The indepndent magazine issue 339 by Independent Magazine

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Ali Al’amin NSSF’s Shs 366 Mazrui Feb.24 1933 to billion Oct.13, 2014

Issue No. 339 October 17 - 23, 2014

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What next for Afande Kaweesi? Police boss Kayihura’s tactics under spotlight

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INBOX

Contents What next for afande Kaweesi? Police boss Kayihura’s tactics under spotlight

Issue No. 339 October 17 - 23, 2014

Cover story

News Analysis

Business

Girl child education: 17 year old Malala Yousafzai’s story and life rotates around sending fellow girls to school and becoming the youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize is just one of the ways the world is showing its response to her.

NSSF’s Shs 366 billion: Why NSSF chose to increase interest rate payable to members from 11.23% to 11.5% and what this means to savers.

Health

Don’t be caught off guard: Unlike West Africa where procrastination, denial, and lack of personnel and equipment are being blamed for the runaway epidemic, Uganda has an elaborate reporting, investigation, and response protocol for health threats.

FIRST

ICT opportunity: ICT minister, John Nasasira outlines challenges the sector faces and how government plans to manage them for the sector to contribute to socioeconomic transformation.

COVER STORY

3 // Off-line 4 // Inbox 6 // The Week 7 // News Makers

Good cop-bad cop: Assistant Inspector of General of Police (AIGP), Grace Turyagumanawe and AIGP Andrew Felix Kaweesi belong to different generations and outwardly appear very different in work methods. So what does police boss Kale Kayihura’s recent reshuffle and close interest mean for each of them, the future of police, and the 2016 elections?

STRATEGY & EDITORIAL DIRECTOR: Andrew M. Mwenda MANAGING EDITOR: Joseph Were BUSINESS EDITOR: Peter Nyanzi WRITERS: Haggai Matsiko, Joan Akello, Julius Businge, Ronald Musoke, Patrick Kagenda, Flavia Nassaka, Nicole Namubiru PHOTOGRAPHER: Jimmy Siya DESIGN/LAYOUT: Ronny Kahuma, Daniel Ortega

Columns 09

Last Word Missing in action: Western media, academia, and governments have over the last 15 years, been singing praises of the democratic character of the governments in Sierra Leone and Liberia. So why are efforts by these West Africans (and other Africans) to save themselves from Ebola missing in the media?

27 Comment

Why do would be customers fear banks? By Annette Kuteesa and Corti Paul Lakuma

Contemporary paradoxes in the policing industry By Jude Kagoro

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October 17 - 23, 2014

Offline Ndugu Ruhakana Rugunda was officially handed the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) following the sacking of Mr Amama Mbabazi.

Former Vice President Gilbert Bukenya has told former FDC party president Kizza Besigye not to stand again for presidency in 2016.

Parliament turned around and reinstated tax on paraffin, a move that is seen as one that will frustrate the poor more.

Malala Yousafzai wins 2014 Nobel Peace Prize

t just 17, Yousafzai Malala, the Pakistan child education activist has won the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize. The teenager jointly won the prize with Kailash Satyarthi, an Indian child rights campaigner. Malala who was on the brink of death after being shot in the head by the Taliban Islamic extremists in October 2012 for campaigning for girls education now lives in Birmingham, UK. Malala becomes the 16th woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize since the award was launched in 1901. She also becomes the youngest ever winner of the prize. In contrast, the average age of the Nobel Peace Prize

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winner stands at 62 years. The Nobel Committee praised Malala and her co-winner for struggling against the suppression of children and young people.”Despite her youth, Malala Yousafzai, has already fought for several years for the right of girls to education and has shown by example that children and young people too can contribute to improving their own situations,” said Thorbjørn Jagland, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.”This she has done under the most dangerous circumstances. Through her heroic struggle she has become a leading spokesperson for girls’ rights to education.” October 17 - 23, 2014

Inbox Mbabazi can bounce back

Museveni’s strategy works

Refer to: “What next for Mbabazi?” (The Independent Oct.3). Thanks for the insight Andrew Mwenda. My thinking is former prime minister Amama Mbabazi’s strategy can still work for him in case he has enough resources to buy electorates and also if he can lure some key figures in the opposition to back him and repaint his public image. Ugandan youths are desperate for money but also for change and yet back in the villages they can still confuse and convince the folks. About the retired generals, I guess some will still back Amama. Let’s watch the space. Aggrey

Refer to history

Refer to: “What next for Mbabazi?”(The Independent Oct.3). Mwenda, when did you stop being among those organising against President Yoweri Museveni for change towards good governance? Philosophically, I see a Mwai Kibaki in Mbabazi. Mbabazi will contest knowing that the odds may be stuck against him, but he also knows that his contestation will change the political landscape in NRM, as it will provide a third choice and surely become a future political power brokering force to reckon with. The Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM) led by Museveni in the 1980 elections stood no chance in hell and seemed dead on arrival against DP and UPC. But that daring stance is the foundation of this longest reigning regime in Uganda. So let’s not use history with some vivid past events in time. Gafabusa

Refer to: “What next for Mbabazi?”(The Independent Oct.3). President Yoweri Museveni has hoodwinked his close associates consistently using the same tactics and emerged the victor. Jim Muhwezi, Mike Mukula, Gilber Bukenya and now Amama Mbabazi, have been played the same tactical hand;

he first makes you believe you are the first among equals, and then extracts maximum loyalty by implying to you that you are next after him, but then the closer you get the more uncomfortable he gets and finally wields the axe. He first exposes you to bad press, then takes a skeleton out the closet, secretly tips liti-

gation which follows, ending with you behind bars. Then he publicly extends a helping hand by claiming you are innocent and offers to pay your bills and legal costs. Call it falling in love with your rapist. Karugendo

What next for Mbabazi? Refer to: “What next for Mbabazi?”(The Independent Oct.3). I read this article and that of Timothy Kalyegira’s (Sunday Monitor) in which he tried to analyse a possible contest between former Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi and President Yoweri Museveni. There is a sharp contrast between these two articles yet I am in agreement with both. After the dismissal of Mbabazi, I have had mind discussions with myself about the meaning and the possible outcomes of the President’s decision. My view from is that although the Museveni group (read liberators) have ravaged this country, they still have a "conscience"- a feeling of guilt that always reminds them of their ills. They have, therefore, planned to escape public condemnation, one by one, as they are slowly being integrated into private life. But there are contradictions because I find the actions of both Dr Kiiza Besigye and Gen. Mugisha Muntu to be of utmost truthfulness- a complete divorce. That is unlike renegade Gen. David Ssejusa and Amama Mbabazi. Secondly, such a plan gives too much credit to President Museveni- as a passionate leader who stands by his friends, which is not the case. Finally, Mbabazi has been

October 17 - 23, 2014

Former Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi holding two different strong political offices, one by appointment (Prime Minister) and the other, elective (General Secretary NRM). And this is where I would like to draw Mwenda’s recollection of ‘Stratagems.’ "The final aspect of a good military strategy is to exploit one’s advantage." By waiting, thereby provoking further, Mbabazi applied another stratagem of ‘Wait at leisure while the enemy labours.’ It is an advantage to choose the time and place for battle. You encourage your enemy to expend his energy in futile quests while you conserve your strength. When he is exhausted and confused, you attack with energy and purpose. By appointing him as Prime Minis-

ter, the President’s bait was to have Mbabazi relinquish the post of Secretary General. He would then pull the ladder from below and cause a fatal political fall for Mbabazi. The bait failed. My considered view now is that Amama Mbabazi is fighting for "survival" rather than "political power." What informs this view is that Mbabazi has already indicated to the constituents his preferred successor and that he is out of elective politics. Whether he means it or not, I will concur with Mwenda that, "Mbabazi’s presidential bid is dead on arrival." My strongest dissent is with those who want to take this decision "on behalf of" Mbabazi and not for himself. Rajab Kakyama

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Museveni smarter If Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi was to stand for presidency, he would have levelled the ground years back. President Yoweri Museveni is so intelligent that he appointed him PM. Not knowing that this was

Epic 2016 battle

Refer to: “What next for Mbabazi?”(The Independent Oct.3). Andrew Mwenda wrote: "For example, a good military commander (or marketing or campaign manager) must have good intelligence based on accurate and correctly interpreted information. This allows you to develop a counter-plan that is realistic about your strength compared to that of the enemy. In strategy, they advise that you

bait to knock him on the head, AM was swung like a nursery chap on a trapeze and then let off go crushing down. The mighty Museveni knows how to play this game smartly. Stephen Byaruhanga

should never allow yourself to be fooled by your own prejudices about the enemy. The enemy could be smarter than you think. Museveni says this – quoting Mao – that you should despise the enemy strategically but take him seriously tactically." I should advise Mwenda to listen to Dr Busingye Kabumba on how Museveni/Mbabazi rift will culminate in epic 2016 battle. Yoga Adhola

EDUCATION

Letters are welcome !

Universities in trouble

BUSINESS

NEWS ANALYSIS

Setting new logistics services standards

EALA Speaker Zziwa faces censure again

Oil boom or hype?

Issue No. 338 October 10 - 16, 2014

The Editor welcomes short and concise letters from our esteemed readers on topical issues. Please send them to: The Editor, The Independent Publications Ltd, P.O Box 3304, Plot 82/84 Kanjokya St, Kamwokya. Kampala,Uganda.

Ushs 5,000,Kshs 200, RwF 1,500, SDP 8

Mbabazi’s fate How he will be kicked out as Secretary General, MP

Email: editor@independent.co.ug

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The Week

Museveni attacks ICC over Kenyatta summons When President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya was summoned to the International Criminal Court (ICC) at The Hague, he decided to appear in court as an ordinary suspect, and not as the Kenyan Head of State. However this didn’t go down well with Heads of State in the African Union. President Museveni, unhappy with the court decision to summon a sitting president against the African Union resolution, said the ICC is a biased entity being used as an instrument of post-colonial domination. “This resolution was taken to the Security Council, where there is no permanent member from Africa. There are only seasonal members,” he said. While delivering his speech during the Uganda’s 52rd Independence celebrations, Museveni promised to moot for reviewing membership of African states to the ICC Treaty during the forthcoming African Summit.

(L-R) Presidents, Salva Kiir (South Sudan), Paul Kagame (Rwanda) and Yoweri Museveni of Uganda at the launch of the construction of the regional Standard Gauge Railway at Monyonyo Commonwealth Resort on October 8. INDEPENDENT/JIMMY SIYA

EAC launches standard gauge railway Presidents of the East African Community (EAC) on Oct. 8 converged in Uganda to launch the construction of the standard gauge railway line. President Yoweri Museveni was joined by President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, and Salva Kiir of South Sudan together with representatives from their regional counterparts. Museveni launched the line during the 7th Summit of the Heads of State of the Northern Corridor Integration Projects. Museveni said that the project would bring about a new era of cheaper transport for EAC traders who have been suffering delays and high transport costs. At the regional level, the planned interstate rail network for Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo,

President Museveni

and South Sudan would open up East Africa’s inaccessible hinterland to great potentials for free movement of goods and services. The rail is expected to reduce the number of days it takes to transport goods from Mombasa to Kampala to only two days and will enable trains to travel at speeds of as much as 120 kilometers per hour. It is estimated that the rail, which will be constructed in three phases, will be completed by December 2018. The phases include - Mombasa - Nairobi, Nairobi - Malaba/Kisumu, then Kampala. The railway line will be constructed by the Uganda Defence People’s Forces (UPDF) Brigade and the Chinese Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC).

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October 17 - 23, 2014

The Week

Uganda's Namboole unbeaten record ends The national Football Team the Uganda Cranes on Oct. 11 lost the record of not losing at Namboole in ten years when they fell 0-1 to visiting Togo in the African Cup of Nations (AFCON) qualifiers. The lone goal that sent some Ugandans to tears was scored by diminutive defender Donou Kokou against the run of play. Immediately, an overflowing Namboole

stadium was sent into an episode of silence as thousands of spectators were caught unawares. In the second half, Uganda Cranes played their hearts out but all their attempts were thwarted by a spirited defence. Earlier, Uganda drew with Ghana and beat Guinea in Kampala. Prof. Mazrui

Re-known scholar Prof. Mazrui passes on

Ugandan team

On Oct. 12, Africa lost Ali Mazrui, one of the continent’s great scholars, who has been listed among the world’s top 100 intellectuals by the US journal Foreign Policy and British journal Prospect. Prof. Mazrui died at the age of 81 in the US where he has been a professor at Binghamton University. He has been ill for several months. The deceased’s nephew, Alamin Mazrui, said the professor’s wish was to be buried in Kenya at the historical Port Jesus area and therefore he will be flown to Kenya for burial. Mazrui was a leading pan-Africanist whose academic research focused on African politics, North- South relations and Islam. He has also authored several famous books. He once served as the first nonpresident chancellor of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Technology (JKUAT) under the Mwai Kibaki regime. Born February 24, 1933 in Mombasa, Kenya, Mazrui studied at Columbia University, University of Oxford, University of Manchester, Nuffield College, Oxford.

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October 17 - 23, 2014

Chandeliers

News Makers

“We are working on the Bill and sooner than later it will be brought to Parliament. We need to separate the executive from legislature so that both arms of the Government can function well and avoid conflict of interest,” Bufumbira East MP, Eddie Kwizera,

We need to appreciate each other. It is painful that Sejusa cannot come here to bury his father. We live in a changing world. We must learn to love each other regardless of our differences,”Col. (Rtd) Kizza Besigye

Prime Minister Ruhakana Rugunda and State minister for Health Sarah Opendi (2R) receive a dummy cheque of Shs. 25m from Anil Patel (L) the managing partner Grant Thornton. Looking on is Raymond Byaruhanga (R) the Executive Director Uganda Aids information Center. The money is for the HIV/Aids sensitization among the youth. INDEPENDENT/ JIMMY SIYA

The Executive Director Federation of Uganda Employers Rosemary Ssenabulya (L) with Nsereko Fatmah the Coordinator Female Future Program brief the press about the 3rd women’s conference which is focused on influencing women’s contribution to transform lives in Uganda on October 10. INDEPENDENT/JIMMY SIYA

We have petitioned the President for him to know the mess in the Standard Gauge Railway project. He has been on record accusing MPs of sabotaging the government projects and calling us enemies of recovery which is not the case,” Theodore Ssekikubo

“People should stop this bad practice which provokes the viruses (Marburg and Ebola)…It is not a good practice to eat monkeys. They are our cousins and it’s not a good cultural practice to eat our relatives,” President Yoweri Museveni

The winning goal Togo scored against Uganda making Uganda second in Group E with 4 points behind Ghana with 5 points in the Africa Nations Cup.Togo has 3 points. 8

Minister of State for primary Health Sarah Opendi (2L) joined by nurses receive a pack of 120 phones from the Airtel Legal and regulator Director Dennis Kakonge,(R) to help the Ministry in communication during the fight of Marburg virus. These phones will go to areas that are suspected to have the virus. INDEPENDENT/ JIMMY SIYA

Year old Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani activist for female education is the youngest winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.

October 17 - 23, 2014

shs 200 b

Amount the lands ministry says it needs to implement the recently passed land policy.

$25.3 b

Projected size of Uganda’s GDP by the end of 2014/2015 period according to President Museveni. GDP was US$1.5 billion in 1986

Opinion

The Last Word

As Obama saves Liberia from Ebola By Andrew M. Mwenda

An inside look at why the US has deployed its military to fight Ebola and Western media coverage of this “rescue mission”

ver the last month, efforts to fight Ebola in West Africa, especially Liberia, have dominated the news on all international cable and satellite television. United States President Barack Obama has even deployed the American military to save Liberians from the scourge of this disease. The Atlanta based Centers for Disease Control (CDC) gives daily press briefings about its efforts to save the people of West Africa from this epidemic. Missing in the big Ebola story are efforts by West Africans (and other Africans) to save themselves. The story is depressing because one wonders what the governments there are doing themselves to save their citizens. This is especially so because Liberia and Sierra Leone are often praised for being “democratic,” managed by responsible governments that care about their citizens. It is possible there are many efforts by these governments to save their people but the avalanche of self-congratulatory news-reports by Western journalists and their media outlets obscures these efforts. However, that Ebola has lasted this long and has claimed well over 4,000 lives is very revealing. This is not the first time Ebola has struck. Uganda has been hit by Ebola four times over the last 14 years. The first time was in Gulu, northern Uganda in October 2000 (where 393 people got infected) and it spread to Mbarara (five infections) and Masindi (27 infections) making a total of 425 infections. There were 224 deaths and the epidemic was declared over within three months. In December 2007, Ebola struck again in Bundibugyo, infecting 149 people with 37 deaths but it was done away with in two months. Ebola struck a third time in Kibale, infecting 24 people and killing 17 but was over within a month. The last time Ebola hit Uganda was in November 2012 and it infected only 15 people, killed four and was over in a month. There are many problems with the Uganda healthcare system but we can give our corrupt and incompetent government credit for containing Ebola. The spectacle of the American military being deployed to save Ugandans from Ebola has been avoided. The efforts to save Africans, which are favoured by sections of Western governments and populations, usually compound rather than remove the problem.

For example, Liberia was saved from civil war by American troops, Sierra Leone by the British army. Since then these two countries have been managed as trusteeships by the “international community” through the United Nations, the World Bank, the EU and other Western agencies. If such foreign interventions work, how come there is limited governmental ability to contain the epidemic? Indeed, over the last 15 years, Western media, academia and governments have been singing praises of the democratic character of the governments in Sierra Leone and Liberia. They have said that these are liberal multiparty democracies, holding free and fair regular elections, enjoying a free press, having effective checks and balances on the exercise of power and hence high government responsiveness to the interests of ordinary citizens. However, my friends from these countries, especially award winning Sierra Leonean journalist, Sorious Samora, has been telling me that Western tales of accountable government in Sierra Leone are bogus. Sierra Leone and Liberia are experimental labs for outsiders seeking to prove that the best efforts to save Africans have to come from outside. Western governments train their armies, run their bureaucracies, guard their presidents etc. Their leaders are thus celebrities in London and Washington DC where they are given Nobel prizes for peace. Meanwhile, back home, their citizens wallow in poverty and misery and there is little trace of government on the ground. That is why Ebola has devastated them. The failure in Liberia and Sierra Leone to contain Ebola is largely a product of inability by these so-called “liberal democracies” to build effective governments that can serve their citizens and thereby win their confidence and support. Their elected leaders are a cabal of elites involved in anarchical grabbing of public resources. Rather than serve their people, the leaders of these nations have been keen to please those in London and Washington who keep them in power and therefore whose interests they serve. Consequently, ordinary people in Liberia and Sierra Leone were going to hospitals and removing their sick, taking them back home for treatment. Others are refusing to take the sick to hospital all

together. In Liberia many people think public announcements about Ebola are a trick by the government to cause a stampede in order to get foreign aid dollars from abroad. The presence of American troops saving Liberians is exactly what Western media want – to show their nations off as caring and prove that Africa doesn’t work. These lessons came to me last week when I watched a BBC documentary titled Rwanda: the untold story. When Rwanda faced a major disaster of genocidal proportions, these saviors ran away. Rwandans rose to the occasion and liberated themselves. Since then Rwanda has pursued an independent project of reconstructing the state and economy and reconciling its people. This project has been successful beyond measure. But sections of Western society don’t want an African-led success story. They have grown increasingly angry because President Paul Kagame is setting a wrong example. Just imagine if it was the American troops that ended the genocide in Rwanda in 1994! The American general commanding the war would have won a Nobel peace prize; Hollywood would have acted more than 100 movies telling of his heroic exploits and those of gallant Americans troops. Kagame and his soldiers destabilised this consensus by stepping unto the plate and saving Rwanda from self-destruction. Many wellmeaning people in the West appreciate this. But sections of Western society have never accepted that this example should stand, hence documentaries and “academic” research to prove that RPF did not actually stop the genocide but that it actually perpetrated it. Recently there was a story in the Wall Street Journal explaining how CDC had helped Uganda learn how to contain Ebola. It went to great length to explain the role of America in helping Uganda. There was not a single sentence on the efforts of Ugandan doctors, nurses, and political leaders who mobilised resources, organised people and conducted mass sensitisation campaigns to contain the virus. The message was simple but fundamental: every failure in Africa is African and every solution must be Western. Welcome to the world! amwenda@independent.co.ug October 17 - 23, 2014

Cover Story

What next for afande

Kaweesi? Police boss Kayihuraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tactics under spotlight By Haggai Matsiko

On Sept.11, the offices of the Director of Operations of the Uganda Police Force (UPF) at the swanky new force headquarters in Naguru, a Kampala city suburb, was a no-go area. Assistant Inspector of Police, Grace Turyagumanawe, the former Director of Operations, was busy packing his bags to make way for his successor, Andrew Felix Kaweesi.

October 17 - 23, 2014

hen Kaweesi who has just completed an eventful tenure as the director Kampala Metropolitan Police (KMP) arrived the next day, Sept.12, Turyagumanawe took him on a tour of the Operations office. According to someone familiar with the inner workings of the force, their boss, Inspector General of Police Kale Kayihura appears to see in these two top lieutenants his favourite traits -loyalty and delivery of results; the reason they have kept rising in rank. Yet even as the two men revelled in being the centre of attention, seeing them together must have led many to wonder what the change would bring not least because the two are so different in personality and working style. Turyagumanawe is a short and stout taciturn whose favourite face is a fierce frown. Kaweesi, meanwhile, is a lanky officer who likes to smile and revel in the limelight although, insiders say, he is in fact a clandestine operator. As they walked around, Kaweesi was beaming with excitement, like a man in a hurry to get on with his new job and at some point was overheard telling some friends; “that is the office” as he pointed excitedly to the operations directorate office. A relatively young Turk in police, Kaweesi, who joined the force in 2001, is already at the height of his career—although the force’s hierarchy is flat and mutates, Kaweesi’s current office of Director Operations is seen as the third highest in the institution. The operations office is responsible for planning, implementing and coordinating all police activities in the country. It also coordinates the Uganda Police Force’s engagement with other specialised units. Operational duties range from big national functions, football matches, national and international VIP functions, riots, demonstrations, elections, and emergencies. On the same day that he took office, for example, Kaweesi was handed his first task by Deputy Inspector of Police (DIGP), Martin Okoth Ochola. He was to oversee the coronation of Prince William Gabula Nadiope as the Kyabazinga of Busoga Kingdom. President Yoweri Museveni and other dignitaries attended the function in Bugembe, Jinja district amid tight security as rival factions threatened violence. Kaweesi, who headed to Jinja soon after the official handover ceremony, is familiar with dealing with situation like this. At the handover ceremony, DIGP Ochola sought to quell speculation surrounding Kaweesi’s arrive at the Directorate of Operations. “For us, transfers and appointments are

Cover story

The new acting director of operations, Mr Grace Turyagumanawe (R), hands over office files to new Kampala Metropolitan superintendant, Mr Felix Kaweesi. Courtesy Photo

Inspector General of Police Kale Kayihura normal administrative actions,” he said, “There is no single super directorate in the police, we now have 20 directorates, the police is like a human body and these directorates are like body parts, each one relies on the other.” But Kayihura observers have rejected Ochola’s claim. Many note that Kayihura likes to plan ahead. That is how he successfully stocked enough anti-riot gear to beat the post-2011 election protesters. Part of Kayihura’s planning also involves constantly switching his men (rarely any women) to new roles; possibly to assess their fitness for critical upcoming assignments. Currently, the major assignment is

the 2016 presidential and parliamentary elections. Already, the police and army are beefing up their personnel with major recruitments. In the latest transfers, Turyagumanawe was to be deputised by SCP Farouk Muyirima, the former Deputy Commandant Kampala Metropolitan Police and CP Moses Irungu will head to the new office with the East African Standby Force to be based in a joint UPDF/UPF office in Jinja. The other transferred officers included; SCP Haruna Isabirye, who is now the Acting Commander KMP, ACP Tanui Stephen from KMP North to acting Acting Deputy Commander KMP, SP Wesley Nganizi from Jinja Road to Acting Regional Police Commander, KMP North and SP Charles Mugisa from KMP South to District Police Commander (DPC) Jinja Road. But Ochola also obliquely hinted at what the police bosses consider when dishing out the carrots and sticks in the force. He remarked on how Kaweesi had battled and defeated some of the biggest protests seen in the country in recent times; the Walk-toWork protests organised by groups allied to former Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) party president, Kizza Besigye. “He really helped us to contain a number of those things (protests),” Ochola said.

Tough cop

Turyagumanawe too played a part in quelling those riots. When they broke out, he was the director KMP. His strong-arm tactics soon drew criticism as police used brute force and torture methods on opposiOctober 17 - 23, 2014

Cover story tion leaders like Kizza Besigye. A tough officer, Turyagumanawe belongs to the old-guard which, the conventional wisdom claims, Kayihura is keen to get rid of. Many are, therefore, unsure why since Kayihura became police chief, Turyagumanawe’s star has been on the rise and shows no signs of burning out. But insiders say, it is Kayihura’s bad cop- good cop strategy. Turyagumanawe’s tough tactics can be traced to the changing face of the UPF. He joined police in 1981, during the post-Amin chaos when only the toughest survived. The social capital he has built over the years ensured that he survived being side-lined even after a damning recommendation by the 1999 Sebutinde Commission on police. The commission recommended that Turyagumanawe, together with others, be prosecuted for corruption and abuse of office. The commission noted that under his leadership, the traffic department had experienced unmatched corruption and extortion cases. The commission also called on the Inspector General of Government (IGG) to investigate Turyagumanawe over allegations of corruption and called for his replacement saying he was unfit to be an Assistant Commissioner of Police in charge of Traffic and Road Safety. Indeed, when Gen. Katumba Wamala— the current Chief of Defence Forces (CDF)— was appointed IGP in 2001, he demoted Turyagumanawe and a few others claiming this was one of the steps he was taking to implement the Sebutinde recommendations. But when Kayihura became police chief in 2005, Turyagumanawe’s star began to rise again. A few years later, Turyagumanawe was again being criticised for his brute force style against opponents of President Yoweri Museveni, especially against Besigye. Turyagumanawe was particularly singled out for directing an attack on Besigye in 2011 in which a police operative, Gilbert Arinaitwe shattered the opposition leader’s car window with a pistol and sprayed him with teargas and pepper spray that almost blinded him. Besigye had to be treated abroad after the incident which shook the nation, drew international condemnation, and sparked countrywide riots in which people were killed. When months later Turyagumanawe was transferred, it sparked speculation that the move had to do with the pressure from some institutions like the Inter-Religious Council and some members of the Inter-Party Organisation for Dialogue (IPOD). Many demanded that Turyagumanawe resign. But the critics were missing something. Turyagumanawe had been appointed to the Kampala job after the previous holder, 12

October 17 - 23, 2014

“Kaweesi has never betrayed me or failed me since I started working with him in 2006,” Kayihura said, “that is why he has come this far. He is loyal in everything he does that is why people have called him my in-law, others my brother, yet we are not at all related.” AIGP Andrew Sorowen was removed for allegedly mishandling (read handling with a softie-softie approach), the mayoral elections protests after the ruling NRM party candidate was caught fiddling with the ballots. Kayihura was well aware of Turyagumanawe’s tough tactics. Before KMP, Tury-

agumanawe headed police operations. During this time, he cracked on the Buganda riots in 2009; perhaps the reason Kayihura put him in charge of Kampala. So after the attack on Besigye, Turyagumanawe did not resign. Instead from KMP, he was promoted to head an even bigger Directorate of Operations. That is how, in September 2011, Kaweesi came to head KMP. Kaweesi, who was fresh from training in policing strategy; especially deployments and riots handling, changed tactics but not intent.

Good cop tactics

As a more public operator than Turyagumanawe, Kaweesi quickly sought to deploy his public relations skills by engaging the public on the street and markets and on radio and TV talk shows. But sources at police say, behind the scenes and away from public sight, Kaweesi infiltrated the political opposition in Kampala and their informal networks in places like Kiseka market. The result was that instead of battling riots like Turyagumanawe before him had done, Kaweesi succeeded in bursting

Cover story

them before they happened. Indeed, the subsequent protests led by Kampala Lord Mayor, Erias Lukwago and Besigye were usually nipped in the bud and with minimal brute force. Like Kayihura his boss, Kaweesi likes to personally be where the action is and has severally been seen talking to opposition protestors and convincing students at Makerere University not to riot. He also quickly jumped on the new police trend of `Community policing’ and has an army of informers that like to call themselves `crime preventers’. `Abasajja ba Kaweesi’ or Kaweesi’s men is what some in police circles call them. Police boss Kale Kayihura also often uses infiltrators. In tapes that were deliberately leaked to the public recently, Kayihura can be heard interviewing an informer who is none other than top opposition politician and Kampala Capital City Authority, Sulaiman Kindandala. Before the tapes leaked, opposition politicians were fighting to confirm Kidandala as KCCA Deputy Lord Mayor. After the leak, the opposition was left clueless, unable to trust even their shadow. Such are the new

favoured tactics of the force. And to implement them, Kayihura increasing leans on a crop of young officers.

Kaweesi’s rise

Kaweesi is the most senior of a group of young leaders in police that Kayihura has put in charge. This group includes other officers like Superintendent of Police, James Ruhweza who, despite joining the force recently in 2007, has been at the forefront of some of the biggest police assignments; especially demonstrations. Most of these young officers were trained by Kaweesi, who first served as a deputy and later Commandant of the Police Training school in 2007 at Kabalye, Masindi district. He left here to become the director KMP. It is at this post that he has crystallised his credentials and made his mark in police. However, it has not been all smoothgoing for Kaweesi. In 2012 he hit a low when he was accused of taking billions of shillings from a one Paul Simwogerere. When Kayihura directed the force’s Professional Standards Unit (PSU) to investi-

gate, Kaweesi was cleared and police identified Simwogerere as a conman. The Independent could not verify claims that these allegations were down to infighting between Kaweesi and some senior police officials. Apparently, some senior officials expected Kaweesi to take their orders and he felt that since he was at the same rank with them, he could not. As the youngest officer at that level, Kaweesi was caught up in the tensions between the young turks and the old guard, sources in police claimed. The Independent could also not confirm claims that Kaweesi clashed with Turyagumanawe under similar circumstances. At the recent handover, the two men hugged, Turyagumanawe pledged support to Kaweesi and the latter said it was good Kayihura had chosen Turyagumanawe, “a tested officer” for a new office that deals with national, regional, and international assignments. Tensions or no tensions, Kaweesi is now on top and seems to mix well with the leadership; at least as far as the public is concerned. Apart from chairing the wedding meeting of the deputy IGP last year, Kaweesi also had the IGP fly to his home in Lwengo for his house warming party. At the event, the police chief had only praises for Kaweesi. “Kaweesi has never betrayed me or failed me since I started working with him in 2006,” Kayihura said, “that is why he has come this far. He is loyal in everything he does that is why people have called him my in-law, others my brother, yet we are not at all related.” Little did Kaweesi know that the IGP had big plans for him. His predecessor, Turyagumanawe’s new assignment in the Peace Support Operations office is less clear. Turyagumanawe is now tasked with preparing police to meet the country’s regional and international obligations in peace support operations. He will also develop the force’s policy for Peace Support Operations and always ensure that it participates actively in the East African Standby Force. Turyagumanawe will be working directly with the African Union and the UN’s department of Peace Keeping Operations (DPKO) on peace support operations. While a new office cannot be compared to the directorate of operations, looking at Turyagumanawe’s career, one cannot say he has been demoted and he is approaching it with his usual resoluteness. When the The Independent asked him about it, he said he is looking forward to the new challenge the IGP has set before him. That is the right attitude which Kayihura praises. October 17 - 23, 2014

News analysis

Uganda marks 52 independence Anniversary at Kololo Independence Grounds 9th Oct 2014

October 17 - 23, 2014

News analysis

October 17 - 23, 2014

News analysis

Malala Yousafzai The 17-year old girl who won the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize By Agencies

On Oct.10, the Nobel Committee announced two winners of the annual Nobel Peace Prize: Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi. At just 17 years old, Yousafzai, a 2013 Glamour Woman of the Year, is the youngest ever winner of the distinguished prize. Satyarthi is a children’s rights activist in India who has been working for decades against the financial exploitation of children. "Despite her youth, Malala Yousafzai has already fought for several years for the right of girls to education and has shown by example that children and young people, too, can contribute to improving their own situations,” said Thorbjorn Jagland, the Nobel Committee’s chairman. 16

lamour recently traveled with Malala to Nigeria and witnessed her power as a force of peace in person as she negotiated with the President of Nigeria, eventually getting him to agree to finally meet with the families of the girls kidnapped by extremist group Boko Haram. Malala has had an incredible year, from continuing her work with the Malala Fund, to the publication of her book, to the news that the Taliban members behind her 2012 attack have finally been arrested. The Nobel Committee noted in its statement that "the struggle against suppression and for the

rights of children and adolescents contributes to the realization of the ‘fraternity between nations’ that Alfred Nobel mentions in his will as one of the criteria for the Nobel Peace Prize." For most of us, her story began on October 9, 2012; the day a young man with a handkerchief over his face boarded a bus filled with 20 singing, chatting girls on their way home from school in the lush Swat Valley of northern Pakistan. "Who is Malala?" the man asked. When the girls unwittingly glanced toward their 15-year-old friend near the back, he lifted a black Colt .45 and fired three shots,

News analysis sending a bullet through her head.

But who is Malala?

Her real story, she says, started years before. When Malala Yousafzai; named, fittingly, after Malalai, a female Afghan martyr who died in battle, was born, her father, a teacher named Ziauddin, refused to grieve the way fathers in his culture were expected to upon having daughters. Instead he wrote her into his clan’s family tree, a distinction usually reserved for boys. And Malala’s sense of justice came young. When, at an early age, she saw children living on a garbage dump, she wrote a letter to God. “Give me strength and courage,” she pleaded. “I want to make this world perfect.” Malala’s valley had always been conservative; she remembers disliking having to cover her face, and bristling at the fact that while boys and men could walk freely around town, her mother could not go out without a male relative, “even if it was a five-year-old boy!” But real danger only came to her peaceful region when she was 10; in the form of the Taliban. Then, says Malala,”I got afraid. Not of the Taliban, but because they were banning girls’ education.” Schools closed; many were bombed and bodies of dissenters piled up in a town square. The local Taliban leader used his radio show to congratulate by name those girls who dropped out of school. The school Malala’s father ran stayed open, but for safety, it removed its signs and the girls stopped wearing their uniforms, which would have made them targets. And that’s when Malala really became Malala. When a BBC journalist asked her father to recommend a teacher or student willing to document the terror, no one volunteered—except his own daughter. “I thought, what a great opportunity,” she recalls. “Terrorism will spill over if you don’t speak up.” Under the pen name Gul Makai, she wrote frank, detailed diary entries about her life under the Taliban. Though many urged her to stop, and some have since criticised her father for allowing her to do it, Malala was not worried. The Taliban, she remembers, “had never come for a girl.” Emboldened, she began giving speeches across Pakistan in favour of education. She won the country’s National Peace Prize and met the prime minister, presenting him with a list of demands on behalf of children—rebuilt schools, a girls’ college—but keeping her expectations low. “I told myself, ‘I shall not wait for any prime minister—when I’m a politician, I will do these things myself,’” she says. Malala led a double life: In one world, she was an Ugly Betty fan known for her

spot-on impersonations of teachers and friends; in the other, a rising voice of dissent against terror. She started to realise her work could be risky. “I used to think that one day the Taliban would come [for me],” she told me. “And I thought, what would I do? I said to myself, ‘Malala, you must be brave. You must not be afraid of anyone. You are only trying to get an education—you are not committing a crime.’ I would even tell [my attacker], ‘I want education for your son and daughter.’” Her own mother decided to take classes to learn to read and write.

And then came October 9.

Her parents rushed to her bedside. “My brave daughter, my beautiful daughter,” lamented her father, leaning over her. His brave daughter recovered, thanks in part to two visiting British doctors who were able to take her to a hospital in Birmingham, England. Around the world,

Changing the world But the place she’d most like to go is home. She misses it dearly. “I miss my room, I miss the traffic—I even miss that garbage dump!” she says. But it’s far too dangerous for her there. “We will target her again and attack whenever we have a chance,” a Taliban spokesperson told reporters in October 2013. So Malala and her family—her mother, father, and younger brothers Khushal and Atal—are changing the world from abroad. “If Malala can do what she did—take on the Taliban, at risk to her own life,” notes 1997 Nobel Peace Prize winner (and Woman of the Year) Jody Williams, “then there is really no excuse for the rest of us not to get up off our butts and work to make the world a better place.” The last time I spoke to Malala (by Skype, with her family milling about behind her), I asked her what she wanted Glamour’s 12 million readers to know. “You can tell them a story from my imagination!” she said cheerfully. “When God created man and woman, he was thinking, Who shall I give the power to, to give birth to the next human being? And God chose woman. And this is the big evidence that women are powerful. Women are strong. Women can do anything. Come out and struggle for your rights; nothing can happen without your voice. “Do not wait for me to do something for your rights. It’s your world, and you can change it.”

women, men, and children prayed for her. Thousands of letters piled up (one addressed simply to “The Girl Shot in the Head, Birmingham”), and people everywhere asked: Would she be okay? Could she lead a normal life again? It turns out that for Malala, normal was never the goal. In the years since her attack, she has spoken, written, and fought her way into history, becoming the world’s leading advocate for educating girls. Not normal— extraordinary. At the United Nations in July 2013, she brought the General Assembly to its feet. “One child, one teacher, one pen, and one book can change the world,” she said. Since then she has Skyped with Syrian children, written the memoir `I Am Malala’, charmed Jon Stewart and Barack Obama, and become one of the youngest-ever nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize. Throughout it all, she has stayed focused: Let girls go to school. The issue certainly needs a hero right now. Around the world an estimated 66 million girls are being denied the right to an education. Fix that, scholars have long said, and you could change the course of human history. “There’s a saying,” says Sheryl WuDunn, co-author of Half the Sky, “that when you educate boys, you educate boys; when you educate girls, you educate a village.” Educated girls are safer from sexual assault and childhood marriage; they go on to raise more-educated children themselves. Her Muslim faith, Malala points out, is in her favour: “Islam tells us every girl and boy should be educated,” she says, “I don’t know why the Taliban have forgotten it.” For that sensibility, and for her unstoppable drive to change the world, Malala was Glamour’s 2013 Women of the Year Fund honoree. The money raised goes to the project she is most passionate about, The Malala Fund, which aims to help children all over the world get the education that is their birth-right. The Fund recently made its first grant, supporting the educations of 40 girls in the Swat Valley—an achievement that thrills Malala, who wants to expand to other regions and countries (she cites Syria, Afghanistan, Nigeria). “Nothing can happen when half the population is in the Stone Age,” she says. “I believe that when women are educated, then you will see this world change.” Malala’s own world has changed hugely, from a small town to the global stage. She plans to go to college—Oxford, Cambridge, maybe Harvard, “to learn and learn and learn”—and into politics; one of her heroes is the assassinated Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto, whose scarf she wore during that address at the United Nations.

October 17 - 23, 2014

Rwanda

Rwanda deserves equal access to EAC markets Valentine Sendanyoye Rugwabiza, the new Rwandan minister for East African Community affairs, is a former Deputy Director-General of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and has extensive work experience in senior government and private sector positions after serving for three years simultaneously as Rwanda’s Permanent Representative to the UN in Geneva, Head of Delegation to the WTO, and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Switzerland. She was adviser at the Council of Economic and Social Affairs in the Office of the Rwandan President in Kigali. She is a founding member of the Rwandese Private Sector Federation, the Rwanda Women Entrepreneurs’ Organisation, and the Rwandese Women Leaders’ Caucus. During her tenure as Rwanda’s ambassador, she was Coordinator of the African Group in the WTO and was one of the two ambassadors representing the LDCs in the Integrated Framework Working Group. She initiated the Integrated Framework in Rwanda.When she returned to Kigali last year, she was appointed CEO of the Rwanda Development Board. She spoke to The Independent’s Eric Kabeera.

As new minister, what are your areas of focus? What do you want to achieve?

may be new as a minister but Rwanda’s commitment to regional integration is not new and I’m guided here by Rwanda’s priorities in EAC integration process. We are not starting from scratch, a number of things have been achieved. We are looking at what the maximum returns for Rwandan citizens, maximum return for business and for professional bodies and associations are. The Customs Union that started being implemented brought a number of benefits especially at the beginning of this year on the Northern Corridor and now on the Central Corridor. The trucks turnover is increasing and it has doubled. This is one of the areas we need to consolidate our efforts to ensure that we benefit more. The Central Corridor is still in pilot phase and we are implementing the Single Customs Territory on products like fuel products, grains, and motorcycles. We are planning to go to a full rollout in November and thereafter we will be able to assess the impact. What about the Common Market Protocol Implementation; how far have member countries gone with it?

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Rwanda The Common Market Protocol will bring huge benefits once we achieve free movement of workers, services, free movement of capital, and the right of establishment in any of the EAC countries. Once implemented Rwandans and their companies will be able to establish themselves in any of the EAC countries and be treated as nationals. We know that comes with huge gains in terms of growth in their businesses but also huge gains in terms of employment. We are still at very early implementation but we are going to focus on that. We have to advocate for full implementation of the Common Market Protocol. The third area is on the survey we conducted in the ministry but there is low awareness. We want close active involvement of the business community in the integration process. It will turn opportunities into actual benefits so they need to be on board because they need to know the issues we are confronted with. We need active involvement of all; Non-government actors, civil society, and the media to become our partners. How has single customs territory benefited Rwanda? The Northern Corridor started being implemented in January 2014 and we have seen the cost of a container of goods from Mombasa to Kigali reduced by US$1000. This is not little money. In terms of time, we have seen a dramatic drop in the time it used to take and it moved from 21 days to five days to transport a container from Mombasa to Kigali. We are going to conduct the same assessment on Central Corridor because it’s now being implemented. What about the Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)? This is where we have the most visible progress and achievements. Here we speak louder to the business community. More than 17 NTBs have been removed and we do have more or less 20 that are still in place and less than 10 that are new on both corridors. How possible is the full implementation of Common Market Protocol? Is free movement of labor, capital, and others, be possible in the EAC?

It’s not easy but what show that it is feasible are the ingredients required to make it happen. It is the political will and it’s there in all five states. It’s absolutely a necessary condition but it’s not sufficient to make that happen. We now have to look at what is in place. There are a number of legislations that need to be harmonised. We need to look at what is required for an engineer from Rwanda to be able to operate in Kenya. So we need to go for all these requirements. We need to establish the mutual recognition of qualifications. We also need to go for the checklist of all the policies in the respective countries that are discriminative of other EAC countries and amend them. It involves a lot but once the political will is there and there is involvement of all partners, especially the professional bodies themselves, then it gives us the steam we need.

I don’t think it was a good idea to start disclosing the intricacies of the EPAs negotiation

When you look the Rwanda private sector, it is still not developed like Uganda or Kenya and you’re now opening up the market. Are there some initiatives you’re putting in place to ensure that Rwandans compete favourably on the market? Integration is a multi-way process. On the side of Rwanda, our performance it terms of implementing our commitments is good; which is why for example today Kenyans can come to Rwanda and get work permits without paying for them. This means we have to get an equal access to other EAC member countries. Either as workers or any other Rwandan who wants services in these

countries. If you ask me if that is happening today; it’s not happening. It is a dynamic process and our priority is to continue accelerating for implementation of the Common Market Protocol for this happen. You tell us that the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) negotiations are done. When should we expect the signing? I don’t think it is a good idea to start disclosing the intricacies of the EPAs negotiations. What is important is where we are in terms of negotiations. We are at very advanced level. The remaining differences are marginal and are all solvable. Now obviously the date has been an issue and the reason why it’s an issue is because of the regulations of EU stating that after Oct.1 duties will apply to all developing economies and Kenya of the EAC members will be the General System of Preferences. In actual fact that means that Kenyan exports will be submitted to higher duties. Definitely we are closer to a deal but if you ask me whether it will happen in a week or a month, am not able to answer. But once the deal is signed, the EU has the possibilities of saying that duties that applied can still be reimbursed retroactively. What should we expect immediately after signing the deal? People should not be mistaken that once the agreement is signed it will dramatically change the structure of our trade with the European Union. Market access is one condition and component of competitiveness, another component is the cost; how much will it cost to produce in the community or to assemble from the community, to add value in the community. And that’s where integration comes into play. If we have a large market, clearly with the economies of scale, we can become much more competitive. But it also calls for a look at the impediments to the productivity at national level. So there are a number of components to competiveness. That is why I don’t think people should be mistaken that once the EPAs are signed, overnight it will change the structure of the trade with EU. That will be disregarding other components.

What is a Road Reserve? In Uganda, a road reserve is 15 metres from the centerline on either sides of the road. The recommended building line is 3 metres for urban/Town centers and 6 metres for rural areas from edge of the road reserve. A building should be constructed at least 18 metres from the centerline of the road.

ROAD RESERVE 30M Property Line 3 - 6M

15M from centre line Road side UNRA markstone

Centre Line

15M from centre line Road side UNRA markstone

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Property Line 3 - 6M

RWANDA

Rwanda tackles human trafficking 2014 report blames poverty, ignorance, jobs search

By Our Correspondent

wanda plans to amend laws and impose more austere punishments for those involved in human trafficking in a bid to eliminate the vice. Fighting and preventing human trafficking in Rwanda has become an issue with government security agencies and other institutions working tirelessly to put an end to the escalating problem in the country. In the conference to discuss how best the country can fight the vice, Justice Minister Johnstone Busingye suggested that the country needed to revise its current laws and impose more legislation. “We need to re-examine the punishments and laws aimed at preventing crimes related to human trafficking,” he said, “ five years imprisonment and penalties of up to Rwf5 million are not enough.” Currently according to the Rwandan penal code, anyone arrested dealing with human trafficking is punished by imprisonment of 15 years and paying up to Rwf20 million which the Rwandan government believes that it’s still not enough. The Justice Minister said human traffickers needed to know that if apprehended, there would be no mercy applied to them in Rwanda. The conference on Oct.9 at the Rwandan parliament was attended by top government officials and Rwandan First Lady Jeannette Kagame. It’s believed that Rwandan young girls are illegally trafficked to various countries including Uganda, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and china, USA, European countries. They are mostly trafficked for sexual activities and domestic work. According to statistics from Rwandan Criminal Investigations Department,

more than 150 people have been rescued by Kigali police from traffickers in the last four years. Between 2009 and 2013, Rwanda’s Criminal Investigation Department investigated 36 cases and rescued 153 people from trafficking. Out of these, 138 people had been prevented from being trafficked from Rwanda “Human trafficking, particularly for cheap labor and sexual exploitation, is growing in Europe and several south Asian countries,” the head of Interpol-Rwanda, Chief Superintendent Tony Kuramba told reporters in Kigali ahead of the conference. The Rwandan government is making significant efforts to tackle trafficking, according to the U.S. Department of State’s 2014 trafficking in person’s report, which cited the training given to all newly hired immigration police officers on how to identify trafficking victims. Most girls and women are trafficked because of poverty, ignorance and influence by others promising them better jobs abroad. In 2013, the government opened an Interpol liaison office at Kigali International Airport, where officials intercepted

October 17 - 23, 2014

Ugandan women being transited to Dubai by traffickers. Last year, the office of the Prosecutor General in Rwanda said it was investigating a case involving a Ugandan national, David Behakanira, over alleged human trafficking. Parents in Kigali had accused Behakanira of luring their daughters from schools into prostitution after taking them to Bushenyi District in Western Uganda where he had promised to offer them hotel jobs. Police arrested Behakanira following a tip-off from one of the girls. The suspect was arrested together with Oliver Nshizirungu, also a Rwandan, who allegedly acted as his contact in Kigali.

Collective efforts needed

While speaking at the event, Rwanda’s first lady Jeannette Kagame called for collective efforts from all the countrymen in ensuring the safety of young girls in the country. “We shouldn’t let our youth blunder out of control. All parents and guardians should guard them because they are our future;” she said adding that “Human trafficking is aided by drug abuse. The youth are deceived to

Rwandan First Lady Jeannette Kagame.

take drugs and end up being sold in other countries”. According to the 2013 United Nation High Commission for Refugees report on trafficking in persons, it shows that Rwanda is a source and, to a lesser extent, transit and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking. Rwandan girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are exploited in domestic servitude within the country. Some of these children experience non-payment of wages and physical or sexual abuse within their employer›s household. In limited cases, trafficking is facilitated by women who supply other women or girls to clients, or by loosely organised prostitution networks, some operating in secondary schools and universities. Brothel owners reportedly supply girls as prostitution to clients staying at hotels. The report indicated that children in Rwanda-based refugee camps are brought to Kigali, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, and South Sudan at the hands of other refugees or Rwandan and Ugandan "sugar daddies" for use in the sex trade. Rwandan women and children are also recruited and transported to Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Burundi, Zambia, South Africa, France, the Netherlands, Malaysia, China, and the United States, where they are subjected to forced agricultural and industrial labor, domestic servitude, and prostitution. Small numbers of women and children from neighboring countries and Somalia are victimised in prostitution and forced labor after being lured to Rwanda. A limited number of foreign nationals are moved through Rwanda to be exploited in third countries.

Years Anniversary

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY The Management and Staff of NEMA, wish to congratulate HE Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, the President of the Republic of Uganda, and all Ugandans on this 52nd Independence Anniversary.

Environment has been generous to Uganda because the things that make us proud as a people, nature has given freely like; Beautiful landscapes

Wide range of biodiversity

Average weather all year round

Abundance of natural resources like rivers, lakes etc

NEMA HOUSE, PLOT 17/19/21 JINJA ROAD; P. O. BOX 22255 KAMPALA,UGANDA; TEL: 256-414-251064, 256-414-251065; : 256-414-251068; FAX: 256-414-257521; E-MAIL: info@nemaug.org

sustaining nature ensures a sustainable independence; NEMA ensures sustainable development

Mandate

The National Environment Act (NEA), Cap. 153, stipulates the Mandate of NEMA as “the principal Agency in Uganda responsible for the management of the environment by coordinating, monitoring, regulating, and supervising all activities in the field of environment”.

Vision

An Efficient Agency, With People in Uganda Living In a Clean, Healthy, Productive and Sustainable Environment

Mission To promote and ensure sound environmental management practices for sustainable development

NEMA HOUSE, PLOT 17/19/21 JINJA ROAD, P. O. BOX 22255 KAMPALA,UGANDA. 17 - 16, 23, 2014 October 10 TEL: +256-414-251064 / +256-414-251065 / +256-414-251068 FAX: 256-414-257521 | E-MAIL: info@nemaug.org | Url:www.nemaug.org

21 xv

By Flavia Nassaka ust as the world was grappling with the worst ever outbreak of the hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, in West Africa with over 4000 dead, tragedy struck thousands of kilometres away in Uganda. A male radiographer at Mengo Hospital in the capital city, Kampala, died. When nurses attending to him in his last moments noted severe bleeding an alert was raised. Hemorrhagic fever was suspected. Unlike West Africa where procrastination, denial, and lack of personnel and equipment are being blamed for the runaway epidemic, Uganda has an elaborate reporting, investigation, and response protocol for health threats. When Ebola first broke out in Uganda in 2000, a national Task Force was initiated to control all the interventions against the epidemic. So, immediately the Mengo Hospital case suspected, samples were collected and taken to the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) laboratory at Entebbe, about one hour drive from the capital. Five days later, the results were out; it was not Ebola but another equally deadly hemorrhagic fever, Marburg. Marburg hemorrhagic fever, like Ebola, is an acute infectious viral disease because it belongs to the same family. The disease which is believed to be spread by monkeys and bats is transmitted through direct contact with blood, secretions, and other body fluids of infected persons or animals. Armed with the results, the National Taskforce kicked up its public awareness campaign urging the public to report any suspected cases. Isolation units at major hospitals across the country were readied for the worst.

Public awareness

When a few days later the country celebrated its Independence Day anniversary on Oct.9, President Yoweri Museveni said he would not be shaking hands with any of the visiting dignitaries because of Marburg. That weekend, clerics in mosques, churches, and temples across the country cancelled the handshaking rituals and cautioned their followers to be on the lookout for Marburg. When on Oct.13 the Minister of Health in Charge of Primary Health Care, Sarah Opendi briefed the media about Marburg, she remained cautious. Although no other case had been confirmed, she did not declare an all clear state. Instead she said “commendable efforts to contain the Marburg predicament” had been made. 22

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The spread of Ebola Deaths

Cases

Airport checks UK

CANADA 1 SPAIN

1 USA Victim travelled from Liberia

1 SENEGAL NIGERIA 8 20

Situation in Africa*

1,298

768

879

3,865 8,032 As of October 5

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

2,210

* Excluding D.R. Congo

2,789 LIBERIA

3,924 Source: WHO

D.R. CONGO 43 70 Separate outbreak

Marburg: Don’t be caught off guard

Ugandan experts speak out on what World can do in West Africa She revealed that there had been no other confirmed case but 149 `contacts’ remained under follow up for possible signs of Marburg. Up to 80 were from Kampala district, 11 from neighbouring Mpigi district, and 58 from far away Kasese district where the victim was buried. Five other suspects who had tested negative but had presented similar symptoms, nonetheless remained under isolation at the various Isolation facilities around the country. The latest Marburg scare revealed Uganda’s typical response to disease outbreaks. The response offers a window into what

possibly needed to have been done in West Africa to avert the spread of the epidemic. “Uganda is always alert,” says Dr Alex Opio, the Commissioner National Disease Control, “We have made a comprehensive preparedness plan. When Ebola broke out in West Africa, we heightened surveillance.” Whenever an outbreak is feared, the system is re-activated. As we spoke on October 12, the Isolation Unit at the Mulago National Referral Hospital already had two suspected cases, Entebbe Hospital one, and Rubaga Hospital two. “We don’t want to be caught off guard,” Dr Opio said.

Health

One can only access isolation centers with such gear but medics say they’re not 100% protective. The doctor says the Ugandan public is also very alert when it comes to such outbreaks and helps in updating the ministry on what takes place in their communities. This is in stark contrast to some West African countries where families were seen hiding patients. Dr Opio says in addition to many alerts received daily, that the ministry on Oct.11 had received an alert from Bukwo district where people were suspecting a 30-year old man to have contracted Marburg when he presented with similar symptoms. He was later found to have had liver failure due to excessive consumption of alcohol.

Being extra-careful

As part of preparedness, Rose Achieng, Health Ministry Director General says screening centers have been established at every entry point to the country and more health workers have been trained in infection control and response to the disease. Both Opio and Achieng say the persistence of Ebola in West Africa could be blamed on the public not taking government messages seriously. “This disease is all about being extra careful. Even wearing the gear cannot give you 100% protection. There’s protocol in removing the gear; one needs to be thoroughly sprayed. Dealing with Ebola and Marburg, one needs to take serious precautions” Achieng said. But there is a trick. Dr Opio warns the diseases may be difficult to diagnose early since many of the initial symptoms are

Minister of Health in Charge of Primary Health Care, Sarah Opendi mimicked by other tropical infectious diseases including malaria, infections of the gut or typhoid. “Therefore high level of suspicion is required, especially if the presenting patient has a history of travel or close contact with an ill individual who has travelled or lived in regions where the outbreak has occurred,” he says. For Marburg, Opio explains fever usually appears on the first day of illness, followed by progressive and rapid deterioration in health. A severe watery diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, and vomiting begin about the third day. During the incu-

bation period which ranges between 2 to 21 days, infected people are not contagious. “As with Ebola, there’s no vaccine and no treatment other than supportive care such as keeping one’s blood pressure in check, rehydrating the patient and reducing the fever by administering pain-killers and other soothers”. The last Marburg epidemic in Uganda was in 2012. It lasted two months claiming at least 10 lives. In the same year, the country was hit by two outbreaks of Ebola but these were contained quickly. What you need to know about Marburg Marburg is a rare though severe and highly fatal disease. It is called haemorrhagic fever because unlike many other fever causing diseases, it is often associated with significant bleeding from multiple sites in the body during days 5 to 7 of the onset of the illness. The first reported outbreaks of this disease occurred in Marburg, Germany and in the 1960s where scientists were conducting a study that involved monkeys from Uganda. Severe outbreak of the disease first occurred in Democratic Republic of Congo from late 1998 to 2000. It involved 154 cases, of which 128 were fatal, representing a case fatality of 83%. According to Dr. Julius Lutwama, a researcher at Uganda Virus Research Institute, the appearance of patients at the early period of the disease has been described as being pale, deep-set eyes and extreme weakness coupled with lack of appetite though at times a patient may develop an itch less rash on the second day of infection. October 17 - 23, 2014

Health

Healing power of

tears

If crying helps our emotional state, why is it discouraged? By Flavia Nassaka

hedding tears is one of the least explainable human behaviors. It can involve anything from merely getting moist eyes to full-on sobbing. It is at once welcomed as a form of emotional release following a traumatic event, and frowned upon as when an adult tears up before children. Men, unlike women have more difficulty when they cry in public. Perhaps because of their traditional roles as warriors and protectors, they are expected to remain strong and avoid showing any sign of weakness to potential adversaries. That is why it is difficult to decide what to do when, as happened recently, an outgoing prime minister got wet eyes during the handover ceremony. Former Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi was handing over to new Prime Minister Ruhakana Rugunda amidst flowery speeches, hugs, and smiles and laughter. Then suddenly, the teary eyes came. We have seen it before with Kampala Capital City Lord Mayor Erias Lukwago. He tears up easily at almost any moment. Similarly we have always seen people cry during burials, and on their weddings or graduation ceremonies. What happens at such moments? How can such totally different events one sad and the other joyful both cause tears? Why do some people cry so much more or less readily than others? And what’s the best way to handle all those tears?

Emotional tears

Prof. Peter Baguma, a psychologist, expresses the generally held view that crying is an expression of emotion. In all cases, elevated tension is followed by an event that triggers a biophysical shift. “Tears are neither sad nor joyful but they are manifestations of a shift from arousal to recovery,” he says, “the situations we attach to them are just the context in which they occur.” He says tears are most easily triggered in response to a friendly gesture, a sad event, a sympathetic voice, a familiar face, or 24

October 17 - 23, 2014

other signs of safety. He says crying works towards regulation, stress reduction, and anger management. In that sense, the situations are not as distinct as they appear. Dr Harriet Oketcho, a consultant psychiatrist, uses biology to explain crying. She says the human brain responds to our thoughts by releasing hormones and chemicals which send us into a state of arousal that lead to releasing tears. Dr Oketcho focuses on `emotional tears’ which she distinguishes from basal tears or “crocodile tears” and other non-emotional tears (say, from chopping an onion). She says women at menopause may experience unexplained crying because as they age, they tend to get depression with feelings of worthlessness in society but they can go over this with counseling and other depressants. “When you cry for emotional reasons, you are involved in a healing process,” she says. She explains that people who cannot produce tears at all; whether emotional or basal which keep eyes lubricated, either have dry eye effect, a treatable optical issue or their emotional communication has been impaired and therefore require medical examination. Dr Oketcho says although we have been raised to believe that crying is unacceptable with messages such as big girls or boys don’t cry, she says it is a natural expression of emotion. “It doesn’t only make one feel better, it’s healthy,” she says. Unfortunately, she says, crying is a complex process and often we do not have the skills to deal with negative feelings. As one goes through the experience, people tend to crowd around with hugs, pitiful faces, and anxious inquires like “what’s wrong, why are you crying” etc. That is a mistake. Dr Oketcho says, instead, tearful individuals need a relaxed, safe space in which to process their thoughts and feelings. “If you’ve cried recently yourself, you may remember how uncomfortable it is to be bothered at a time when you’re trying to remain connected to your experience,” she says.

It is generally believed that tears are elicited when a person’s system shifts rapidly from sympathetic to parasympathetic activity- from a state of high tension to a period of recalibration and recovery. Along this line, it is believed that it can be emotionally damaging if one fails to cry in very difficult conditions or at the height of a crisis. “This situation can be dangerous, leading to shock or an attack as one’s brain is subjected to too much stress with minimal relaxation,” says Prof. Baguma. Some tears emerge because a problem has been solved and the system can “go off duty”.

Giving up

However, adults and children sometimes cry in connection with problems that have not yet been solved, and perhaps never will be. In these instances, tears indicate that the person is at least temporarily giving up the struggle. According to Baguma, tearing up starts in infancy when tears serve as an important communication tool, allowing babies to show their need for support. Baguma says that tool may also serve us well in adulthood as people are more willing to help people with visible tears other than those that do not have. “Tears become a sort of social lubricant,” he says, helping to ensure the smooth functioning of a community by helping people communicate. Prof. Baguma says people should always cry whenever they feel like because when the emotion is expressed, it’s reduced. But then, he cautions, crying should be expressed in a socially acceptable way. He says, for example, parents are discouraged from crying in presence of their children because this can traumatise the children since they are comforted when the parents appear strong. Studies have found that women cry an average of 5.3 times a month, while men cry an average of 1.3 times per month. Baguma says upbringing, whereby boys are nurtured to resist stress with statements such as” men don’t cry”, is a factor.

Comment

By Annette Kuteesa and Corti Paul Lakuma

Why do customers fear banks?

To be successful, lessons in financial matters must involve simple decision-making rules

n Uganda, many point to the success of mobile money in improving financial inclusion by promoting peer-to-peer money transfer. The widespread presence of mobile service stations and variety of services, particularly in urban areas, are an obvious show of activity. Mobile money users describe its benefits as reduction in transaction time, improved security, and convenience. As a woman who owns a small printing business said, she no longer has to travel long distances to deposit money with her supplier for delivering goods. Instead, she just goes to a close-by mobile service center. The mobile centres are easy to use because they require little paperwork–typically just the transaction fee and recipient’s mobile number. Similarly, a home owner whose utility billing accounts are linked to her mobile phone praises the service on decreasing her time spent waiting in long queues. While shortening the distance between the payer and recipient is a tremendous achievement, it is only a small fraction of the level of financial inclusion that needs to be attained in the country. A recent FinScope III (2013) study by the Economic Policy Research Center (EPRC) reveals that 15 per cent of adults in Uganda are entirely financially excluded. They do not use formal banks, non-bank formal institutions, or informal institutions. The report also reveals that only 19.5 percent of the adult population has an account at a formal financial institution. The woman with the printing business is one of those individuals without an account at a bank. The report underscores several barriers that must be overcome to boost formal financial inclusion. One major barrier that must be addressed is the lack of knowledge about various financial services, which hinders the ability to access and utilise financial products such as bank accounts, and engage in beneficial activities such as saving and investment. For example, the lack of knowledge on how accounts function (17.6 per cent) and inadequate information on savings (46.9 per cent) are featured as major problems limiting sound financial practices. The report concludes by urging the government and private sector to design programs and policies that can promote financial literacy and improve effective utilisation of financial products and services. The above findings are not different from an earlier FinScope Survey conducted in 2009 which found 16 per cent of Ugandans financially excluded. The strategy for financial literacy in Uganda

that is being promoted by the Bank of Uganda specifically targets the knowledge barriers highlighted in the report. However, the question remains as to whether the many activities outlined in the strategy will be effective at delivering the desired expected outcomes, particularly around savings behavior. A recent publication (2014) by Dean Karlan, Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan, and Jonathan Zinman notes that designing financial literacy programs intended to change saving behavior is not as easy as one may think. Targeting what people do or do not know does not seem to be enough. Offering a finance training course does not necessarily change saving behavior as people who are most aware about financial matters do not always perform better on financial activities, a concern that is also noted in Uganda’s strategy for financial literacy. This discrepancy is best illustrated by evidence from randomised evaluations in developing countries. Randomised evaluations rely on experimental methods to evaluate the impacts or effectiveness of programs. For instance, in India, Field and colleagues (2010) focus on working women in the informal sector, and they find that the financial literacy program has no impact on the likelihood of saving. Another study in India finds an almost similar tendency concerning financial literacy. Carpena and colleagues (2011) evaluate the impact of a video-based training on savings, credit, insurance and budgeting. The results show that financial training, even when delivered through a media channel, has a limited impact on accounting/numeracy skills but leads to an increase in basic financial awareness and attitudes towards financial decisions. These results in no way downplay the importance of and need for financial knowledge. Rather they challenge us to dig deeper and find what works or does not work when designing national programs. In fact, investigations by Drexler and colleagues (2014) and Seshan and Yang (2014) show that programs that are simple in terms of content, short in terms of time commitment and specific; targeting a particular behaviour, can be successful. Drexler et al.’s work (2014) contrasts two approaches in the Dominican Republic. The first approach relies on a standard training administered to small business owners in many developing countries, which involves lessons in fundamental financial accounting concepts. The second approach is training in simple financial decision-making rules or

“rules of thumb”; for example, micro-entrepreneurs are instructed to pay themselves a weekly wage and leave the remaining money in their business. Relative to the standard approach, the rulesof-thumb intervention has a significantly larger impact on business revenue, on whether small business owners keep accounting records and on whether business and personal cash is maintained separately. These impacts are even larger for small business owners with initially lower levels of interest in training, ability and business practices. This innovative approach is currently being replicated with micro-entrepreneurs in India. In a recent meta-review of financial education interventions and their impact, Fernandes and his co-authors (2014) add that just-in-time interventions linked to the uptake of a specific financial product may also return substantial payoff, although this in itself calls for further substantiation particularly in Uganda. Nevertheless, these findings offer some mechanisms or at least point policymakers and planners to a starting point when it comes to considering the way in which financial education might be leveraged; whether they should just consider the timing of the intervention, or nuance of training, and product design, or both—to promote financial inclusion in Uganda. Regardless of which strategy or program is adopted, it is important to carry out an evaluation. Randomised evaluations can offer better insights to determine the effectiveness or impacts of adopting certain knowledge programs and product features in enhancing uptake and usage. In the case of the woman with the printing business, her experience echoes that of others in Uganda who continue to shy away from formal banking services. Testing better approaches to financial education and product design is necessary, so that individuals can begin to choose which banking alternative best suits their situation and move from basic usage to improved investments. The scaling up of such programs could then allow for true inclusion.

Annette Kuteesa is a Research Fellow at Economic Policy Research Center (EPRC). She has since worked on issues regarding trade and regional integration. Email: akuteesa@epr.or.ug. Corti Paul Lakuma is a Research Analyst at the Economic Policy Research Institute. Email: plakuma@eprc.or.ug October 17 - 23, 2014

Comment

By Jude Kagoro

Contemporary paradoxes in policing Militarisation of crime and violence against police officers in Uganda

n July 17, Eric Garner, a giant 43-year old black man died during an arrest by the New York Police Department (NYPD). Garner’s crime was selling untaxed loose cigarettes on the streets. Thanks to an amateur video, this incident was extensively circulated in both mainstream and social media. In the video, police officers can be seen literally squeezing life out of Garner, who prior to passing out pleaded several times “I can’t breathe”, “I can’t breathe”. Without paying any disrespect to the memory of Eric Garner, let us also keep in mind that since 1988, the same Garner had been arrested on 31 different occasions for charges ranging from drug possession to violent conduct. I raise this point to lead into two interrelated arguments I will be presenting in this article. On one hand, the article provides a general discussion on contemporary challenges in the policing industry, including the increasing overlaps between the police and military spheres, while on the other exploring violence against the Uganda police in particular. Whereas police violence has over the years received overwhelming attention in the public sphere, violence against the police has hitherto been underdiscussed. The article is certainly intended to go beyond the usual prejudices and to open-up some new perspectives on the police debate in Uganda. So, to return to the case of Eric Garner, it was not an isolated incident and, of course, the NYPD has for several years been under scrutiny for alleged excessive use of force and the over reliance on the “broken windows” policing theory—overpolicing of communities as a strategy of standardising social order and forestalling anti-social behavior. In different ways and to varying degrees, some commentators have illustrated that the “broken windows” model has been used to target black and Latino neighborhoods in the US. In fact, the NYPD had been facing the daunting task of repairing its image in the same communities long before the recent Garner incident. We are talking of New York; the “melting pot” of the world, the global commercial capital and the host of the UN headquarters. Had the Garner incident happened in Kampala, most likely, the American ambassador would have publically given a patronizing

October 17 - 23, 2014

lecture to the Uganda police. Coincidently, in late July 2014, the Garner affair came up in the course of a presentation I held on the Uganda police at the 23rd World Congress of Political Science in Montreal, Canada. Prof. Michelle Bonner, a police scientist and the main discussant of my paper brought up the subject, arguing that, to make a complete academic debate on police forces in Africa, one equally needs to pay attention to advanced democracies vis-à-vis the contemporary challenges of their policing industries. Generally, the insecurity landscape has profoundly been re-shaped by post-cold war consequences, terrorism, drug trafficking, highly organised and heavily armed criminal networks and the like.

Police, military overlaps

At a normative level, police are mandated to enforce civilian law and order, investigate crimes, and to strictly follow legal procedures even when in pursuit of chronic and dangerous criminals. Ideally, it has been argued, there should be strict dividing lines between the police and military; the former for domestic purposes with the latter protecting citizens from external threats. In his article on the anti-militarisation of the police in the United States, Kurt Andrew Schlichter aptly put it that the military is designed, organised and equipped to exe-

However, as we condemn police violence, we easily forget violence against police. For instance, in the last two years, over 30 police officers have been attacked by gangs and criminal elements within society

cute rapid, violent and efficient obliteration of the “enemy”—whoever the enemy may be. He adds that military methods are by nature not architectured to deal with shades of grey that a police officer encounters on a day to day basis, but are tailored to the stark black and white of the battlefield. Empirically however, drawing clear boundaries within the security structures to limit each to a specific type of security seems to be a complex task, especially with regard to contemporary insecurity challenges highlighted on above. Simply put, the magnitude the security threats logically defies the distinction between police and military roles. In fact, it is not only the military that is getting more involved in domestic threats, but police forces are also getting more involved in external threats such as confronting transnational criminal cartels and even terrorism. To that end, Lt. Col Geoffrey Demarest of the US Army took the debate further by writing that the three concepts of what is military, what is police, and what is civilian are no longer as distinct as we might suppose. Against this background some police forces have equally adopted military tactics in the enforcement of “civilian” order. Across the United States for instance, Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams were introduced. Over the years Congress has encouraged the U.S. military to supply intelligence, military grade weaponry, and training to civilian police. Similarly, as many commentators have illustrated, the Pentagon has been equipping SWAT teams with lethal weapons such as M-16s, armoured personnel carriers, and grenade launchers. The SWAT teams also conduct training exercises with active duty Army Rangers and Navy SEALs. Though the SWAT teams were meant to confront heavily armed criminals and to perform extraordinary missions such as hostage rescue, counter-terror, and high risk arrests, today they are involved in routine patrol. Sean J. Kealy has written that police departments routinely send their SWAT teams out on the streets in tactical uniforms armed with military style weaponry. Faced with similar challenges, this U.S. example should help us to understand why it is not so surprising that the Uganda Police Force has been borrowing from the military milieu to

Comment

up-grade its own capability. As Gen. Kale Kayihura remarked at the recent re-burial of Uganda’s first indigenous IGP, the late Lt. Col Erinayo Wilson Oryema, in Nwoya district, “you don’t expect a police officer to use a baton while confronting an AK47 wielding criminal.” I was one of those Ugandans who naively thought that a neat dichotomy between the military and the police was a simple task. At the same time I was guilty of perceiving the Uganda situation in isolation. My perspective has significantly broadened through my keen academic interest in the theme of security. During my time at Bayreuth University in Bayern, Germany, I developed close relations with officers of the Oberfranken Police (upper Franconia, Bavaria/ Bayern) for scientific reasons. In many of our discussions, the officers urged me to always understand police tactics in the context of the nature of crime and the capacity of adversaries (criminals and law breakers). Most importantly, between November 2013 and April 2014, I spent five months studying the Uganda police at both police stations and field manoeuvers such as patrols and drunk-driving operations. This period gave me a deep ethnographic understanding of both the Uganda police and the security landscape of the country. Besides the terror threats posed by extremists groups such as al-Shabaab, the country is also faced with criminal networks that are highly organised and heavily armed of which prototype police tactics can never foil. Consequently, President Museveni’s appointment of military generals to head the police has turned-out to be a smart choice. Were we to step back from the emotionality of our usual political grievances,

I think we would, however begrudgingly, acknowledge that the generals, especially the incumbent IGP, Gen. Kale Kayihura, have been able to re-organise the force, establish a well functioning command and control structure, and improve police’s penetrative ability of society. In that sense, the police force has done well to maintain peace and stability that is usually taken for granted in many circles. Of course, most of the police’s pre-emptive strategies and achievements are by nature not discussed in the media or public.

Violence against police

Many political commentators and human rights activists in Uganda are quick to condemn the police without providing a complete analysis of the context within which the force operates. I personally condemn any form of violence and there have been cases where the police has over reacted and used more force than necessary. However, as we condemn police violence, we easily forget violence against police. For instance, in the last two years, over 30 police officers have been attacked by gangs and criminal elements within society. In some cases the criminals kill officers and make off with weapons—obviously for the purpose of using the same weapons to terrorise society. In some cases, crowds make efforts to protect criminals. In early July, a police operation nearly failed when the Kiseka market-based criminal gang, B13, which has been using the Nakivubo channel as its safe haven, rallied a crowd to pellet the police with stones. At the same Kiseka market, I once personally witnessed some elements throwing large rocks at officers who had gone to arrest a man accused of assaulting

his wife. Besides there have been incidences where traffic police officers are roughed-up or intentionally knocked dead by reckless drivers. Sadly, when police officers are killed or assaulted, opposition politicians and activists that usually criticise the police go practically silent—a clear indicator of lack of appreciation of the problem. Political demonstrations are some of the platforms where violence is meted out on police officers. For instance, in April 2007, during the riots against the planned giveaway of parts of Mabira forest to Mehta Group, two men of Indian descent were stoned to death by a mob. The rioters attacked a Hindu temple and maliciously damaged many businesses believed to be owned by Indians. The innocent Indians were attacked because they were unfortunate enough to be of the same race as the Mehta Group’s owners. In this riot, many officers were wounded in the process of restoring normalcy. In September 2009, riots broke out in many parts of Kampala against the government’s decision to forbid the Kabaka from travelling to Kayunga district on security grounds. Business was disrupted in several parts of the city and, in Kawempe; four police officers who had attempted to stop a rowdy group from barricading a road were forcefully disarmed. Four other security personnel were rushed to Mulago hospital, one of them, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, with his leg crushed. In March 2012, an Assistant Inspector of Police, John Bosco Ariongo, died instantly when unidentified rioters shattered his head with a rock during a procession led by Col. Kizza Besigye. The point here is not to draw a villain-angel dichotomy but to illustrate that the Uganda police is operating in extreme circumstances that many analysts hardily appreciate. In sum, I argue that all efforts should be made to avoid police excesses, especially the disproportionate use of violence in police operations. The unfortunate case of Eric Garner vis-à-vis the NYDP shows that police, even in advanced democracies, are prone to error given the fluidity and complex nature of the security landscape. Considering the contemporary security challenges across the globe, it is clear that the overlaps between the police and military spheres are neither new nor limited to Uganda. Finally, it would be helpful if critics fully contextualised the environment in which the police functions including paying attention to violence against the police as well. Jude Kagoro is from the Institute for Intercultural and International Studies (InIIS) University of Bremen, Germany. jude.kagoro@iniis.uni-bremen.de October 17 - 23, 2014

By Independent Reporter s you read this, for every Shs 10 million you held as savings in the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) by July 2013, Shs 1,115,000 could as well have been credited to your account. This follows an announcement by the Minister of Finance that the Fund will pay its members an interest rate of 11.5% for the FY 2013/14, slightly more than the 11.23% it paid a year ago, but even more importantly, above the 9.23% ten-year average rate of inflation. The new interest rate effectively translates into Shs 366 billion to be paid out to its 458,000 active members. Indeed, the Fund continues to grow in leaps and bounds; it increased by 26% to Shs 4.38 trillion, from Shs 3.5 trillion in June 2013. Geraldine Ssali Busuulwa, the acting managing director, told journalists that it was attributed to the continued growth in both member contributions and investment income. In 2013/14, member contributions grew to Shs 638.2 billion, up from Shs 558 billion a year before, and total income increased by 14.1% to Shs 478.9 billion, thanks to cost reduction. “Overall, our performance has improved because of our aggressive but prudent investment strategy, cost management strategies that kept our cost income ratio at 15%, better than industry average, and expense ratio at 1.5%, better that most Funds of similar size. Our focus remains to provide a reasonable return to members, without compromising the safety of their savings,” Ssali added. A quick look at the figures shows that the income would probably be higher if the investment portfolio were more diversified into more income-generating ventures. For example, though the proposed 11.5% interest rate is only slightly above the average 11.2% BoU rates for the 364-Day Treasury Bills, and the 11.3% interest rate offered on the 7-12 months fixed deposits by commercial banks. More than Shs 3.2 trillion (over 75%) of NSSF’s cash is in government securities and fixed deposits in commercial banks. The international average is way lower than that, as most Funds prefer to invest member’s savings in more high-yielding ventures especially real estate and infrastructure projects. Only Shs 423 billion (slightly over 10%) of NSSF money has been invested in real estate properties, yet in other countries real estate is the cash cow of Funds like NSSF that hold long-term liabilities. Some analysts have argued that if the 75% held in treasury bills and fixed assets were to come down to 28

October 17 - 23, 2014

(L-R) Acting NSSF MD Geraldine Busuulwa Ssali (L), Aston Kajara (C) the State minister for Finance and Ivan Kyayonka, NSSF Board Chairman, display the new interest rate. Courtesy Photo

NSSF’s Shs 366 billion Fund announces 11.5% interest rate for its members in 2014 30% and the rest poured into real estate, the interest paid to members would rise to 20% in ten years. However, NSSF Board Chairman Ivan Kyayonka attributed this scenario to “limited investment opportunities” in Uganda but was positive that the Fund was able to register significant progress and attain “commendable results.” He added that going forward; the Fund would focus more on high-yielding longer term maturities, mainly because interest rates are continuing to decline across all maturities as the economy recovers from the soaring inflation of two years ago. The argument by NSSF over the years has been that the available legible investment opportunities are not enough to absorb NSSF investment potential, and they need strategic domestic long term investments that can absorb this huge local savings pool. Though the Fund is exploring investment opportunities in government infrastructure projects including in energy, and transport sectors, members will have to wait much longer to get a good return from them thanks to the interference from various power centres. “We will also continue to seek for opportunities and undertake strategic investments in equities as the stock market recovery continues,” Kyayonka told sceptical journalists, adding that the envisaged liberalisation of

the sector presents the Fund with an opportunity for flexibility in response to market dynamism. In compliance with the Uganda Retirement Benefits Authority Act, NSSF applied for and received a provisional licence. The appointment of trustees, custodians, and fund managers, as required by the Act, is also in progress. Also, the URBRA investment guidelines already allow the Fund to invest in any of the East African countries, which Kyayonka said, provided further opportunities for diversification. The government has also tabled the Liberalization Bill, 2011 in Parliament, under which NSSF would effectively cease being a monopoly and would convert from a Provident Fund to a Pension Fund to which every employee must contribute. Also under the proposed law, the scope of member benefits is to be widened to include home ownership, further education, among others, and the benefit age will reduce from 55 to 45. There is optimism that the new legal framework would force the Fund to implement the long-awaited re-balancing of its fixed income portfolio from short term to long term investments with higher yields so as to offer even better returns to its longsuffering members. For example, there are plans to officially launch the construction of housing in the controversial Temangalo Housing estate in the next few months.

Business

UCC plots ICT growth

Future bright but skeptics downplay ambitious ICT sector targets By Julius Businge

Union (ITU), Uganda is number 156th out of 193 countries on the e-government development index; 115th out of 148 against the network readiness index, 130th out of 157 against the ICT Development Index, and 16th in Africa in the latter. As part of an ambitious plan to bring about the desperately needed turnaround, the ICT Ministry and key government agencies including the Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) and NITA-U, have embarked on developing a five-year ICT Sector Strategic and Investment Plan (SIP) 2015-2020. By 2020, the sector’s employment is projected to rise to three million, the contribution to government revenue will grow to Shs 600 billion per year, the number of telephone lines will increase to 30 million translating into a tele-density of 90% while broadband access will be 5 Mbps per household, and the cost of the internet will drastically decline. Despite being a little ambitious, Nasasira was optimistic. “It is achievable,” he told The Independent. Godfrey Mutabazi, the UCC executive director, said the plan would require public investment amounting to Shs 200 billion per year until 2020. This will be supplemented

by funding from other sources including development partners, the private sector and public partnerships.

few months ago, a team led by Information and Communications TechMixed views nology (ICTs) Minister John Nasasira But some analysts are skeptical suggesting went on a trip to South Korea where they that the foundation is not yet strong enough. visited a state-of-the-art centre for managing information security. Nasasira was Stephen Mungoma, an IT expert from Uganda astonished at the level of sophistication. He Christian University (UCU), said government turned to his colleague, James Saaka, the needs to come up with a practical curriculum executive director of the National Informaon ICT to impart skills about software application Technology Authority-Uganda (NITAtion, cloud computing among other issues if U), and asked: “James, how come I did not Ugandans are to benefit from the sector. see such a thing when I was visiting our ICT Vincent Bagiire Waiswa, the chairperson of facilities when I had just been appointed the Parliamentary committee on ICT, said the minister of ICT? implementation of the SIP would require max“We are working on it,” Saaka replied, to imum cooperation from all players including which Nasasira responded; “Are we safe or private sector. Bagiire was actually concerned we are surviving on God’s mercy?” about the ownership of critical businesses in Nasasira told this story at a recent meetthe sector. “More than 90% of the Ugandan ing of ICT industry experts to illustrate telecom sector is owned by foreigners who are one of the many challenges Uganda’s ICT interested in maximizing profits to make the industry still faces. shareholders happy,” he said. He suggested Nasasira said the ICT sector is critical to that the thinking that the ICT sector should be the realization of Vision 2040, a blue print to wholly private sector-owned is a “blunder” bring Uganda to middle income status. But especially in a situation whereby the regulatois the government doing enough to bring it ry framework was not up to the required level. to the required level? Industry analysts are On IT security systems, he said government not convinced, yet. was too slow in the implementaStatistics from the ICT ministry tion of a robust infrastructure, point at a positive future but queswhich he said was a risk to the tions linger as to whether governfuture prospects of the sector. ment, stakeholders are ready to “When you talk of Uganda on support industry players going forIT security, you are only talking ward. First is the lack of a sense of about the Computer Emergency unified purpose. Nasasira told parResponse Team [CERT] all the ticipants at the recently concluded time,” he said, “We need to up our 3rd National Conference on Comgame.” munications that many Ugandan Edward Baliddawa, also a innovators in the area of ICT are member of the ICT Committee, scattered and often exploited by said focus should be on putting rich people whenever they come in place a robust network to up with unique products. This has facilitate the growing number of ICT ministers John Nasasira (R) and Nyombi Thembo consult at an ICT users on ICT platforms. “People to change, according to Nasasira. Official figures indicate that the sec- consultative meeting in Kampala on Sept. 30. INDEPENDENT/JIMMY SIYA have been talking about voice tor’s contribution to economic growth for many years, but now it is in terms of share of GDP stands at 6%, data,” he said. “We need to ask higher than other critical sectors like manuourselves why internet penetration is still ICT sector at a glance (2013): facturing at 4.2%. Analysts are cautiously low yet we want ICTs to be at the centre of optimistic about the tangible benefits from transformation.” Baliddawa was concerned Employment – 1 million people the sector but only if current challenges are about the lack of partnerships citing the Tax revenue - Shs 332 billion well managed. Nasasira admitted to the presence of parallel internet fiber cables laid Telephone subscriptions - 18.3 million challenges that still remain saying there by both government and the private sector Tele-density - 51.3 lines per 100 people. is inadequate infrastructure, insufficient on the same route. “There should be ratiohuman resource and capacity, insufficient nalization while setting up this infrastrucActive internet subscriptions - 3.6 million funding, and limited public awareness and ture,” he said. With all these concerns, UCC, Internet subscribers 7.3 million knowledge. Also, the low penetration levels NITA-U and the ICT ministry surely have TV stations - 67 (62 operational) of e-services, limited investment in research their work cut out. FM Stations – 229 (208 operational) and innovation, untapped local content and Mobile money subscribers - 14.24 million jbusinge@independent.co.ug (email) weak institutional frameworks still hamper @juliusbusinge (Twitter) progress in the sector. Indeed, according Value of transactions - Shs 18.645 trillion to the International Telecommunications October 17 - 23, 2014

Business

Presidents Yoweri Museveni of Uganda (in yellow suit), Paul Kagame of Rwanda and other panelists at the 3rd Uganda-Rwanda Business Forum on Oct. 7.

Business capital call Business leaders offer tips at 3rd Uganda - Rwanda Business Forum By Julius Businge

or every entrepreneur, the fear that a venture might fail to attract the required capital is an ever-present concern. Over the years, the private sector, the academia and political leaders have come to appreciate the fact that this is an issue that must be tackled if entrepreneurship in the region is to grow. Not surprisingly, the recently concluded UgandaRwanda Forum in Kampala was held under the theme; “Attracting Capital to East Africa.” The well-attended event in Kampala brought together Rwandan President Paul Kagame and his Ugandan counterpart Yoweri Museveni who joined private sector players and policy makers to deliberate on key development strategies aimed at stimulating the desired business environment. The forum was hosted in partnership with the Uganda Revenue Authority, the Uganda High Commission in Rwanda and Rwanda Development Board. President Museveni called on the private sector to embrace and maximise the potentials that exist in both countries if they are to mobilise capital and stimulate growth. As if to show how it is done, the forum was addressed by two business leaders from both countries who told moving stories to hundreds of attentive delegates on how they managed to attract capital in millions of dollars to support their business ideas. When Emmanuel Katongole thought of starting a world class pharmaceuticals manufacturing plant in Uganda, he knew he needed millions of dollars, which he didn’t have. The proprietor of Quality Chemical Industries Limited - a state-of-the-art pharmaceutical plant located at Luzira near Kampala, knew that with the right partnerships he could achieve his dream. He managed to secure an off-take guarantee from the government committing to buy all anti-retroviral drugs (ARV’s) and Artemisin-based Combination Therapies instead of importing the drugs from abroad. 30

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With this guarantee from the government, Katongole was able to get friends from India on board to raise part of $32 million to kickstart the factory. Today, Katongole said they are working on a plan to have the company listed on the Uganda Securities Exchange so as to raise its net worth to $1 billion. That’s the power of partnership. Next to speak was Dennis Karera, the proprietor of Kigali Heights in Kigali, who managed to convince potential partners in Britain that his project was feasible. His local company Kigali Heights Development recently won a $16 million tender to put up a facility [a mega commercial plaza] in Kigali. The facility, once completed will be regarded as one of the leading business parks in the region. Karera said every business starter must convince themselves that what they want to do is worth the effort, adopt an ‘it’s do-able’ attitude, think big and then seek partners. “Many people think they can do things alone, but that is hard,” Karera said. “I am sure if I had not got the British friends, I would not have made it to this level.” The general feeling at the Forum was that entrepreneurs from the two East African countries must form partnerships in the various sectors going forward.

Infrastructure partnerships

Indeed, one of the challenges raised at the Forum was poor infrastructure across the region, which participants said was hindering the smooth-running of businesses at the desired speed of the EAC integration process. The forum was therefore opportune as it was held on the eve of the 7th Summit of the Heads of State for the Northern Corridor Integration Projects at which the presidents launched the construction of the Standard Gauge Railways (SGR). The rail is aimed at easing the cost of doing business within the East African States. President Kagame called for more private

and public sector partnerships and the proper utilization of resources that exist within the region if they are to reap the dividends. “Before looking for capital outside, we need to begin with the resources within our countries,” he said, adding there was a need to change the mindset of the people. “Business and government need to think outside the box,” he said, “if we are united and integrated there is no reason we cannot turn challenges into opportunities.” President Museveni also highlighted the need to build a critical mass of the middle class who can easily pool resources to fund business ventures. Museveni said other supportive factors like good infrastructure, security, markets, education and health are vital in supporting businesses. A cross section of participants backed the forum initiative saying in the long term it could help to improve the business and bilateral relations of the two countries, which will translate into social economic transformation of the citizens of the two countries. The 2013 trade statistics indicate that Uganda’s exports to Rwanda were worth about $ 200m, against imports from Rwanda worth about $87 million. Uganda is viewed as an increasingly favourable destination for Rwanda’s exports as Rwanda seeks to reduce its widening trade balance. Rwandan firms are now increasingly venturing into Uganda and forming joint ventures with Ugandan companies. The two countries have opportunities in agriculture and agro-business, manufacturing, construction, real estate, tourism, transport, education, services particularly banking and ICTs, oil and gas among others. The High Commissioner of Uganda to Rwanda Richard Kabonero said entrepreneurs within the countries face similar challenges - lack of enough capital and polices for cross border business loans, free mobility of business actors, limited access to markets and lack of local content on projects among others. At the Forum, Patrick Mweheire, from Stanbic Bank, suggested that funding for huge regional infrastructural projects require infrastructure and sovereign bonds to raise capital.

jbusinge@independent.co.ug (email) @juliusbusinge (Twitter)

Business By Agnes E. Nantaba

ver the past week, thousands of people have thronged Lugogo in Kampala to take part in the annual Uganda International Trade Fair (UGITF), which is organized by the Uganda Manufacturers Association (UMA). More than 20 years after the first show was held, UMA has continued to organize the event to enable technology transfer, offer business opportunities, and a platform for business networking for industrialists, manufacturers and the entire business community from Uganda and the East and Central African region and beyond. Organizers are positive that the event avails opportunities to the business community, foreign manufacturers, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), public/private sector organizations and institutions to showcase their products and services, innovations and to forge business partnerships. Stemming from a humble background with 220 exhibitors in 1992, the fair has continued to grow both in popularity and participation. Sebaggala Kigozi, the executive director of UMA, says the show started as floats to spice up events to celebrate Uganda’s Independence on October 9 every year. Back then, members would get two or more lorries that were welldecorated with various product logos and move them in a convoy to where Independence celebrations would be held. Of course the exhibition would sometimes go unnoticed by some members of the public while the few who noticed failed to understand the logic behind such a move. However with the growing number of manufacturers and need to exhibit to a bigger audience, manufacturers sought to hold the show at Lugogo for at least seven days. The rest, as they say, is now history as the exhibition has become an annual highlight; bringing together manufacturers and service providers from around the world. Sebaggala notes that the UGITF has no doubt advanced Uganda’s economy in terms of improving competitiveness, product quality and brand recognition both locally and internationally. “People continue to see value in Ugandan products, which paves way for brand building and it is through such trade opportunities that Africa gets most of its state of the art goods. Clearly, international trade flourishes when countries relate well with each other,” says Sebaggala.

Growing interest

In 2013, the show attracted 1,250 exhibitors of which 475 were foreign from 22 countries, while 178,623 visitors attended the show. UMA Board Chairperson Amos Nzeyi told The Independent that over the years many of their members have come to appreciate the importance of the event and the number of both exhibitors and show goers is expected to grow even bigger this year. “Trade shows and exhibitions can be an

Mariam Nalunkuma, (R) the Communications officer Insurance Regulatory Authority attends to the visitors during the show at UMA on Oct. 6. INDEPENDENT/JIMMY SIYA

Reaping from trade shows UGITF catalyzing Uganda’s industrial growth prospects The impacts of the trade show are unmistakable to members of Uganda Women Entrepreneurs Limited (UWEAL) excellent way to promote your business and the products and services that business partners offer. With such a platform, we expect more than 2,000 exhibitors for the 2014 UGITF,” said Nzeyi. Statistics from UMA indicate that last year, 10 – 15% of the exhibitors were service providers in the fields of banking and finance, telecommunications, education and ICT, among others. As a boost to the economy, Sebaggala says the event has in the last years provided a unique platform for marketing products and services and enabled participants from overseas to introduce new and improved technologies on the Ugandan and East African markets. Indeed, research has shown that it pays to get involved in a trade exhibition like UGITF. Data from the Center for Exhibition Industry Research (CEIR) indicates that 88% of visi-

tors at a trade show usually haven’t been seen by a member of a company’s sales staff in the past year, and 70% plan to buy one or more products. On average, 76% of attendees ask for quotes and 26% end up signing purchase orders. At least 72% of visitors say the show influences their buying decisions. Indeed, Nice House of Plastics has used the fair as one of the vital arms that has kept the company a leader in the household plastics products category for the last 20 years. “People have continued to appreciate Ugandan products while others are triggered to start their own,” an employee at the company’s stall said. The impacts of the trade show are unmistakable to members of Uganda Women Entrepreneurs Limited (UWEAL). Hope Kasimbazi, the publicity secretary, said business women who have been keen to exhibit at trade fairs such as UGITF have steadily moved to greater heights. She said they are encouraging their 1,000 members of the association to take up such opportunities because the target is not only to sell at that particular time but to benchmark and get feedback from the consumers. In his 2014 report on African Economic Outlook focusing on Uganda, Vera-Kintu Oling noted that Uganda has been relatively successful in tapping into a number of global value chains, such as floricultural and horticultural products. The growth prospects in these chains emanate from a number of sources including trade fairs like UGITF. October 17 - 23, 2014

Real estate

Museveni opens ultra modern UAP Business Park

s part of its property investment said UAP Group is passionate about inportfolio, UAP Group has officially vesting in Uganda, where it has been in launched its Shs 180 billion facility operation since 2005. located within Nakawa Business Park. At the commissioning of the facility on Oct. 4, President Yoweri Museveni said investors in the country should feel secure because there is peace. He urged investors to invest in agricultural value addition, industrial development and ICTs, which are critical in stimulating economic growth. He also urged the insurance companies to invest in manufacturing to create employment and thus boost the demand for insurance and increase penetration from the current 0.68%. The complex comprises four blocks. President Museveni (R) admires at the UAP Properties Chairman Chris Kirubi architectural design for the new building.

Trade

The improved Qashqai at Golf Course Club.

Motorcare unveils improved Qashqai

he technologically improved Nissan QASHQAI has now hit the Ugandan motor market. Motorcare said in a notice dated Oct. 9 that the improved version boasts of premium technology, second generation crossover design and enhanced dynamics, all of which combine to form the backbone of the new Nissan Qashqai.

Management

Business

Total E&P Uganda gets new boss

UNCCI President Olive Kigongo speaks at the event on Oct. 08. Independent/Jimmy siya

Chamber of Commerce urges SMEs

he Uganda Chamber of Commerce and Industry (UNCCI) has urged small and medium enterprises to up the standards of goods and services so as to be able to deal with both local and international agencies. Speaking at UN’s procurement seminar in Kampala on Oct. 8, Olive Z. Kigongo, the Chamber’s president, said growth of businesses can be possible when businesses deal with strong international agencies holding a principle of high standards. The other requirements are fairness, integrity, transparency, ample capital base among others. The UN is interested in services and goods such as food, shelter, building materials, chemicals, and electronics, among others. The UN’s purchase of goods and services from the Ugandan contracted companies has almost grown fivefold to $41 million as of 2014 from $9 million in 2008. 32

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otal E&P has announced Francois Rafin (in Picture) as its new general manager in Uganda. He takes over from Loic Laurandel who was at the helm of the Uganda operations for four years. With an experience of over 35 years in Total, top on Rafin’s agenda is to help the company acquire its first oil production license in the Albertine region. He previously held various senior positions both at the Total head quarters and in various countries. Rafin is a highly civil engineer and manager. Securities

DFCU issues bonus shares

hareholders on DFCU’s register as at May 30 were given more shares after the local successfully listed bonus shares on the Uganda Securities Exchange. For every one share, a shareholder got one more. Speaking at the listing ceremony at the USE on Oct.6, Elly Karuhanga the board

chairman, said the issuance of more than 248.6 million bonus shares now brings the issued and fully-paid shares to more than 497.2 million. “DFCU is going through a growth phase and as a growing entity, there is need to grow the capital phase,” he said, adding that the issuance of these bonus shares was in line with their objectives to raise more capital to support their growth agenda. This Karuhanga added, means even more dividends for the 3,800 shareholders in future. The Acting USE boss, Innocent Dankaine said the increased number of shares available for trading is expected to spur more activity on the company’s counter and at the USE at large. Meanwhile, because of the bonus, the stock’s price adjusted its self by half to Shs 650 per share from the original Shs 1,200.

Karuhanga rings the bell at the trading.

Stories by Julius Businge jbusinge@independent.co.ug

Independent J. Businge

Business

Biz Lab How I made it in business Dr. Ian Clarke, health care entrepreneur

D State Minister for Trade, David Wakikona addressing members of Uganda National Chamber of Commerce and industry during the United Nations procurement business dialogue on Oct. 8. INDEPENDENT/JIMMY SIYA

Fred Balikagira (C), the plant manager of Jinja Nile Breweries Ltd (NBL), hands over an MoU to Owor Peter Minor (2R), the programs coordinator of Multipurpose Community Empowerment Association (MTCEA). The agreement is aimed to promote the re-use of brewery waste (straws) to make hand crafts. Looking on is the Ronald Mayanja Omugalanda, the NBL Sustainable development manager. Courtesy Photo

Nancy Muttu (front), the Senior Marketing Manager at Smile Uganda crosses the finish line during the Kids of Africa half Marathon. The run was organized by Kids of Africa, a Swedish NGO looking after abandoned kids to raise funds for the construction a primary school. INDEPENDENT/JIMMY SIYA

r. Clarke, the chairman and chief executive officer of International Medical Group, says he has been in the healthcare business for last 16 years, though he first came to Uganda as a medical doctor 27 years ago. “I started a clinic during my first six years here. It was about starting small and growing big,” he says. This once small clinic has now grown into a network of private outpatient clinics spread within Kampala and across Uganda under International Medical Centre and also given birth to the International Hospital Kampala (IHK) that has built a reputation for providing general and specialist services. Besides the hospital, the group also runs International Health Sciences University (IHSU) and IMG Pharmaceuticals, which is licensed as a

wholesale pharmaceutical supplier, plus the International Diagnostic Centre, International Air Ambulance (IAA), and the International Medical Foundation (IMF), a non government organisation. IAA membership boasts of providing medical insurance schemes through 120 service providers to 350 organisations and 46,000 clients.

Success tip: Find and focus on your core business Dr. Clarke says business people who know this will have a variety but will know what will cushion the rest in bad times. “Do not jump around,” he advises, “build a business around you and if you do not enjoy it, mix it with pleasure or at least enjoy it with the people you do business with.”

Share prices (October 10 ) Security BATU BOBU CENT DFCU EABL EBL JHL KA KCB NIC NMG NVL SBU UCHM UCL UMEME ALSI

October 10 7, 505 120 1, 744 650 8, 168 1, 483 12, 252 268 1, 759 20 9301 560 33 300 20 510 1, 823

October 03 7, 505 120 1, 822 650 8, 415 1, 474 14, 785 276 1, 733 20 9, 185 590 33 307 20 508 1, 843

Movement 0 0 78 0 247 9 2533 8 26 0 116 30 0 7 0 2 20

Source: USE October 17 - 23, 2014

ART | BOOKS | SOCIETY | TRAVEL | CULTURE

Art in office

KFW exhibition is all about art impacting workspace

By Dominic Muwanguzi he German development bank, KFW, in Kampala is always seeking ways to impact livelihoods in an innovative way. That is how it came up with the idea of the ‘Art in Open Office’ exhibition currently under way at its office on Acacia Avenue in Kampala. The exhibition features three renowned artists, Ronald Ahimbisibwe Ronnex, Hood

Jjuuko, and Mathias Tusime displayed paintings and photographs in mixed media. Anja Nina Kramer, the director KfW office in Kampala says with the initiative `Art in Open Office’, the bank intends to create a meeting point for its partners and a platform for selected Ugandan artists. “This initiative compliments the core objective of the humanitarian organisation that is to impact livelihoods in the community.” The KfW Office, with its ultra- modern interior and

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décor, blends in quite well with the art hang on its walls. The visitor is able to appreciate how art can blend into an office space and add a unique character to it. Also outstanding, is the freshness of the artworks on display as most have not been displayed anywhere before. Jjuuko’s series of paintings from his sojourn in northern Uganda highlight the artist’s passion to experiment with a diversity of inspirations and subject matter. The artist famed for his wildlife paintings and Kampala streets with taxis, boda-boda motorcyclists, and traders, now takes his craft to reliving the life of young children on canvas. Among his paintings is a colorful painting of a group of children draped in school uniform which captures the aftermath of the war in the region. The children, smiling from ear to ear, finally have a chance to go to school after their home, especially Gulu district, enjoys peace after over two decades of war. Ronnex’s printed photographs situated in Kampala city are a departure from his customised media of sculptures and paintings. He says he was experimenting with non-conventional media and technique. The end result is dramatic as the paintings evoke a feeling of spontaneity and mystery and the photographs are gripping yet simple and sophistication

at the same time. In this sense, they are typical of Ronnex’s work which often functions at a subconscious level, delves into philosophical inquiry, and reinterprets the obvious. About exhibiting in this nontraditional art space, Ronnex says, "I am conscious about the nature of audience because I want to create a visual language everyone understands. My printed photographs in this exhibit are a response to the type of audience (expatriate community) who appreciate art at a higher level”. Mathias Tusime another artist exhibiting at the premises showcases his iconic paintings of children with wideeyed- stares. He paints on his handmade canvas made from recycled inexpensive materials like maize cob, old paper, sisal, and sugar cane pulp. His paintings in this exhibit are mostly evocative of the wood-cut prints medium that he is currently experimenting with. The hues on canvas are a transition from dark to light, a quality that offers a startling visual effect and interpretation to the viewers. Suffice to say, most of his paintings conjure up the cave paintings which remind us of the genesis of art and beginning of mankind. The Exhibition is showing now at the KfW offices located on Plot 6A, Acacia Avenue, Kololo.

Art

Scientists catch rare glimpse of monkey midwife

Giving birth can be a wonderful, literally life-affirming event. But one extraordinary monkey has taken it to a new level; by acting as a midwife to another monkey in the act of having a baby. The incident is so rare it has never been recorded before in detail, or filmed or photographed. It happened as Meng Yao, an assistant professor at Peking University, Beijing and colleagues were researching a troop of white-headed langur monkeys living wild in China. It is also remarkable because, in the natural world, animals are destined to go through such a profound and difficult moment alone, in private, and in solitude. Not for them the benefits afforded human mothers; the comfort and support of others, or their help and possible intervention to ensure all goes smoothly. Only once before has a monkey been seen acting as a midwife to another. In 2013, another group of scientists documented a black and white snub-nosed monkey aiding another in childbirth. “The phenomenon of ‘midwifery’ is almost unheard of in nonhuman primates,” said Prof. Meng.

Man who became woman wins case

30-year-old transgender has won a legal battle to have a new female identity entered on his 2001 examination certificate. Sound confusing? Not to worry because transgender is in fact about confusing gender identity. It is a general term for people whose gender identity, expression, or behaviour does not conform to that typically associated with their sex assignment at birth. In this case, the woman; Audrey Mbugua Ithibu, was born a man, Andrew Mbugua. She wrote the exams as Andrew and was issued with his certificate in 2001. But she

was later diagnosed with gender identity disorder, and asked that the certifi-

ATM dishes out free money

Monsanto’s RoundUp unsafe! Earlier this year, Germany judged the widely used herbicide glyphosate "safe" in a draft reassessment report, but an investigation into the report shows that it’s quite dangerous. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Monsanto’s popular herbicide RoundUp which is widely used in Uganda. In order to work effectively, glyphosate needs to be used in combination with toxic chemicals called surfactants. These surfactants escape EU regulation despite their known dangers. Its widespread use means that the toxic concoction of glyphosate and surfactants are likely to be ingested by humans and animals, yet the EU has failed to take action against it. Calling this toxic combination "safe" because an active ingredient, when used alone, is "safe" is misleading.

A flaw in ATM machines that allows criminals to quickly steal wads of cash has been discovered and Interpol is investigating. Security firm Kaspersky Labs discovered the hack, which is enabled by entering a series of digits on the keypad. Infected cash machines can be instructed to dispense 40 notes at once, without a credit or debit card. Prior to trying to obtain the cash, targeted machines are infected with malicious software via a boot CD. "Over the last few years, we have observed a major upswing in ATM attacks using skimming devices and malicious software," said Vicente Diaz, principal security researcher at Kaspersky. "The fact that many ATMs run on operating systems with known security weaknesses and the absence of security solutions is another problem that needs to be addressed urgently," Kaspersky wrote. Earlier this year another malware strain, known as Ploutus, allowed hackers to command machines to dispense cash by sending a text message to them.

cate be changed to reflect her new identity. Audrey, who dresses as a woman, sued the Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC) when it refused her request. On Oct.10 the High Court in Kenya ordered KNEC to issue a new certificate in 45 days. Audrey will have her new chosen name reflected on her exam document. The new document will not state her gender, however, meaning she is neither identified as male or female.

360,000 sign Petition to spare Ebola patient’s dog

nimal lovers have protested, tweeted and petitioned by the tens of thousands to stop Spanish officials from euthanizing an Ebola patient’s dog. Nurse-aide Teresa Romero Ramos became the first person to contract the virus outside of West Africa while caring for a Spanish priest who had returned from the region. Her husband, Javier Limon, posted a YouTube plea to animal lovers to help spare the life of “Excalibur”. There have been no documented cases of dogs spreading Ebola to humans, or vice-versa, though other animals may become carriers. Excalibur was locked up alone in their apartment with a bathtub full of drinking water and 33 pounds of dog food. By the time we went to press, the dog had not been taken away by authorities.

October 17 - 23, 2014

Tribute By Agencies

Tribute: Ali Al’amin Mazrui Feb.24 1933—Oct.13, 2014

In the early hours of Oct. 13, news began trickling in of the death of celebrated African scholar, academic and political writer, Prof. Ali Mazrui. Commenting about the professor’s demise, the Mombasa Senator, Hassan Omar Joho said Kenya’s coast region had lost a great man, a scholar, academic and professor of Islamic and African studies. Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta said the African continent had been robbed of one of its greatest scholars. “Mazrui had been a towering academic whose intellectual contributions played a major role in sharing African scholarship,” Kenyatta said.

orn 81 years ago on Feb. 24, in the coastal city of Mombasa, Mazrui studied in Mombasa before going on to study at the University of Manchester (UK), Columbia University, and University of Oxford. Although Prof. Mazrui is probably one of the contemporary scholars who have made debates on Africa relevant and central to the global conversation over the last 50 years, thanks to his oratory skills, Mazrui wanted to be a taxi driver in early childhood. Yet by the time of his death he still did not know how to drive. He would say in latter interviews that his desire to be a taxi driver was only to enable him travel and meet different people from different places—a dream he has lived over the last 50 years traversing the world, giving lectures and meeting iconic figures like Nelson Mandela and Mohammed Ali among others. Mazrui had an unlikely but very successful academic and scholarly career. His high school performance was not good enough and his “mere third grade” did not help him secure university admission. At a time when Makerere University only admitted the crème de la crème of East Africa, his ambition to join the university fell apart with his poor grades. Mazrui remembered seeing his former classmates prepare to go to Makerere, while he stayed around Mombasa searching for clerical work. That failure became his driving force as he searched for other openings to save his future. That chance soon came when he performed for the former colonial Kenyan governor, Sir Phillip Mitchell, a poem during Prophet Mohammed’s birthday commemoration. He was soon awarded a scholarship to go and study at the University of Manchester, England, where he obtained his B.A. with distinction in 1960. In quick succession, he earned his M.A. from Columbia Univer36

October 17 - 23, 2014

Tribute sity in New York in 1961, and a doctorate He has also been the Andrew D. White educated in English and was called to (DPhil) from Oxford University (Nuffield Professor-at-Large Emeritus and Senior prayer in Arabic,” he said. College) in 1966. Scholar in African Studies at Cornell UniThe convergence of these civilizations, After completing his education at Oxford versity, Ithaca, New York and Chancellor of African, Islam and the Western styles University, Mazrui joined Makerere Univerthe Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture formed the triangulated triple heritage sity aged 30 as a political science lecturer. In and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya—in the model which was all seen in his works. less than two years, he was promoted to full process becoming the first non-president to “He played a major role in shaping Afriprofessor. “Mazrui never made it to Makhold the position. can scholarship in his persistent cultivation erere as a student but he joined that instituRaised in a politically vibrant family, of a global view of Africa, especially when it tion as one of its most powerful figures; as a Mazrui grew up with a genuine concern was tempting to retreat and be inward-lookteacher,”one of his childhood friends, Prof. about the portrayal of the African continent ing when writing about Africa,” said Prof. Muhammad Hyder, recalled recently. as a “defective wheel that turns but does Simon Gikandi, a professor of English at But Mazrui’s strong criticism Princeton University. Mazrui was of the Milton Obote government one of the leading pan-Africanists Mazrui played a major role in shaping African soon landed him in trouble and the whose academic work mainly put arrival of Idi Amin’s regime cataemphasis on African politics, northscholarship in his persistent cultivation of a lyzed his exit from Uganda in 1973 south relations and political Islam. global view of Africa, especially when it was to the U.S. In 2005, he was listed among the In 1974, he joined the University world’s top 100 public intellectuals tempting to retreat and be inward-looking of Michigan as professor and later by the US journal `Foreign Policy’ when writing about Africa was appointed the Director of the and the British journal `Prospect’. Center for Afro-American and AfriAlthough his elders had joked can Studies (1978–1981). when he was leaving for England In 1989, he was appointed to the faculty not move” and over a course of 50 years, he that he should not come back with a white of Binghamton University, State University went on to deconstruct this image through woman, he indeed met his first wife, Molly of New York as the Albert Schweitzer Prohis works—most of which have been pubVickerman, at Huddersfield College with fessor in the Humanities and the Director lished in books he has both authored and whom they got three children. of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies co-authored. He got his other two children with his (IGCS). Among his 35 scholarly books he second wife, Pauline with whom he has In addition to his appointment as the authored is the famous, “The Africans: A been residing at Binghamton, New York. At Albert Schweitzer Professor in the HumaniTriple Heritage and Christianity and Islam the time of his death, Mazrui was an Albert ties, Mazrui has been holding concurrent in Africa’s Political Experience; Piety, PasSchweitzer Professor in the Humanities and faculty appointments as Albert Luthuli sion and Power.” the Director of the Institute of Global CulProfessor-at-Large in the Humanities and Mazrui always considered himself a tural Studies at Binghamton, New York. Development Studies at the University of product of three civilsations. Compiled by Ronald Musoke Jos in Nigeria. “My native tongue is Swahili, but I was

Vox Pops Dr. Ruhakana Rugunda, Prime Minister of Uganda: “I interacted a lot with him when I was at Medical School. I was a student leader and he was a professor at Makerere University. He was an intellectual giant and he was also pan-Africanist. He has made a significant contribution to deepening the understanding of Africa’s contribution to humanity through research, books, broadcasts and lectures. He was a vibrant debater and I remember his intellectual confrontation with Walter Rodney [Guyanese professor who was then at the University of Dar es Salaam] about 45 years ago. His departure has left a significant gap. Nevertheless, it provides a challenge for African scholars to emerge in greater numbers to emulate him.” Prof. Charles Kagenda Atwooki, Mazrui’s colleague at Makerere University in the early 1970s: “He was a brilliant professor. He was very effective and moved his

students a lot. He did a lot of writing about Nkrumah. He was the best political scientist. He is a man who was recognized all over the world.” Prof. Augustus Nuwagaba, Economics Professor: “Mazrui was one of the most astute academics that Makerere University has been able to produce. He reported and researched Ugandan and global issues objectively with no political, racial or religious bias. I admired his astuteness, academic prowess and objectivity in analysis of global issues. I particularly admired his work on the role of globalization in transforming society. Although popular opinion at the time was that it [globalization] would create a just society, he instead argued that it would lead to a skewed society.”

Dr. Busingye Kabumba, Law Lecturer, Makerere University: “Prof Mazrui demonstrated what it means to be a true African intellectual in the sense of the rigour of his thought and industry demonstrated by his publications and the clear context in which his thoughts arose.” Dr. Olara Otunnu, President Uganda People’s Congress: “I am in deep sorrow at the passing of Prof. Mazrui because he was truly one of the authentic heroes of our continent. He is a real giant and one of the greatest heroes of Africa. His life has been very consequential. He has contributed so much to ideas of Africa and about Africa and in the way he exposed and popularized Africa. He was greatly dedicated to Africa and he also contributed to tapping and nurturing new blood. He was very generous and big hearted. He was my hero but also I had the good fortune of having him as my friend. This is one life that should be truly celebrated across Africa.” October 17 - 23, 2014

Frankly speaking

I could be Lord Mayor of Kampala

Dr. Ian Clarke, the chairman and chief executive officer of International Medical Group (IMG) and Makindye Mayor speaks to Joan Akello about surviving cancer and his life Any three things we don’t know about you? do not like jogging but do it for my health. I am thinking of farming. I got interested in politics because I was ashamed of the state of Makindye Division. Surviving cancer 22 years ago made me more aware of my mortality and more focused.

ard Branson, Warren Buffett. I admire Barack Obama, a Black guy in white culture, he tends to wait before he takes a decision, his considered approach is better than just jumping in. If he had married a white woman he would have become irrelevant, that is why you see me with Black girls.

Why are you always in the company of young ladies? I employ a lot of young people, and find it hard to work with old people who are set in their ways. Because I’m an Irish-born Ugandan, I often take a Ugandan along to learn more unlike if I move with my Madam where we are two whites who cannot communicate with the people. Being white or black is not about colour but your attitudes. Why are you among the Hashers? Some say it’s a drinking club with a running problem which I’m not but it has kept me jogging for the last 15 years. It keeps you fit. What is your idea of perfect happiness? Living each day for the value of that day, doing stuff that you want to, not at the expense of other people. When and where were you happiest? In 1992, the day an investigation showed there was hope of surviving cancer; it came at the point I was sure I was going to die. What is your greatest fear? I don’t usually think about fear but anxiety. I can’t say I don’t fear death, I have accepted that it is inevitable. What is the trait you most deplore in yourself? I’m volatile and impatient. What is the trait you most deplore in others? Sense of entitlement, love for 38

Honesty, people are successful because they are good at what they do and honesty.

Are you coming back in 2016? I’d be interested in the position of the mayor of Kampala city. My options will be to retire, farming, stay in what I’m doing, go to parliament or stand for lord Mayor which is the most likely option but it’s expensive and it’s hard for me because I do not speak Luganda.

having titles, and arrogance. Which living person do you most admire? Barack Obama, he is exceptionally disciplined. What is your greatest extravagance? I don’t like wasting money but also don’t want to be stingy to buy a glass of wine. I would mix business with pleasure. What is your current state of mind? I’m driven to produce something but at peace with whatever I do.

with our friends. What is your most treasured possession? Good quality life. What do you regard as the lowest depth of misery? The point someone says they have nothing to live for.

On what occasion do you lie? I follow the principle- will telling the truth harm you? Some lies are necessary.

What is your favorite occupation? Interested in farming, love writing.

What do you most dislike about your appearance? My crooked teeth which affect the way I talk.

What is your most marked characteristic? I’m driven, social, and like people.

What is the quality you most like in a man? Honesty, people are successful because they are good at what they do and honesty.

Who are your favorite writers? Malcolm Gladwell especially his books The Tipping Point, What the dog saw and also Chimamanda Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun and Americanah. My wife, Robbie, reads all the time.

What is the quality you most like in a woman? If a woman has got brains and is pretty that is even better. What or who is the greatest love of your life? My wife, children and grandchildren, I’m fortunate that my sons and I hang out

October 17 - 23, 2014

Who is your hero of fiction? None but Americannah had a deep depiction of how Nigerians or Ugandans are like abroad. Which historical figure do you most identify with? Big business people like Rich-

Who are your heroes in real life? Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Jesus Christ. What is it that you most dislike? People who keeping saying yes and those who do not read and also politicians who send people they cannot get jobs to me. What have you discovered about our local politics? Politicians do not know what they are supposed to do. Local politics is clear, delivering services to the people but how will you if you are busy making noise. Fort portal is a nice clean place yet Mityana is a dump? What’s the difference between the people in those two places? If you deliver services, the more chances you have to be reelected. How would you like to die? Not slowly and painfully. What is your motto? I don’t give up. What is your philosophy about life? We are primarily selfish and must understand that we can live our lives in full for ourselves but we can validate our lives by doing stuff that’s going to help humanity.

Motoring

Spotted: The next-generation Hilux It has an all-new look in the front end, including LED daylight running lamps for the first time By Agencies

The next-generation Hilux has been spotted again - this time testing in southern Europe, according to the popular car news site, carsguide.com. It says the next-generation HiLux could be the most important arrival of 2015. The all-new Toyota HiLux is expected to hit sales points in the first half of next year as the Japanese brands overhaul their pick-up propositions.

t will land about the same time as the next Mitsubishi Triton and follows the recent overhaul of the Nissan Navara. All of the action is aimed at unseating the Ford Ranger - developed in Australia but built in Thailand - and its Mazda BT50 clone at the top of the work-and-play utility field. Carsguide, which focuses on the Australian market notes that the current Hilux has been in the top three on the official Vfacts sales charts for more than a year, sometimes even topping the Corolla and Mazda3 on the bestseller list. It’s become much more important to Toyota than the locally made Camry, which is set for its final overhaul next year before the company ends its manufacturing here. The new Hilux is already in the sights of utility buyers,

both private owners and companies with working fleets, even without a firm launch date here. Many are delaying a utility update until they see what the new Hilux brings. The obvious answer is a pick-up that’s much bigger and more square-edged than Toyota’s current model, reflecting a styling trend that’s taking utilities much closer to the full-sized workhorses sold in the U.S. Carparazzi has caught what seems to be a lightly disguised Hilux dualcab four-wheel drive in trials in southern Europe. It’s one of the most popular combinations in Australia but Toyota has always given buyers ample

choices with more than 100 variants, from bare-bones workhorse to fully loaded escape machine. Carparazzi says the test car has an all-new look in the front end, including LED daylight running lamps for the first time. The bonnet is bigger and set higher, there is a roomier cabin and the wheel arches are less pronounced, perhaps pointing to a wider tray back. There is no news on engines or running gear but the long-term approach to the Hilux has always meant petrol and diesel power, rear and all-wheel drive. But there is certain to be some sort of hybrid in the future of the Hilux as Toyota continues the push on greening its fleet.

October 17 - 23, 2014

global comment

By Abraham Loeb

The lost donkeys of science

High-risk research, just like high-risk capital investments has potential to be more profitable

he biblical story of Saul finding his kingdom by chance while searching for his father’s lost donkeys offers an important lesson for scientists. Instead of defining our research objectives narrowly, we must open our minds to completely different and more exciting discoveries that may be lurking at the periphery of our field of view. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson made such an unexpected discovery in 1965, when their attempts to reduce the noise in their state-of-the-art radio antenna led them to discern the cosmic microwave background. They noticed a noise floor, which turned out to be the radiation left over from the Big Bang. This watershed discovery, which fundamentally changed our view of the universe, was made at Bell Labs – not at a premier research university. Assembling new data is essential to scientific progress. Data play the important role of guiding scientists toward new discoveries and solutions, as well as to new puzzles that need to be solved, thereby keeping the scientific process honest and dynamic. Extended periods without new data facilitate – indeed, foster – the unrestrained growth of speculative-theory bubbles. Even failures to explain puzzling data are essential to the scientific process, with the challenges that data pose encouraging creative individuals to develop new ways of thinking about physical reality. Over extended periods of time – decades or longer – a datadriven culture without programmatic reins offers such extensive benefits that profit-oriented businesses often choose to support it. Most famously, Bell Labs recognised the virtues of such a culture in the 1930s-1970s, assembling a collection of creative physicists to whom it gave unadulterated freedom. This ethos produced some of the twentieth century’s most important discoveries in science and technology, including the foundations of radio astronomy in 1932 and the invention of the transistor in 1947. Bell Labs scientists also developed information theory in 1948, solar cells in 1954, lasers in 1958, the first communications satellites in 1962, charged-coupled 40

October 17 - 23, 2014

devices in 1969, and fiber-optic networks in 1976. Without patience and foresight, Bell Labs could not have reaped the tremendous long-term benefits of these breakthroughs. In science, as in any complicated and creative endeavor, uniform opinions and approaches will always prove sterile. The coexistence of disparate ideas cultivates competition and progress. Of course, it is difficult to know which exploratory path will bear fruit, and there is no shortage of novel scientific ideas that were proven wrong. Failure should thus be accepted as a natural ingredient in a culture of innovation. The fact is that high-risk research, just like high-risk capital investments in the business world, has the potential to be more profitable than safer approaches. If even one non-mainstream idea bears fruit, it could transform our view of reality and justify all of those heterodox hypotheses that do not. Albert Einstein, for example, did not foresee the importance of his innovative theory of gravity to the development of precise GPS navigation systems. Similarly, Christopher Columbus, funded by the Spanish crown, sailed westward to find a new trade route to the East Indies, but discovered the “New World” instead. His financial backers clearly benefited from his unexpected discovery, as he claimed parts of America for the

The recent discovery of the Higgs boson was the culmination of a programmatic experimental effort to confirm a theoretical idea, proposed in the 1960s, that lies at the foundation of the standard model of particle physics

Spanish Empire. The lesson is clear: while it is important to justify flagship scientific missions by what we expect to find, funding should be based mainly on their potential to lead to unexpected discoveries. This is not to say that agenda-driven projects do not also lead to important breakthroughs. The recent discovery of the Higgs boson was the culmination of a programmatic experimental effort to confirm a theoretical idea, proposed in the 1960s, that lies at the foundation of the standard model of particle physics. Though the discovery was anticipated, the future advances that it will enable are unforeseeable. It would not be prudent for agencies to allocate all of their funding to high-risk research. But they should allocate a small fraction – say, 20% – of their resources to research that is not tied to specific goals. Such a funding scheme is essential for promoting breakthroughs in the long run, because it encourages researchers to take on risky projects with fundamentally unpredictable outcomes but potentially high gains. Most important, it would give individuals the freedom to respond to unexpected insights as they arise, rather than compelling them to follow a prescribed agenda. This approach demands an understanding that progress will not be steady over time, because discoveries rest on extensive preparatory work. It is thus inappropriate to measure success based on the contemporaneous level of allocated resources. Lost resources (time and money) should never be a concern in a culture that is not tied to a specific programmatic agenda, because an unexpected discovery could be far more valuable in the long term than these lost resources. The advice Saul received from Samuel, who crowned him King after their chance meeting, is appropriate: “As for the donkeys you lost three days ago, do not worry about them...” Abraham Loeb, Professor of Science and Chair of the Astronomy Department at Harvard University, is Director of Harvard’s Institute for Theory and Computation.

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