DI GI TAL PHOTOGRAPHY www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Dental photography • Patient education • Legal record for facial features before and after dental treatment • Excellent tool for teaching • Excellent tool for communication
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Digital photography • • • • • •
Basics of digital photography Classification of digital cameras Features to consider in digital cameras Conventional versus digital photography Common errors in clinical photography Gold standard in clinical photography
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Basics of digital photography • First used in 1981
• Commercially available since 1991(marketed by auto trader).
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Digital images
• Pixels – picture elements www.indiandentalacademy.com
green red
blue
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• Pixelation evident
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• Resolution – no of pixels in the image. • Increase in pixels – increases the detail of the image.
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Non f ilm cameras IMAGE SENSORS - CCD ( CHARGED COUPLED DEVICE)
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Non f ilm cameras - CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductors)
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HOW THEY WORK
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KNOW YOUR DI GI TAL CAMERA
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Lens Telephoto lens
Macro lens
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Lens • Rotatable
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Shutter speed • Shutter speed – the length of time the shutter is open and light strikes the image sensor • Bright lens and high shutter speed – ideal • Higher shutter speed – grater the image quality • Cameras should have a range of high and low shutter speeds.
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Burst • Sequential shooting • Overcome shutter lag
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White balance • Used to keep color as natural as possible. • Level of one color is more camera adjusts automatically.
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Exposure • Amount of light required to take a photo. • Too much light • Less light.
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Exposure compensation
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Flash • Adjustment for convenience • Ring flash
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Flash Ring flash
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Zoom • Must in any digital camera • Closer to the subject without moving physically closer.
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Focal length • The distance between the rear nodal point of the lens and the focal plane when focus is set at infinity. • Nodal point – where the rays of light appear to have come after passing through the lens.
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• HOW MUCH THE CAMERA SEES ( ANGLE OF VIEW OF THE LENS).
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ZOOM • OPTICAL ZOOM • DIGITAL ZOOM
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Optical zoom • Zoom lens is lens determined so that its focal length can be varied over a predetermined range. • The image is optically modified so that it can show a smaller o larger field of view. • This allows to replace a no of single focal length lenses.
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• Does not change the resolution of the image or the image size, the no of pixels used to describe the image are same.
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Digital zoom • Digital cameras with a single focal length lens. Offers possibility of mimicking a zoomed image.
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• No of pixels used to capture a image are the same as original non zoomed image.
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Dif f erence between optical and digital zoom • Optical zoom – bring object closer ( like a telescope) • Digital zoom is merely a cropping tool.
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Conf usion • for eg- 10 x optical zoom becomes 60 x if 6x digital zoom is tacked on the focal length of the lens.
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• Smart zoom
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Aperture settings • AMOUNT OF LIGHT ENTERING THE CAMERA AND HITTING THE SENSOR.
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Depth of the f ield • THE AREA AHEAD OF AND BEHIND THE AREA IN FOCUS.
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Digital cameras CLASSIFICATION • CONSUMER • PROSUMER • PROFESSIONAL
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• • • • •
Inexpensive Entry level Mid range High end Professional.
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Prosumer • Lies between consumer and professional cameras.
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• Features – macro lens
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• Features – High quality image
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• Features –Lcd with preview facility
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Drawbacks
• FLASH – POINT FLASH. - RING FLASH
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Drawbacks VIEW FINDERS – GALLILEAN TELESCOPE VIEW FINDER - LCD
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Drawbacks FOCUSING SYSTEM – LACK OF IMAGE SHARPNESS
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Prof essional cameras • • • •
Expensive High end features. Ideal for intra oral photography. Fuji fine pix f1 pro – perfect for orthodontic purposes.
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Features to be considered
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• LCD
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MAINS ADAPTOR
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AUTO FOCUS AND PRECI SI ON
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• CCD RESOLUTION AND QUALITY • CUR ( clinically useful resolution)
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• FLASH CAPABILITY
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Exposure parameters • Lens opening
• Shutter speed( lens opening in fraction of a second)
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• SOFTWARE
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• RESOLUTION
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Practical considerations • DOWNLOADING OF IMAGES
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• REPRODUCTION • STORAGE AND FILLING
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• BATTERIES
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ACCESSORI ES • MEMORY CARDS
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• • • •
BAGS AND STRAPS TRIPODS CLEANING KIT CARD READER
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CONVENTI ONAL VERSUS DI GI TAL PHOTOGRAPHY
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NON FI LM CAMERA
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I MAGE STORAGE
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NO RECURRI NG COSTS
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ROOM FOR EXPERI MENTATI ON
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FUNCTI ONALI TY I N A SMALL PACKAGE
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LCD ELI MI NATES GUESS WORK
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DURABI LI TY
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SCALABI LI TY
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SHARI NG
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DRAWBACKS • HIGH INITIAL COST
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• BATTERY LIFE
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• NON STANDARDIZATION • LEARNING CURVE (Technophoia).
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DI GI TAL PHOTOGRAPHY www.indiandentalacademy.com
COMMON ERRORS I N CLI NI CAL PHOTOGRAPHY
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Two groups • Inappropriate choice of equipment. • Errors in recording medium and inappropriate positioning of subjects
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Camera • Macro facility ( 1:1 images)
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Camera • Ring flash
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Camera • Orientation of camera – Extra-oral ( portrait) – Intra oral ( landscape)
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Camera • Lens setting
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Retractors • Two set of double ended retractors
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I NTRA ORAL SHOTS
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BUCCAL SHOTS
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OCCLUSSAL SHOTS
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MI RRORS • LONG HANDLED AND FRONT SILVERD GLASS - IDEAL
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REAR SI LVERED VERSUS FRONT SI LVERED GLASS
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MI RRORS
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APERTURE COMPENSATI ON
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TECHNI CAL PROBLEMS • DEPTH OF FIELD
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• PROSUMER CAMERAS – APERTURE TO BE REDUCED TO F 11.
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• APPROX 1/3 IN FRONT AND 2/3 BEHIND THE FOCAL POINT
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Prof essional cameras
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Auto f ocus problems • Auto focus versus manual focus
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I ntra oral
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• FOCUSSING USING TTL FACILITY. • 20 CM IS A GOOD DISTANCE.
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Extra oral photography
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SHADOW • POINT FLASH
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EXTRA ORAL
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Extra- oral
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Alternatives • Rotating camera through 1800 • Illuminated backdrop screen • Dark non reflective background preferably velvet
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I NTRA ORAL
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Overcoming shadows – 1800 turning
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OCCLUSSAL
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Solution- f ocus away f rom patient
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SYMMETRI CAL I MAGES • GRID LINES
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CARD PROBLEMS
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CCD ROBLEMS
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DI GI TAL I MAGE • FIT FOR PURPOSE
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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Extra oral photographs • Portrait
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Extra oral photographs • Portrait
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Extra oral photographs • Background
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Extra oral photographs • Background
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Extra oral photographs • Background
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PROFI LE AND THREE QUARTER VI EWS
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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POSI TI ONI NG ERRORS
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I NTRA ORAL PHOTOGRAPHS • LANDSCAPE VIEW
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• Change in cant of occlusal plane
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• Inappropriate selection of cheek retractors. • Saliva not aspirated
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BUCCAL VI EWS
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MI RROR VI EWS • OCCLUSSAL SHOTS
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MI RROR VI EWS • OCCLUSSAL SHOTS
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Just one more photograph
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LCD
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Standardizing dental photography • Natural head position. • Frontal views. • The line from the outer canthus of eye to superior attachment of ear from should be parallel to Frankfort horizontal plane. • The inter pupilary line should be parallel to horizontal plane • The distance from outer canthus of eye to the hair line should be equal on both side
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CAMERA LENS AND POSI TI ON • Focal length of the lens should be the same (100 or 105mm)
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CAMERA LENS AND POSI TI ON • Have consistent subject – camera distances (use of tripod)
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CAMERA LENS AND POSI TI ON • Camera position is one in which a line from middle of lens to eye is parallel to horizontal plane
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GOLD STANDARD I N PHOTOGRAPHY
• Journal of orthodontics june 2002 - j sandler and a murray
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• Survey carried out in angle society. • Seventy questionnaires were used • Following questions were asked. – which intraoral and extraoral photographs they currently take? – when during the treatment the photographs are taken? – which staff member takes the photographs? – what medium is used to record the images?
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Routine use of photography 96% take pre and post treatment photographs.
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Extra oral photographs
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I ntra oral photographs
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mid treatment photographs
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Who takes the photographs?
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Photographic medium
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Gold standard • Nine pretreatment and nine post treatment photographs are a must. • mid treatment photographs at change of every arch wire . • Up to 36 photographs are considered a reasonable number for full photographic documentation of the case.
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Need f or photographs • Extra oral full face view ( lips at rest )
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Need f or photographs • Extra oral – full face view ( smiling)
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Need f or photographs • Extra oral – three quarter view
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Need f or photographs • Extra oral – profile view
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Need f or photographs • Intra oral front intra oral view. buccal intra oral shots. upper and lower buccal shots. overjet view ( optional ).
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Orthodontics current principles and techniques - GRABER AND VANARSDALL
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Orthodontics current principles and techniques - GRABER AND VANARSDALL
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Conclusion
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RECENT ADVANCES I N DI AGNOSTI C AI DS
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www.indiandentalacademy.com Leader in continuing dental education
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