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At present there are two main forms of orthodontic appliances : 1. The Removable appliances 2. The Fixed appliances The efficiency of the removable appliances invented to date is low when compared to the fixed appliances . With removable appliances ;one can only bring about the tipping of the teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď ąIt is possible with the fixed appliances to
move teeth bodily in all directions. Furthermore , with fixed appliances the roots of teeth can be torqued lingually or Labially /bucally.
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According to ANGLE, of first importance
in the evolution of fixed orthodontic appliance was “The Bow of Fauchard” of France (1728); also called “The Bandelete”. Magill was the first to use a plain band
cemented to the tooth by oxychloride of zinc . www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE E-ARCH In the late 1800’s came the first appliance
by Dr. Edward Heartly Angle called the ;EArch.
The E-Arch was only capable of tipping
teeth to a new position. Bands were placed only on the molars, and a heavy labial wire extended around the arch. www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE E-ARCH
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THE PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE ď ąSince, the E-Arch was unable to precisely
position any individual tooth, Angle started to place bands on other teeth and used a vertical tube on each tooth into which a soldered pin from a smaller arch wire was placed .
ď ą Tooth movement was accomplished by
repositioning the individual pins at each appointment. www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE
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ď ąIn 1915 Dr. R.D Robinson presented a
system for painless and positive tooth movement. Unsatisfied with the complexities of the pin and tube appliance and the extreme pressure associated with the expansion arch ,he used rigid attachments with light 0.020``arch wires.
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Dr. CALVIN S.CASE’S APPLIANCE FOR TORQUING ROOTS OF ANTERIOR TEETH LINGUALLY
The earliest record of the appliance designed for moving tooth roots is Calvin Case’s appliance in 1908. www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE RIBBON ARCH APPLIANCE In the 1915 ,Dr. E.H Angle modified the
tube on each tooth to provide a vertically positioned rectangular slot behind the tube.This gave birth to the RIBBON ARCH APPLIANCE.
It replaced the complicated “pin and tube”
appliance ,and was an“ultimate” appliance primarily because the arch wire had good spring properties and was efficient in aligning teeth . www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď ąThe ribbon arch could be twisted when
inserted into the slot ,but the major weakness of the appliance was that it provided poor control of root position.
ď ąThe resiliency of the ribbon arch wire did
not allow generation of the moments necessary to torque the roots to the new position.A ribbon arch used 10 x 20 gold wire into the slot and was held with pins. (Rectangular arch wire used for the 1st time) www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE RIBBON ARCH BRACKET AND WIRE
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To overcome the deficiencies of the
RIBBON ARCH ,Dr.Angle in the year 1925 took the ribbon arch wire ,which was normally inserted vertically from the incisal , and turned it on its edge…... “EDGEWISE”……to insert it horizontally.
The dimension of the slot were altered to
22 x 28 mils, and a 22 x 28 precious metal wire was used. www.indiandentalacademy.com
These dimensions were arrived at after
extensive experiments and , did allow EXCELLENT control of the crown and the root positions in all the 3-planes.
Angle instructed Dr. Begg and Fred Ishii of
Japan in the use of the Edgewise mechanism, before it was revealed to the profession.Since Dr. Angle was ill , it was they who first treated patients with the “EDGEWISE” appliances . www.indiandentalacademy.com
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GRIFFIN’S RESILIENT ARCH ASSEMBLAGE In the year 1930 Dr.E.M Griffin
introduced the resilient arch assemblage Center sections of the brackets were soldered to the arch wire ,preventing free tipping and sliding of the teeth on the wire .
Lingual arch wires were also used. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Employs less tooth moving force than
Angle’s mechanism.
Each of the two light round arch wires is
0.011`` in diameter.
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In 1925 , Dr. Begg came back to Australia
and started practicing the EDGEWISE mechanism…..NON-EXTRACTION as advocated by Dr.Angle
For 2 years he faithfully followed Dr.
Angle’s teaching of retaining full compliment of teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr.Begg was not satisfied with many of his
patient’s post-Rx profiles, and was faced with even greater problems….. Serious relapse.
In Feb 1928 he began to routinely remove
teeth and /or reduce tooth widths by proximal stripping ;as he knew from his experience and the role of attrition, that such reduction is often necessary for enhanced function, stability and esthetics. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Initially Dr. Begg was faced with fanatical
opposition from other dentists.It was only after his superior Rx results which stood the test of time that the criticism relented.
Dr.Begg’s experiences in this regard
paralleled those of Dr. Charles H. Tweed of Tucson , Arizona, encountered 10 years later. www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď ąDr.Begg began to realize THE EDGEWISE
MECHANICS was not designed to rapidly close the extraction spaces , or quickly reduce the deep bites.
ď ąThus ,to facilitate such changes he began to
use .020``round platinized gold,rather the rectangular arch wire in 1929. www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď ąIn 1931 or 1932 he started using .018``
round stainless steel wire . ď ąIn 1933 he began treating some cases
using S.S White Ribbon Arch Brackets ,he realized that these relatively narrow brackets with vertically facing slots allowed the teeth to move under much lighter forces. www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď ąIn 1940’s Dr.Begg met Mr. A.J Willcock,
who was directing metallurgical research projects at the University of Melbourne, Australia.
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ď ąAfter many years of research and
development in producing high tensile stainless steel wires , Mr. Willcock finally produced a cold-drawn ,heat-treated wire that combined the balance between hardness and resilience with the unique property of ZERO-STRESS RELAXATION
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In 1952 Dr.Begg began to use .016`` round
ss arch wires instead of .018``.
It was then possible to open the deep
anterior over-bites quickly.
In 1953 he began to experiment with root
tipping springs to upright teeth mesiodistally. www.indiandentalacademy.com
In 1954 Dr. Begg published a paper entitled
“Stone age man’s attritional occlusion”.
At the end of this article he disclosed a new
tecnique which he referred to as the “ROUND WIRE TECNIQUE”,advocating the use of .018`` ss wire in modified Ribbon arch brackets.
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ď ąDr. Begg bent both intermaxillary hooks
and vertical spurs directly in the light round arch wire.
ď ąHe had same problem of controlling the
mesio-distal inclinations of teeth with Ribbon arch brackets which Dr. Angle had 30 yrs before .He attempted to solve this problem by soldering horizontal band spurs and eyelets to the labial and buccal surfaces of the bands. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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In 1956 Dr.Begg had another article
published entitled “DIFFERENTIAL FORCE IN ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT”.
It stated “When a relatively light force is
applied between small-rooted anterior teeth and large –rooted posterior teeth , the anterior teeth move relatively rapidly with a minimum disturbance to the tooth investing tissues. www.indiandentalacademy.com
The large –rooted posterior teeth remain
stationary”.
Conversely , if relatively heavy force were
applied in the same situation , the anterior teeth would resist movement due to pathology around their roots .This same force applied and distributed over large – rooted teeth would be much less per sq.unit of root surface and result in their relatively rapid ,physiologic movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr. H.D KESLING www.indiandentalacademy.com
In 1957 Dr.H.D Kesling &Dr. George
Dinham traveled to Adelaide to learn the tecnique of Dr.Begg.
After returning back to united states
Dr.Kesling started treating all his patients with Dr.Begg’s tecnique ,He also tried to improvise the modified ribbon arch bracket in lure to design a better bracket. www.indiandentalacademy.com
He designed many versions , the most
popular became to known as the DOUBLE – TAB BRACKET.
In the year 1960 Dr.Begg presented some of
his treated cases before the American Association of Orthodontists, Dr. Kesling was amazed by the quality of treatment, and 3 hours after seeing the quality of the results Dr. Kesling took the decision to scrap his Double – tab brackets www.indiandentalacademy.com
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ď ąIn the subsequent years Begg refined his
technique further and
1. Separated the technique into 3- stages and established objectives for each stage. 2. Developed root- torquing – auxiliaries separate from the main arch wire. 3. Introduced the mesio-distal uprighting springs for efficient root movements. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr. Begg over a period of 20- 30 years refined his technique to the present form of art & science. Since many of his patients lived hundreds of miles from Adelaide ,it was advantageous for him to have a technique that required as few visits as possible. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Since 1960 hundreds of courses of the Begg’s light wire techniqhe have been held around the world and thousands of orthodontists have been trained . But with the advent and improvisation of the straight wire technique , the light wire technique has lost its charm.
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1.Begg orthodontic theory and technique -3rd edition 2.Revised Begg appliance – Barry Mollenhauer 3.Cadman article 4.Graber and swain 5.Fletcher www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com Leader in continuing dental education
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