Robots may help AI gain human-like cognition: Study

London, June 13 (IANS)

Embodying Artificial Intelligence (AI) in robots so they can interact with the world around them and evolve like the human brain is the most likely way AI systems will develop human-like cognition, according to research.

Researchers from the University of Sheffield, UK, argued that AI systems are unlikely to resemble real brain processing no matter how large their neural networks or the datasets used to train them might become, if they remain disembodied.

Current AI systems, such as ChatGPT, use large neural networks to solve difficult problems, such as generating intelligible written text. These networks teach AI to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain and also learn from their mistakes in order to improve and become more accurate.

However, the researchers said there are also important differences.

Human brain directly senses and acts in the world. Disembodied AIs, on the other hand, learn to recognise and generate complex patterns in data but lack a direct connection to the physical world. Therefore such AIs have no understanding or awareness of the world around them. Further, the human brains are made up of multiple subsystems, which are organised in a specific configuration -- known as architecture -- that is similar in all vertebrate animals from fish to humans, but not in AI. The team said that the biological intelligence -- like in the human brain -- has developed because of this specific architecture and how it has used its connections to the real world to overcome challenges, learn and improve throughout evolution.

This interaction between evolution and development is rarely factored into the design of AI, according to the study, published in the journal Science Robotics.

"ChatGPT, and other large neural network models, are exciting developments in AI which show that really hard challenges like learning the structure of human language can be solved. However, these types of AI systems are unlikely to advance to the point where they can fully think like a human brain if they continue

Meta releases AI-powered music generator ‘MusicGen’

to be designed using the same methods," said Tony Prescott, Professor of Cognitive Robotics at the varsity.

"It is much more likely that AI systems will develop humanlike cognition if they are built with architectures that learn and improve in similar ways to how the human brain does, using its connections to the real world. Robotics can provide AI systems with these connections -- for example, via sensors such as cameras and microphones and actuators such as wheels and grippers. AI systems would then be able to sense the world around them and learn like the human brain," he added.

The experts noted that some recent progress in developing AIs for controlling robots has been made. For example, a powerful approach is the use of recurrent neural network models -- models composed of multiple feedback loops -- that are trained to make better predictions about what might happen next. These models are making important progress in making robots more adaptable. However, robot AIs are still a long way from resembling real brains in terms of capturing how different brain subsystems work together as part of a broader cognitive architecture, the study suggested.

Indian space startup’s Azista BST’s satellite orbited by SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket

"In the next two/three years, there will be three/four missions to demonstrate our satellite payloads," Bharath Simha Reddy had told IANS recently.

An engineering graduate from the famed College of Engineering, Guindy in Chennai Indurti got into the space sector after founding and exiting an ice cream parlour chain in Hyderabad.

"My ambition during the college days was to build a national brand," Indurti said.

San Francisco, June 13 (IANS)

Meta (formerly Facebook) has released its AI-powered music generator called 'MusicGen', which will turn text description and melody into audio.

The company also released the code and models for open research, reproducibility, and the music community.

"We present MusicGen: A simple and controllable music generation model. MusicGen can be prompted by both text and melody. We release code (MIT) and models (CC-BY NC) for open research, reproducibility, and for the music community," tweeted Felix Kreuk, Research Engineer at Meta AI research.

"MusicGen is built on top of the

EnCodec audio tokenizer. Unlike prior work, MusicGen is a singlestage transformerLM which uses an efficient token interleaving patterns, hence eliminates the need for cascading several models (e.g., hierarchically or upsampling)," he added.

Moreover, the company said that MusicGen was trained on 20,000 hours of music, including 10,000 "high-quality" licenced music tracks and 3,90,000 instrumentonly tracks from the ShutterStock and Pond5 stock media libraries. However, Meta isn't the first to offer an AI-powered music generator tool.

In May, Google released 'MusicLM' -- a new experimental AI tool that can generate high-fidelity music in any genre given a text description.

The tool was first announced in January this year and is now available to the public.

The text-to-music AI tool is available in the AI Test Kitchen app on the web, Android or iOS.

Webb telescope finds over 700 galaxies of early universe

before.

Chennai, June 13 (IANS) Indian space sector startup Azista BST Aerospace Pvt Ltd's first remote sensing satellite ABA First Runner (AFR) was successfully orbited by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.

According to SpaceX, the rocket on a dedicated rideshare mission carried 72 spacecraft that includes CubeSats, MicroSats and others and one of them was the Ahmedabad-based Azista BST Aerospace's 80 kg satellite AFR.

Azista BST Aerospace is an IndoGerman satellite manufacturing joint venture floated by India's Azista Industries Pvt. Ltd (holding 70 per cent stake) and Berlin Space Technologies GmbH (holding 30 per cent stake).

"Currently the company is funded by Azista Industries. We are not for venture capital funding. We have a long term outlook in business," Sunil Indurti, Director had told IANS.

The AFR will provide a panchromatic image with five metre resolution with a Swath of 70km.

According to Bharath Simha Reddy P., Business Development Manager, the company has potential customers -- in strategic and agriculture sectors -- for the data to be acquired from the first satellite and as well as analytics. Most of the customers are located in SouthEast Asia and other parts, including India.

Soon after exiting the ice cream venture, Indurti met Srinivas Reddy Male, Managing Director and a Director with pharma company Hetero and both decided to get into satellite manufacturing.

"We initially started as a vendor for Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and set up a factory in Ahmedabad in Gujarat. We have also set up weather stations for DRDO and others," Indurti said.

According to Bharath Simha Reddy, the company's target is to make about 100 satellites per year that would weigh between 50-200 kg.

Washington, June 9 (IANS)

The James Webb Telescope has discovered that the early universe had more than 700 galaxies, a finding not known before. Scientists led an investigation into galaxies that existed millions of years after the big bang. This was a crucial time known as the Epoch of Reionization. For hundreds of millions of years after the big bang, the universe was filled with a gaseous fog that made it opaque to energetic light. By one billion years after the big bang, the fog had cleared and the universe became transparent, a process known as reionization.

Kevin Hainline of the University of Arizona in Tucson and his team used Webb's NIRCam (NearInfrared Camera) instrument and identified more than 700 candidate galaxies that existed when the universe was between 370 million and 650 million years old.

The sheer number of these galaxies was far beyond predictions from observations made before Webb's launch. The observatory's exquisite resolution and sensitivity are allowing astronomers to get a better view of these distant galaxies than ever

"Previously, the earliest galaxies we could see just looked like little smudges. And yet those smudges represent millions or even billions of stars at the beginning of the universe," said Hainline. "Now, we can see that some of them are actually extended objects with visible structure. We can see groupings of stars being born only a few hundred million years after the beginning of time."

The study is part of an international collaboration called the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), which gathered observations from two tiny patches in the sky: One in the Ursa Minor constellation and another in the direction of the Fornax cluster.

These new findings shed light on how the first galaxies and stars formed, creating the rich catalogue of elements observed in the universe today.

However, the researchers stated that 93 per cent of the newfound galaxies had never been seen before.

"We're finding star formation in the early universe is much more complicated than we thought,"

Marcia Rieke of the University of Arizona in Tucson, co-lead of the JADES programme.

The findings were reported at the 242nd meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Albuquerque in New Mexico

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