent and relevant manner to unveil issues. The
The
cognitive
construction
site,
however the interconnection between gathered by sensors that could be installed in the construction site enable
productivity and decrease time and improving environment conditions, controlling and actuating actions to correct uncompliant conditions,
through an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics.
procedures, locate in the correct place incomplete, not available materials
sensing the procedures and materials, tracking machines and workmen to
The paper shows some case studies
workmen and elements that could be
The authors would like to thank the
supports the project management and
Silvia Mastrolembo. A special thank
develop the visual programming phase.
A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management
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.
,
J.
.
,
Measurement , Lean Your Corporation . Managing
L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini
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14
Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs
modeling and structural analysis. This academic approach, based on generative
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2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs
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in particular timber trusses, is present in
studies have deeply investigated the geometry, the structural behavior and the
structures are usually hidden and don’t
damage, with imminent consequences compatible with the standard procedures and it is based on an accurate
and partial replacements over time. To
it is possible to go back to the original
building.
precise analyses on the rheological and
model.
L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati
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They are commonly used to cover big
are conceived both as planar and tri-
The ability to redistribute the vertical thrust on lateral walls gave success to
the architects used to solve the
their ability to produce and assemble
distinction is made between open joint to build slender elements, they didn’t known table by Sebastiano Serlio, titled armamenti di legname, the architect know how to manage it according
open joint trusses (capriata a nodo and the tie-beam is made through a not nailed steel bracket with the aim
Southern European trusses are usually heavy structures, made with hard wood,
any measures other than those in the
carpenters. The same statement can
some bending moment in the element. or without braces (capriata semplice
continuously monitored and eventually replaced with new members, according
collar beam and queen posts (capriata
necessarily architects.
and show truss-beams and closed joint 15 meters. Beyond that dimension, it is usual to observe additional elements.
local culture, and how much the carpenters were travelling, spreading
A key issue in trusses construction is
The construction and maintenance
relation to the tie-beam. Some authors Europe, as well as in most Architectural the king post rests on the tie-beam
wood were available, usually hardwood
Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs
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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati
There are various manners Bologna the same structures have been walls support the beams, they which method pleaseth me very much, because the
some beam should rot, the
elements
through other supporting elements
danger
were
disassembled
and
humidity or animals, they were cut, shortened, turned upside down and eventually replaced.
joining wooden elements is completely plates and the possibility to check every essential over the years to ensure a
European trusses tend to become and the energy consumption became a
trusses, is based on the analysis
structurally indeterminate systems into manageable and computable truss diagrams. The technical
in shape occur both at local level, i.e. in a single element, and at global
two dimensions. The global behavior, provided by movements and reciprocal
building mainly depended on the good
due to major displacements or material damage. Maintenance planning always
in its virtual plane.
visual inspections.
construction leads to interventions
membranes have increased the weight
structures that are radically changing the
and protection, in such a way that well-
that would be almost unworkable
architectural surveys.
durable than the past, not having the Bologna, as we have observed, have through discontinuous elements like to hidden spatial structures as timber
the structural behavior, both locally and
that have created problems not only to
small sealing bricks or stucco pieces onto the space underneath, especially
building.
have a protection role until a certain
dangerous in rooms and halls occupied
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in which 3D surveying instruments and reverse engineering techniques have been used. Reverse engineering
aspect that in the past was tolerated, nowadays is not accepted. For this preliminary visual and technological
aimed at producing or modeling a new object with similar characteristics. that needs to be reproduced, the The procedure can be graphically survey procedure has been set up, tested and developed by subsequent
models. The models are used to carry out dimensional analyses, replace the case studies, but can be easily
The case studies are represented by a
completely new parts with improved
provides
many
outputs
(photos,
supported by timber trusses. The most interesting structures belong to the
Depending on the equipment, a preparatory inspection is essential to
the results allows to depict coherent Domenico. These buildings are built naves have unusually big dimensions
and achieved results (green).
The method has been developed through
session is carried out using a laser scanner. For the churches we used the
Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs
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lightweight and easy to use instrument
completely available and it is not necessary to come back to the survey
L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati
and gives a very detailed representation
preparatory activities and the dead time between each scan station. The might be called reductio ad unum,
are aligned to generate point clouds,
whereas there might be slight but
modeling tools algorithms.
with
generative
cloud only the portion representing which documentary and photographic consolidated dataset helps to ensure The rendering phase leads to three
drawn up. Some considerations can also be
to the sectioned elements, remaining as orthogonal as possible to each section.
where other tests should be made with non-destructive methods, in addition
takes place at the original coordinates
the three stages is associated with
outputs can be stored independently or
moisture content values and moisture
The qualitative analysis involves the
grade or strength values to be used in
qualitative analysis, the digital modeling
the result model is automatically generated and it depends on the initial parameters set manually.
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representing the truss rendered with a Subsequently, it is possible to make truss always lead to incongruous used is decided in order to have the considered also as a new starting section curves are implemented as input parameters. This means that
monitor its behavior over time. This
the proposed method.
techniques. The ideal 3D model is conceived with
Domenico in Bologna, corresponds to to be able to highlight all undergone that are the input parameters. Then the
possible to compare 3D models with the original point cloud in order to highlight available data on the truss original
input curves, the algorithm calculates and then traces a polyline joining the
to be made in order to proceed with This ideal 3D model is the one that
basic principle is to bring the basic 3D model, to a pre-condition without other words, to what it is supposed to
beam. To create knots, section curves intersect another crossing beam. The
knowledge that is traceable, objective, comparable and available at any time. This operational method is not linked to
construction.
Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs
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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati
outside the truss plane. member is carried out. The main
due to bending moment. This process
each member is made with only
have been rotated as to reach mutual orthogonality. This step is carried out
perpendicular line passing through the
vertical plane passing through both the
planar. plane,
passing
through
both
the
the tie beam on the masonry walls are rotations occurred. it is assumed that the displacements and
modeled, which highlights the occurred
each truss and the detailed ideal 3D
the truss passes through these points.
Figure shows how the basic 3D model,
situation are overlapped to highlight
the
supports
are
negligible
step is carried out using the reverse model, in orange, highlighting rotations
control points. The deep blue and red colors represent the interval between 5 and 7 cm.
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report, in chromatic scale, the deviation between every corresponding points
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
them using control points. By using the annotation tool, it is possible to measured between the corresponding
model is still under implementation.
to be detected is set manually, in the chromatic scale, in order to have a be to operate the comparison between An aspect that is considered in the structural analysis is the long-term
between trusses.
hygroscopic phenomena. The viscosity to
highlight
locally
the
numerical into high consideration, because it not enough. Static geometries won’t intersect with native elements and are
interpretation provides both qualitative eases an accurate and widespread
viscosity is detected through the abovesolution. But then, any design change
each truss underwent over time in the
humidity under the saturation point is also allows the designer to update
and highlighted locally, as well as
design changes while all parameter values remain in place. A designer where
Dµ
is
the
time-dependent
their geometries to one Revit instance.
projection planes selected by the user due to mechanical loads, temperature approach, systems are coupled through in addition to the deviations’ graphical
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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati
Figure 9: 3D model to be translated into a BIM model.
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The
geometrical
results
have
led
system, directly instantiating geometry
general terms it was possible to detect graph-based system typically generates
were conceived to stop or, at least,
joints was reported. The method that
years, detecting the variations. With this procedure it is possible to monitor
in such a way it is possible to detain displacements in a whole perspective,
instance under normal conditions, it is such a way the maintenance costs can this deep analysis should not substitute a material and local survey.
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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati
Capriate
-
-
-
. Wood and Fiber
Technology, Engineering, Materials and Architectu.
-
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Valentina Villa Alberto Lauria
15 BIM-Based H&S Management for Facilities. Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants
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building maintenance operations that
research is to use the dynamic and intelligent approach based on the that can be used to choose the most appropriate systems, in order to literature there are many papers and workers.
into account, the FM phase generates
research that deals with both these who deal with all that is contained in
purposes, it is estimated that the cost attributed to maintenance activities maintenance phase, which covers the total production (Muthu, Devadasan, The idea is to use the possibilities provided by parametric modelling to higher than the initial investment costs to be maintained. The proposed theory is applied to scheduled maintenance Maintenance makes an important contribution to the maintenance and
documents, the Building Maintenance
must be linked together. During the
maintenance costs have increased
these data, it is not surprising that a
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design phase, who prepares the work building, leaving the operator the burden protective measures in the building or the measures necessary to carry out
and protective measures prescribed by
is structured in sheets, which try to
another document, complementary to
disciplines, there is a growing interest
the documents in which the technical This document is regulated by Article
be carried out on each individual product present in the building, as
and protective measures endowed with
on the work, such as ordinary and as
other
subsequent
interventions
to work. For this reason, a single sheet describing the preventive and protective
because the same lamps may have
The procedure described in the decree
updated with respect to the evolution
be managed and updated throughout
BIM-Based H&S Management for Facilities. Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants
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V. Villa, A. Lauria, C. Caldera
the cars.
above mentioned provincial road. An aerial road conveyor, crossing the assembly lines in a bilateral sense. All the other connections, both pedestrian and by wheel, were sent back to an underground tunnel. structure was built, in continuity and combined with the slab line, to house
operating site (near the civil buildings
moulding centre and Magneti Marelli suspension systems remain active at
plant, through the deposit at the local
and F into a logistical warehouse and
the asbestos reclamation and the technological systems are underway.
works and technological systems are underway. Pavilion D was modelled.
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and their placement in the archive to help the operators who will have important document, which contains all out maintenance and intervention on in cards, dedicated to each work that
protective measures regarding access the architectural and static structure in which it will operate and the systems
at a height, it is necessary to provide allows maintenance operations to be carried out on plant or building objects
account the surrounding area.
intervention, together with the risks emergency situations. used, links to the technical sheets
relation to the height above the ground Director. But above all with the model you to evaluate the most suitable preparations to intervene ensuring the
Rivalta. The rules inserted in the model
script. appropriate thresholds, which will be the most appropriate preparation to be object in the documents to be printed,
Together with the symbol that represents the most suitable preparation, all the
all the instructions regarding the correct
BIM-Based H&S Management for Facilities. Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants
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by attempts or tests on site. the navigation inside the model with the augmented reality, it is possible preparations, chosen in relation to the This system makes it possible to
as shelves or systems, the planned preparation can not be used and, consequently, other systems must be imagined to allow work at height in
which does not meet the actual needs to improvise each time, increasing the
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has
a
good
bibliography
in
the
place where the operating teams are
in this paper, although embryonic
the workplace. Future developments
operation and maintenance.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. Benchmarking
. -
.
.
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Vito Getuli Pietro Capone
16
A Project Framework to Introduce Virtual Reality in Construction Health and Safety
-dynamically included in the building design, planning and construction- could reduce site accidents as well as increase the site productivity.
management practices. For this reasons, the presented contribution starts with a
insights into the way the real construction site works.
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V. Getuli, T. Giusti, P. Capone
and even more by site workers.
are many proposals that use new models and technologies to assist
technologies seem to be to the
3. 4.
purpose, clash detection is monstly planning and management which includes three main research
to look at the root causes in order to develop appropriate research and innovative applications able to
a.
generation
and
to simulate construction activities’
b.
to maintenance. Such causes may
congestion and spatial temporal
workers’ training.
temporal overlap between tasks
5.
construction companies involved. The
6. 1.
able to provide simulation virtual
2.
7.
3. 4.
intelligence methods or rule-based heuristic approaches.
shallow risk analysis inconsistent
1.
improvisational capabilities and their
construction
projects
have
a
systems and models that take
risk assessment. The integration
been proposed in literature. These models, somehow integrated
and a digital environment to share knowledge among site managers and engineers has been proposed
the site personells. They are mostly
2.
h. computer programs to asses a
materials, workers and machines’ real-time dynamic position tracking during
167
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i.
in the construction site due to automatic obstacle detection
j.
to take building design into a 3D virtual environment with all
positioning sensors such as
construction management tool and as virtual environment without the
workers real time and warn when
k. 12.
17.
drawings, and actually inspecting the designed space. technology to provide a live direct based approach has been widely
other proactive technologies such as laser scanning, remote sensing and actuating technology, wireless communication. technologies
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
that
are
mainly
improve construction site operation From the above-mentioned background
workers’ training by using immersive
interactive computer environment considerable development work, most in a real-time animation simulating the real works. These application
13.
the design, planning and construction testing or developing new technologies another knowledge gap is that there are nearly no studies investigating how
site environment on a desktop screen without any tracking
a.
management by using a coherent and
(site phases, layouts, site paths,
section,
3D building geometry and data, is precisely what is needed to generate virtual scenarios and to
the workers’ spatial and perception the
authors
propose
a
tasks can be conducted through is currently being tested in two italian
14. and sensor gloves, to withdraw
15.
16.
b.
projects.
and provide an environment more immersive and interactive than others techonologies.
adopted and repeated in other real construction projects. As shown in Figure 1, the proposed
able to produce a computerbased video game that provide a environmt also using a multi-user operating technology.
the data binding and connections simulate construction processes
•
A Project Framework to Introduce Virtual Reality in Construction Health and Safety
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V. Getuli, T. Giusti, P. Capone
a Federated Model. This model is the one dedicated to being validated in a in which contractor, project manager together with the design team, virtually walking into the building, will be able
great uncertainty will ensure as the
applications.
• Design, it is time to start with the construction site planning. At this step required to simulate and analyse the
phases and the activities with the
the same way as the previous phase, practitioners can validate the site plans
and workspaces management and risk
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session are usually limited to the construction site and its time evolution. required workspaces to be constructed in order to be later able to validate to develop an interactive and realistic previous planning phase. workers’
possible to instantly set and share coordination procedures among emergency management measures.
At this stage site plans are validated and the project is going to enter in the
typologies
with
According to the proposed training typologies a workers’ training schedule
immerge worker in a vivid, realistic and interactive virtual environment in which he can not only move around but also have interactions with realistic objects,
simple decision criterion consisting
in a learning path that drives him to achieving the training objectives. This
milestones
•
training
upon
the
construction
1. 2.
session is required.
site environment and the ways in which the users can interact with its objects is
environment to develop the training in site.
a jib crane.
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Furthermore there are additional contentets that authors propsed to
•
development, this engines are broadly adopted also to create interactive virtual reality environments with the site environment and related to
scripting have spread the adoption
•
instructions. entertainment industry and they are interaction between the trainee and the site objects (machines, tools, educational
sectors
where
these
validation sessions. Without prejudice The proposed model will be tested
these engines is essential to develop realism and interactivity.
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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-
-
and
and
Integrated BIM,
and Science� -
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Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach
a change in the industry structure, is demanding a collaborative approach to the
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T
his research proposes an analysis
G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda
awarded with or without reopening the
construction sector, due to the contractual tradition, that obliges the
levels that could be set in a project procurement
model
applied
to
own interests, producing an escalation
as collaboration with the supply chain
reasons. First, the biphasic nature lends
contracts, this procedure is new on
the phase in which the construction contract is awarded (the awarding
The contract could be seen just as a promissory agreement among people
productivity, collaboration set at the contractual stage, provides the basis
goals create a waste, especially during the construction phase, resulting in time and budget overrun (Sacks, result, the contracting authority is not members’ produces (Tauriainen et al. bilateral nature, as envisaged by Mosey their wider potential impact on the competition.
Secondly, the adoption
caused by unsolved spatial clashes
a collaborative procurement model has been developed among some
repeated interaction between one or more contracting authorities and all
when collaboration doesn’t involve all the participant to the project (Myerson
which is essential in order to be able traditional project delivery systems new standard contract able to create collaborative interactions.
between the design and construction projects, but they have shown to be
the time, people try to plan collaboration were implemented within the same standard.
collaborative
contracts
standard
concluded with one or more economic countries, but they mainly have the same characteristics, which can be
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original version. demonstrated
where the same contract groups the
how
the
public
Design Built. Even though, some European countries
a project. Even though, according to
entrusting in a single contract all the usage in the private sector and it was also validated by many companies and by the UK government. This document
on the contrary, typically European, is previously awarded via an alliance
supply chain and reducing the risk in as it is a contract which includes This approach is common in US, but it is still not seen as the solution to a
was created, to accommodate market
maintenance. As shown in Figure 1, this contractual typology allows to join in a unique
started as an alternative to the tradition Design-Bid-Built in order to reduce
previously awarded, and mage all the interaction among them. Shared objectives, success measures, targets
Due to their structure and composition, traditional contracts unavoidably
case-by-case evaluation, namely adding
stakeholders’ works. The two main standard contracts developed in US, which can help people establish s real collaboration through a multi-party integrated project delivery agreement,
as in the last case. This collaborative agreement standard
many public and private projects, such
The alliance has a joint aim, the sub-contractors in the agreement. model in Europe able to accommodate are two ways to add new subjects to contracts. This approach set the new member in the teamwork with the same
second is through a joining agreement, as a consequent amendment to the
traditional contracts to collaborative ones. At present, some States such
Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach
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G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda
the general rules, then moving on to the initial part. The entire document is the way to read correctly the standard tender based on technical design. contractual standard that is able to Agreement, are the contract column. contracts in a multi-party agreement. contract is that it could be bended technology or innovation elements that members just selecting the clauses is in order to set the requests made or the action carried by the collaboration. in each request, each party structures the request in order to provide all the
is that the design quality would be
superior
when
the
project
is
a sequential development, so a joint alliance adoption impacts on time and costs.
through a procedure called alliancing, a worldwide scenario, summarised in stakeholders, to a collaborative one. understood the possibility to import approach, where the same contract whole project evolution. This research same agreement. This approach is not private scenario due to the limitation universities,
which
considered
the
London. This process is not a simple
the other side, is based on directive standard. The process was developed
Figure 1:Alliance procurement process
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by a collaboration among people
the contract.
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
They provided some developed by a collaboration among
single word, through a crosscutting analysis. This research will provide a project and program management tool to clients, who would like to manage To prove the importation legitimacy
The multidisciplinary group embraced all the doubts and problems detected
was conducted providing the contract to the reviewers and all the comments were discussed during a round-table discussion. All the people, invited to discuss during the previous step to submit comments to the contract standard, attended the discussion. During this event,
project and program management tool to clients, who would like to manage
projects are drastically increasing their
the contract. When the entire contract legal relations among several subjects contractual model was conducted both
the market requests. A last adjustment was brought into the contract. by linking several contracts with a view to encouraging collaboration and consistency with the original philosophy
required many adjustments in order to realign the contract philosophy to the
A
second
step
consisted
in
The process, structured in such a way, allows, enriching the alliance contract
undertake to work in a collaborative spirit and to carry out activities, called
the private. The provisions contained in the
individuated and in the validation
contract. The comparison between the two versions occurred among the two
authorities,
universities,
trade
administrative judiciary and private
• • • • • •
Legal requirements and special
Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach
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G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda
private investors.
Starting with an
can imagine being in a situation where three municipalities with their street
creating a single management system
management system, shared among them, to provide a major reliability due to its development supported by parties can be joined in the contractual scheme by establishing a dialogue aimed at a single goal dictated by the
to the schedule in part two - on the
generate a better result. At the same time, the various companies being companies in the sector can help the maintenance manager to choose ways that are more appropriate by improving
more members to the collaboration
result is obtained via a cooperative to be completed and each member shall be made in accordance with the requests and the standard procedure
Sometimes the added value that gather
the procedure to trace all the payment among all the parties and to set the
imagining that the maintenance procedure is close to the standard procedure.
decides to establish a collaboration agreement with the other participants in Members are required to present their
based on collaborative procurements.
be limited to simple participation in
between design and construction and thanks to shared procedures.
Figure 2:FAC-1 interactions among members
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methodology so to reduce the design errors and clashes, increasing the
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
contractual typology in a worldwide scenario, among them researchers
chain, reducing re-work. The early
legislation. This approach provided a
which must be reported to Alliance quality. The alliance members promote
model, in which parties are given the
enhanced by the meta-contract provide a risks prevention and management
not only a legal agreement, but it aims
order to create a collaboration, legally valid, among their sub-consultants judicially handling possible claims. This
required by each private operator counterbalanced
by
the
economic
construction, but he could be a person contract that regulates and manages
to provide data consistently among parties. At this point, the research provides an
to improve the project. This approach employer in the collaboration process
contracts and, namely, the relation among parties, which are not directly time, it is unattainable in a traditional process, although the promised the construction sector, through the processes
management
decreasing
teams and linking the various phases due to litigations caused by traditional contractual procedures. The research invites the participants to submit their public users to integrate smoothly collaboration in work procedures. The “Adda Martesana” Municipality is applying this contractual model as part subjects’
activities
with
greater
management with multiple subjects’ way, providesan added value in terms
Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach
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Lean
Engineering and Management.
edited by Barbara Angi, Massimiliano
G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda
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Antonio Fioravanti Gabriele Novembri
18 A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry
system by recursive checks, which locates lacks and misproductions into the production
an evident delay in technology and management techniques adoption. As an answer to
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industrial sector.
to manage Building processes, with
into an environment-mirror modelled by autonomous intelligent entities
time.
produced by these real construction process, in virtual-digital environment
as a parallel path with respect to the social and cultural debate related to architecture, but it is necessary that the
the connection with new tools that, construction sector. These are the
Francesca or in the implementation knowledge directly on site, or wearable workers about risky areas or activity technological tools, it is necessary to adapt tools, methodologies, knowledge
tool opens the way to a better humanmachine interaction, capable to grow up
otherwise, risks losing the opportunity
building design in our digital era that,
same development requires a constant
construction that, traditionally, is heavy conditioned by traditional approaches.
positions and become, in a short time,
A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,
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From the very beginning, the Building construction phases, it can connect the competence, store their methods and environment,
necessary
to
control
equip, in an ever more democratic way,
planning phase. These tools have gradually evolved, depending on the available computing
knowledge domain. So, their contents and concepts are not integrated with each other, despite
to manage geometries and data in
towards the Facility Management, were the cybernetic connection among building object and management tools, that the solutions designed give to the
knowledge in interconnected holistic environments, such as happens in the
materials and interventions needed approach, these are not adequately used in an integrated design vision
opportunities provided by the digital the outset, with all the limitations and
and knowledge, human intelligence is is not totally connected with tools or the related digital environment, but in
having predictive tools with respect to
these systems. process management. we can say that the results have been, at least, encouraging.
way. cannot miss the opportunity given by the
- dominated by uncertainty - these possibilities open up unprecedented scenarios, with regard to the possibility
show several shortcomings, such as
continuing to work according to the logic
assets.
case. These adaptation processes, according to various categories - both operational and logical - that have been
Taylorist school, the typical reasoning
established the relative boundary conditions, the prevailing behaviours arise.
and his ability to address a strategic
approach is based on the critical
respect to the results to be achieved. these two approaches have been declined according to the methodologies
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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry
second one instead, is pulled according to the conditions and the adjustments
process can be adapted to the dynamic
project systematically becomes a race to the unknown. approach to project management allows not only a change in the operating architectural implementation process,
based production was applied through
respect to the project requirements, and arrive at the best possible solution in a is only the ideal conditions assumed
variables given by the real world which, the construction site, become decisive used in previous processes and, above all, their relationships. This condition, in these years, seems more and more
areas and resources and, in a broader sense, misproductions. These are the
Building Design Process
A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,
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networks overshadowed the problem going beyond the current potential through collaboration, understood
actors, aiming at the mutual increase in governing design problems, and the possibility to interact with simulative
project.
design solutions and the construction possibilities, in a continuous evolution and objects in general such as Building in digital simulation, with which it their consequences, it is possible to
interoperability are achieving important results, as described by Daniotti et
that have to be still implemented to
Rome Convention Center.
like variations in progress, with the known repercussions both in terms
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry
needs. To reach this achievement an Agent-based simulation model that summary, this simulation environment sense the needs and the resources and, via recursive simulation, predict
about design methodologies is moving be achieved and, in relation to these, set in which, by applying their inner systems be interconnected with the physical balance. This process happen hundreds instance, are installed in site to gather
so on. Furthermore, designers have the connected to the real environment to the proactive one (Fioravanti et al., connected to the real environment, then This means that a modeling tool does not merely act basing on designer instructions but providing him in advance choices that have a high probability to
real object, materialising the digital
A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
turn according to the tasks and the
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
This research is included in a broader
achieve. rules aimed at achieving an objective without direct human control. This autonomy can be declined according
co-creation
involved in processes. This became behaviours, purely reactive with respect
between
humans
and
in the way in which this intelligent digital
•
able
to
optimize
the
project-inconsistencies,
and more reliable to make, in earlier project phases, accurate assessments
project
and
Agent modelling, we have not yet
or reducing the redundant solution respect to his environment, which can be more or less accurate, depending
or more objectives that an agent would
in which Agent tries to intervene on the current state, both within his system and in the environment in which he is immersed. Agents in this case represent the elements edited in the model, and the
architectural spaces by users in
•
•
able to optimize the construction management
operating teams, one must still rely on
approach, in a construction site planned with the Location-based
evaluations that are simply based on
Although such a simulative system able to minimize building use, warranting the service provided by the building, thanks to subjective knowledge base, which is space occupation given by digital construction
site
development
gathering in the construction process, using advanced techniques like Big Data.
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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry
A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,
, Shock!
, technical
�,
191
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Paolo Ettore Giana
19
A Literature Review on BIM Maturity in the AECO Industry
and investigated trough bibliometric, trend and cluster analyses carried out on the
can provide a sound assessment method during a bid process, contributing to the
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N. Moretti, P.E. Giana
The built environment, today, is more and compared to the whole industry. This the design, until the decommissioning
sector in changing. Focusing on the
leads to the massive employment in
design tenders awarded through Most Economically Advantageous Tender
products,
according
to
increasing
provide standardised guidelines, and procedures, to be distributed among its members, and to be applied whenever
This approach less and less enhances the project engineering, which could
be considered a bottom-up approach, tools,
procedures,
methodologies,
as an issue which can be addressed reluctance to investment reducing the
players. in the project less in order to maintain seems to be not completely embedded
According to the report published by leads it to analyse just investments in the short term(World Economic Forum
seems to be not completely aware it is interesting to analyse data on be achieved in the middle-long term
and agriculture. Literature shows clearly A second consideration concerns the that won design tenders. According to
and technical economic consulting
the pre and post awarding procedures, the project, and the whole sector value,
highlights the low investments in the
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in the database had been inspected, This situation is empathised especially
would have been reduced remarkably. which adopt or are willing to adopt a
and to their own personal choices. there is a reluctance to innovation, in
research provides a comprehensive
the market conditions and behaviours. The investigation is conducted on the approach is not perceived by all designers, and contractors as an project, and provide a better result, but
have been carried out, on a selected
they do not have a clear knowledge This operation gave as output a For this reason, the computational
allowing many bibliometric analyses, clustering and mapping operations. The paper concludes with some insides
cleaned database the bibliometric analyses have been carried out and key
and the people who really want to apply this methodology are well research trajectories.
maturity has been implemented thanks analyses concerning the chronological analysis by author, by country and the
allows to spot the gap in literature and
“Article title, Abstract, Keywords�. The research has been carried out in early
A Literature Review on BIM Maturity in the AECO Industry
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Table
1
summarises
the
N. Moretti, P.E. Giana
main
cleaning process is great enough to
citations per documents shows a potential high interest in the topic.
The increasing interest in the topic production over the years, with a
a hot topic in many countries.
timespan indicated above. A slower though the annual percentage growth production shows a rapid increasing
concerns the average total citations per
registered.
interest on the topic started growing
publications on the topic were made compared to the actual production. From that moment on, the literature
Analysis by author Further analyses concerning the authors’ productivity have been done.
Figure 2: Average total citations per year
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among each other, as represented in
least one cited source appears in the coupling network can be created using
For the analysis carried out in Figure “authors”, alternatively can be used “sources”, “countries”, “keywords” etc. authors are related among each other.
most productive countries have been well as the relationship among them in previous representations, only the
been represented. Figure 5 demonstrate
to the scholars’ inclination to collaborate in writing articles among their own local research group.
obtained in a similar way compared collaboration is calculated as a relationship where the nodes are the and the links are co-authorships. This relationship can be obtained thanks to
Figure 5: Most productive countries: Single country publications (SCP), Multiple Country Publications (MCP)
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articles. These operations have been data. The main issue in this phase
gather all terminology with the same
to group all terms with the same semantics in a single entity. Moreover, a network and clustering
keywords analysed. conceptual structure map obtained
interpretation according to the relative
distributions in the graph. As words are more similar in distribution, the closer they are represented in the map (Aria
Figure 6: Country collaboration Figure 7: Conceptual structure map
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production on this topic meets the
technology
applications,
supporting
comprehensive bibliometric analyses in a streamlined way analysing and clustering the results. This approach allows to understand a massive amount Moreover, the research provides a solid
historical series, the literature production
(e.g. considering other databases as is increasing. This evolution is caused improve the analyses and provide
been considered, despite it could be relevant compared to graphical ones. Analysing the literature review published the conceptual structure map. The critical review helps in a better and more These authors are tightly linked as well. The most productive countries are connected, but this connection is not structured between the USA and UK, which are, beside all, the most productive ones. The research individuated, in
evaluate organisations’ digitalisation business processes. Moreover, through
authors, that there is a slight alteration
approach, a more reliable assessment during the bidding process could be achieved. This trend contributes to the
words to a common topic and obtain a result characterised by an improved
the most virtuous organisations.
to Figure 9, two main semantic groups regards the process management and
cycle management. These two sets
hand these two sets represent the most on the other hand, they can be taken
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Sustai-
-
-
“ Research in Engineering
British Standards Automation in -
-
Forum.
World Economic
-
-
Automation
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Marco A. Bragadin Andrea Ballabeni Kalle Kähkönen
20
Using Genetic Algorithms for Optimizing and Modelling Time, Cost Projects
The well-known “iron triangle” and its attributes, time, cost and quality has still importance as a framework of basic objectives of construction projects. In practice, construction project managers can optimise time and costs with the well-known time/ cost trade-off approach, but quality optimization versus cost and time performances in construction project is usually pursued in a rather intuitive manner based upon approach where three possible estimates for time, cost and quality form starting points for the optimisation of project performance. The estimates are based on characteristic of alternative technical solutions such as possible commercial products to be used or assembled. The effectiveness of various combinations is evaluated with an optimisation procedure based upon Genetic Algorithms. A simple pilot study of a renovation project of two residential apartment is presented to test the proposed approach. The gained results are demonstrating the possibilities of genetic algorithms for such trade off analyses.
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INTRODUCTION
Q
uality in construction projects is
client. Time and cost are other main points of interest, but the desired quality of an important construction project can be an outstanding result to achieve. Project Manager’s objectives are often described as the “Iron Triangle” (Atkinson, 1999), meaning time, cost and quality or project scope. Generally speaking, quality can
degree of conformance of the outputs and process (APM, 2015) and the level of accomplishment of a product or a process to a set of performance requirements (ISO as the degree to which a set of inherent Quality assessment in construction can be divided into three main components: quality of products, quality of design and quality of processes. Quality of products can be understood primarily as a technical quality whereas quality of design is about meeting the needs of client and end users successfully. The quality of processes refers all activities throughout the life-cycle of building construction project (Bragadin, Kahkonen, 2013). Traditional project control techniques are built around time and cost, where estimates of costs and durations of project are forming the control baseline. The integrated project control of time and costs generally is addressed with the Earned Value Method (Moder et alii, 1983, Rasdorf and Abudayyeh, 1991, ANSI/EIA, 1998). Time-cost trade-off is a well known method of project management (Fondhal, 1962; Harris, 1978; Moder et alii, 1983; Reda, Carr, 1989; Fan, Lin 2007, Agdas et alii, 2018) that aims at optimising project results in terms of cost and timing, mainly by evaluating the ratio between the differences of crash cost and normal / minimum cost and crash duration and normal duration of activities on a critical path. Nevertheless, few optimisation approaches that entails also quality can be found in literature (Minchin, Smith, 2001;
El-Rayes, Kandil, 2005, 2006; San Cristobal, 2009; Monghasemi, Nikoo, Fasaee, Adamowski, 2015). Project quality is surely interdependent with time and costs, but a general mathematical equation that
project in an outsourcing environment, can be studied with a system dynamics simulation approach. El Rayes and Kandil (2005, 2006) presented a method aimed at facilitating
or at least, can be different changing from case to case. Project Managers, actually, optimise quality versus costs and time with a rather intuitive manner. Framing the quality and integration of the quality aspect with the time and cost aspects have been long-term topics of interest both to the industry and academia. The quality of construction is closely relating to the value and performance concepts. Solutions such as value engineering and management, Quality Management Systems (QMS) together with key performance indicators (KPI) represent solutions in practice that are framing quality and providing some linkage to time and cost. Modelling of interplay between time, cost and quality has been a long term arena of interest particularly for academia. Quality assessment in management of construction projects can be successfully delivered with quality based KPIs (Minchin, Smith 2001; El-Rayes, Kandil, 2005, 2006), and the objective of the presented research work is to propose Genetic Algorithms to purse time-costquality trade-offs in construction projects.
of the global construction quality by estimating quality performances of each
PREVIOUS WORK Few researchers focused the problem of the evaluation of the global quality of a project or a system by means of a quality indicator, and the development of a time-cost-quality trade-off procedure. Atkinson (1999) introduced the concept of the project manager’s iron triangle, meaning the need of integrating time, cost and scope, or quality project objectives. The integration of cost, schedule and performance data was addressed by Cho, Russell and Choi (2013) building on the traditional Work Breakdown framework. Mishra and Mahanty (2014) indicate that the optimisation of project cost, schedule and quality for a software development
a Quality Index. The method was applied
index, is achieved by the creation of a Quality Breakdown Structure (QBS) of the project. The Construction Quality Index (CQI) is a rating of quality of materials and workmanship on highway projects completely objective (Minchin, Hammons and Ahn, 2008). The QBS developed approach builds on the “Quality – Based Performance Rating System” of the American National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (Anderson and Russel 2001, Minchin and Smith 2001) for contractors’
construction process, with a performancebased approach. Therefore, a set of quality indicators are detected to evaluate An automated optimisation system for construction resources termed MACROS, was developed (El Rayes and Kandil, 2005, 2006), and the time, cost and quality tradeoff algorithm is developed by Genetic Algorithms. The use of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) was introduced by J. H. Holland (1975) as a research method based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetic of Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory. Later, Goldberg (1989) developed further the engineering. GAs have been implemented in many engineering and operations research problems, for instance the Travelling Salesman Problem (Razali, Geraghty, 2011). San Cristobal (2009) proposed an Integer Programming model which enables meeting quality output standards and time and cost objectives respectively, while Monghasemi et alii (2015) propose a
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Multi-criterion decision-making approach solutions by a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm. Sorrentino (2013) applies GAs to a time, cost and quality optimisation problem for project scheduling of road investigated a similar application for the selection of design alternatives for a building envelope.
individuals. Five phases are considered in a Genetic Algorithm: initial population; (crossover / mutation); termination. A typical genetic algorithm starts generating randomly an initial population of possible solutions, called individuals. Every individual in the population (or whatever solution is desired) is coded in the form of a string, called the Chromosome. Each member of the current population is
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Over (by appropriately combining the characteristics of a couple of parents) and Mutation (by making random changes on a single parent). The new generation of solutions takes the place of the previous generation, from which it was born for re-combination. The process is repeated a great number of times until one of the for example when an acceptable approximation of the solution to the problem is reached, or the maximum number of iterations has been performed.
appropriate sorting of these individuals Owners and Government agencies have placed an increasing pressure on decision makers in the construction industry to design and plan new construction projects minimizing construction costs and time while maximizing its quality (San Cristobal, 2009). A custom Genetic Algorithm (GA) is developed and used to solve the time- cost and quality trade-off problem. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a global and stochastic research method termed “genetic” because of the mutual terminology from genetics, a branch of biology. Genetic algorithms are probabilistic search procedures designed to work on large spaces involving states that can be represented by mathematical strings (Goldberg & Holland, 1988). Genetic algorithms can be used with the aim of planning and controlling the activities of a project as they are search and optimization tools that assist decision makers in identifying optimal or nearoptimal solutions for problems with large search space. One fundamental advantages of GAs from traditional methods is that they work from a rich database of solutions simultaneously (a population of chromosomes), climbing many peaks in false peak is reduced over methods that go solution to solution, like the “bruteforce” method. The basic structure of a genetic algorithm involves cyclic operation that simulates the evolutionary process of a population. Each loop represents one generation and each new population generated is formed by better and better
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values: The most promising individuals are selected as parents, creating a sequence of new populations or generations. After selecting an n number of individuals, the genetic algorithm emulates the sexual reproduction that occurs naturally in biology and re-combines the genetic material of the parents, giving birth to the children or to the future generation of solutions. The re-combination is carried out by genetic operators of Cross
the operating principles of GAs. The GA approach is set on a population that generates a set of possible solutions. Subpopulations are possible, and subpopulation structures termed species Genetic algorithms do not ensure that an optimal solution is found but contribute to a set of solutions superior to the source solutions. From the same problem and from the same set of possible starting individuals at each new population
Using Genetic Algorithms for Optimizing and Modelling
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generation the individuals evolve towards different and better new solutions. Because of this the GAs are used in the situations, there are more than one relevant goal to minimize (or maximize), in this case a multi-objective genetic algorithm multiple objectives simultaneously, in the sense that an individual is considered more or less suitable in relation to multiple criteria. In this case the problem to be addressed is not simply reduced to the search for a local (or global) maximum or a minimum for a given function, but to the analysis of multiple criteria at the same time. In this kind of problems the meaning that a solution that minimizes or maximizes an objective will generally not minimize or maximizes others. In a multiobjective optimization problem, there is a the same time for all objective functions that describe the problem. GA MODEL IMPLEMENTATION: PROPOSED APPROACH The GAs implementation is based upon a table that reports the needed data for genetic algorithm implementation. A table summarizes for each project activity the alternatives related to activity duration, activity cost and quality (table 1). Therefore, each project activity includes three possible options for its development that creates a search space of thousands of possible solutions. GA – based algorithm has been implemented with Matlab®. This application is able to explore the solution space very quickly and can identify a set of optimal solutions. The pilot study has 21 work packages (WP), and each has three possible alternative of time, cost and quality to create project activities. The possible combinations of these alternatives create a large space of search, where each solution in this space can be a possible option for project delivery. Nevertheless, the search space is not 321 because different subpopulations, termed species, constitute the structure
of base data of the problem. In fact, project modelling can be represented with a time-oriented networking approach
constitutes a species. Within species, i.e. single path, permutations of different WP alternatives are possible, after satisfaction of precedence relationships between succeeding WP. No alternative permutations are possible between different species because of the structure of chromosomes, i.e. the number of WP of each network path. Every project activity can be represented by a 3-by-3 matrix reporting the options in terms of timecost-quality. Therefore, the whole project is represented by a set of matrices divided into different species that constitutes a data array from which activity performance data are selected to create the chromosome of a single species. The chromosome of a species is created by time, cost and quality data of each chosen WP alternative belonging to a network path. An initial random selection of options for each activity is performed and the corresponding objective function is computed. Next, GA uses genetic operators such as crossover, which divides two initial solutions exchanging their chromosomes in order to generate new solutions, and mutation, that simulates the effect of random errors. The new solution is computed again and the results of the objective function are compared with the previous ones. The best solutions are
different from the others and best solution are selected for future generations while worse solutions are set aside. Final evaluation of the found solutions can be performed by comparison with maximum and minimum set limits of the three parameters, termed Cmax, Cmin, Tmax, Tmin, Qmax and Qmin. Anyway, the solution that minimises times and costs, while maximises quality. Therefore, the
M. Bragadin, A. Ballabeni, K. Kähkönen
quality) weighted . The following equation (1) is proposed.
package of the project (j = 1, 2, 3, ….n) of each i generation (i=1, 2, 3, ……m) and m the number of generations. Qi can be found by the following equation:
indexes of each j work package of the project (j = 1, 2, 3, ….n) for the generation i and n the total number of work packages of the project. Ti is the time parameter found for the i
Where NTd is the normalized total duration:
Where TDi is the total project duration found by network diagramming and critical path computation for the generation i. TDi is the maximum duration found by critical path analysis comparing each total duration TDik of a single species k of the generation i composed by the work packages j belonging to the k network path.
TDi = max TDik The weighting parameters kc, kq and kt can range from 0 to 1 for cost, quality and time, respectively. Aiming at balancing the three parameters the following values has been set: kc = 1; kq=1; kt=1.
the three WP parameters (time, cost and
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PILOT STUDY APPLICATION A simple pilot study of a renovation project of two residential apartment has been imp to test the proposed approach. For each work package, three different commercial product options has been considered and corresponding activity durations, costs and quality performances have been detected from a public works price list (Regione Lombardia, 2008). Quality indexes has been evaluated straightforwardly as product quality and its suitability for the use. Therefore, the proposed time – cost – quality trade-off procedure has been implemented using a set of optimal solutions for the building construction project. Found data for each work package are presented in table 1a and 1b. A project model has been implemented with network diagramming. Therefore, critical path analysis can be performed and total project duration can be found for each project alternative of the pilot project Firstly, the limits of possible solutions concerning different WP alternatives have been selected. Minimum and maximum total values of the three project parameters, time, cost and quality, have been computed by selecting the corresponding alternative for each WP (table 2). Secondly, the Matlab application has network diagram and the working options of the pilot study have been formalized in Matlab® using two classes (one for describing the work package and one for the work package options). Beyond class attributes like code and description, other network attributes, such as the set of successors of each work package, or the set of option belonging to each work package were added. The whole problem has been translated into the Matlab® code. The maximum number of generation has been set to 100 and the stall condition to 50 generations. After running, the GA correctly converges to optimal solutions, just after 60-70 generations (see Figure 3).
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differences, in most cases the GA solver leads to the same solution. The found results can be displayed with the timecost-quality chart in Figure 4 As expected, the parametrization of the solutions offered by the GA tool. In particular, when weighting parameters are set equally for costs, quality and time, the solution presented by the GA shows to be slightly biased towards cost and time, having quality as its worst score (Figure 4 – blue triangle). On the other hand, forcing the GA to identify the best quality solutions, setting to 1 the quality parameter, 0 the costs, and 0.1 the time parameter, we obtain a quality score worse than in the previous solution (Figure 4 – yellow triangle). Finally, if the largest weight is given to costs, time and costs are highly maximized (Figure 4 – dark green triangle), while quality score decreases dramatically. The best found optimized result in the case of balanced weights is the following: Total project duration = 1078 (h); Total cost = € 109.711.17; Total quality index = 104%. Further testing of the developed model will be needed to assess its effectiveness in case of more complex projects with multiple environmental constraints. CONCLUSION The well – known iron triangle of main project objectives, namely time, cost and quality, is still of capital importance for project managers in construction, but balancing these three parameters for actual and complex projects can complex function linking all of these three parameters. With the aim of proposing an innovative approach for the time, cost and quality trade-offs, a GA optimization has been developed and implemented with Matlab®. Actual data concerning the
Table 1a - Time, cost and quality data for Pilot study Table 1b - Time, cost and quality data for Pilot study
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expected duration of each work package, its quality index and its costs are gathered and three possible performing alternatives price list. Therefore, the overall performance of the whole construction project, composed by all the work packages, can be simulated taking into account the different alternatives of activity duration, cost and quality. The overall time estimate can be developed by a CPM- based activity network, the overall cost is the sum of the cost of all work packages, and the overall project quality index can be estimated as the normalized sum of all work package indexes. The aim of the optimization is to a balance between these three project indicators by a Genetic Algorithm. Project modelling for Genetic Algorithm
implementation needs a new approach because of Matlab® programming language and coding rules. When developed and implemented, the Genetic Algorithm extracts randomly one work package alternative for all the activities, thus creating a chromosome for each species (i.e. path) of the project for each generation, and compute its suitability by are created and the found solution in terms of total project duration, total cost and total project quality are compared
are maintained and developed and the others are set aside from the evolutionary process. The implementation of a Genetic Algorithm needs a new and complex approach in project modelling to reach
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
role in selecting the developed new generations. Actual data for a pilot study simulation of a building renovation project of two residential apartments has been used to demonstrate the possibility of implementing a GA-based optimization of project objectives, and the found results are consistent with the initial assumptions in terms of ranges of time, cost and quality values. Future research work will be aimed at testing further the developed model with the imposed constraints and with more complex projects.
Figure 2 - Network diagramming of the pilot study project. Table 2 - limit values of total project alternatives Figure 4 - Time – cost – quality iron triangle represented with normalized scores. In blue the optimal solution with time, cost and quality parameters equally weighted and set to 1. In yellow, the optimal solution having quality as a preference (quality parameter Kq was set to 1, time parameter Kt to 0.1 and cost Kc to 0). In dark green a solution that strongly optimize costs. In this case, Kc has been set to 1, Kt to 0 and Kq to 0.1
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21
Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects
organisations and they have arranged rules and procedures about how practicalities
management.
€ BY NC
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects
in_bo
The construction industry is a projectbased industry and they have their
M. Keinänen, K. KähkÜnen
general contractor and subcontractors
which have been attempt to solve
common, that projects are undertaken
Traditionally construction project organisations were determined by the
continuously seek to establish new
organisational arrangements has arisen
imperative cooperation between people and project partners.
company in the construction industry and its specialists present two types management entitled core team. The projects. The result can be a rather
the construction industry are organised through temporary organisations,
team is, who are involved and how many people belong to the core team.
structure has been shown in Figure 1.
and is it inside one company or is it
in practice, this is rarely the case, but
are under study. Accomplish this, the
management. The diagram
shows own perspectives, which has caused a
in_bo
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
level integration in construction projects organised in various ways. The approach
how they are organised including their assignments.
projects, which are still used in many a project manager or leader. With the contractor, an architect is responsible
project deliveries, which as a whole is core teams. Dothey have knowledge teams and team thinking in construction
project based on a competitive tender. a project manager has been given practically absolute control over their
involved’ relates people involved and that there can be some industrial have impact on the management practices around construction projects. The research behind this paper is on the
has
widely
acknowledge
practical
project meaning co-operation between an architect, structural engineer, electric
is demanded but to reach top quality solutions, smoothly operating team encourage open communication and within the team as well outside the team
in the organisation.
teams and workgroups that can be project. These are usually established needs such as architectural design, main supplies, site operations etc.
is aspiration to work in collaborative
inside a company or are several
Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects
in_bo
solutions one should acknowledge
new product development (Marion
team has been mentioned in the project the construction industry, although only organisation, core team has been mentioned in the project management literature.
core team is.
project team organisation developed by and
been mentioned in the literature on
coordination.
These
people
project team. The core team members know the projects and its objectives. They have developed the ideas, set
management (Eppler and Sokowski,
the core team which Anthony described
M. Keinänen, K. Kähkönen
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
project team is support and contributes
completed. According to Kaushik (et project delivery decisions.” that project managers and other project
a core projects Team approach in the
where the project manager, the client, the principal engineer, the architect and core team.
integrated project delivery where the owner, the architect and the contactor
Empirical data was obtained by a survey
had third level educational background.
also acknowledged that large projects project teams where core team is at
answers were broken into lines, each representing an item that can be captured with a keyword. From this
generate their own core teams and the
would be able to serve the project in
manager
and
director
level grouped into clusters, which were built
that team members in a collaborative construction project should, “be equally committed to a common purpose, goals hold themselves mutually accountable” but also “deeply committed to one another’s personal growth and success” Research methodology and approach was used in order to understand the
Thus, data was treated through several successive reductive phases, it was obtained.
All respondents were over ensure that the data was not being categories represent the data.
Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects
in_bo
arrangement in their organisation. The
the term core team to mean a special
arrangement.
and how widely it is known. Among
organisational arrangement in their construction businesses. They have used or they have known used the
Question, “did the core team belong to core team varies during the project”. The question divided respondents into two sections.
been presented in Figure 5.
M. Keinänen, K. Kähkönen
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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
According to respondents, there were were mentioned as participants in mentioned. The smallest contained people was eight. Most common team
grouped into clusters, treated through several successive reductive phase
procurement and accounting in the
third party was used to ensure that the core team vary during the project, the core teams were asked. The amount
clusters. The relevant trade clusters that were recognised are construction management, site operations, design, procurement and accounting,
has been collected into the trade
wary between three and twelve. The seller or logistic manager, which were
The
gained
results
propose
that
core teams or multi-company ones team were calculated only one. This
team. This was studied with a particular open question. The respondents named the three most important tasks, which have been assigned to the core team in question. The total number
respondents have participated the work core teams was determined. Figure 6 relation with other companies. Based
internal core teams. Based on the survey, 66 core teams
clusters in relation to the core teams. Based on the survey at least one member with background in construction
them named three tasks. The tasks were grouped into clusters, which were treated through several successive third party. The independent third party was used to ensure that the data was the categories represent the data. The total is been presented in Figure 7.
processes. personnel involved is primary on the their activities throughout preparative work, cooperative actions and daily problem solving. Thus, when it was a construction project do, the typical
core team, the respondents answered the main assignment was to take care The schedule control came close to this
Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects
in_bo
M. Keinänen, K. KähkÜnen
structures and linkages are sought to stakeholders. The team design is understood as a core which as a whole is highlighting the
and partnering arrangements have been used to attempt to integrate the construction project delivery team (Love,
superimposed onto environments where
provides more value adding collaboration between project partners. The core team is an interesting management arrangement in The
construction
industry
can
be members but consequences might be the
teams as an approach are particularly
based industry where the operations the core team can bring together the key is drowned by a hierarchical manner where part optimisation procedures
members the responsibilities are shared The result is part-optimum decision
participants. A core team is an optional
avoided and decisions are made based
construction project teams. the high-level integration is seen as a key
selected their own core teams and there were
settled
by
the
arrangements
organisational arrangements has arisen
project. project, thus tackle the management
managing a project. with their own perspectives, which has
in_bo
New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop
A typical construction project is an
organised inside one company, but it
organisations brought together. The challenge is to organise the participants
interorganisational are a somewhat
that construction management and site operations were the most represented least one member in the core team. During a construction project, the tasks concept core team has been recognised
and make decisions. We see the core team as an important organisational
arrangements
in
reported being like this. Usually a project
mandates, contractual recognitions, established approached and decisionmaking practices are the dimensions where developments should take place.
project teams as project structuring approaches. the project.
The core team can be
2018, vol. 09 n° 13
Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects
in_bo
construction sector, Architectural Management, 17, 1.
USA.
The - Social and Behavioural Sciences Concurrent Engineering to Construction
The Sri Lanka Research Technology
Rethinking construction. Regions, London , Strategic Manging Team
Blackwell Science Ltd. UK. Integrated
An design and construction
,
. construction management, Routledge, London.
.
Ltd, UK.
M. Keinänen, K. Kähkönen
J. Ross publishing,