DEVELOPMENT OF DENTITION AND OCCLUSION
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DEVELOPMENT OF DENTITION INTRODUCTION Embryonic cavity is lined by oral ectoderm 6th week of intra uterine life(IUL) →local proliferation of oral ectoderm →formation of dental lamina Deciduous teeth →direct proliferation of dental lamina Permanent teeth →lingual extension of dental lamina Permanent molars →distal proliferation of dental lamina www.indiandentalacademy.com
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH Bud
stage Cap stage Bell stage Root formation
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Bud stage
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Cap stage
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Bell stage
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PERIODS OF OCCLUSAL DEVELOPMENT
1. 2. 3. 4.
Pre-dental period Deciduous dentition period Mixed dentition Permanent dentition period
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PRE-DENTAL PERIOD
Period after birth during which neonate does not have teeth Lasts 6 months after birth
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Gum pads 1. 2.
Alveolar processes at the time of birth Firm,pink,horse shoe shaped,covered by fibrous periosteum Develops in two parts Labiobuccal portion Lingual portion Both portions separated by dental groove Gum pads are divided into 10 segments by transverse grooves Each segment has one developing deciduous tooth sac www.indiandentalacademy.com
lateral sulcus: transverse groove between canine and first deciduous molar segment. Useful in judging inter arch relationship at a very early stage. Lateral sulcus of mandibular arch is more distal to that of maxillary arch
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birth At birth, no teeth are visible. Primary teeth are at least partially formed and development of permanent teeth has begun.
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Infantile open bite
Upper and lower gum pads are similar to each other Upper gum pad is longer and wider When both are approximated, there is a complete overjet all around Contact occurs between upper and lower gum pads in first molar region and space exists in anterior region This infantile open bite is considered normal and helps in suckling
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STATUS OF DENTITION
Neonate is without teeth for 6 months of life. Gum pads insufficient to accommodate developing incisors that are crowded in crypts 1st yr of life →gum pads grow rapidly permitting incisors to erupt in good alignment.
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NATAL TEETH
Teeth erupted at the time of birth →natal teeth Teeth erupted during 1st month of life →neonatal teeth
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Natal and neonatal teeth mostly in mandibular incisor region and show familial tendencies
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DECIDUOUS DENTITION PERIOD
1st 6 weeks of IUL →initiation of tooth buds Primary teeth erupt at about 6 months Eruption completed by 2 ½-3 ½ yrs Sequence of eruption →A-B-D-C-E
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6 months At six months, the four central incisors are visible, usually appearing two at a time and appearing in the lower jaw first
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7-8 months At seven or eight months, the four lateral incisors appear next to the central incisors. The primary teeth are bluish white.
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12 months At around twelve months, the primary first molars appear, leaving temporary spaces between them and the lateral incisors
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16 months At sixteen months, the primary canines erupt between the lateral incisors and first molars.
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2 years At two years, the second primary molars begin to appear, completing the primary teeth. By age three, they appear completely
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SPACING IN DECIDUOUS DENTITION
Spaces usually exist between deciduous teeth →physiological or developmental spaces Important for normal development of 2°dentition Absence of spaces is an indication that crowding of teeth may occur in 2°dentition
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Primate spaces
Also called as simian or anthropoid spaces Seen mesial to maxillary canines and distal to mandibular canines Helps in placement of canine cusps of opposing arch
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Deep bite
May occur in initial developing stages Accentuated by the fact that deciduous incisors are more upright Lower incisal edges often contact cingulum area of maxillary incisors Later reduced by 1. Eruption of deciduous molars 2. Attrition of incisors 3. Forward growth of mandible www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Flush terminal plane ď Ź
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Mesiodistal relation between distal surfaces of upper and lower 2nd deciduous molars is called as flush terminal plane Normal feature of deciduous dentition where second deciduous molars are in same vertical plane
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MIXED DENTITION PERIOD ď Ź 1. 2. 3.
Begins at approximately 6yrs.Classified into: 1st transitional period Inter transitional period 2nd transitional period
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FIRST TRANSITIONAL PERIOD 1. 2. 3.
Emergence of 1st permanent molars and exchange of deciduous incisors with permanent incisors 1st permanent molar erupts at 6yrs-guided into the dental arch by distal surface of 2nd deciduous molar Mesiodistal relation between distal surfaces of upper and lower deciduous molars are of 3 types Flush terminal plane Mesial step terminal plane Distal step terminal plane www.indiandentalacademy.com
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FLUSH TERMINAL PLANE ď Ź
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Mesiodistal relation between distal surfaces of upper and lower 2nd deciduous molars is called as flush terminal plane. Normal feature of deciduous dentition where second deciduous molars are in same vertical plane.
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Erupting first molars may be in a flush or end on relation For transition of such an end on molar to a Class I molar relation, lower molar has to move forward by about 3-5mm relative to upper molar This can occur in 2 ways. By early shift or late shift www.indiandentalacademy.com
EARLY SHIFT Occurs during early mixed dentition period Eruptive force of permanent molar pushes deciduous 1st and 2nd molars in the arch to close primate space and establishing Class I
LATE SHIFT Occurs during late mixed dentition period In children who lack primate space, when the deciduous molars exfoliate the permanent 1st molars drift mesialy utilizing leeway space.
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MESIAL STEP TERMINAL PLANE
Distal surface of lower 2nd deciduous molar is more mesial than that of upper. Thus permanent molars directly erupt into Angles Class I occlusion Occurs due to early forward growth of mandible
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DISTAL STEP TERMINAL PLANE ď Ź
Distal surface of lower 2nd deciduous molar lies more distal to that of upper. Thus erupting permanent molars maybe in Class II relation
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INCISAL LIABILITY
The exchange of lower incisors take place. The difference between the amount of space needed for the accomodation of incisors and the space available for this →incisal liability It is roughly 7mm in upper arch and 5 mm in lower arch
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Incisal liability Overcome by the following factors: 1. Utilization of interdental spaces seen in primary dentition 2. Increase in inter- canine width 3. Change in incisor inclination
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INTER TRANSITIONAL PERIOD
Maxillary and mandibular arches consists of sets of deciduous and permanent teeth Between permanent incisors and permanent 1st molars are deciduous canines and molars This phase during mixed dentition stage is relatively stable and no change occurs
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SECOND TRANSITIONAL PERIOD ď Ź
Replacement of deciduous molars and canines by premolars and permanent cuspids respectively
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Leeway space of Nance ď Ź
Combined mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars is usually less than that of deciduous canines and molars, this is Leeway space of Nance
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Leeway space of Nance ď Ź
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Greater in mandibular arch [3.4mm] than in maxillary arch [1.8mm] This excess space is utilized for mesial drift of mandibular molars to establish Class I molar relation
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Ugly duckling stage ď Ź
Transient or self correcting malocclusion seen in maxillary incisor region b/w 8-9yrs seen during eruption of permanent canines
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As developing permanent canines erupt, they displace roots of lateral incisors mesially,in turn transmitting force to roots of central incisors which gets displaced mesially. Resultant divergence of crown causes midline spacing
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18 years Last teeth to appear, the third molars, or the wisdom teeth, erupt at about age 18
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