Biographical account of Dr. Angle – his life & contributions to Orthodontics.
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Edward Hartley Angle (1855 – 1930) “Lover of art & nature, intimate friend of trees & flowers, but preeminently founder of the science of orthodontia, to which best thought of a life has been given in experiments & tests.” - Provost Smith, university of Pensylvania www.indiandentalacademy.com
His Early Life. Born in Herrick, Pennsylvania – June 1st , 1855. Dislike for school & work around the farm. Greatest pleasure – roaming around – hills & woods. Fascinated – crude machines – farming community. Early flair for inventiveness – designed & built the horse drawn hay rake. www.indiandentalacademy.com
In Dentistry. To avoid distasteful work of the farmer – apprenticed to a dentist. 1876 – Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Graduated – 1878. Private practice – Minneapolis – few years. Interest – alignment of misplaced teeth & correction of deformities of the jaws. www.indiandentalacademy.com
His interest – considerable attention. 1886 join faculty of dental school of University of Minnesota. Resigned – moved to Chicago. Teacher of Orthodontia – Northwestern Dental College. 1895 dental wing – Marion Sims College of Medicine - St. Louis. Washington University – short time as a teacher. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Experiences – various colleges – conviction – orthodontia – not properly taught – dental college. Orthodontia – part of prosthetic department. Students – demands from other depts – less attention to his work. Since then – establishment of separate educational facilities for orthodontia. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Angle’s School. Thomas B. Mercer, Henry A. Lindas, Milton T Watson & Herbert A. Pullen – 1900 Approached Angle – to learn his principles. 3 weeks – training – first ever – school of Orthodontia ( any dental specialty ).
Profound influence on students. Unorthodox teaching methods. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Learn – rigid system of discipline – every phase of life – training period. Preparation of assignments, meticulous execution of technical procedures, even menial house keeping tasks – dusting, polishing – working quarters.
Against –custom – lengthy classroom lectures – formal examination. Classes – small – largest enrollment – 14. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lectures – 3 hours or more. Philosophy of great men- history, letters & science Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Darwin, Ralph Waldo Emerson – familiar to his students – along with - biology & force control in orthodontia.
Objective – “light the fire of ambition.” Students – left feeling – most thorough training available – that covered far more than orthodontia. Evangelists – burning to spread the gospel. www.indiandentalacademy.com
First Specialist. Sense of responsibility – provide best available sources of information. Restricting practice – trt. of malocclusion – first dental specialist. Faculty – some members – trained – one of the basic sciences. Milo Hellman – paleontologist. Raymond C Osborn – Comparative anatomist. Frederick B Noyes experimental histologists Albin Openheim www.indiandentalacademy.com
They taught about – Tissue tolerance. Effect of mech. forces – bone & tooth str. Physio & anat. – dev. of dentofacial complex.
Angle – dev. insight – fundamental principles – underlie orthodontic procedues – mech. & bio. His appl. – more delicate & refined. Angle – mech. genius. Appl. designed – satisfy principles – physio, mech & art. www.indiandentalacademy.com
1907 – started school in New York. 1908 – shifted to New London, Connecticut. Regular sessions till 1911. Gave up clinical practice. Devoted – study & to dev. of more refined ortho. appl.
1916 – Pasadena California Health related reasons. Continued work – appl.refinement & addnl. writing. Had to continue training. Space limitations – only three could be accepted at a time. www.indiandentalacademy.com
1922 – previous students –Pasadena, California – funds – building. First building – devoted exclusively – Teaching of orthodontia Chartered for that purpose – State or National Govt.
1924 – charter granted – State of California. Official name – Edward H. Angle, College of Orthodontia. Training period – 1 year. 1927 – school closed - ILL Health. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Innovator & mechanical Genius. E H Angle – mech. genius – Frederick B Noyes. Despite – advances in materials – ideas & principles – current appl. – similar to those dev. by Angle & his colleagues.
Pioneer in seeking legal protection- ideas & mech. Personal antagonisms – Angle’s contemporaries. 1906 – American Society of Orthodontists – presidency – Rodriguez Ottolengui – resolution – condemning – patents. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Angle’s Patented Orthodontic Devices. 1889 – First patent – device combining adjustable clamp band & regulating screw. pushing action – tubular shaft – threaded sheath – threaded nut.
Arch wire – forcing the teeth outward & forward (rod ) & Plier – to increase the arch’s length. www.indiandentalacademy.com
“E” (expansion) arch appliance. Ends threaded, extended – anchor tube or into clamping bands. Elastic round bar – conforming to – ideal arch. Banded teeth – attached to arch – soft wire – allowed tipping or aligning.
Improvements in E- arch. Allowing detachment from the bands – unscrewing nuts.
Superposing – piggyback arch . Addnl. arch – rib. Notches to prevent sliding of ligatures. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Kingsley’s headgear & Baker’s intermaxillary anchorage – added to his arch. Jaws interconnected with elastic Occipital headgear removed at will – helpof a ball joint.
1909 – 1915 – series of improvements – connection & detachment of arch from the banded teeth. Imp. threaded part – arch – prevent adjusting nut – accidentally moved. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Pin shaped end entering tubes soldered to bands. Joint patent with J Lowe Young 1st step towards – Pin & tube appl.
Intr. of two interchangeable arches. 1st arch – ‘regulating’ teeth. 2nd arch – less springy, series of spurs, entering vertical tubes in bands. Retaining teeth.
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Detachable coil – Exerted a torsion action between the arch & the band.
Pin & tube Appliance. Radical departure from E arch. Small vertical tubes soldered – bands – amounted to the first use of brackets.
Bulky adjustable camp band – replaced.
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1915 – “Orthodontia Appliance”. Solve the problem – solder & unsolder pins as trt. progressed. To provide free but controlled movements – bands along the archwire. Vertical tubes br. with a vertical slot. Round arch wire Ribbon arch. 2 variations.
br. received ribbon arch – 2 walls, 3rd – band itself. Arch entirely contained – bifurcated lug.
Series of locking pins or wedges.
Inserted into each br. or slots made into br & arch.
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Bifurcated pins – prevent both rotation & lateral tipping. 1925 – Edgewise bracket. His most imp. gift to the profession. P.R Begg –cut the first br. on the lathe Rect. wire – inserted in horizontal slot – edgewise – kept with ligature ties - tie wings. “latest and best” non-extn. appl.
Further stressed the adv. of vertical slot. Last patent – filed 3yrs after his death. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Non Patented Orthodontic materials. Biologic response to foreign bodies – imp. Inventory of available materials. [ gold, silver, platinum, platinous silver, iridio-platinum, aluminum, brass, copper, aluminum bronze, steel ,iron & vulcanized rubber.]
Material most fitting – Nickel silver or German silver.
Copper, Ni, Zn aloy with no silver.
Pepared in varying proprns. – intended use. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Introduction of soldering – 1887. Composition – German silver – varied b/w. 60% - 70% Cu. 10% - 20% Zn. 10% - 15% Ni. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extraction Vs Non Extraction. Occlusal concepts def. of normal occlusion. Potential complications: Facial esthetics. Stability of results.
Angle influenced by: Philosophy of Rousseau & biologic concepts of his time. Rousseau perfectibility of man www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extn. for ortho trt. – inappropriate. Inherent capability – perfect dentition. Ideal relation of 32 natural teeth.
Angle impressed by discovery Bone architecture stresses placed. 1900’s – German Physiologist – Wolff “Wolff’s law of bone” – bone trabeculae arranged in response to stress lines on the bone. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Two Key Concepts. Skeletal growth – infl. by external pressures. Class II or Class III problem – abnormal stress on jaws. Difft. pressure patterns – with trt – change growth overcome problem. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Proper fn. Key – maintain teeth in correct position. teeth in proper occl. – force transmitted to teeth – stimulate bone growth – stabilize teeth in new position. Edgewise appl. – “Bone growing appliance” – capable of controlling root posn. – bodily movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentofacial Esthetics: Professor Wuerpel – tremendous variety – impossible to specify – ideal.
Angle’s insight: Reln. of dentition to face &
VARY
esthetics of lower face Ideal esthetics for each individual – teeth in ideal occlusion www.indiandentalacademy.com
Calvin Case’s challenge: arches expanded – teeth aligned – neither esthetics nor stability satisfactory – long term.
“The Extraction debate of 1911”. 1911 meeting of National Dental Association – Calvin Case –article – “ the question of extraction in Orthodontia”. Following discussions – Cryer, Dewey, Ferris, Buckley, Bowman & Hinman – published. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Case
inherited inharmonies in contiguous structures – impossible to place all teeth in the arch. Mandible – growing to a normal size – under ext. infl – depend on – stunted normal growth dev. Malreln’s – point to heredity. Mandible cannot be made to grow beyond its inherited size – by artificial stimuli. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Publications & Presentations 1887 – paper – “ irregularities of teeth” – Ninth International Medical Congress. First edn. of his textbook.
1890 - A system of Appliances for correcting irregularities of teeth. 1892 – Angle system of regulating and retention of the teeth. 1895 – Addn. of Treatment of fractures of Maxilla. www.indiandentalacademy.com
1899 – Reprint. - paper – “ The Classification of Malocclusion” 1900 – Malocclusion of teeth and fractures of the Maxillae. Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth.
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Societies & Study Groups Graduates from Angles school – organized continuation study groups. 1900 – graduates from – school in St. Louis – first Orthodontic Society – Society of Orthodontists. 1901 – American Society of Orthodontists. Forerunner of AAO. American Orthodontist – Quarterly magazine – 1907 – 1912. www.indiandentalacademy.com
1909 – Graduates of New York & New London Schools – Eastern Association of Graduates of the Angle School of Orthodontia. 1913 – Angles students – West of Mississippi river – Pacific Coast Society of Graduates of the Angle School. www.indiandentalacademy.com
1922 – Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia. Started – graduates – college in California, supplemented by – New London & New York schools.
Nov 17, 1930 – reorganized the society – “to carry forward Dr. Angles ideals of orthodontia”. Society – decided publication of the Angle Orthodontist. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Criticisms. Inability to recognize wide range of diff. in men – matter of their endowments. Ridicule – colleagues – scorn & sarcasm. Weurpel – “ the trouble was that his profession was more than religion to him: it was his religion and his god. He would sacrifice everything for its sake. Anything that in he slightest degree lessened one’s attitude of respect towards his profession was wrong.” www.indiandentalacademy.com
Conclusion No matter how inventive Angle have been from a clinical pint of view, it is unlikely he would have been considered father of Modern Orthodontics without his ability to demonstrate his concepts, supported by his mechanical & metallurgical acumen. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Long after his accomplishments have faded into history, Angle’s name will be associated with the onward march of biologic science & his perceptive mind that could penetrate the empiricism of his day & proclaim the significance of normal occlusion. This established Orthodontia as a science and it will remain Angle’s greatest monument www.indiandentalacademy.com
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