GROWTH ROTATIONS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
CONTENTS 1. Introduction. 2. Principles of growth and development. 3. Amount and timing of growth. 4. Assessment of amount of growth. 5. Growth of mandible. 6. Mechanism of rotation. www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Growth rotations of mandible. a) Bjork. i. Direction of growth. ii. Structural signs. a) According to Bjork. b) According to Petrovic.
iii. Results of implants studies. iv. Type of rotations.
b) Bjork and Skieller. c) Proffit. d) F.F. Schudy.
7. Center of rotation of mandible- Isaacson. www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Growth rotations of maxilla. 10. Tweed’s facial growth trends. 11. Rickets growth prediction. 12. Compensatory growth. 13. Clinical aspects. 14. Conclusion. 15. References. www.indiandentalacademy.com
INTRODUCTION
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Growth and Development • Frequently heard together. • Why both the terms? – As growth is not merely a process of increase in size, rather is a progressive facial enlargement with differential growth processes in which the various parts develop earlier or later then other parts in different facial region, in a multitude directions and different rates. www.indiandentalacademy.com
– It is a gradual maturational process involving a complex of different but functionally interrelated organs and tissues. – The growth process also involves a bewildering succession of regional changes of great proportions and it requires countless localized ‘adjustments’ to achieve proper fitting and function among all the parts. www.indiandentalacademy.com
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
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Principles of growth and development 1. Bone grows by adding new bone on one side of bony cortex and taking it away from the other side, due to which bone drift occurs. 2. The inner and outer surface of the bone are covered with mosaic type appearance of growth fields, which can be resorbtive or depository. If it is resorbtive on one side it will be depository on other. www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Bone has periosteal and endosteal layer if one is resorbtive then other will be depository. 4. The control of growth is done by the soft tissue matrix present around the bone. The blueprint of the design construction and growth of the bone lies in the composite of muscles, tongue, lips, connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, airways etc. www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. The various sites of growth do not show a same rate of growth activity. 6. Remodeling is a basic part of growth process. 7. Growth process leads to primary or secondary displacement.
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AMOUNT AND TIMING OF GROWTH
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Amount and Timing of Growth •
There are four growth spurts : 1. On birth. 2. 1 yr. after birth. 3. Pre pubertal growth spurt. •
6-7 yrs. in females. • 7-9 yrs. in males.
1. Adolescent growth spurt. •
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11-13 yrs. in females. • 14-16 yrs. in males.
Prepuberal Growth Spurt – Occurs due to production of sex hormones from adrenal gland at the age of around 6 yrs. In the form of a weak androgen (Dihydroepiendosterone). – This activation is therefore also referred to as adrenarche. – In girls more amount of hormones are releases hence is more prominent then in boys. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Adolescent Growth Spurt • Initiation occurs in the brain. Hypothalamus releases releasing factor from neuroendocrine glands. Via cytoplasmic transport Base of the hypothalamus near pituitary Via capillaries pituitary Ant pituitary releases pituitary gonadotropins
Stimulates endocrine cells in adrenal gland and www.indiandentalacademy.com sex glands to produce sex hormones
• In males – In testes • Sertoli cells produce testosterone • Leydig cells produce estrogen
– In adrenal cortex • Male and female sex hormones are produced.
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• In females – In ovaries • Estrogen is produced initially and then progesterone.
– In adrenal cortex • Male and female sex hormones are produced.
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sex hormones
blood stream
development of secondary sexual characteristics growth of genitals
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GENERAL BODY decrease in lymphoid GROWTH tissue
• Timing of puberty makes a difference in ultimate body size. The earlier the puberty the smaller will be the body size. • Height depends on endochondral bone formation. www.indiandentalacademy.com
sex hormones cartilage to grow
Increases the rate at which cartilage is transformed into bone increase in skeletal maturation
Growth complete adolescent growth spurt This maturation occurs faster in females hence www.indiandentalacademy.com they have a shorter stature.
ASSESSMENT OF AMOUNT OF GROWTH
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Assessment Of Amount Of Growth • Various skeletal maturity indicators are
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– Hand wrist radiograph. – Cervical vertebrae. – Canine calcification. – Corpus index. – Hyoid bone position. – Third molar level. – Frontal sinus.
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In our department we follow the hand wrist x-ray method which was put forward by Julian Singer (AO, Oct 1980), and also the cervical vertebrae assessment which was put forward by Hassel and Farman (AJO, Jan 1995).
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HAND WRIST RADIOGRAPH
2 ½ years
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6 ½ years
11 years
19 years
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Stage I Early www.indiandentalacademy.com
Stage II Pre Puberal www.indiandentalacademy.com
Stage III Puberal Onset www.indiandentalacademy.com
Stage IV Puberal www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Stage V Puberal deceleration
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Stage VI Growth Completion
Assessment Of Cervical Vertebrae INITIATION 80-100%
TRANSITION MATURATION 25-65% 5-10% ACCELERATION DECELERATION COMPLETION 65-85% 10-25% 0% C2
C2
C2
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
C4
C2
C2
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C3 C3 C4
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GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
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• Mandible is basically composed of two structures – The corpus – The ramus
• Corpus of the mandible is a direct structural counterpart to the maxillary corpus • Ramus is related to the pharyngeal space and middle cranial fossa, with the function being to bridge the middle cranial fossa and place the corpus in proper relation with the cranial floor articulation on one side and maxillary corpus on other side. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Ramus undergoes continuing remodeling as a part of its growth process and several basic functions are provided by these changes – The entire ramus gets progressively relocated posteriorly by combination of resorbtion and deposition. – The ramus width increases to accommodate the increase in middle cranial fossa and the pharynx. www.indiandentalacademy.com
– The length of the ramus increases to accommodate the increased size of nasomaxillary complex and erupting teeth. – Progressive remodeling changes occur in the ramus to place the mandibular corpus in proper relation with the maxillary corpus.
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• These changes lead to change in orientation of the mandible leading to ROTATION OF THE MANDIBLE. (Rotation literally means to move round a axis or a centre.) • Rotation can be – Forward and upward – Downward and backward
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• Since classic description of mandibular growth by John Hunter in 1771 there has been various studies and reports on it. • He had applied anthropometry (aligned human skulls along symphyseal and lower border of mandible) to find out how mandible increased in size.
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• He said mandible size increased by 1. Apposition at posterior border, 2. Increase at coronoid and condyloid process above the line of teeth 3. The increase in height was mainly due to increase in alveolar bone.
• Later in 1955 Bjork coined the term growth rotations. www.indiandentalacademy.com
GROWTH ROTATIONS.
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Bjork study • Started his study in 1951 • Had a sample size of 100 children between the age group of 4 – 24 yrs. • Used metal implants to find the sites of growth and resorption in individual jaws. Also examined individual variation in direction and intensity. • Analyzed mechanics of changes in intermaxillary relations during growth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• He refuted the concept that the given intermaxillary relation remained static through out life. Considerable variation in the development of facial form and intermaxillary relation was seen. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Direction of Growth • Mandible can have a forward direction of growth (good growing) or backward direction of growth (bad growing). • Bjork gave seven structural signs to find the direction of mandibular growth. • These signs are not clearly developed before puberty. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Structural Signs 1. Condylar inclination. 2. Mandibular canal inclination. 3. Lower border of mandible (Antigonial notch). 4. Symphysis inclination. 5. Interincisal inclination. 6. Intermolar angle. 7. Lower face height. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• CONDYLAR INCLINATION – Forward or backward inclination of the condylar head is characteristic sign – In forward growing mandible condyle is upright compared to a backward growing mandible in which it is inclined backward – Is difficult to identify on the lateral cephalogram.
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• MANDIBULAR CANAL – The mandibular canal curvature remains the same throughout the life. – In vertical growing mandible the curvature of the canal is more than that of the mandibular contour. Where as in case of horizontal growers the canal may be flat or may even be curved in opposite direction.
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• Shape of the lower border of mandible. – In vertical growers there is an increased deposition below the symphysis, anterior part of the mandible becomes thick along with this there is resorption at the angle producing a characteristic concavity. – In horizontal growers the anterior rounding is absent so the concavity of the lower border is absent. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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• INCLINATION OF THE SYMPHYSIS – In horizontal growers chin swings forward to become prominent. – In vertical growers symphysis is swung backward causing a receding chin.
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• INTERINCISAL ANGLE – Interincisal angle is almost constant showing that the lower incisors is related functionally to the upper incisors – In vertical growers angle in less – In horizontal growers there is an increased interincisal angle.
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• INTERMOLAR ANGLE – In case of forward rotation the molars get more upright increasing the intermolar and interpremolar angle – while in case of backward rotation the molars become mesially tipped hence decreasing the intermolar and interpremolar angle
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• LOWER FACE HEIGHT – is increased in case of vertical growth pattern while is less in case of a horizontal growth pattern
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• According to Petrovic – In orthognathic type of face the ramus and the body of the mandible are fully developed, and the width of the ascending ramus is equal to the height of the body of the mandible, including height of the alveolar process and the incisors. The condyle and coronoid process are almost in the same plane and symphysis is well developed.
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– In case of a retrognathic mandible corpus is narrow in molar region. Symphysis is narrow and long, ramus is narrow and short and the gonial angle is obtuse and the coronoid process is relatively smaller than the condylar process..
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– In prognathic type the corpus is well developed and wide in molar region. Symphysis is wider in sagital plane, ramus is wide and long and the gonial angle is acute or small.
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Condylar inclination
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Mandibular canal inclination. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lower border of mandible (Antigonial notch).
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Symphysis inclination.
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Interincisal inclination. www.indiandentalacademy.com Intermolar angle.
LOWER ANTERIOR FACIAL HEIGHT www.indiandentalacademy.com
Results of the implants studies • Increase in length of the mandible mainly due to deposition at the condyles. • Anterior border of the symphysis is stable. Increased thickness of the chin was due to deposition at the posterior border and the increase in length was due to deposition at the lower border. • The deposition at the lower border of the symphysis continues to the anterior border of mandible giving it the rounded appearance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Posterior border of the mandible shows resorption. • Growth at the condyles is not in the direction of the ramus but slightly forward. • Mandibular canal is not remodeled to the extent of the mandible. Trabaculae of the canal remains stable and the shape of the canal reflects the earlier shape of the mandible. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• The lower border of the developing tooth germ of lower molar is relatively stable till the root formation. • Mandible can be considered as a unconstrained bone, it can change its inclination in several ways. One critical factor for this is the centre of rotation.
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• According to the type of rotation and the centre of rotation the growth of the mandible can be divided into – Forward rotation • Type I • Type II • Type III
– Backward rotation (less common) • Type I • Type II www.indiandentalacademy.com
Forward rotation type I • Centre of rotation is in the joint. • Deep bite is seen. • Decreased lower anterior facial height. • Powerful musculature is usually seen • May lead to occlusal imbalance loss of teeth.
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Forward rotation type II • Centre of rotation is at the incisal edges of the lower incisors. • Increased posterior facial height normal lower anterior facial height. • Posterior facial height can increase due to – Caudally placed glenoid fossa because in increase in cranial flexure. – Increased ramal height. As the mandible is held in its place by muscles and the ramal height increases there is swinging of mandible forward. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Anterior facial height does not change as – The eruption of molars occurs in the pace with increased ramal height. – Lower border of the mandible undergoes remodeling.
• Mandibular symphysis swings forward.
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Forward rotation type III • In cases of increased overjet the centre of rotation is displaced to the premolars. • There is decreased lower facial height. • Increased posterior facial height. • Skeletal deep bite is seen. • Mandibular symphysis swings forward.
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• Rotation of the mandible effects the inclination of the teeth. The interincisal angle is almost constant (showing the lower incisors are functionally related to upper incisors). Hence their eruption is guided forward and there is increase in alveolar prognathisim. • Rotation also influences the posterior teeth incase of forward rotation the posterior teeth become more upright, increasing the intermolar and interpremolar angles. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Backward rotation type I • Centre of rotation at the joint. • Seen in cases of – Bite is raised by orthodontic treatment increasing the lower anterior facial height. – Growth of cranial base occurs such that the cranial base flexure flattens leading to the mandible being raised posteriorly.
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Backward rotation type II • Centre of resistance is at the most distally occluding molar. • Growth at the condyles is in the sagital direction. • Mandible increases in length but is carried forward more due to its muscles and ligaments attachments.
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• Symphysis is swung backward, chin goes below the face. The soft tissues may not follow this leading to a double chin. • Skeletal open bite is seen. • Incompetent lips. • Lower incisors retrocline and meet the upper incisors. • Molars and premolars of mandible are inclined forward. www.indiandentalacademy.com
BJORK AND SKIELLER • Divided the mandibular rotations into three components – Total rotation – Matrix rotation – Intramatrix rotation
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Total Rotation • Is the rotation of the mandibular corpus • Is measured as change in inclination of a reference line or a implant line in the mandibular corpus relative to the anterior cranial base, • If line anteriorly rotate towards the face then is known as forward rotating and signated as ‘-’ www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Matrix rotation • Was called as apparent rotation by Lande. • Is rotation of soft tissue matrix of the mandible relative to the cranial base. • Is shown by a tangential mandibular line. • It can rotate forward and backward in the same patient with condyles as the centre of rotation and is described by the term pendulum movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Intramatrix rotation • Is the difference between total rotation and the matrix rotation. • It is an expression of remodeling of the lower border of the mandible. • It is found out by the change in inclination of an implant line or reference line in the mandibular corpus to the tangential mandibular line. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Rotation of the corpus relative to the tangential line such that it faces front is called as forward rotation. • Centre of rotation is somewhere in corpus and depends on rotation of corpus, growth rotation of the maxilla and occlusion of the teeth.
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• Bjork and Skieller said that three changes occur in Intramatrix rotation – The mandible “wiggles” in in its matrix – This wiggling is associated with the corpus and is caused by growing condyle. – The rotation results from or compensates for genetically predetermined program.
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PROFFIT • Rotation occurring in the core of the jaw were called as INTERNAL ROTATION. Hence is the rotation which is visualized by the implant line. (This is the rotation in the mandibular core proper or total rotation according to Bjork)
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• Rotation caused by the surface changes and the alteration in the rate of tooth eruption is called as EXTERNAL ROTATION. (this is the remodeling that is occurring of the mandible or intramatrix rotation according to Bjork)
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• Rotation occurring due to rotation around the condyle is called as TOTAL ROTATION. (This is the rotation of the mandible that is occurring around the condyles or matrix rotation according to Bjork)
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BJORK
Rotation of mandibular core relative to cranial base Mandibular plane relative to cranial base
SOLOW AND PROFFIT HOUSTON
Total rotation
True rotation
Internal rotation
Matrix rotation
Apparent rotation
Total rotation
Mandibular plane Angular relative to the core Intra matrix of the mandible remodeling of www.indiandentalacademy.com
rotation
lower border
External rotation
F.F. SCHUDY • Rotation of the mandible is a result of inharmony between vertical growth, anteroposterior growth and horizontal growth. • Clockwise rotation is a result of increased vertical growth causing a decrease in bite. • Counter-clockwise rotation is a result of decreased vertical growth causing a deep bite. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Growth increments causing downward movement of chin is called as vertical growth, while growth increments causing forward movement of chin are called as horizontal growth. • If growth at the condyles is more than molar eruption it causes horizontal growth deepening the bite. • If growth at the condyles is less then molar eruption is leads to vertical growth and a decreased bite. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• There are four vertical growth elements which increase the facial height, these are:– Anterior growth of nasion. – Corpus of maxilla getting palatal plane down. – Eruption of maxillary molars. – Eruption of mandibular molars.
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• The migration of glenoid fossa is cancelled by growth of condyles. • Clockwise rotation is when there is an increased growth at the condyles than the vertical growth of the mandible. It can increase ANB angle and can correct deep bite if present. • Counterclockwise rotation is when there is decreased condylar growth then the vertical growth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
CENTER OF ROTATION
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ISAACSON • Has devised a method for determining the centre of rotation of the mandible.
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STEPS IN FINDING CENTRE OF ROTATION OF MANDIBLE 1. On pre-observation tracing reference points are selected in the region of the symphysis and the mandibular foramen.
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2. The post observation tracing is superimposed on the previous tracing on the mandibular canal, third molar follicle and symphysis internal border. The two reference points are transferred to this tracing. The areas where the tracing do not coincide shows the areas of external remodeling and tooth movement.
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3. A reference line is arbitrarily drawn in the anterior cranial fossa region.
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4. The two tracings are superimposed on the anterior cranial structures. Lines are drawn connecting the two pre and post reference points.
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5. Perpendicular bisector of these two lines are made. The intersection of these two perpendicular bisector gives us the center of rotation of the mandible.
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GROWTH ROTATION OF MAXILLA
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• Growth of maxilla occurs by two ways – Passive displacement- in primary dentition period – Active growth is by surface remodeling
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• The maxilla can be divided into – It’s functional process • Alveolar process • Parts of bone surrounding the air passage
– Core of it’s bone www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Implants placed on maxillary alveolar process show that the core of the maxilla undergoes a small and variable degree of rotation- forward and backward – INTERNAL ROTATION, TOTAL ROTATION (implant line). • TOTAL ROTATION, MATRIX ROTATION not possible in a maxilla (condyle).
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• Varying degree of resorption on nasal side and deposition on palatal side, also varying amount of eruption of incisors and molars lead to EXTERNAL ROTATION, INTRAMATRIX ROTATION (lower border).
• In most individuals the external and internal rotations cancel each other. www.indiandentalacademy.com
MECHANISM OF ROTATIONS
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Mechanism of rotations • Displacement type. • Remodeling type.
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• Displacement type of rotation – Mandible rotates on the condylar pivot. – The primary reason for this is to adjust to the vertical size of midface and alignment of middle cranial fossa • Rotates forward to meet short mid face or closed bicranial flexure. • Rotates backward to meet vertically increased mid face or open bicranial flexure. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Remodeling type – Occurs at angle between corpus and ramus – Occurs due to resorbtive and depository changes occurring at this junction. – It basically leads to • More upright ramus alignment relative to corpus accommodating a vertically lengthened mid face.
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Displacement type www.indiandentalacademy.com
Remodeling type
TWEED’S GROWTH TRENDS
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• Two cephalograms are taken at a gap of 12-18 months. • They are then superimposed on S-N keeping S as the reference point. • Three types of growth was seen. • Tweed classified it into – Type A • Subdivision
– Type B – Type C www.indiandentalacademy.com
Type A • Middle and lower third grew forward and downward in unison. • The ANB value remained constant. • If the ANB value does not exceed 4.5 o and case is having a molar relation of Class I then is type A • If molar relation is of Class II and ANB is more then 4.5o then is called as Type A subdivision. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Type B • There is an change in ANB reading in Pre and Post radiographs. • The growth trend is in downward and forward direction with middle face growing more rapidly then the lower face. • In cases of ANB of less then 4o the prognosis is fair while in cases with a increased ANB of 7o or beyond the prognosis is poor. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Type C • In case the lower face is growing downward and forward more rapidly then the middle face. • The ANB decreases. • The mandibular incisors usually get tipped lingually and get crowded or the max incisors get tipped labially.
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RICKETTS GROWTH PREDICTION
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Ricketts Growth Prediction • According to Ricketts a normal human mandible grows by superior-anterior (vertical) apposition at the ramus on a curve or a arc which is a segment formed from a circle. • Then radius of the circle is described by using the distance from the mental protuberance to a point at forking of the stress lines at the terminus of oblique ridge on the medial side of the ramus.
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• On basis of studies a primary method of growth prediction was devised. – A line was plotted through the long axis of the condyles extending it through the line making the lower border of the mandible. – Keeping these lines as reference line a bending of the mandibular form was studied.
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• Later use of mandibular plane as the reference plane was refuted as its lower border showed resorbtion. • Also the ramus as reference area was disapproved as it also showed remodeling as shown by Enlow’s studies.
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So
new
reference
points
were taken • Xi point
– Centre of the ramus – Contacts the mandibular canal
• Suprapogonion (Po, Pm) – Bone crest on the superior aspect of the compact bone and anterior contour of the symphysis. – Was taken as was located at the stress centre (ricketts), is the site of reversal lines (Enlow), and is a stable unchanging point as seen by implant studies (Bjork) www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Dc – Point at the bisection of the condyle neck as high as visible in the cephalogram below the fossa.
• Now by joining Dc to Xi and Xi to Po a repeatable condyle and corpus axis could be made. And by studying the changes in the mandible in relation to these axis the growth could be predicted. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dc
R3
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Po
• By studying the mandibular growth on these axis it was found that the bending of the mandible occurred in an orderly fashion, with greater the magnitude of growth greater was the bending. • Now the next task was to make a arc to predict this growth.
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• Point Pm, Xi, Dc were used to depict the mandibular core, and the prediction of the mandibular size and shape at five years interval was done. • The current arcial prediction of ricketts was reached in three steps
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1. A arc was made passing through these three points. But it was found that the increase in size could be produced but not increase in curvature. The Pm point was taken as constant. 2. A second arc was made using tip of coronoid process, anterior border of ramus at the deepest point R1 and Pm. Using this was found that the mandible would bend too much. www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. So it was thought that the actual arc must lie in between these two. – So a point in between Xi and R1 was selected. – A arc was made with a radius from this point to Pm.
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Was found that it still causes increased bending of the mandible, also the mandible kept increasing in size causing a spiral shaped arc.
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A mandible 850 yrs old was taken. In it the stress lines were visible. – The stress lines were seen to converge at the tubercle menti, from there they swung downward then upward and backward and outward through the oblique ridge. – In the medial aspect a Y shaped bony prominence was seen at the superior aspect of the mylohyoid ridge, also above this point a small nutritive canal was seen, www.indiandentalacademy.com
– Experimentally two points were found • Pt. Eva – just over the forking of the stress lines – Is made by bisecting Xi to R3 point and make a line
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Mu EVA RR
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• Now the arc that the mandible will follow to grow is found out, next part was to find the amount of growth that will take place. • It was found that the mandible increased by 2.5mm per year. • Coronoid process shows an increment of 0.8mm per year.
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COMPENSATORY GROWTH “DEVOLEPMENTAL ADJUSTMENTS WORKING TOWARDS BALANCE” www.indiandentalacademy.com
COMPENSATORY GROWTH • Involves morphogenetic changes (resorption and deposition) among various regional parts as each grow in close relation.
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• Commonly seen is case of vertically long naso-maxilary complex. Vertically long nasomaxillary complex
Mandible rotates forward and downward
Retruded mandible And Class II
Widening of the ramus
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Mandibular comes forward and Class I results
DENTOALVEOLAR COMPENSATION • The teeth can not move by its own remodelling process, they need a extrinsic force to move.
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CLINICAL ASPECTS
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MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROTATING JAW BASES • Rotation of mandible decides the vertical proportions of the face. • Horizontal growers have a – Short lower anterior facial height. – Predisposed to having a deep bite.
• Opposite of above for the vertical growers.
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According to Lavergne and Gasson the mutual rotation of the upper and lower jaw can be of following 4 types 1. Convergent rotation. Severe deep bite. Difficult to treat with a functional therapy.
1. Divergent jaw bases. Severe open bite. In severe cases orthognathic surgery is required. www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Cranial rotation of both the bases. Horizontal growth pattern. Maxillary cranial rotation compensates for the mandibular rotation. Normal overbite.
3. Caudal rotation of both bases. Vertical growth pattern. Maxillary caudal rotation compensates for the mandibular rotation. Normal overbite. www.indiandentalacademy.com
CLINICAL ASPECTS 1. Growth rotation of mandible influence the amount the teeth can erupt. 2. Also it influences the direction of eruption and ultimate position of teeth. • Eruption of maxillary teeth is in a downward and forward direction. – –
Forward rotation of maxilla causes incisors to tip forward. Backward rotation of maxilla causes incisors to tip palatally.
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•
Eruption of mandibular teeth is in a upward and forward direction.
– Forward rotation of mandible causes incisors to tip lingually. – Backward rotation of maxilla causes incisors to tip labially.
3. Normal internal rotation rotates mandible forward uprighting the incisors and allowing the molars to mesialize. www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Normally the forward rotation of the maxilla is less then that of mandible causing the mandibular arch length to decrease. • Therefore in brachyfacial individuals the mandibular incisors tend to retrocline more, decreasing the arch length leading to crowding. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• In dolicofacial individuals there is usually a anterior open bite, unless the incisors over erupt, also the incisors tend to flare out. 5. In case of vertical growers the ANB, or the Class II does not improve, but the correction and retention of the deep bite is facilitated, visaversa for horizontal growers. www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. In case of vertical growers the occlusal forces on the molars are less hence is more easy to loose anchorage, while in horizontal growers it is difficult to loose anchorage. 7. Functional appliances lead to opening of mandibular plane angle hence are contraindicated in cases of vertical growers. www.indiandentalacademy.com
CONCLUSION
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• The ability of an orthodontist to predict future mandibular growth would greatly aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning. • Better therapeutic decisions could be made regarding timing and length of the treatment, appliance selection, extraction pattern and possible need for surgery. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• And with it’s knowledge therapy could be truly tailored to the individual with the possibility of obtaining optimal results in shorter period of time. www.indiandentalacademy.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1.Essentials of facial growth – D.H. Enlow. 2.Contemporary orthodontics – W.R. Proffit. 3.Handbook of orthodontics – R.E. Moyers. 4.Fundamentals of craniofacial growth – A.D. Dixon. 5.Prediction of mandibular growth rotation – A. Bjork, AJO, June 1969, pg. 585-599. 6.The puzzle of growth rotation – J.M.H. Dibbets, AJO, June 1985, pg. 473-480. www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Mandibular rotations : concepts and terminology – B. Solow and W.J.B. Houston, EJO, 1988, pg. 177-179. 8. Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudnal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years – Bjork and Skieller, EJO, 1983, pg. 1-46. 9. Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample – Bjork, Skieller and Hansen, AJO, Nov 1984, pg. 359-370. 10. Some effects of mandibular growth on the dental occlusion and profile – R.J. Isaacson et.al., AO, April 1977, pg. 97-106. www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Growth pattern of mandible : some reflections – B. G. Sarnat, AJO, Sept 1986, pg.221-231. 12. A principle of arcial growth of the mandible – R.M. Ricketts, AO, 1972, pg. 368-386. 13. The Rotation Of The Mandible Resulting From Growth: Its Implications In Orthodontic Treatment - F. F. Schudy, AO, 1965, pg-36-50. 14. Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae – Hassel and Farman, AJO, Jan 1995, pg. 58-66. 15. Physiologic timing of orthodontic treatment – J. Singer, AO, Oct 1980, pg. 322-333. www.indiandentalacademy.com
GROWTH ROTATIONS
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