INFECTION CONTROL IN ORTHODONTICS
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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com
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INDEX 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
INTRODUCTION HISTORY BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE STATES IMMUNISATION FOR ORAL HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS PATHWAYS OF CROSS CONTAMINATION INSTRUMENT PROCESSING STERILISATION METHODS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND BARRIER TECHNIQUE PROCEDURE FOR ORTHODONTIC INSTRUMENTS DENTAL LAB INFECTION CONTROL SURFACE ASEPSIS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY www.indiandentalacademy.com
INTRODUCTION: Dental care professionals are at an increased risk of cross infection while treating patients. • This occupational potential for disease transmission become evident initially when one realises that most human microbial pathogens have been isolated from oral secretions. Because of repeated exposure to micro-organisms in blood and saliva, incidence of certain infectious diseases has been significantly higher among dental professionals than observed for general population. • Hepatitis-B, TB, Herpes simplex viral infections are well recognised and indicate need for increased understanding of modes of disease transmission and infection control procedures by dental care providers. www.indiandentalacademy.com
•Although there is common goal in infection control ,there are several approaches that may be used to achieve the desired result.These approaches vary from office to office depending on type of dental procedure performed ,number and training employees,and type of equipment used. •Part of the problem lies in the fact that many practitioners and auxillaries previously failed to appreciate the infection potential presented by saliva and blood during treatment. •These dangers often we dismissed because much of spatter coming from patients mouth is not noticed readily. www.indiandentalacademy.com
DEFINITIONS . STERILISATION: The process by which an article surface or medium is freed of all microorganisms, either in the vegetative or spore state.
DISINFECTION: The destruction of all pathogenic micro organisms or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
ANTISEPTICS: Chemical disinfectants, which can be safely applied to skin or mucous membrane surfaces and are used to prevent infection by inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
BACTERICIDAL AGENTS: Agents able to kill bacteria.
BACTERIOSTATIC: Agents preventing only the multiplication of bacteria, which may remain alive. www.indiandentalacademy.com
HISTORY
The science of microbiology has shed much light on the nature of disease. In the nineteenth century the work of Pasteur ,Lister and Koch did much to explain the role of bacteria in disease and to indicate possible methods of practicing safer medicine.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-95) was the first scientist to show clearly that bacteria never generate spontaneously and that no growth of any kind occurs in the sterilized media.
One of his many achievements was the development of the technique of controlled heating known as ‘PASTEURISATION’ for the preservation of beverages and food stuffs.
By his experimental studies on anthrax in 1876-77, for example, he was to prove that a certain type of infection invariably occurred when a number of micro-organisms of a particular kind were introduced to the body.. www.indiandentalacademy.com
“If I had the honour of being a surgeon, impressed as I am with the dangers of exposure to the microbes scattered of all objects, not only would I use perfectly clean instruments,but after washing my hands with greatest care and submitting them to rapid flaming, I would use bandages,previously exposed in air at 130-150 degree and use water which has been submitted to a temp of 120degree….this way I would have to fear only the germs suspended in the air around the patients bed.” Louis Pasteur(1878) www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr. Joseph Lister
(1827-1912)
Discovered the effectiveness of 'carbolic acid,‘ which was used in controlling typhoid.
• Using carbolic acid, Lister was able to keep his hospital ward in Glasgow free of infection for nine months. • Lister published the results of his experiments in The Lancet : 11 cases of compound fracture without any sepsis.
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Carbolic acid spray being used at the time of a surgery
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Influx model carbolic spray, copper, brass with wood handle ď Ź
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Robert Koch (1843-1910) was undoubtedly one of the greatest figures in the development of microbiology. He had immense skill in devising new bacteriological techniques. He was also the first to make photomicrographs of stained smears, and in addition he pioneered methods of growing bacteria on agar media.
Despite the fact that the germ theory of disease had been established in 1877, it was not universally accepted until 1882 when Koch presented his masterly paper on ‘The aetiology to tuberculosis’ giving details of the isolation of the tubercle bacillus. In the following year he isolated the cholera vibrio.
The ‘Golden era’ of medical microbiology which was opened by Pasteur, Lister and Koch was perhaps the greatest contribution ever to the theory and practice of medicine. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Microbiology in Dentistry Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683 was the first to describe microorganisms in human mouth. -His astute observation on scrapings from carious cavities in teeth were made with the use of only a single-lens microscope. - But despite such limitations he was able to describe the principle shapes of bacteria that remains the basis for much of the classification of microorganisms today.
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BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND OTHER DISEASE AGENTS :
The patient’s mouth is the most important source of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the dental office. Pathogenic agents may occur in the mouth as a result of four basic conditions: Bloodborne diseases, Oral diseases, Systemic diseases with oral lesions, and Respiratory diseases.
Systemic diseases with pathogens present in blood and other body fluids Disease
Pathogen
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D virus
HIV-infection and AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus
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•Bloodborne pathogens may enter the mouth during dental procedures that induce bleeding. • Thus contact with saliva during such procedures may result in exposure to these pathogens if present. Because it is very difficult to determine if blood is actually present in saliva, saliva from all dental patients should be considered as potentially infectious.
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VIRAL HEPATITIS A Other name
Infectious
B Serum
C
D
E
Parenterally Delta transmitted non-A, nonB
Enterically transmitted non-A, nonB
Major route Fecal-oral, Parenteral, of water, food direct transmission contact
Parental, direct contact
Parental, direct contact
Fecal-oral, water, food
Incubation
2-6 weeks
4-24 weeks
2-20 weeks
4-24 weeks Unknown
Liver necrosis
Rare
Uncommon
Uncommon
Yes
Unknown
Chronicity
No
Yes (5-10%)
Yes (50%)
Yes
No
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HEPATITIS B VIRUS Risk for the dental team : Risk for dental patients : Hepatitis B vaccine : •We are extremely fortunate that safe and effective vaccines for hepatitis B are available. •Because there is no successful medical treatment to cure this disease, prevention is of paramount importance. •The vaccine is strongly recommended for all members of the dental team. www.indiandentalacademy.com
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS Oral manifestations of AIDS : Early manifestations of AIDS occur as oral lesions. •Oral manifestations include fungal diseases, such as candidiasis, histoplasmosis, geotrichosis, or cryptococcosis; •viral diseases such as warts, hairy leukoplakia, or herpes simplex infection; • bacterial diseases such as rapidly progressing periodontitis or gingivitis; • cancerous disease such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and nonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Transmission :
•Intimate sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral) involving contact or exchange of semen or vaginal secretions; •Exposure to blood, blood-contaminated body fluids, or blood products; •Perinatal contact (from infected mother to child www.indiandentalacademy.com
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS Exposure to blood :
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HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
Prevention : Sexual contact : Recommendations for preventing the spread of HIV-1 through sexual contact includes abstinence or limiting sexual activities to one partner who is not infected and who does not have any other sex partners
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Blood contact : - Injection drug abusers must not use blood-contaminated needles .
-All members of the dental team and other health-care workers must protect themselves from exposure to blood, saliva and other potentially infectious body fluids. - Contaminated sharps must be handled and disposed of properly. -Gloves, mask, and protective eyewear and clothing must be used during the care of all patients and in other instances to prevent direct or indirect contact with body fluids. - Also, all health-care workers must prevent their blood or body fluids from coming into contact with the patients being treated, and instruments and equipment used on more than one patient must be properly decontaminated before reuse.
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ORAL DISEASES
Diseases
Pathogen
Herpes infections
Herpesvirus hominis (herpes simplex virus)
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Hand-foot-mouth disease
Coxsackievirus
Herpangina
Coxsackievirus
Gonococcal pharyngitis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Candidiasis
Candida albicans www.indiandentalacademy.com
I) HERPES INFECTIONS : Herpes simplex viruses may cause infections of the mouth, skin, eyes and genitals. -About 90% of adults have been infected with herpes simplex virus type 1, but only 10% (usually children) experience the typical symptoms of oral herpes (primary herpetic gingivostomatitis). -In this disease, vesicle-type lesions occur in the mouth. -Vesicles during active herpes simplex infections at any site of the body contain the virus which may be spread to others by direct contact with these lesions. -Also, the herpes simplex virus may be present in saliva in those with oral or lip lesions and possibly in a small percent of those who are infected but have no active lesions. -In such instances, sprays or aeorosols of the saliva may result in spread of the virus to unprotected eyes of the dental team. www.indiandentalacademy.com
II) HERPANGINA AND HAND-FOOT-MOUTH DISEASE : Herpangina appears as vesicles on the soft palate or elsewhere in the posterior part of the mouth that break down to ulcers that last for about a week. -Fever, sore throat and headache frequently accompany the vesicular stage. -The lesions are caused by specific types of coxackie virus.
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III) ORAL SYPHILIS . Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium and is the causative agent of syphilis. -About 5-10% of the cases of syphilis first occur in the mouth in the form of a lesion called a primary chancre, an open ulcer frequently on the tongue or lips. -These lesions do contain the live spirochetes and may be spread by direct contact. - The possibility of the spirochete entering small cuts or breaks in the skin of unprotected hands of the dental team exists and has been documented in one instance causing syphilis of the finger.
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IV) ORAL CANDIDIASIS : Candida albicans is a yeast that occurs in the mouth asymptomatically in about one third of adults. -Such circumstances that may result in oral disease called thrush or oral candidiasis might include conditions that disturb our body defense mechanisms such as the systemic diseases of HIV infection, and leukemia; -Spread of C. albicans from a patient’s mouth to the dental team is theoretically possible through direct contact with lesions or sprays or aerosols of infected saliva.
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IMMUNIZATION FOR ORAL HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
Health care workers are at particular risk of several vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Recommended vaccines for Oral Health care Workers Generic name
Primary schedule and Boosters (s)
Hepatitis B recombinant DNA
Two doses IM 4 weeks apart, third dose 5 months after second
Rubella live virus vaccine
One dose SC, no booster
Measles live virus vaccine
One dose SC, no routine boosters
Mumps live virus vaccine
One dose SC, no booster
Influenza vaccine (inactivated whole- Annual vaccination with current vaccine. virus and split-virus vaccine) tetanus – Either whole or split virus vaccine may diptheria toxoid be used two doses IM 4 weeks apart, third dose 6to 12 months after second dose, booster every 10 years. Enhanced – potency inactivated E-IPV is preferred for primary poliovirus vaccine (E-IPV) live oral polio vaccination of adults, two doses SC 4 to 8 virus vaccine (OPV) weeks apart, a third dose 6 to 12 months after the second. For adults with a completed primary series and for whom a booster is indicated, either OPV or E-IPV can be given www.indiandentalacademy.com
PATHWAYS FOR CROSS-CONTAMINATION
A total office infection program is designed to prevent or at least reduced the spread of disease agents from: •Patient to dental team; •Dental team to patient; •Patient to patient; •Dental office to community, including the dental team’s families. www.indiandentalacademy.com
i) Patient to Dental Team: •
Direct contact : with patient’s saliva or blood may lead to entrance of microbes through a nonintact skin resulting from cuts, abrasions, or dermatitis.
•
Droplet infection: They occur as a result of sprays, spatter or aerosols from patients mouth.
•
Indirect contact: involves transfer of microorganisms from the source (e.g., the patient’s mouth) to an item or surface and subsequent contact with the contaminated item or surface.
•
Examples include cuts or punctures with contaminated sharps (e.g. instruments, needles, burs, files scalpel blades, wire) and entrance through nonintact skin as a result of touching contaminated instruments, surfaces or other item. www.indiandentalacademy.com
ii) Dental Team to Patient : Spread of disease from the dental team to patients is indeed a rare event, but could happen if proper procedures are not followed. -If the hands of dental team member contain lesions or other nonintact skin. - if the hands are injured while in the patient’s mouth, bloodborne pathogens or other microbes could be transferred by direct contact with the patient’s mouth, and they may gain entrance through the patient’s mucous membrane. - If a member of the dental team bleeds on instruments or other items that are then used in the patient’s mouth, cross infection may result. www.indiandentalacademy.com
iii) Patient to patient : Disease agents might be transferred from patient to patient by indirect contact through improperly prepared instruments, handpieces and attachments or surfaces.
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iv) Dental Office to Community : This pathway may occur if microorganisms from the patient contaminate items that are sent out or are transported away from the office. For example, contaminated impressions or appliances or equipment needing service may in turn indirectly contaminate personnel or surfaces in dental laboratories and repair centers. Dental laboratory technicians have been occupationally infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). This pathway also may occur if members of the dental team transport microorganisms out of the office on contaminated clothing. In addition, if a member of the dental team acquires an infectious disease at work, the disease could be spread to personal contacts with others outside the office. Also, regulated waste that contains infectious agents and is transported from the office may contaminate waste haulers if it is not in proper containers. www.indiandentalacademy.com
GOAL OF INFECTION CONTROL After microbes enter the body, there are three basic factor that determine if an infectious disease will develop: •Virulence (pathogenic properties of the invading microorganism); •Dose (the number of microorganisms that invade the body); •Resistance (body defense mechanism of the host). These factors are called determinants of an infectious disease, and their Interaction determines the outcome of an infection as follows:
Disease= Virulence x Dose Resistance www.indiandentalacademy.com
OPERATORY PREPARATION AND INSTRUMENT RECIRCULATION www.indiandentalacademy.com
OPERATORY PREPARATION General: All surfaces and items touched by and contaminated with saliva or blood, initially should be cleaned scrupulously and then disinfected with an Environmental protection Agency (EPA)approved tuberculocidal agent before each patient is seated. -An alternative is to use protective disposable covers. -These barriers protect surfaces that directly or indirectly may come into contact with body fluids.
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Items
Recommended covering
Chair back (optional)
Plastic
Headrest (only if not covered along with chair back)
Plastic
Dental unit, including hose supports
Plastic
Side auxiliary support surfaces
Plastic
Air-water syringe handle
Plastic
High-volume evacuation control
Plastic
Saliva ejector control
Plastic
Lamp handles
Foil, plastic wrap, or bag
Light communication system
Plastic
Drawer handles
Plastic
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INSTRUMENT PROCESSING
Instrument processing is the procedures that prepares contaminated instruments for reuse. The processing must be performed carefully so that disease agents from a previous patient,or from a member of the dental team who handled the instruments, or from the environment will not be transferred by the instruments to the next patient. Processing also must be performed correctly to keep instrument damage to a minimum.
Instrument processing steps 1.Holding (presoaking) 2.Precleaning. 3.Corrosion Control, Drying, Lubrication 4.Packaging 5.Sterilization 6.Sterilization monitoring 7.Handling Processed Instruments www.indiandentalacademy.com
I. HOLDING (PRESOAKING) •If instruments cannot be cleaned soon after use, place them in a holding solution to prevent drying of the saliva and blood. •This can facilitate the actual cleaning. •Extended presoaking for more than a few hours is not recommended, for this may enhance corrosion of some instruments. •The holding solution may be the same as that to be used for ultrasonic cleaning or it may be a germicidal solution (e.g., a glutaraldehyde) indicated for instrument immersion. • Place loose instruments in the ultrasonic cleaning basket and then place the basket in the holding solution.
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ii. PRECLEANING: iii.Ultrasonic cleaning : •Ultrasonic cleaning, compared with scrubbing instruments by hand, reduces direct handling of the contaminated instruments and the chances for cuts and punctures. •Exception is some high-speed hand pieces. •This time required ranges from about 5 to 15 minutes.
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Manual scrubbing of instruments : -Scrubbing contaminated instruments by hand is a very effective method of removing the debris if performed properly. -All surfaces of all instruments should be thoroughly brushed while the instruments are submerged in a cleaning solution to avoid spattering. -This is followed by thorough rinsing with a minimum of splashing.
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III. CORROSION CONTROL, DRYING, AND LUBRICATION Instruments or portions of Instruments and burs made of carbon steel will rust during steam sterilization. •Examples might be nonstainless steel cutting or scraping Instruments such as scalers, hoes, and the cutting surfaces of orthodontic pliers. •Although rust inhibitors (e. g., sodium nitrite) that can be sprayed on the Instruments will reduce rusting of some of these items, the best approach is not to process such items through steam. •Instead, thoroughly dry the Instruments and use dry heat or unsaturated chemical vapor sterilization, which do not cause rusting. www.indiandentalacademy.com
IV :Packaging: Packaging Instruments before processing through the sterilizer prevents them from becoming contaminated after sterilization during storage or when being distributed to chairside. Packaging involves organizing the Instruments in functional sets and wrapping them or placing them in sterilization pouches, bags, trays, or cassettes.
Wrapping or Bagging : Functional sets of instruments can be placed on a small sterilizable tray and the entire tray wrapped with sterilization wrap grams the wrapping procedure. Seal the wrap with tape that will withstand the heat process. (e.g., “autoclave tape�).
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Using Cassettes : Numerous styles of cassettes are available that contain functional sets of instruments during use at chairside and during the ultrasonic precleaning, rinsing, and sterilizing processes. - Using cassettes reduces the direct handling of contaminated instruments and keeps the instruments together through the entire processing.
Unwrapped Instruments : Sterilizing unpackaged instruments is the least satisfactory approach to patient protection because it allows for unnecessary contamination before the Instruments are actually used on the next patient.
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STERILIZATION There are three types of sterilization processes used in dentistry
1. Heat sterilization :Heat sterilization involving steam, dry heat, and unsaturated chemical vapor is the most common type of sterilization used in offices today. All the methods of heat sterilization can be routinely monitored for effectiveness using bacterial endospores
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Gas sterilization: Ethylene oxide gas sterilizers that operate at 720F to 1400F (much lower than heat sterilizers) also can be monitored with bacterial endospores, but this type of sterilization is not commonly used in dental offices because of the long exposure time required for sterilization.
Liquid chemical sterilization: Although the liquid chemical sterilant, glutaraldehyde, can be shown to be sporicidal in controlled laboratory testing, www.indiandentalacademy.com
VI. STERILIZATION MONITORING : -Heat sterilization failures result when direct contact
between the sterilization agent and all surfaces of items being processed does not occur for the appropriate length of time. - In many instances, these failures will not be detected unless proper sterilization monitoring is performed. -There are three forms of sterilization monitoring, biological, chemical and physical monitoring.
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i) Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring provides the main guarantee of sterilization. It involves processing highly-resistant bacterial spores through the sterilizer and then culturing the spores to determine if they have been killed
Types of biological indicators : Bacillus stearothermophilus - steam or chemical vapor sterilization Bacillus subtilis - dry heat or ethylene oxide gas sterilization.
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ii) Chemical Monitoring : Chemical monitoring involves the use of indicators that change color or physical form when exposed to certain temperatures such as autoclave tape, special markings on pouches and bags, chemical indicator strips, tabs or packets or tubes of colored liquid. Rapid-change indicator changes color rapidly after a certain temperature has been reached (e.g., autoclave tape and special markings on pouches and bags). Used as an external indicator on the outside of every pack
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Slow-change or integrated indicator: - that changes color or form slowly, responding to a combination of time and
temperature or temperature and the presence of steam. -Used on the inside of every pack, pouch or cassette to assess if the instruments have been exposed to sterilizing conditions.
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iii) Physical Monitoring : Physical monitoring of the sterilization process involves observing the gauges and displays on the sterilizer and recording the sterilizing temperature, pressure and exposure time. -It must be remembered that sterilizer gauges and displays indicate the conditions in the sterilizer chamber rather than conditions within the packs, pouches or cassettes being processed. -Thus, physical monitoring may not detect problems resulting from overloading, improper packaging material or use of closed containers.
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VII. HANDLING PROCESSED INSTRUMENTS : Instrument sterility should be maintained until the sterilized packs, pouches or cassettes are opened for use at chairside. i) Drying and Cooling : Packs, pouches or cassettes processed through steam sterilizer may be wet and must be allowed to dry before handling www.indiandentalacademy.com
ii) Storage : Handling of sterile packages should be kept to a minimum , and those that are dropped on the floor, torn, compressed or become wet must be considered as contaminated -Store sterile packages in dry, enclosed, low-dust areas away from sinks and water pipes .This prevents packages from becoming wet with splashed water. -And store the packages away from heat sources that may make the packaging material brittle and more susceptible to tearing or puncture. iii) Distribution : Instruments from sterile packs or pouches can be placed on sterile, disposable, or at least cleaned and disinfected trays at chairside. -Sterilized instrument cassettes are distributed to and opened at chairside www.indiandentalacademy.com
INSTRUMENT PROTECTION: Instrument processing can cause damage to instruments, but several steps could be taken to keep this at a minimum. -Stainless-steel instruments are least effected by corrosion from moisture and heat, but some clinicians prefer instruments with carbon steel rather than stainless-steel cutting surfaces that may retain a sharp edge longer. - Unfortunately, carbon steel items corrode and lose sharpness during sterilisation. Carbon steel items are best sterilized in a non-corrosion producing environment such as dry heat or chemical vapor sterilizer.
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STERILIZATION METHODS : PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILIZATION : The use of heat has long been recognized as the most efficient, reliable method of sterilization.
(i) STEAM STERILIZATION : Efficient sterilization may be accomplished by the use of moist heat at higher temperatures in the form of saturated steam under pressure. This modality remains the oldest, most commonly used of the acceptable methods for instrument sterilization. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Characteristics :
Temperature : 1210C (2500F) Pressure : 15 psi Cycle time : 15-20 minutes Acceptable Materials: Paper, plastic, cloth, or paper peel pouches Unacceptable Materials : closed metal and glass containers
Advantages: Short efficient cycle time Good penetration Ability to process a wide range of materials without destruction Disadvantages: Corrosion of unprotected carbon steel instruments Dulling of unprotected cutting edges Possibility that packages may remain wet at end of cycle Possible deposits from use of hard water Possible destruction of heat-sensitive materials www.indiandentalacademy.com
(ii) DRY HEAT : Sterilization of instruments with dry heat is the least expensive form of heat sterilization. A complete cycle involves heating the oven to the appropriate temperature and maintaining that temperature for a proper interval. Characteristics : Temperature : 1600C (3200F) Or 1700C (3400F) Cycle time : 2 hours Or 1 hour Requirements: Must not insulate items from heat Must not be destroyed by temperature used
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Acceptable Materials: Paper bags, aluminum foil, polyfilm plastic tubing Unacceptable Materials : plastic and paper bags that cannot withstand dry heat temperature Advantages: -Is effective and safe for sterilization of metal instruments and mirrors . -Does not dull cutting edges . -Does not rust or corrode Disadvantages : -Requires long cycle for sterilization -Has poor penetration -May discolor and char fabric -Destroys heat-labile items -Cannot sterilize liquids -Is generally unsuitable for handpieces
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(iii) RAPID HEAT TRANSFER STERILIZATION : Characteristics : Temperature : 1900C (3750F) Cycle time : 12 minutes for wrapped items ; 6 minutes for unwrapped items. Acceptable Materials: Paper bags, aluminum foil, polyfilm plastic tubing Unacceptable Materials : Plastic and paper bags that cannot withstand dry heat temperature Advantages: -It has a shorter cycle time than regular dry heat units. -Items are dry after cycle -It does not dull cutting edges Disadvantages: -Instrument must be dried before packaging and placement in chamber. -It destroys heat-labile items -It cannot sterilize liquids -It is generally unsuitable for dental handpieces -Unwrapped items become contaminated quickly after the cycle. www.indiandentalacademy.com
CHEMICAL STERILIZATION Ethylene oxide: The use of ETO is recognized by the American Dental association (ADA) and Centers for Disease control and .prevention (CDC) as an acceptable method of sterilization for the following items: i) those that can be damaged by heat and/ or moisture, and ii) those that can be cleaned and dried thoroughly.. This chemical is effective as a virucidal agent, is sporicidal, does not damage materials, and can evaporate without www.indiandentalacademy.com residue
CHARACTERISTICS Temperature : room temperature (250C/750F) Cycle time : 10-16 hours (depending on material) Acceptable materials : paper, plastic bags Unacceptable materials : sealed metal or glass containers Advantages :High capacity for penetration -Does not damage heat-labile material -Evaporates without leaving a toxic residue -Suitable for materials that cannot be exposed to moisture Disadvantages: -Slow, requires long cycle time -Uses toxic/hazardous chemical -Items must be cleaned and dried thoroughly before exposure. -Causes tissue irritation if not well aerated
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GLUTERALDIHYDE: (1.5-Pentanedial) (C5H8O2) has two aldehyde units, one at end of the carbon chain. The later two types use an activator that brings the final 2.0 to 3.2% glutaraldehyde to the desired pH. At these concentrations, - glutaraldehydes can be effective against vegetative bacteria, including M. Tuberculosis, fungi and viruses, and can destroy microbial spores after a 10-hour immersion period.. - In fact, glutaraldehydes are useful in decontaminating certain types of dental impression materials. .
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Disadvantages : -Although glutaraldehyde formulations are effective as immersion sterilants/ disinfectants, they are also extremely toxic to tissues. -Irritation of hands and discoloration of cuticles are common sequelae when people do not wear appropriate utility gloves.
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Alcohols: Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol have been used extensively for many years as skin antiseptics and surface disinfectants. Ethyl alcohol is relatively nontoxic, colorless, nearly odorless and tasteless, and readily evaporates without residue. Isopropyl alcohol is less corrosive than ethyl alcohol because it is not oxidized as rapidly to acetic acid and acetaldehyde.
Disadvantages : -Not sporicidal - Damaging to certain materials, including rubber and plastics -Rapid evaporation rate with diminished activity against viruses in dried blood, saliva, and other secretions on surfaces
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Iodine and Iodophors : •
Iodine is one of the oldest antiseptics for application onto skin, mucous membranes, abrasions, and other wounds.
•
high reactivity of this halogen with its target substrate gives it potent germicidal effects. It acts by iodination of proteins and subsequent formation of protein salts.
•
Tinctures of iodine are toxic for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, spores, fungi, and most viruses. solubilizing agent or carrier.
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Iodophor antiseptics are useful in preparing the oral mucosa for local anesthesia and surgical procedures. ď Ź . Their surfactant properties make them excellent cleaning agents before disinfection, and newer iodophor commercial formulations have shown EPAapproved tuberculocidal activity within 5 to 10 minutes of exposure. ď Ź
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Phenols and Derivatives : •
. This
phenolic solution was used as an all-purpose surgical instrument immersion sterilant, hand washing antiseptic, wound cleaner, and preparatory antimicrobial for surgical sites...
•
These agents act as cytoplasmic poisons by penetrating and disrupting microbial cells walls, leading to denaturation of intracellular proteins.
•
The intense penetration capability of phenols is probably the major factor associated with their anti microbial activity .
•
Thus, with the exception of the bisphenols, most phenolic derivatives are used primarily as disinfectants.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND BARRIER TECHNIQUES Oral health care providers and their patients may be exposed to a variety of microorganisms via blood or oral and respiratory secretions. - Infections can be transmitted in the oral health care setting through direct contact with blood, saliva, and other secretions ; - Indirect contact with contaminated instruments, operatory equipment, and environmental surfaces ;
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Gloves : . For the protection of oral health care personnel and the patient, medical gloves always must be worn when there is a potential for contacting blood, blood-contaminated saliva, or mucous membranes. .
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Masks : When a tooth is cut with a high-speed turbine handpeice or cleaned with an ultrasonic scaler, blood, saliva, and other debris are atomized and expelled from the mouth. -Masks that cover the mouth and nose reduce inhalation of potentially infectious aerosol particles. -They also protect the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose from direct contamination. - Masks should be worn whenever aerosols or spatter may be generated.
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Protective eyeglasses : During dental procedures, large particles of debris and saliva can be ejected towards the oral health care provider’s face. - These particles can contain large concentrations of bacteria and can physically damage the eyes. -Protective eyewear is indicated, not only to prevent physical injury, but also to prevent infection.
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DISPOSAL OR WASTE MATERIALS:- Gloves,
masks, wipes, paper drapes:Handled with gloves, discarded in impervious plastic bags. - Blood, disinfectants, sterilants:Carefully poured into a drain connected to a sanitary server system. - Sharp items, needles, blades, scalpels:Puncture- resistant containers marked with biohazard label. - Human tissue:Same as sharp items, but diff. containers.
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INFECTION CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS IN DENTAL OFFICE DESIGN
Additionally, the total square footage and layout of the entire space should not be negotiated until each work area has been evaluated. Considering that the clinical arena is the most affected by infection control, the following elements should be evaluated in regard to the overall health and safety of the person performing the task. 1)Office flow 2)Cabinetry. 3)Laminate, wall, and floor coverings 4)Ventilation.
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1) Office flow : The layout of the entire office should incorporate a smooth efficient operational flow. For example, patients have direct access to the treatment rooms and consultation areas from the reception area without having to pass through instrument processing areas.
2) Cabinetry : The number of drawers and their contents should be minimized to simplify cleanup procedures and reduce possible cross-contamination by the temptation to reach into the drawer during a procedure. -Treatment room cabinetry should be positioned on both sides of the patient’s chair. This will allow both the doctor and assistant access to essential side support areas and provide flexibility to both right and left-handed clinicians working in the same space.
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3)Laminates and wall and floor coverings : Although patient appeal and aesthetics continue to be a consideration, cabinetry surfaces and wall and floor coverings are a primary concern. Wood surfaces, heavily textured wall coverings, and fabrics for decoration should be eliminated. Smooth, seamless, nonporous materials will inhibit the collection of microbes and, therefore, also should be considered.
4) Ventilation : Work areas must have positive ventilation to control noxious vapors form various chemicals used in laboratory and sterilization areas. Additionally, considering that microbes inevitably are transported from one area to another via ventilation systems, these systems must be designed to prevent recirculation of contaminated air.
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CONCLUSION • IT IS OUR MOST IMPORTANT DUTY TO PRESERVE AND MAINTAIN THE HEALTH OF OUR PATIENTS AND HIM SELF. • WE AND OUR PATIENTS ARE AT ALARMINGLY HIGH RISK OF GETTING INFECTED BY DANGEROUS DISEASES LIKE Hepatitis-B, TB, Herpes, HIV ETC. • TO PREVENT ALL THESE DEADLY DISEASES AND TO PROTECT OURSELF WE SHOULD TAKE ATMOST PRECAUTION BY FOLLOWING STRICT STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION PROCEDURES.
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