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A 99 MEDIA PUBLICATION
VOLUME 09
ISSUE 05
T E C H N O LO GY M A N AG E M E N T FO R D E C I S I O N - M A K E R S
2.0
DEC 31, 2009
PRICE RS 100
Embracing
Green Technology Shock and vibration resistant LED bulbs reduce energy cost and give cool light
Surface Finishing Anodizing offers benefits over powder coating and plating Logistics Real time fleet management tools cut operating costs Design Simulation software speed up drop tests, reduce re-work
editorial Vol. 09 | Issue 05 | december 31, 2009
Managing Director: Dr Pramath Raj Sinha Printer & Publisher: Kanak Ghosh
Great Expectations, Some Trepidation
Editorial Group Editor: R Giridhar Assistant Editor: P K Chatterjee Sr. Correspondent: Satish Chavan Sub-Editor: Reshmi Menon Design Sr. Creative Director: Jayan K Narayanan Art Director: Binesh Sreedharan Associate Art Director: Anil VK Manager Design: Chander Shekhar Sr. Visualisers: PC Anoop, Santosh Kushwaha Sr. Designers: TR Prasanth & Anil T Chief Designer: N V Baiju Photographer: Jiten Gandhi brand management General Manager: Nabjeet Ganguli Sales & Marketing VP Sales & Marketing: Naveen Chand Singh (09971794688) National Manager-Events & Special Projects: Mahantesh Godi (09880436623) National Manager Online: Nitin Walia (09811772466) Assistant Brand Manager: Arpita Ganguli GM South: Vinodh Kaliappan(09740714817) GM North: Pranav Saran(09312685289) GM West: Sachin N Mhashilkar(09920348755) Coimbatore: D K Karthikeyan (09843024566) Kolkata: Jayanta Bhattacharya (09331829284) Production & Logistics Sr. GM Operations: Shivshankar M Hiremath Production Executive: Vilas Mhatre Logistics: MP Singh, Mohamed Ansari, Shashi Shekhar Singh office address Nine Dot Nine Interactive Pvt Ltd C/o KPT House, Plot 41/13, Sector 30 Vashi (Near Sanpada Railway Station), Navi Mumbai 400703 For any information, write to info@industry20.com For subscription details, write to subscribe@industry20.com For sales and advertising enquiries, write to advertise@industry20.com Printed and published by Kanak Ghosh for Nine Dot Nine Interactive Pvt Ltd C/o KPT House, Plot 41/13, Sector 30 Vashi (Near Sanpada Railway Station) Navi Mumbai 400703 Editor: Anuradha Das Mathur C/o KPT House, Plot 41/13, Sector 30 Vashi (Near Sanpada Railway Station) Navi Mumbai 400703 Printed at Silverpoint Press Pvt. Ltd, D 107, TTC Industrial Area, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400706.
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R Giridhar editor@industry20.com
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s we exit the year 2009, the feelings are mixed. The manufacturing industry in India has nicely recovered from the downturn—and has exhibited straight five months of growth. In anticipation of better financial results, the stock market has also risen sharply—in stark contrast to the mood early this year. While the government’s fiscal stimulus has kept the economy chugging along at a healthy six plus percent growth rate, the excess cash in the system has fuelled inflation. It is inevitable that the government will soon take steps to restrict the availability of money and easy credit, which could place the manufacturing industry in a bind as it struggles to cope with resurgent demand. In managing the downturn, manufacturers have learnt some important lessons. The first is that cost management needs to become a core philosophy within the organization. While Indian manufacturers have always been cognizant of costs, the downturn has forced many companies to take a hard look at their entire business processes and re-engineer them. Eliminate waste, and think lean become the new operational mantra. Another lesson that manufacturers have learnt is that the environment has become extremely volatile and risky. They have discovered that old planning and forecasting tech-
industry 2.0
niques are unable to cope with fluctuating market demand, unreliable supplies, and gyrating prices of input materials. They have learnt that the only way to prosper in this environment is to have an agile organization—one that can rapidly adapt itself to changes. Quality is another factor that has come to the fore because of the downturn. Most manufacturing managers realize that high quality is no longer an option—it is essential to survival. As result, an increasing number of organizations are looking at investments in new equipment and technology that can help increase the quality and reliability of the output, while improving manufacturing efficiency. Interest in factory automation and software solutions that can improve manufacturing operations is growing. As we go into 2010, the industry will continue to wrestle with many problems. Since the implementation of the GST regime is likely to be delayed by at least 6 to 9 months, efforts to streamline the supply chain will take a hit. Oil and commodity prices will remain volatile, as will currencies while the global economy attempts a recovery. So, manufacturing mangers will need to remain vigilant and innovative as they lead their organizations to bigger opportunities. Write in and let me know how you think the year ahead will pan out. n
- technology management for decision-makers | december 31, 2009
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contents wish list 16 Industry Experts Share Their Wish Lists for 2010 Views from the industry professionals on their expectations on new year’s eve.
manufacturing technology 36 Quality Maintenance during Production New solution to eliminate production problems.
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materials & processes 38 Aluminium Surface Corrosion Prevention Anodizing increases durability and aesthetics of aluminium products.
management & strategy 40 Introducing Standard Assembly Process Dr Wilfried Aulbur, Managing Director, Mercedes-Benz India, talks on manufacturing practices followed in his company.
facilities & operations 43 Implementation of Lean Systems in SMEs A case study describing how an SME achieved benefits from ‘Lean’ implementation.
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46 Lean Manufacturing to Increase Profitability
cover story 22 Green Technology for Lighting
LED lamps are the most environment friendly and energy efficient source of lighting
information technology 48 Raising Profitability with GPS Fleet Management Systems
32 Wireless Technology to Dominate Automation
Continuous tracking of company vehicles is possible with real time fleet management tools.
Deployment of wireless environment is easy, economic and environment friendly.
34 M to M Communications to Govern Manufacturing
Instead of just raising alert, the embedded logic will do proactive maintenance.
in conversation
Cover Design: Prasanth T R
Software can now make designers understand the impact on a falling body very easily.
departments 01 Editorial
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Managing Director, Mercedes-Benz India
39 Advertiser Index
Picture courtesy: OSRAM
december 31, 2009 | industry 2.0
50 Drop Test Simulation
06 Industry Update
Dr Wilfried Aulbur
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Implementation of ‘Lean’ significantly improves productivity.
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12 Event Report
53 Product Update
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industry update Microsoft, G-Tech Info to Provide IT Solutions for Textile SMEs in Tirupur
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he Tirupur Exporters’ Association (TEA) through its Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), G-Tech Info Solutions (International) has
The affordable IT solutions are expected to accelerate IT adoption for textile manufacturers. joined hands with Microsoft India to provide online solutions for the textile manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tirupur. The move is under the aegis of Project Vikas. The solutions include an online desktop by Airtel, hosted email by Global Outlook and unified communications by Wipro.
The online desktop by Airtel Nivio will facilitate accessing and sharing of data from anywhere, anytime. This is available to the SMEs on ‘pay as you go’ basis. A 10 GB space will be provided online to users to store documents, photos, music and presentations. The hosted e-mail by Global Outlook provides users e-mail or collaboration solutions along with enterprise class security; without any pre-requisites of technical expertise of the customer. The unified communications by Wipro will help streamlining of communications with flexibility in a single interface and by enabling easy connectivity with others in different locations for customers. A Shaktivel, President, Tirupur Exporters’ Association, said, “The introduction of these new hosted online solutions will accelerate the IT adoption for the textile manufacturers in Tirupur.” n
Government to Boost Growth of MSME Sector
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he 11th Five Year Plan will raise Rs 1,000 cr for the development of the Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector, said Dinsha J. Patel, Minister of State (Independent Charge), Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises, at the 2nd edition of the World SME Conference 2009, held in New Delhi recently. Patel added that in the Indian economy, the MSME sector is the second largest contributor in terms of GDP after agriculture sector. It provides about 80-90 per cent of employment to the Indian population and enjoys 45 per cent share in production and 35 per cent in exports.
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“In 2006, the MSME Act generated huge employment opportunities for the common people and we hope the trend will continue,” he said. Professor Anil Gupta, Executive Vice Chairman, National Innovation Foundation in his opening keynote emphasised that lack of investment in skill building is a burning issue and urged the government to help the MSME sector get its due recognition. Two panel discussion were held during the event, one titled, ‘IT Solutions for MSMEs - Lip Service or Real Solutions’ and the second one titled, ‘Role of management and technical institutions in developing entrepreneural ecosystems’. n
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event update International Hardware Show 2010
The exhibition focuses on building hardware, hardware equipment and power tools industry. Venue: Hitex Exhibition Centre, Hyderabad Tel: 91- 40 – 23112121 E-mail: dpo@hitex.co.in Date: Website: www.hardwarexh.com 2 February to
4 February 2010
Isrmex India 2010
The event will display a wide range of agricultural machinery, spares, latest farming, irrigation and harvesting technology, boilers and material handling systems. Venue: National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) Tel: +91-184-2242174/75 E-mail: info@isrmexindia.com Date: Website: www.isrmexindia.com 3 February to 5 February 2010
MACHTECH 2010
The event will showcase engineering machinery, machine tools, automation and automotive technology. Venue: Akota Stadium Vadodara, Gujarat Tel: +91-79-32410602 E-mail: info@kmgindia.com Date: Website: www.kmgindia.com 4 February to 7 February 2010
Metallurgy India 2010
The exhibition will display equipment, innovation, machinery and technology in the metallurgy sector. Venue: Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai Tel: +91-11-26971056 E-mail: info@md-india.com Date: Website: www.md-india.com 10 February to
12 February 2010
Tube India International 2010
The event will showcase equipment, innovation, machinery and technology in the tubes and pipes sector. Venue: Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai Tel: +91-11-26971056 E-mail: info@md-india.com Date: Website: www.md-india.com 10 February to
12 February 2010
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industry update Global Market for Contract Pharmaceuticals to Rise
The global market for contract pharmaceuticals is expected to increase to $299 billion in 2014 from an estimated $177 billion in 2009.
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he global market for contract pharmaceuticals is expected to increase to $299 billion in 2014 at a five year compound annual growth rate of 11.1 per cent, from an estimated $177 billion in 2009, according to a new technical market research report from BCC Research.
The report, ‘Contract pharmaceuticals manufacturing, research and packaging’, states that the largest segment of the market, contract manufacture of over-the-counter (OTC) and nutraceuticals, is expected to increase at a CAGR of 11.4 per cent to reach $177 billion by 2014. The second largest segment, contract manufacture of bulk- and dosage-form drugs, is estimated to be worth nearly $44 billion in 2009, and is likely to increase at a CAGR of 10.8 per cent to reach $73.1 billion in 2014. The third-largest segment, contract research, is expected to touch $40.6 billion in 2014, for a 5-year CAGR of 10.7 per cent, from an estimated $24.4 billion in 2009. The smallest segment, contract packaging, is projected to have a CAGR of 8 per cent, rising from $5.5 billion in 2009 to $8.1 billion in 2014. n
Logistics Industry to Record High Growth
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emand for streamlined supply chains from the auto, pharma, hi-tech and retail sectors is fueling strong growth for logistics service providers in general and contract logistics players in particular, concludes Datamonitor’s ‘India Logistics & Express Outlook 2009’ report. The report adds that the logistics industry is expected to grow
The Indian logistics industry is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.1 per cent over the period 2008-13.
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at a CAGR of 7.1 per cent over the period 2008-13 and contract logistics is expected to grow at a CAGR of 21 per cent over 2008-13. Consistently high economic and trade growth, the introduction of simpler tax regimes such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) from April 2010, and well-designed modern transport networks are expected to drive growth in the logistics sector. According to the report a number of improvements will facilitate the continued growth of logistics industry. These include the execution of infrastructure development such as transport network expansion and modernization, and the establishment of Special Economic Zones, Free Trade and Warehousing Zones, and logistics parks. n
- technology management for decision-makers
Freight Sector to Witness 10 Per Cent Growth Rate
Port-based freight operations are expected to grow at 20 to 25 per cent.
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he Indian freight industry is expected to grow at a rate of 10 per cent in the near future. This was stated in a recent report titled, ‘Freight transport industry in India 20092014’ released by Novonous. The report states that the future growth of the Indian freight industry is fuelled by the growth of India’s gross domestic product (over 7 per cent presently) and the double digit growth rates witnessed by the manufacturing industry. The freight transportation industry trends indicate that freight operations, which are portbased are predicted to grow at 20 to 25 per cent, with the proposed capacity additions at major and minor ports. According to Novonous estimates, rail freight will witness steady but less spectacular growth, given the predominance of the state-controlled Indian Railways and is likely to record a growth rate of 10 per cent. Meanwhile, all other transport modes are likely to experience faster growth, with international air cargo turnover performing strongly as more private airlines join the market. Sea transport through India’s major ports is also expected to perform well and grow at 9.2 per cent with the entry of private players in the sea freight sector. Air freight will also witness a growth rate of 8.5 per cent. The report adds that efforts for modernisation of sea ports will act as a boon and India is likely to emerge as a major destination for container operations. n
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industry update KEC Wins Orders in Algeria, Abu Dhabi
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ing Establishment for EC International has won modification and realmajor orders in Algeria and location on existing Abu Dhabi worth Rs 474 lines with design and crore and Rs 76 crore respectively. supply of emergency In Algeria, the company has line restoration syswon an order from CEEG Spa to tem (ERS) in Ruwais undertake five turnkey projects and Shuweihat. The of 400 KV, 200 KV and order is scheduled to 60 KV covering both be completed within single and double 12 months. circuit transmission “In Abu Dhabi we lines. The total length KEC has won orders worth are diversifying our of these five projects Rs 474 crore and Rs 76 crore client base and we is 858 km and the in Algeria and Abu Dhabi. will perform our first project is scheduled international ERS project,” said to be completed during the period Ramesh Chandak, MD & CEO, KEC from 12 to 18 months. International. Meanwhile, in Abu Dhabi, the KEC specialises in power transcompany won an order from Abu mission and engineering, procureDhabi Transport Authority / Ghanment and construction business. n toot Transport & General Contract-
Lakshmi Overseas to Set up Power Plant
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ood grain processing company, Lakshmi Overseas Industries is planning to set up a new biomass based power plant of 60 MW. The company recently conducted the foundation stone lay-
ing ceremony of the biomass-based power plant. The new plant will be situated next to the company’s existing food grain processing factory and 30 MW biomass-based power plant at Chandigarh, Punjab. n
Banswara Plans Additional Thermalbased Power Plant
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ntegrated textile company, Banswara Syntex (BSL) is planning to set up an additional 15/18 MW thermal-based power plant at Banswara in Rajasthan. The new venture is expected to cost about Rs 50 crore. The company presently has a similar 15/18 MW thermal power plant, operational since two years. The new plant is expected to cash in about Rs 15 crore on an annual basis from Q1FY12 onwards. The company is also expecting to avail a 10-year tax holiday for the profit of the power unit. The power generated will be used for internal consumption and if found surplus, then for sale. The company is planning to consume imported and indigenous coal for the power plant. R L Toshniwal, CMD, Banswara Syntex, said, “We have decided to chalk out an additional 15/18 MW thermal power plant to meet our increased capacity requirements.” The company recently recorded net sales of Rs 307.26 crore for the halfyear ended September 30, 2009 as compared to Rs 270.72 crore in the corresponding period last year. n
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McNally Bharat Bags Project from SAIL
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cNally Bharat Engineering has bagged a project worth Rs 330 crores from iron and steel producer, Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). The project includes providing turnkey solutions for a new coal handling plant in coke oven battery at Rourkella. The scope of the project involves supply of equipment like belt conveyor, crusher, vibrating feeder, wagon tippler with dide arm charger, which would be manufactured by its subsidiary company, McNally Sayaji Engineering. Srinivash Singh, Managing Director, McNally Bharat Engineering, said, “This is an important project for us.” Headquartered in Kolkata, McNally Bharat provides solutions in power, steel, aluminium, material handling, mineral beneficiation, pyroprocessing, pneumatic handling of powdered materials including fly ash handling and high concentrate disposal, coal washing, port cranes, civic and industrial water supply. n
Corus Bags Contract from French Railway Operator
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orus, a subsidiary of Tata Steel, has bagged a Euro 350 million contract from SNCF, the national railway of France, to supply rails for up to six years for the renewal and maintenance of the Reseau Ferre de France (RFF) tracks.
Corus will supply rails for up to six years for the renewal and maintenance of the Reseau Ferre de France tracks. Corus has now decided to invest Euro 35 million in its rail production facility in Hayange, France. The investment in a range of new manufacturing equipment is expected to improve the plant’s efficiency and enable workers to produce 108-metre long rails for the project. n
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Praj, Novozymes to Collaborate on Advanced Biofuels
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to-ethanol processing combined raj Industries has joined with the experience of Novozymes hands with Novozymes to in this area will enable a significollaborate on advanced cant reduction in the biofuels. Novozymes is cost of enzymes for the an enzyme provider to production of cellulosic the biofuel industry. ethanol.” The company Together both the has been working with companies are planvarious agri-residues, ning to optimise the including sugarcane enzymatic hydrolysis Praj, Novozymes will bagasse, corn cobs, processes and the optimise the enzymatic straw, wood chips use of enzymes in hydrolysis processes. and grasses. the production of ad“We believe this collaboration vanced biofuel. with Praj will ensure rapid deployPramod Chaudhari, chairman, ment of cellulosic biofuel in India as Praj Industries, said, “Praj is well as in other parts of the world,” engaged in pilot trials of advanced said Steen Riisgaard, president and biofuels at Praj-Matrix innovation CEO, Novozymes. n centre. Our progress in cellulose-
NTPC Sets up New JV Company
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ational Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) has established a joint venture company under the name ‘Energy Efficiency Services Limited’ in collaboration with Power Finance Corporation (PFC), Powergrid Corporation of India (PGCIL) and Rural Electrification Corporation (REC).
The new company will promote the business of energy efficiency and climate change including manufacture and supply of energy efficient services and products for the industry. NTPC, PFC, PGCIL and REC will equally hold share in the equity share capital of the company. n
Octant to Acquire Two Power Cos in Orissa
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ctant has announced its plans to diversify, and has planned to acquire two companies in the power sector, located in Orissa as part of the diversification strategy. The companies are Indravati Energies with a hydel power license for generation of 7.5 MW, and Vani Energies, which has a license for generation of 10 MW capacity. Octant has appointed Alpha Power Consultants as the advisor for the valuation of the two power companies. Once the valuation of the power companies are complete, the company will initiate action for merger of them with Octant Interactive Technologies. The company also has plans to demerge its finance division into a separate entity, so that the focus has a separate identity through Octant Interactive Technologies Limited. n
Talbros, SANWA Enter Technical Agreement
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albros Automotive Components has entered into a technical assistance agreement with Japan-based Sanwa Packaging Industry Company (SANWA), for obtaining technical know-how and other related information for manufacturing of heat shields for automotives and related applications.
Mahindra Acquires Two Aerospace Cos
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ahindra & Mahindra (M&M) has acquired a majority stake in two Australian aerospace companies, viz., Aerostaff Australia and Gippsland Aeronautics. Mahindra has made this strategic deal jointly with Kotak Private Equity with a total commitment of Rs 175 crore. Aerostaff Australia is a component manufacturer of closetolerance aircraft components and assemblies for large aerospace
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OEMs. Through this acquisition, M&M is planning to strengthen its base in the defence offset and commercial aviation market. Gippsland Aeronautics (GA) has delivered more than 200 FAR 23 certififed planes in 32 countries. The FAR 23 certification is mandatory for carrying fare paying passenger and signifies highest level of passenger safety. With the acquisition of GA, M&M makes its entry into the 2-20 seater and turbo prop market. n
industry 2.0
Talbros manufactures gaskets, steering and suspension components, stampings, rubber products and forgings. The agreement is initially for a period of five years and is expected to help the company to expand its product bandwidth among its customers. Established in 1945, SANWA, manufactures high tech gaskets and heat shield products. Heat shields find use in insulating the heat, sound and vibration of the automobile engines, electric generator engines and parts of exhaust pipes. n
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event report
Frost & Sullivan Honours
Environment Industry Players
F&S’s first annual environment excellence awards distribution ceremony in Mumbai.
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rost & Sullivan (F&S) recently concluded its first Annual Environment Excellence Awards distribution ceremony in Mumbai. The awards for 2009 were in recognition of the inspiring and exemplary achievements by companies operating in the environment industry. Presenting the awards, Anand Rangachary, managing director, South Asia, Middle East, F&S said, “The companies have excelled in creating innovative best practices and have capitalized on the growth prospects in this segment. Industrial activity is picking up while government-backed urban infrastructure projects served as saviour for this market. We see this market providing immense opportunities to companies and it will be the focal point of attention in India’s growth curve.” According to F&S’s analysis, the environment market comprising four segments, namely—Water and Wastewater Treatment, Waste Management, Air Pollution Control and Point of Use (PoU) Water Treatment Systems was
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estimated at INR 94 billion in 2008, and the market is expected to register growth rates of 16 to 17 per cent in the next five years. Award winners in Water and Wastewater Treatment segment are Ion Exchange Waterleau (Best company of the year), Aqua Designs India (Emerging company of the year), Hindustan Dorr-Oliver (Business development strategy leadership, also Vertical market penetration), VA Tech Wabag (Market strategy leadership), Degremont (Growth strategy excellence ), GE Water (Enabling green excellence), Neela India (Niche market player) and Doshion (Brand development srategy leadership). Companies received awards in Waste Management segment are Ramky Enviro Engineers (Best company of the year, Vertical market penetration— biomedical waste, also Market leadership - industrial hazardous waste), Antony Waste Handling Cell (Market leadership—municipal waste management), SMS Infra (Enabling
- technology management for decision-makers
technology), Eco Recyling (Niche market player) and E Parisara (Entrepreneurial company). F&S award winners in Air Pollution Control segment are—Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) ( Best company of the year, Vertical market penetration also, market leadership), Thermax (Growth strategy leadership), Ecokleen (Entrepreneual company) and Ducon (Niche market player). PoU Water Treatment Systems award winners are—Eureka Forbes (Best company of the year, also Customer service leadership), Kent RO (Growth strategy excellence), Whilrlpool (Business development strategy leadership) and Hindustan Unilever (New product innovation). Talking on the eventful evening, attendee Kamal Chokshi from Komal Industries said, “This is the first time I have come to such a platform, where all the people from water management and air pollution control have assembled. It is really encouraging for small companies like ours.” n
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event report
Focusing on the
Next Generation of Supply Chain
Diesl team members assemble on the occasion of second Annual Supply Chain Seminar.
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rive India Enterprise Solutions Limited (DIESL) recently organized the second Annual Supply Chain Seminar in Mumbai. Delegates from leading corporates operating in various sectors such as Retail, Telecom, Consumer Durables, Automobiles and FMCG, as well as several patrons of the logistics industry assembled in the one day meet. The speakers for the event were eminent academicians and well known industry experts, who shared their knowledge on the topics like—benchmarking SCM, supply chain organization for the future, SCM in business processing outsourcing world, how green is your supply chain, outsourcing – where is the value proposition?... Stressing on the need for building next generation supply chains, Rajeev Mehta, Executive President (Logistics), Grasim Industries, emphasized on the importance of creating benchmarks rather than following previously set benchmarks. As every company has its own requirements, Mehta pointed out—while investing on new technology, often the desired functionalities are found missing. Thus, innovation with the existing process is very essential. He also focused on the emerging concept
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of collaborating with competitors, and asserted on the need for preparing the organization before going in for new technology. “Collaboration will be the key to build future SCs,” firmly declared Shashank Raodeo, Head (Logistics & SC Management), Mahindra Renault (Logan). According to him, the time has come when organizations need to replace (physical) inventory with (real time information). On the issue of hiring 3PL services, he advised to look for faster time and not the cheaper options. Saurabh Tiwari, Head—Packaging Procurement, Planning, Cadbury India focused on the need for disaster recovery plans for making a robust supply chain. He also discussed the ways to combat the top three challenges faced by the supply chain managers, namely, delivering customer responsiveness, managing profitability and maintaining quality. Tiwari pin-pointed the need for evaluating lost sales due to supply chain inefficiency. Highlighting the need for consolidation of logistics service providers, Barry Elliott, Managing Director, Abf1 Consulting, explained how to integrate processes and what are the key parameters thereon. While describing
- technology management for decision-makers
the perspective of integration, he said, integration has to be done by aligning people, process and tools, and also by sharing information. As it is a lengthy process, Barry explained the steps in four phases. Rajesh Mittal, Director (Supply Chain), Eicher Motors, delivered his presentation on optimising truck utilization. According to him, the concept of future logistics should be to make all operations lean and green. Dr Sapna Narula, Assistant Professor from TERI University, explained how the competition among companies is now shifting to that among the supply chains. Dr Narula stressed on the need for green supply chains, and pointed out that the transformation process has already started under pressures from stock holders of the companies, government policies, consumers and corporates’ social responsibility. With a view to presenting the benefits from adoption of green technologies to carry out processes, Anurag Verma, Price Analyst from Tata Motors cited a real-life example,—a book sold through a conventional book shop makes 15 times more CO2 than from the e-selling. Verma also put light on some of the very practical, yet commonly not used or thought of practices like—how waste of one company can be used as another company’s input, how distributed manufacturing can reduce CO2 emission and so on. K P Gopala Krishnan, Vice President (SCM), Dr Reddy’s Laboratories explained the merits of outsourcing logistics and supply chain services. He threw light on some important points, such as—size of the organization, future growth plans, investment limitations, manufacturing capacity limitations, geographical constraints that need to be considered before finalising the outsourcing decision. n
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wish list
India is rapidly progressing to
emerge as a global manufacturing hub. Along with
manufacturing, the logistics & supply chain (SC) industry and the IT support providers to the manufacturers and logistics & SC service operators are also growing apace in this sub-continent. Although at the very nascent stage, the academia here is also coming forward to bridge the talent gap to boost this growth movement. However, all these industries are facing several constraints on their respective growth paths. As we ring in 2010, in this section, Industry 2.0 presents a few wishes from the people actively involved in these fields of industry—on its status quo, trend and urgent implementation needs to accelerate the forward march.
Regulatory Changes Needed to Make Seamless Business and the need to remain vigilant and aware of the risks that the same entails. This is also the time of big opportunities that stare at us, and it’s completely in our realm to go for them and make a difference for all of us and our surrounding worlds. There are, however, few things that need to happen for that to be possible, and I am mentioning some of them hereunder:
Ajay Chopra Chief Executive Officer Drive India Enterprise Solutions Limited
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e stand at a very important and critical phase of our country and the global economy. The upward swing in the business sentiments is visible all over, and the commercial world and its various constituents are looking expectantly at corrections and supports from financial and regulatory bodies. We have all scrapped through and come out a little shaken— but lot more intelligent and knowledgeable about the volatilities of the economies
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sc & logistics 1. Regulatory Changes that truly make the business seamless in the country: we hope and wish for a complete and honest implementation of GST and other accompanied reforms. Anything less and partial will probably harm more than it would benefit. 2. Complete abolishment of entry forms and controls across states in the country.
- technology management for decision-makers
3. Removal of hidden costs and inefficient legacy systems of Octrois and Cess etc. 4. Effective answer to the Toll Charges’ impact on the freight costs: this is remaining unaddressed and is a hidden cost as of now. 5. Creation of ONE regulatory body at Government level to address all issues of the Logistics industry: this is currently spread amongst Shipping/Road/Infrastructure and other ministries. 6. Solving the Infrastructure issues of Power and Roads: its amazing how the absolute BASIC issues still continue to haunt us across levels. 7. Labour Reforms that bring control and clarity in such a sensitive and critical area. The above are potential change agents that can lead to the transformations, which are long overdue. The industry itself can support the cause by getting united and speaking one language for all its issues. n
Make Design Software Tax-free
Manoj Mehta Country Manager – India and SAARC Operations Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation
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ndia has the potential to be the global hub to outsource the entire design-to-manufacture process. There is a very big opportunity that must be effectively leveraged. According to a Booz Allen Hamilton—NASSCOM report, by 2020, the worldwide expense on engineering services is to be over $1 trillion. This report also estimates that by 2020, as much as 25 to 30 per cent of a much larger $150 to 225 bil-
Design lion market for offshored engineering services could belong to India—as much as $50 billion in annual revenues—if the country builds the capacities, infrastructure and the international reputation it needs to become the preferred destination for these services. Thus, I would like to see the complete removal of taxes on design software and allied technologies to make this potential a reality. n
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wish list Recognition of the Logistics Industry Is an Urgent Need
Vineet Agarwal Executive Director Transport Corporation of India Ltd.
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onsidering today’s scenario, where supply chain and logistics industry is facing some major stumble blocks, with a view to ensuring smooth opera-
tion and steady growth of it, I wish the following changes to be implemented with immediate effect. l Industry status and an integrated policy for the logistics sector. l Expedite the development of the rail-freight corridor to give a much needed fillip to the rail freight sector. There must be time-scheduled freight trains on all major routes. l A centralized toll mechanism to ensure uniformity in the toll charges paid by truck drivers at various check points. l Warehousing should be treated at par with infrastructure projects,
and should enjoy similar benefits. There is need for long-term investment commitments from public and private players alike for developing warehousing facilities. It would also involve land reforms,
sc & logistics which will help in setting apart lands for logistics facilities. l Documentation has to be computerized and minimized so that less number of forms are needed to be filled at checkposts or offices. It will also do away with agents and
unauthorized payments being made to them. l Government should invest in extending the highway network and upgrading and widening the existing ones, especially in the high traffic density sectors. l Highways should be access-controlled with proper barriers and crossings for uninterrupted and faster traffic flow. l A system similar to TIR Carnet system used in European Union that requires no checking of consignments, sealed at the origin, at interstate check-posts may be adopted to facilitate smooth flow of high-value, perishable and time-sensitive items. n
Steps Needed to Rationalize Taxes and Procedures
Girish Khetan Director Supply Chain Dow Chemical International Pvt. Ltd.
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he logistic industry is going to play a crucial role in enabling India meet the growth targets set for various sectors of the economy in country’s five year plans. A multi-pronged strategy consisting of expeditious & planned development of infrastructural facilities,
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infusion of right technology and rationalization of government policies is required to reduce logistics costs and bring the desired level of efficiency in the system. In the area of road infrastructure, we need to move our focus beyond the National Highways (constitutes less than two per cent of total network) and strengthen state and district roads. This would enable efficient transportation to and from production and consumption centres located in smaller cities. Besides, the rate of growth of expressways across the country has to increase. Port infrastructure facilities deserve even higher attention. Further, there is a need to strengthen alternate modes of transportation like coastal
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shipping, railways and inland waterways as they provide cost advantage to the tune of 25 per cent, especially on routes longer than 500 kilometres. Inland waterway needs a boost in north and north-east India, where road congestion is high and river
sc & logistics network is good with ample water level. In addition, the plethora of taxes and duties to be paid along the entire route plays havoc with transportation efficiency. Rationalization of taxes and procedures is required to facilitate a seamless flow of goods and services. The proposed GST regime is the right step in this direction.
Another very important aspect deserving our increased focus is Environment, Health, Safety and Security in the field of Supply Chain in India. Apart from other initiatives, upgrading of the transport equipment and existing facilities is required to help improve the situation. Lastly, there is a need for effective management of dispatch information and delivery tracking across manufacturers for their customers—by deploying suitable technology, e.g., a nation-wide IT-network for logistics industry. This would not only enable seamless flow of information related to movement of goods, but also ensure better tracking by industry as well as by Government regulators including taxmen. n
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wish list Adoption of Standard Technology Is Necessary
Umashankar S Vice President – Marketing Four Soft Ltd.
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anufacturing industries—tier 1 and tier 2 in particular, have definitely realized the first level benefits of technology adoption fully. IT has not only swept the office and board rooms but also the shop floor. There is substantial synchronization of shop floor execution, material procurement, accounts & finance and planning functions to quite some degree, thanks to use of IT/ ERP systems. However, two things are happening now in terms of advanced technology implementations in manufacturing industries. One is to extend the reach of IT systems to supply chain practices for cross-border logistics, and the second one is to replace or revamp the systems with web-centric technology applications. Both are highly strategic investment decisions, and decision makers are choos-
ing one or the other of two options they have—go in for customization of their manufacturing oriented ERP system to also address the logistics business processes versus go in for an exclusive ERP for logistics for the former requirement; and go in for and hire an IT services company to web-enable their existing legacy application versus go in for a fresh and new application that was architected and built in new technology platforms like J2EE for the latter. The prudent and right choice for both the situations is—go in for a product that was built in J2EE standards exclusively for Logistics and Transportation business requirements, built by people from this domain. This ensures that TCO ( Total Cost of Ownership) is less and ROI (Return on Investment) is quicker than the other option of customizing the functionality or conversion of technology by employing the services of IT majors, which are of course veterans in maintaining global IT systems for their western customers. After all, an IT application needs to be continuosly upgraded with newer features, thus it’s always better to rely on the expertise of product vendor in the corresponding domain than a generalist vendor that relies for correctness of specs on their customers. n
Software Solutions
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Talent Generation Is Must
P Ravichandran Regional Vice President (Motion Controls) Asia Pacific Region Danfoss Industries Pvt. Ltd.
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he country’s growing manufacturing sector is fuelling the low power AC drive market in India. Automation will be increasingly more vital as manufacturers continue to face challenges to satisfy market demands, compete in the growing economy, and keep their businesses profitable.
Challenges faced by the Drives Industry in India include infrastructure and power. We need a good transportation network, in addition to access to water supply and power. Environmental regulations as the industry becomes more globalised is another challenge that Indian industries need to address to be more globally competitive. We also need to invest far more in R&D, to accelerate innovation and quicker time to market. Flexible and more conducive labour policies too is required.
Components & Solutions Finally, a major challenge that we will face and in fact already we are experiencing is—the availability of skilled talent. This needs to be addressed immediately. n
Academia Needs Boost up Although, the service tax act clearly exempts vocational training centres from service tax net, our officers don’t seem to understand that logistics and shipping courses fall under vocational course category—as they are also career oriented training programmes meant to lead to employment. Capt V J Pushpakumar Director Indian Institute of Logistics
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reating the right talent pool in the logistics and supply chain industry is an urgent need in front of us.
Academia We need the govt to create a body to certify vocational training centres, and to recognise logistics and shipping courses as vocational training courses. n
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cover story
Research for the future of light - OSRAM Opto Semiconductors.
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n March 2007, the European Council agreed to save 20 per cent of green house gas emissions by 2020. Worldwide, almost 20 per cent of the electricity consumption is used by lighting applications, which corresponds to 2651 TWh/ year. 70 per cent of this energy is consumed by inefficient lamps. Thus, starting on September 1, 2009 and ending in 2016, the European legislation has planned to phase-out less efficient light sources. During this time Europeans will have to part with their conventional light bulbs, and other heavy users of electricity. Energy-efficient alternatives are urgently needed. Solid state light sources, e.g. light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are based on inorganic semiconductors that emit light by electroluminescence. LEDs will revolutionize modern lighting due to their unique properties—such as long lifetime, colour tuneability, and instantaneous switching. Moreover, they are mercury-free. But most important: LEDs will be amongst the most efficient light sources in the near future. Today, LEDs are already five times more efficient than incandescent lamps. In the future, however, it is expected that LEDs will become more than ten times more efficient compared to incandescent bulbs. No doubt, tremendous amounts of energy could be saved—which will not only reduce CO2 emissions but also lower the energy bill of consumers. The Ad-hoc Advisory Group ICT for Energy Efficiency stated that theoretically more than 50 per cent of the electrical energy could be saved per year in the near future by switching to LED lighting. In order to label a new lamp technology as green. though, it is not enough to just consider energy consumption in use. Instead, the complete life cycle covering resources, energy needed during manufacturing, transport and use as well as the end-of-life needs to be analyzed.
Goal and Scope—Overview
The aim of this life cycle assessment (LCA) carried out by Siemens Corporate Technology, Center for Eco Innovations, OSRAM and OSRAM Opto Semiconductors is to analyze the environmental impact of an LED lamp over its entire life, and to compare it with a compact fluorescent and an incandescent lamp. An independent critical review panel was established in order to ensure compliance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The complete life cycle of all three light sources was carefully modeled and analyzed from start to finish. The relevant material and energy supplies were determined in detail for all components and production processes of the lamps. The impact inventories are broken down into the five life cycle stages, which
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Stages investigated in the LCA of lamps. are namely—raw material production, manufacturing and assembly, transport, use and end of life. The results allow for conclusions not only on resource consumption and primary energy input, but also on environmental categories—such as acidification, eutrophication, the greenhouse effect, photochemical ozone depletion and toxicity. The goal was to find out what environmental impact the lamps have each step of the way, and how they rank in comparison to each other. Three types of lamps were analyzed: a 40W incandescent lamp (GLS), an 8 W DULUX Superstar compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and an 8 W Parathom LED lamp with 6 Golden Dragon LEDs. Common basis for the comparison was a luminous flux of all lamps in a range between 345 and 420 lumen (a 40 W equivalent requires 345 lumen minimum according to IEC Norm 60064), a correlated colour temperature between 2700 to 3000K (warm white), a colour rendering index of ≥ 80 and a Classic A shape with E27 socket. All lamps provide comparable luminous flux and all are warm white lamps, but the fact of a ‘cold’ perception of the light from different emission spectra of the lamp types is not considered. To ensure comparability of the three lamp types, a lifetime of 25,000 hours was taken a reference parameter, which was evened out by the number of lamps used. This way, the lifetime of 25 incandescent bulbs (25,000 hours) equals the lifetime of 2.5
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cover story compact fluorescent lamps, which equals the lifetime of one Parathom LED lamp. For comparability reasons in the study, it was assumed that all three lamps would have a light output between 345 to 420 lm during their whole lifetime, and then burn out. An extra analysis was done, which took the gradual reduction of brightness into account. The difference was too small to impact results, though. Turnon and -off cycles were excluded from the study. The production of the GLS and CFL takes place in Europe. For the Parathom LED lamp, production of the Golden Dragon LEDs is located in Germany (frontend) and Malaysia (backend) and the production of the LED lamp in China. The location of the use phase, end of life, and any other processes was Europe.
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method
The method for this analysis is the life cycle assessment as outlined in ISO 14040 and 14044. In order to obtain the environmental performance of the studied processes, a combination of a Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method developed at the University Leiden, the so called CML [Centrum voor Milieuwetenschappen (Institute of Environmental Sciences)] method and key performance indicators were used. The CML method defines several impact categories for emissions and for resource consumption. This method groups by-products, emissions and resource consumption caused by these processes, into specific environmental impacts. The primary energy demand was taken as key performance indicator. Six environmental impact categories have been chosen in this study that address impacts on air, soil and resources. Choice and usage of the electricity mix have a high impact on LCA results. The electricity mix specifies the percentage composition of the energy carrier for a specific region. The location of production used in the study was the actual location, where production normally takes place and consequently the
corresponding electricity mixes (Europe, Germany, Malaysia and China) were taken into account. German and European electricity mixes consist mainly of power generation by nuclear and coal plants and of renewables, power supply in China is mainly generated by coal plants in contrast to Malaysia—where it is generated mainly by natural gas. Due to this fact, different electricity mixes cause different environmental burden. Usage and End of Life of all lamps are based on the European electricity mix.
Primary Energy Demand
The primary energy demand or the cumulated energy demand (CED) summarizes the energy needed for the different stages of the life cycle. Primary energy is the energy embodied in natural resources, like coal, oil, sunlight, uranium etc., which has not (yet) undergone any anthropogenic transformation. Primary energy use can be measured in MJ or kWh. For lamps mainly the use of kWh is of interest. Taken the European average electricity mix into consideration, to produce 1 kWh of electricity approximately 3.3 kWh primary energy are needed. Consequently, primary energy use can be seen as an environmental impact category, even though it is in principle an environmental inventory value (no characterization factor).
Environmental Categories
Six environmental categories were chosen in this study, which are explained below. Global Warming Potential (GWP): This is an index to measure the contribution to global warming of a substance that is released into the atmosphere. The GWP is impacted mainly by the emission of greenhouse gases, i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). It was calculated for a time frame of 100 years. The GWP is measured in CO2 equivalents. Acidification Potential (AP): The AP calculates the loss of the nutrient base (calcium, magnesium, po-
A 40W incandescent lamp, an 8W compact fluorescent lamp and an 8W LED lamp with six LEDs were used in the LCA. 24
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tassium) in an ecosystem, and its replacement by acidic elements caused by atmospheric pollution. Acidification originates from the emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Here the AP is dominated by nitrogen (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. In the atmosphere, these oxides react with water vapour and form acids, which fall down to the earth in the form of rain or snow, or as dry depositions. This affects soils, waters, flora and fauna, and can even damage building materials. The resultant ‘acid rain’ is best known for the damage it causes to forests and lakes. AP is measured in SO2 equivalents. Eutrophication Potential (EP): Eutrophication originates mainly from nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage outlets and fertilizers. Thus, the EP is caused mainly by nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, followed by chemical oxygen demand and ammonia. Basically, EP is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem, which leads to abnormal productivity. For example, this causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers, which chokes aquatic vegetation and causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. EP is measured in phosphate (PO4) equivalents.
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP):
Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ‘ground level ozone’, is formed by the reaction of a volatile organic compound and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The POCP depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). POCP also known as summer smog is measured in ethene equivalents. Human Toxicity Potential (HTP): The human toxicity potential (HTP), a calculated index that reflects the potential harm of a unit of chemical released into the environment, is based on both the inherent toxicity of a compound and its potential dose. These byproducts, mainly arsenic, sodium dichromate, and hydrogen fluoride, are caused, for the most part, by power consumption. These are potentially dangerous chemicals to humans through inhalation, ingestion, and even contact. Cancer potency, for example, is an issue here. The human toxicity potential (HTP) is measured in 1,4-dichlorobenzene equivalents. Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP): The impact category abiotic resource depletion (ADP) records the abiotic resource consumption. The value of the abiotic resource consumption of a substance (e.g., lignite, coal) is a measure of the scarcity of a substance, i.e., it depends on the amount of resources and the extraction rate. ADP is represented by natural gas,
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Six environmental impact categories were chosen in the LCA. hard coal, lignite, and crude oil. It is formed by the amount of resources that is depleted. Abiotic Depletion Potential is measured in antimony equivalents.
LCA of the Three Lamp Types
The Incandescent Bulb Classic A: A classical incandescent bulb in use ever since Thomas Edison turned it into a product for the masses in the early 1900s was used for the comparison. The model was an OSRAM Classic A 40 W incandescent bulb. The Compact Fluorescent Lamp Dulux Superstar: A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as
Various parts of an incandescent bulb.
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cover story the energy saving lamp used for the comparison was the Dulux Superstar Classic A. To ensure comparability in terms of light output a virtual 8 W model was chosen instead of 7W usually available. A CFL (DULUXSTAR) with tube form and 8W is part of the OSRAM portfolio. The LED Lamp: An LED lamp, the 8W Parathom Classic A55, with six Golden Dragon Plus LEDs from OSRAM, launched in August 2009, was used in the study for comparison to the other two lamps. For the LEDs all data for all processes, materials and common consumption or wastages were collected at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors; for the LED lamp data were provided by OSRAM. For the GLS and CFL all data were taken from two existing studies on behalf of OSRAM. The data for core processes were taken from that two studies combined with actual data sheets provided by OSRAM. Other process and raw materials data were taken from the GaBi database (GaBi Data Set PE International) whenever possible. In cases where no information was available in GaBi, data were taken from literature [Study “Umweltbewertung PC-Reuse” , and Winnacker, K&Kuchier, L (Hrsg) (1983): Gundzuge der chemischen Technik, Anoganische Chemie 1+2, Organische Chemie 2+3 Metalle. –Carl Hanser Verlag, Munchen Wien.] or from the database Ecoinvent (www.ecoinvent.org). The whole lifecycle includes—Manufacturing, Use and End of Life. The phases are explained in the following paragraphs. Manufacturing phase: All lamps are divided into parts for the base, bulb, filling, including packaging and transportation. The packaging consists of a cardboard box, and transportation includes all transportation processes
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is also known as an energy-saving-lamp.
within the manufacturing phase, including transport of the final product to the customer in Europe. In this study, special emphasis was given to the investigation of the manufacturing of the LED itself, here the white Golden Dragon Plus. The production of the Golden Dragon is split up into two main process stages: front-end, where the 1 square mm semiconductor chip is fabricated, and back-end, where the chip is contacted and packaged. It is essential to have a closer look at the complete manufacturing process of the LEDs as no other study did this in detail before. At OSRAM Opto Semiconductors access to the most advanced fabrication of LEDs is guaranteed. Thus, GLS CFL LED Lamp these data were actually measured in the - Insulator - Basing Cement Base - Solder facilities in Regensburg and in Malaysia and - Contact Plate - Housing (top + bottom) - Screw Shell not just assumed. - Plastic Sleeve - Glue - Insulter - Aluminum Board - Screw Shell - Basing Cement The main frontend and backend process- Electronic Ballast - Electrical Contact - Insulator es have been analyzed in detail. All pro- Solder cesses take place in clean rooms with clean - Electronic Ballast room classes from 100 up to 10,000. In a Bulb - Glass - Glass - Bulb material clean room class 100 a maximum of 100 - Heat Sink particles ≥ 5 µm are permitted per cubic foot of air. To give perspective, the ambient - 6 x Golden Dragon - Filling Gas Filling - Getter Plus - Coating - Filament air outside in a typical urban environment - Frame (Electrode Coil, - Wire (Support + contains more than 1,000,000 particles per Emission Material, Lead) cubic foot. Sintered Glass Pearl, - Exhaust Tube The frontend processes in Regensburg Wire, Tube (Stem +Exhaust) - Flare include epitaxial growth of the LED strucFe-pellet with Hg) tures on a sapphire substrate via metal Comparison of the materials of construction of the three types of lamps. organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE).
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Although CFL and LED lamps are obliged to be recycled professionally according to the EU Directive 2002/96/EC-WEEE, many lamps are cast away by the consumer, which is the reason why disposal in domestic waste was assumed. For the CFL and LED lamp this is not the required method of disposal as valuable raw materials can be recycled, but all lamps were treated in the same way for comparative reasons. A professional disposal is handled in the sensitivity analyses.
Results of the Life Cycle Assessment
Construction details of an LED lamp.
Primary energy demand: The front-end processes, their energy demand and materials utilized in that processes were analyzed in detail—while for the back-end the materials were analyzed separately and an allocated value for common consumption was taken into account. Thus, the columns for frontend and backend show different categories. About 0.41 kWh of primary energy is needed for the production of one Golden Dragon Plus. Front-end and back-end consume almost the same amount of energy. It was assumed that the production of LEDs results in 100 per cent yield, which is not realistic. In the sensitivity analyses a worst case scenario with reduced frontend and back-end yields was modeled. It did not make a discernable difference in the final outcome. The total primary energy demand for the LED lamp is 9.9 kWh. The LEDs themselves have a share of 30 per cent of the primary energy demand of the LED lamp out of which the metals included have a dominant share. The CED of the lamp is dominated by the common power consumption for production, the large amount of aluminium required for the heat sink and the ballast. Primary energy demand of all three lamp types has been depicted in the graph, multiplied by the number of lamps needed for a lifetime of 25,000 hours. With about 0.61 kWh the GLS consumes the lowest amount of energy during manufacturing. However, 25 bulbs are needed to compensate a lifetime of 25,000
Various metallization and lithography steps are necessary for depositing structured barriers, the mirror and the solder. In the thin film process invented by OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, the initial substrate is replaced by a carrier substrate before chip separation. In Malaysia the backend processes are carried out that include the deposition of the LED chip into a leadframe, wire-bonding as well as phosphor and lens deposition. All processes are accompanied by optical and electrical inspection. All other components needed to manufacture the Parathom LED lamp, such as the bulb and ballast, are produced in China. Use phase: The use phase was modeled by average processes without heating value or direct emissions. The emissions, as outcome from the use phase, are resulting only from power supply. For the use phase in Europe, the power mix of the European Union was taken into consideration. For the European Schematic average power mix, 1 kWh electricity has a drawings of a white CO2 output of 0.55 kg. Golden Dragon End of life phase: For all systems as end of Plus LED and the life scenario incineration of household waste cross section of an LED chip. is modeled.
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cover story hours, and thus the GLS solution has the highest CED. CFL and LED are consuming about the same amount of primary energy over 25,000 hours. Over the entire life cycle of the lamps, including manufacturing, use and end of life, it was found that the use phase dominates the manufacturing phase in terms of energy consumption by far. The primary energy consumption over the entire life cycle of the LED lamp and CFL is about 667 kWh, while that of the GLS is about 3302 kWh , almost five times more. Since the use phase of the CFL and LED lamp is dominant, and they run on equal wattage, they had the same total primary energy consumption as well as electricity consumption. For electricity consumption that means: over their life of 25,000 hours, the GLS consume 1000 kWh, while the CFL and the LED lamp merely consume 200 kWh of electricity, thus provide 80 per cent saving potential. The energy demand of the manufacturing has been zoomed out by a factor of 10, as otherwise it cannot be seen in graphical presentation. Less than two per cent of the primary energy demand over the complete life cycle is required for manufacturing. End of Life is not depicted in the diagram, as it is not visible due to the extremely small role it plays with about 0.1 per cent of the primary energy demand over the entire life cycle. For the GLS a credit of 3 kWh is obtained, for the CFL and LED lamp less
Primary energy demand of front-end and back-end manufacturing for the Golden Dragon Plus. than 1 kWh is gained. Thus, the above values for the entire life cycle are achieved. Environmental impact categories: The domination of the use phase over the manufacturing phase observed for the CED was found for all environmental impact categories. Extremely high results for the GLS are caused by the high number needed for 25,000 hours, and the comparatively high wattage needed to run them. The required energy dominates the environmental impact categories. Thus, the diagrams for all other CML categories (AP, EP, POCP, etc.) show the same tendency: The GLS always have very high values, while the CFL and LED have equally low results. Thus, only the manufacturing phase is interpreted in the following. End of life, again, has such a minor impact that it is not depicted here.
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
The high impact of the 25 GLS on GWP during manufacturing is mainly caused by aluminium in the base, and power consumed in all processes. The most relevant processes for the CFL are the ballasts, most influenced by the printed circuit board and all power-consuming processes. The results for the Basic front-end and back-end processes in the manufacturing chain of a white LED lamp are influenced by aluminium as a heat sink that consumes much Golden Dragon Plus.
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Primary energy demand for manufacturing of the Parathom LED lamp (Transportation included).
Primary energy demand for manufacturing of all three lamps (Transportation displayed separately).
power during its production, and by the ballast, as well as by power-consuming processes.
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Acidification Potential (AP)
The AP for the LED lamp during manufacturing is higher than for the other two lamps. The power consumed for the production of the aluminium heat sink, ballast, metals such as gold or copper and the bulk carrier, as well as the common power consumption were the main contributors of the LED lamp to acidification. Just like the GWP, CFL and GLS were dominated by power consumption, caused by the ballast for the CFL and aluminium for the GLS. Nevertheless, the AP during the manufacturing phase is less than 2.5 per cent for all lamps of the overall AP over the life cycle.
It must be noted that in general the HTP for the manufacturing phase of all lamps is higher compared to the other environmental impact categories. For the CFL and LED lamp the HTP of the manufacturing phase is almost 10 per cent of the HTP over the life cycle. The hot spots for HTP are impacted by the heat sink, gold (LED lamp), ballast and power (CFL), and insulter. The toxicity emissions are mainly caused by power consumption.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP)
The GLS have the largest ADP values in manufacturing since the processes that consume the most power are relevant. Consumption of coal or gas is
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Concerning the manufacturing phase, the EP of the GLS is worse. Relevant contributors to the eutrophication on the LED manufacturing side are chemicals in common waste of the LED front-end process. Transportation included in the manufacturing is also a big contributor to EP.
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
The LED lamp shows higher values for the POCP of the manufacturing phase than the other two lamps due to chemicals in common waste of the LED frontend process. However, that minor difference is negligible with respect to the use phase. Less than 2.5 per cent accounts for the manufacturing phase compared to the POCP of the entire life cycle.
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Primary energy demand for manufacturing and use of all three lamps.
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cover story
Global warming potential for manufacturing and use of all three lamps.
Photochemical Ozone creation potential for manufacturing and use of all three lamps. dominant for the abiotic depletion rather than the raw materials used in the lamps. End of life: As mentioned before, this is incineration for all three lamps. When a lamp is burned, residues and emissions occur but in turn electricity is won. In the study, that was taken into account by giving the electricity a credit, so that it is subtracted from the impact during use. For some categories the whole ‘End of Life’ process results in a credit. This happens when the amount of electricity is larger than the residues and emissions that have potential to harm the environment. Thus, a positive return of e.g. energy is achieved which results in a credit for the overall life cycle. All lamps are treated in the same way, and the quantity of impacts and credits are based on incinerated masses (25 GLS, 2.5 CFL and 1 LED incinerated). All three lamps have credits
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as a result of the burning process, including credits for electricity and steam. But in relation to the whole life cycle, the EoL is negligible for all lamps as less than 0.1 per cent credit is achieved for each lamp over their life cycle. Professional recycling is treated in the sensitivity analyses. Sensitivity analyses: A number of sensitivity analyses were performed in order to investigate the stability of the result. These include professional lamp disposals or yield corrections for front-end back-end processing. Also, heating benefits and energy mix were discussed. In the base case of this study incineration by household waste is used for all lamps. But an LED lamp is an electronic product and must be recycled according to the EU Directive 2002/96/ECWEEE to recycle valuable raw materials. The CFL also has to be disposed of in a professional manner, because it is an electronic device, and because of the mercury inside the lamp. Although, CFLs and LED lamps are obliged to be recycled professionally, many lamps are cast away by the consumer, which is the reason why this was analyzed in the basis scenario. Furthermore, we wanted to walk away from criticism that we were modeling an advantage for the CFL and LED. For GLS there is no professional treatment process existent. But once again, CFLs and LED lamps have to be collected separately from household waste. Both lamps have to be treated in a professional manner. Waste treatment is handled according to above mentioned EU Directive. The following model uses recycling of metals, and incineration of remaining mass and cardboard. That means that this modeling includes credits for the main raw materials like copper, brass, aluminium and glass, while the rest of the lamp is incinerated. Treatment in a professional manner results in credits for the environmental categories, but over the life cycle it is still negligible. High credits are achieved for HTP and ADP because of credits for noble metals. It was assumed that the production of LEDs results in 100 per cent yield, which is not realistic. An analysis assuming a worst case scenario of only 40 per cent yield in the frontend and 80 per cent yield in the backend was done. That would result in an additional primary energy demand of the LED lamp of about 2.7 kWh. The total primary energy demand for an LED lamp is 9.9 kWh, and thus, increases to 12.6 kWh with this worst case yield correction. Overall even if the worst case is assumed no discernible difference in the final outcome over the life cycle is resulting. The heating benefit of a GLS always leads to a discussion. This paragraph estimates the actual
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benefit of heating losses during usage. By assuming 250 heating days, 1000 hours of GLS burning time per year, 75 per cent GLS lighting during heating days, and heating with natural gas, it would lead to a reduction of 17 kg CO2 over 25.000 hours. This saved amount is negligible in comparison to the whole life cycle, and there is no reason to hold on that argument. Furthermore, the heating benefit could also serve as a disadvantage when cooling is necessary. The overall result over the life cycle is dominated by the electricity mix. Taking different energy mixes into account (Energy mix China or by nuclear power) has significant impact on the results. However, as all lamps are referring to the same electricity mix and the use phase is dominant for all lamps, the ranking between the technologies was unchanged.
Future Outlook
Since the LED has incredible development potential in comparison to the relatively mature CFL and GLS technologies, a future scenario was calculated. In the future, LEDs are predicted to achieve 150 lm/W for warm white and even 180 lm/W for cold white light emission. Taking into account losses in the electronic ballast and optics as well as thermal losses, an LED lamp could reach an efficacy of 100 lm/W. And that is even a more conservative assumption. In that case a light output of 400 lm can be achieved with just 4 W of power consumption. That would cut down all values for the use phase by half. In the use phase the LED lamp would only need about 335 kWh of primary energy over its lifetime of 25,000 hours, or 100 kWh of electricity. In the manufacturing phase, improvements are also expected: less aluminium will be needed in the heat sink in the future. Thus, the LED lamp will also
Human toxicity potential for manufacturing and use of all three lamps. www.industry20.com
Abiotic depletion potential for manufacturing and use of all three lamps. be the favoured solution with respect to all environmental impact categories.
Conclusions
Less than two per cent of the total energy demand is needed for production of the LED lamp: The manufacturing phase is insignificant in comparison to the use phase for all three lamps as it uses less than two per cent of the total energy demand. This study has dismissed any concern that production of LEDs particularly might be very energy-intensive. Merely about 0.4 kWh are needed for production of an LED (OSRAM Golden Dragon Plus), about 9.9 kWh for the production of the Parathom LED lamp including 6 LEDs. LED lamps are competitive to CFL today: In contrast to the primary energy consumption of incandescent lamps of around 3,302 kWh, CFL and LED lamps use less than 670 kWh of primary energy during their entire life. Thus, 80 per cent of energy can be saved by using CFL or LED lamps. The bottom line is that LED lamps are more efficient than conventional incandescent lamps and also ahead in terms of environmental friendliness. Even today, LED lamps show nearly identical impact on the environment compared to CFL. Future improvements of LED lamps will further cut down energy demand: As the efficiency of LEDs continues to increase, LED lamps will be capable of saving more energy and achieving even better LCA results in future. This life cycle assessment proves that LED lamps are amongst the most environmentally friendly lighting products. n Courtey: Osram Opto Semiconductors, Regensburg and Siemens Corporate Technology, Berlin, Germany.
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cover story
Economizing and Optimizing
Operations
Wireless solutions simplify installation requirements—when compared to conventional wired networking. Places where cable installation is either difficult or risky, these solutions provide the way to connect the instruments or monitor them. by amol chaubal
less technology gains greater acceptance, the wired world is slowly fading into the background. Protocols such as Wi-Fi represent the future—not only for traditional wired IT network requirements, but also for monitoring and control applications across the plant or factory floor.
Survival in a Wireless World
O
ver the last 20 years, wireless communication has been employed in a wide range of applications including everything from satellite television and radio networks to cell phones, laptop computers and baby monitors. Wireless is even utilized for the guidance of unmanned aerial vehicles operated by the military, law enforcement and weather forecasters. As wire-
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Like the Tesla roadster, the time for wireless technology has come. It is no longer a question of ‘if’ wireless will find a place in the industrial environment, but rather where and how it will be deployed. Wireless has already revolutionized IT networks in the front office, and the lines between business IT and the industrial world are now blurring. The advent of industrial wireless networking presents tremendous opportunities, and risks to be considered and addressed, for automation and control suppliers. Process operators are looking for a secure, scalable, multi-functional wireless ‘cloud’ for use in their facilities. They want to implement a universal network infrastructure supporting multiple industrial protocols and applications simultaneously, while simultaneously providing a single wireless network that is easily managed and operated.
Current Situation
Process operators implementing wireless do so for the same reason as the designers of the first telegraph system—flexibility and cost savings. Users look at wireless to add real business value, both in terms of installation costs and optimized operations from increased data availability.
Benefits of Wireless Networks
In the industrial environment, a new generation of wireless field devices is intended for use in regula-
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HPS OneWireless Network Architecture tory control loops and high speed monitoring applications. A modern wireless field infrastructure supports not just wireless instruments, but also IEEE 802.11 WLAN applications and mobile clients—such as hand-held computers and mobile HMIs (HumanMachine Interfaces). Wireless technologies developed for building management and security can also be utilized in process plants to support both asset management and personnel tracking.
Security in Wireless Networks
The rapid adoption of wireless networks is testimony to the inherent benefits of this technology. Deploying a wireless environment is fundamentally easy, but meeting the requirements of your existing IT security policies, while minimizing business risk, is not. It can be done, but requires planning and a commitment to address a number of architectural, implementation and operational issues. Some critics look at the security challenges associated with wireless, and believe organizations shouldn’t be deploying it yet. These pundits miss the basic fact that organizations are deploying the technology anyway. Plus, WLANs are a stealth technology. Most IT departments in large organizations vastly underestimate the number of wireless nodes already installed by enterprising departments as well as individuals.
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Future Outlook
Technological progress may soon relegate to the ashbin of history the bundles of cables that characterize plant floor machinery. Advancements in industrial wireless technology promise to open up a range of applications where cabling is either difficult to install or prohibitively expensive, such as on offshore rigs. Wireless also offers the key advantages of integration of multiple devices, such as sensors, mobile PCs and security systems. Among the first areas to benefit from industrial wireless technology were sensors and I/O. Use of modern wireless transmitters has been enabling automated monitoring in areas where hard-wired transmitters are too costly, difficult or time-consuming to install. To keep up with wireless development activity and help users find the best solution for their application ISA standards and practices board has approved ISA 100.11a Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation, Process Control and related applications, thereby making it an official ISA Standard. The approval of this major new industry standard by the ISA S&P Board certifies that ISA’s accredited procedures have been followed in the development of the standard. n Amol Chaubal is the product manager at Wireless Solutions, Honeywell Automation India. He leads the group for next generation technologies such as DCS, SCADA and Wireless.
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cover story
High-Tech M2M
Builds True Predictive Maintenance
N
ew developments in predictive maintenance and machine-tomachine (M2M) communications will be the most critical drivers in scripting the future of technology in manufacturing. For practitioners of effective lean manufacturing, intelligence, learning to adapt to the minutest change in the environment and centralized management systems have all been boons. Evolving technology will thus continue to play a role in maintaining productivity, competitiveness, efficiency, customer satisfaction and uptime at the highest levels. This is true for all aspects of manufacturing, whether in the supply chain and logistics, component manufacture, maintenance, shop floor, distribution, or sales and marketing.
Predictive to Proactive Maintenance
An effective computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), coupled with the latest telecommunications technologies, may take the predictive maintenance practice to the highest level, whereby without any human intervention, the embedded logic can even do the proactive maintenance. by sanjeet banerji
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Predictive maintenance has been known to be ideal for lean manufacturing, saving costs and improving the robustness of a plant. In a typical just-intime inventory management set up, where the plant works with the barest minimum inventory—both at the raw material end and at the warehouse end, no plant could afford even one hour of shut down. Both reactive and preventive maintenance is out of the question, while traditional predictive maintenance may fall below expectations. Effective CMMS (Computerized Maintenance Management System) solutions integrate with the organization’s SAP that tracks customer’s blanket purchase orders, warranty, depreciation, employee skills and the system that does real-time tracking and schedule optimizing of the manufacturer’s transport fleet. This ensures elimination of revenue leakage through manual errors and fraudulent practices, while keeping the inventory to the bare minimum. The actual predictive maintenance management system must track every single component, device and machine. But truly intelligent predictive maintenance will look beyond the device, the history of measurement or early warning. Using embedded technology, the CMMS can be brought to a level higher than a mere metering device. Instead of raising
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an alert, embedded logic can go to work on the alert and do proactive maintenance, without the need for human intervention. It can actually regulate oil levels, or temperatures of the device and the shop floor, or even fix wear and tear, to an extent … in plants located and connected across the world. This is what embedded software, combined with the latest telecommunications technology like GSM, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, 3G, WiFi, Zigbee and soon 4G, can do to predictive maintenance. With the emergence of inexpensive broadband services for commercial consumption, the mass appeal of user-friendly and easy-to-use access devices have grown in an effort by users to stay connected anywhere, anytime. The main factors for the growth are faster and error-free connections well suited for broadband connectivity, ease of use, compatible devices, and growth in online content. M2M and predictive maintenance can really go beyond the shop floor into the point of sale or the end user at the other end of the globe. Once the M2M communication takes place with the wireless sensors transmitting signals to a central computer via infrared or RFID, the data is transmitted to servers via satellite or BGAN, a global satellite communication network using portable, easy-to-use, plug-andplay terminals. In a different context, M2M and predictive maintenance can be married to bring features, such as an airbag alarm in passenger cars. Fewer finished products returning to the shop floor for maintenance or repairs can add incrementally to the plant’s productivity and profitability. Throw in hand-held devices like bar code scanners, self check-in / check-out terminals that detect and assist product movement at retail stores, ultra-thin sensors with locationbased features in smart packaging, and telecommunications technologies that track fleet movement and the cycle is completed—with predictive maintenance as the core pivot, the gamut of supply and demand chain is covered ensuring a truly lean manufacturing set-up. The wireless and sensing technologies used in manufacturing have also begun to straddle power usage metrics, contributing further to the plant’s
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profitability. Making their entry in condition monitoring—that involves collection, analysis, diagnosis and warning on oil and vibration data, together with the monitoring of machine performance, power, corrosion and heat monitoring—of plant machinery are the self-power hydrogen sensors, piezoelectric sensors and powerless sensor are among some of the recently-introduced micropower and ultra-lowpower sensors. These sensors are particularly useful where immediate diagnosis and notifications are critical, such as in hazardous plants. Since devices are required to operate 24X7, and under the most hostile conditions, the software that is required to run these devices and machines are extremely rugged, and designed to recover from any kind of errors exception ranging from software errors and user tampering, to device errors and environmental conditions. This is often achieved through detailed RASUIS (Reliability, Availability, Servicability, Usability, Installability and Security), tightly coupled to the engineering software processes. Technologies for manufacturing are increasingly based on an open Service Oriented Architecture, enabling scalable solutions with extensive front and middle office functionalities. Solution would be structured to provide a wide range of options including ‘thin’ and ‘thick’ configurations, stand-alone resilience for non-stop working in an offline work mode, and remote server configurations. n Sanjeet Banerji is Sr. Vice President, Telecom & Embedded Systems at Datamatics Global Services.
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manufacturing technology
Maintaining Quality throughout the
Production Process
The tendency of a metal part, to partially get back its original configuration after deformation (because of elasticity), poses a big challenge to automotive manufacturers, as it leads to a deviation from the high quality design during production of the part. think3 and BMW Group have developed a solution to address this problem. by davide ciarloni
T
he strong international competition in the automotive industry requires to reduce the product cycle and time-to-market of new models. At the same time, the requirement of lower consumption rates and lighter and safer vehicles drive the use of highstrength steel and aluminium alloys, and more complex compo-
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nents. The widespread usage of these materials creates a growing pressure on manufacturers to reduce tooling costs, and use increasingly innovative, advanced and complex materials.
The Challenge
Car makers take months to create a high quality design, and do not want to see it disappears in the press shop. Maintaining design quality throughout the production process today is a big challenge for all automotive companies. Designs created at the computer by a designer have to be manufactured—but, as we all know, there are considerable differences between the digital world and the real, physical world. Processing sheet metal is a complex process. Die stamping sheet metal components and other parts with complex shapes give rise to a problem known as ‘spring-back’ (the tendency for a
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metal part to partially return to its original shape after deformation because of the elastic recovery of the material). Designers try to correct or prevent material problems of this type with various ‘compensation’ methods. Currently, designers predict what the shape should look like after spring-back by using FEM (Finite Element Analysis) tools. However, the FEM process is separate from the design process, and requires users to spend large amounts of time and effort integrating the results into the modification of the tooling design.
The ‘Compensator’ Approach
A newly developed solution meets surface modelling requirements, and solves specific production problems in those cases where tooling and dies require adjustment. The Compensator is a solution that automates the
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compensation process, saving time, replacing tedious manual labour while maintaining the same surface structure (topology) and the quality as the original surface model. Use of the new technology reduces user interaction, and eliminates the need for designers to spend time on rebuilding and redrawing compensated surfaces.
Compensation starts
Compensation ends
Superimpose of Draw Part (Surface Model in green colour) and the Measured Data (Mesh Data in Red Colour)
After Adaptation (compensated part in green colour)
Answer to Compensation Issues
Compensator speeds the process, allowing designers to create better and/or additional designs and iterations for manufacturing. Initial customer testing suggests an 80 per cent savings in cycle time, when solving and creating intermediate shapes. Materials can be correctly cut at the very first time. Compensator was developed to deliver on the promise of ‘TargetDriven Design,’ Target-Driven Design technology allows you to assign targets-points, curves, etc. Designers can then focus exclusively on product shape, automatically transforming their design into engineering models, preserving design intent for analysis and manufacturing. Applying GSM technology, Compensator solves specific manufacturing problems.
The CMD Project
BMW Group, one of the first automotive companies working to install a stable, replicable process, in collaboration with think3, has been able to quickly and safely react on changes of the parts. This has led to the
Draw Part
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development of a solution that also covers a compensation based on measured data: the CMD tool. This is a think3’s Compensator development, which enables Adaptation or Compensation on Measured Data. Adaptation: It solves the problem of creating a digital model, which is identical to the physical tool. The original surfaces of the 3D model are adapted on the basis of the physical model— machined and modified by hand (obtained by scanning). With this CMD’s command it’s possible to match the digital model on the physical model in a few minutes, rather than days or weeks.
Compensation on measured data: It’s possible to compensate
Superimpose of Draw Part (part in Grey color) & Automatic Compensated Part (part in Red color).
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the part based on the measured data rather than on data that come from the FEM. The deformation data are applied to the digital model employing an inverse law. This CMD’s functionality applies reverse deformation reading the deformation from the physical model applied to the digital model. The process is fast, and enables the quality of CAD data to be maintained. It takes minutes, instead of several days. CMD makes it possible to maintain high quality design throughout the process, considerably reduces times and costs and enables car makers to outpace the competition by making complex components—which maintain the original design intent. A big additional advantage is that design changes can be handled in a very effective way. Minor design changes can be applied to compensation even without an additional FEM calculation. n Davide Ciarloni is ‘program manager senior’ at ‘think3’.
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materials & processes
Improving
Aluminium Surfaces
Anodizing is done on aluminium surfaces to prevent corrosion and increase surface hardness. It also helps in dyeing the surface to make it more aesthetically appealing. Such coated aluminium objects have a much lower thermal conductivity and coefficient of linear expansion than aluminium. by brian reuter
Environmentally safe aluminium anodizing produces a pleasing finish and enhances life of the product.
T
he rapid growth and widespread use of aluminium since World War II is tied directly to the ability of anodizing processes to protect it from corrosion, improve its appearance by way of brightening
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it and offering a rainbow of colours, and imparting ceramic-like toughness to its outer skin (especially through hardcoat anodizing). Hydrated aluminium oxide is the stable form of aluminium in nature; thus, unprotected aluminium exposed to air and water will
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corrode, forming a discontinuous, powdery, white corrosion product. This form of natural oxide growth, if unchecked, will proceed as long as unreacted aluminium is exposed. Anodizing can actually be envisioned as an accelerated corrosion process; the difference between anodizing and the natural process is that anodizing forms a more dense, continuous, oxide layer. Anodizing has several benefits over other coating choices. For example, while plating and painting protect aluminium, there will always be a barrier between the coating and aluminium substrate with these treatments; the only bond between the two is mechanical. If the bond in this barrier region is compromised by way of poor substrate preparation, mechanical damage (e.g., scratching), or gradual degrada-
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Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness Hardness 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Mineral Diamond Corundum Topaz Quartz Orthoclase/Feldspar Apatite Fluorite Calcite Gypsum Talc
tion (e.g., general corrosion), raw aluminium will be exposed and corrosion can commence. Anodizing, on the other hand, is a conversion coating process that results in a chemical bond between an anodic aluminium oxide layer and the aluminium basis material, which is much stronger than a mechanical bond. Whereas, painted or plated coatings over aluminium can be peeled away, there is no way to separate the anodic layer from the aluminium on which it is formed. In addition to the bonding issue, paints and plated metallic layers are much softer than aluminium oxide. On the well known Mohs scale of mineral hardness, one form of naturally occurring aluminium oxide, named corun-
Everyday Equivalent Synthetic diamond Ruby Sandpaper Steel knife Penknife blade Glass Iron nail Bronze coin Fingernail Baby powder
dum, is the ninth hardest out of ten. The only mineral harder is diamond! With this in mind, it is not surprising to learn that a component coated with the hardest plated metal (namely hard chrome) will wear more readily than an identical component that is hardcoat anodized. Lastly, the mechanism of oxide growth during anodizing results in a porous structure. This permits further surface modification such as: l Dyeing to impart nearly any colour to the anodic layer l Sealing with a lubricative material such as molybdenum disulphide or PTFE l Infiltration with an adhesive primer for bonding applications These factors, coupled with the fact that anodizing is more
economical than either powder coating or plating, point to the continued importance of anodizing as the coating of choice for aluminium in a wide range of applications. Having been practised for decades, guideline generally considers anodizing to be a mature technology. Changes to existing approaches tend to be incremental process enhancements (whether for functional or decorative purposes) such as new electrolyte ‘recipes’, rather than revolutionary technology shifts. In spite of this, we do see several areas—where technological improvements might bring about significant new opportunities for anodizers. The strongest growth category for anodized aluminium appears to be that of transportation. An expected increase in the production of new aircraft to replace ageing fleets and the auto industry’s trend of increasing the use of aluminium for vehicle frames and bodies are expected to be the primary drivers of this growth. Another large anodizing category, architectural aluminium, does not appear to be poised for significant growth; in fact, this market may already have reached its peak. n Article Courtesy: http://www.articlesbase.com
Advertiser Index Cisco........................................................................................ 3
OCLP......................................................................................13
Deccan Cargo.......................................................................... 9
Phoenix.................................................................................... 7
Delta.........................................................................Back Cover
Powerbuild.............................................................................15
Elecon....................................................................................19
Premium Energy.................................................................... 17
Havells..................................................................................... 5
TaeguTec...................................................... Inside Back Cover
Lapp India.............................................................................. 21
Verisign........................................................ Inside Front Cover
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management & strategy
Photo: Jiten Gandhi
Dr Wilfried Aulbur Managing Director Mercedes-Benz India
“We are the first plant outside Germany to introduce the
‘Standard Assembly Process’” The Mercedes Benz plant at Chikali near Pune won the ‘Best Mercedes-Benz Production Plant’ (outside Germany) award for five consecutive years. In an exclusive interview the managing director of Mercedes-Benz India Pvt Ltd (MBIL), Dr Wilfried Aulbur, discusses the manufacturing practices implemented at the plant with Satish Chavan. Excerpts from the interview.
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What were the critical enablers which helped the Chikhali facility to win the ‘Best Mercedes Benz (MB) Production Plant’ award outside Germany? We have ensured that the same manufacturing standards from the parent company are implemented in our plant here, with various actions like – Training of employees at the German plant and on the job training in India by trainers from Daimler. More than 10 per cent of product dependent training is organized in Germany, and these trained professionals act as multiplicators and impart training to the local workforce here. Mercedes-Benz Production System ( MPS), which consists of more than 90 tools addressing SQDCM, which is a monitoring process where KPIs are monitored on a daily basis. Quality audits are done here by an international quality team. We conduct product and process audits as per Mercedes-Benz global standards. We have adopted the concept of Line Manager wherein every line has one line manager. Also, standardized CKD Assembly process has been adopted in our plant. What are the areas that draw your special focus? As a virtue, we always strive for continuous improvement in performance, productivity and optimizing the use of our assets. Our focus is clearly on optimizing, which comprises— increase in productivity and efficiency, and a flexibility of our assets and manpower. We have specially designed lines for manufacturing multiple products as per market demand. This increases the utilization of assets or equipment with every new product introduction added on to the production portfolio. We introduce standard layouts throughout the assembly line to
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ensure improvement with every new model. As the need to produce different models increase on a regular basis, our specially designed production lines increase the versatility of our labour. Also, our India plant is the first plant outside Germany to introduce the ‘Standard Assembly Process,’ which has been established by the parent company as a best manufacturing practice guideline for different sizes of Mercedes plants worldwide. Our ‘best manufacturing practice’ includes latest equipment on the line, layouts, structures, and standard work at every station, starting from the weld shop to the final finish of the car. What is the percentage of local sourcing of components for MB products in India? MB India’s local value addition to products is up to 40 to 50 per cent, depending on the model. Overall, we see trends of India’s active participation in our ‘low cost country sourcing’ projects in the near future. Does MB source components from the Indian plant for its global operations? We have set up a global sourcing department in India, which functions as a part of the purchasing headquarters of DAG. Since MB India is an assembly plant and not a manufacturing unit, we do not directly source components globally from here. However, we fully support our suppliers (chassis and power train suppliers) to produce worldclass quality products for our global operations. Tell us about the Lean Manufacturing practices in MBIL. We embrace and actively employ the principles of lean manufacturing—to achieve continuous improvement in manufacturing
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processes and reduce our operating costs. Our main objective is to systematically target and eliminate waste in all its forms. Wasteful activities, which do not add value to the product; like unnecessary movements, overproduction, material waiting to be processed, extra inventory and non-value added product testing are continuously identified and eliminated. The new plant is designed in a flexible manner to produce multiple products on the same production line. We have our ma-
Our main
objective is to
systematically target and eliminate waste in all its forms. jor aggregates (high value items) supplied Just-in-Sequence (JIS), by our module suppliers to ensure a lean logistic process. However, minimal safety stocks are maintained for low cost items. How do you manage your supply chain and production processes? We analyse the supply chain in terms of lead time and costs. We have optimized our operations to improve margins and minimise costs. Our ‘best manufacturing practices’ is about active implementation of Kanban, JIS and ‘call part’ concepts, depending on the frequency of usage and optimum space utilization. For Kanban, small parts are issued when required by the production cycle. The making of a product is continuous; from
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management & strategy
A technician does spot welding on a C-Class in the body shop at the Mercedes Benz assembly plant in Chakan.
42
design, manufacture and distribution to sales and customer service. We constantly emphasise on fine-tuning our production and supplier scheduling systems, and we closely monitor work in progress to minimize inventories by supplying these when required. How do you manage to eliminate defects? When defects or other issues arise, the defective part is checked jointly on a ‘Red Table’ with adequate representation from the production, logistics and quality team members. The quick feedback between teams results in well integrated solutions. We also display a pictorial representation of production processes (information on parts and tools for a particular assembly) and goals, in high visibility locations on the shop floor. They depict interacting steps that determine product quality. This simplifies the understanding of correct processes. Finally, we use quality loops and certification programmes. The process starts from identifying the customer needs to assessing whether those needs are fully satisfied. There are four quality loops integrated in this process. What difficulties did MB face while implementing the ‘best
december 31, 2009 | industry 2.0
practices’ in India, in terms of cultural adaptation? As a global organization, Daimler has production facilities in five continents. We have a wellentrenched diversity management philosophy, including understanding the social, legal, and cultural peculiarities of each country, and addressing them while ensuring the division is run in a manner that is internally consistent across the globe. Also, our relationship with India dates back to the 1950s, when we introduced trucks here. In fact, Mercedes-Benz India has consecutively won the quality award for the ‘Best MercedesBenz Production Plant’ outside Germany and within the group for 5 years. Our journey in India has been very exciting. Tell us about some innovations and seminal research contributed by MB Research & Development India (MBRDI). MBRDI in Bangalore is Daimler’s largest R&D location outside Germany. Its expertise lies in the areas of simulation, component development, electrical & electronics and IT services. The design engineers are involved in component design, such as engine periphery, lighting and suspension systems, and chassis. It will also focus on independent R&D on seats, grab handles, and motor periphery. The simulation processes help studying crash, occupant safety, pedestrian protection and durability. The team is involved in different loops of virtual validation for subsystems towards improving design, cost and weight. The electricals and electronics involve model-based system development and testing for various models and covers research in the latest technologies for fuel cells and intelligent light systems. MBRDI is also working on develop-
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ment, customization, testing and maintenance of IT applications for engineering and production. There’s also plenty of activity in human body modeling (HBM), a new field researching advances in safety technology by recreating the human body on the computer. Engineers conduct simulations to determine what happens in, and to the bodies of virtual passengers during accidents. Although, non-virtual crash dummies have the same shape as a human body, their biomechanical properties are quite different. The dummy has a metal frame to give it stability, instead of a skeleton – where sensors replace muscles and the brain. The body consists of 80,000 elements, with numbers, letters, and equal signs at various nodes. We have achieved major success with this approach to create an innovative seat belt system. HBM simulations have helped our developers improving the protective effect of the new seat belt system. HBM simulations have also yielded precise information on how far the car body’s central pillar should be from the seat so as not to endanger the driver and the front passenger during a side collision. It has also helped us in selecting materials to cushion the interior. What is your perception of Indian manufacturing in comparison with global norms? India has a rich pool of engineers and skilled resources. Additionally, it has rapid scalability. Component manufacturers in India are now leveraging a mature labour force and economies of scale to monetize their investments. The key differentiator here is of developing end-to-end capabilities and maintaining consistent quality. Now, India seems to be well positioned to leverage its competitive advantage. n
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facilities & operations
Making MSMEs Competitive
Kanban card system is in use to regulate material flow.
Adoption of ‘Lean’ manufacturing techniques not only reduces the cost of production, but also enhances market credibility through timely delivery and improved quality. What exactly did Skylark Circuits, a small scale industry, gain from adopting ‘Lean’ manufacturing techniques? by n c narayanan
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T
he desire for achieving excellence through continuous improvement is as ancient as human civilization. In the last century this planet has witnessed phenomenal progress in achieving best quality products and services through continuous improvement. In pursuit of excellence great thinkers and quality gurus gave many concepts, models, tools and techniques. One of those approaches is ‘Lean’, which revolutionized the way in which the manufacturing organizations think and function. The concept of ‘Lean’ founded by Taichi Ohno from Toyota Motor Company, Japan during mid 50’s is intended to
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achieve best business efficiency coupled with highest customer satisfaction. ‘Lean’ in the words of Taichi Ohno is, “All we are doing is looking at the time line form the moment the customer gives us an order to the point when we collect the cash. And we are reducing time by removing the non-value-added wastes.” The business benefit of application of ‘Lean’ is evident from Toyota holding the position of second largest automobile manufacturing company in the world— with sales over 6 million cars per year sold in 170 countries. According to the 2008 Fortune Global 500 companies, Toyota Motor is the fifth largest company in the world. By the application of ‘Lean’,
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facilities & operations various applications. This had When SSA proposed been facing heavy competition the idea of Lean although having market demand application in our twice as much as it can produce. industry, I and my partner As any other typical manufacturGangurde were very skeptical ing company, they had space constraints due to which all manufacabout its applicability for a turing processes were arranged in small enterprise like ours. three adjacent galas. After the redesign of our manufacturing system applying Status Before ‘Lean’ ‘Lean’, we could improve our Implementation profitability by three times The company was having a process layout like any other without any investment.”
A V Kamlapurkar Director, Skylark Circuits Toyota reached the highest Market Capitalization, which is equal to the sum of all the largest car manufacturers in the World (GM, Ford and Chrysler) put together. Several automobile and auto ancillary industries in India have applied the ‘Lean’ principles and benefited to a large extent. However, the ‘Lean’ manufacturing systems have not reached the rest of the 97 per cent of the industries, which come under the category of micro, small and medium scale industries.
manufacturing company, arranging the machines based on the manufacturing steps such as cutting, drilling, screen printing, etching, etc. It was carrying high inventory to the tune of 10 to 15 days of production. Due to poor housekeeping and jumbled up layout, there was no traceability of the material. Due to fragmented layout there was no accountability of people and material, leading to profit leakages—resulting from scrap, re-work and excessive invento-
Lead times in minutes before and after ‘Lean’ implementation. ries. The average lead time to manufacture the PCB was 2700 minutes, whereas the actual manufacturing time was 12 mins only. This huge difference was due to the ‘Push system’ of any traditional manufacturing practices— in which the material moves and waits for the next operation to add value.
What is ‘Lean’?
Traditional manufacturing system works on the principle of ‘Push-system’, where every manufacturing process works on ‘Silo’, focusing on machine and resource utilization. This results in accumulation of work in process (WIP) affecting the smooth flow of material, thereby increasing the lead time between order to collection. The ‘Lean’ aims to break the barriers and ensures continuous flow of material—which reduces the lead time considerably.
Profile of the Company
Skylark is a small scale industry, located at Dombivali near Mumbai, engaged in manufacturing of printed circuit boards for
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Poor traceability of material before ‘Lean’ implementation led to profit leakages.
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We had to work for 16 hours a day to ensure that we keep up our commitments for delivery. Now, after implementing ‘Lean’ systems, we have been relieved of working late hours.”
V M GHangurde Director, Skylark Circuits
Pull System after ‘Lean’ Implementaion ensured no waiting of materials as WIP. As the material was not flowing smoothly the Skylark management had to grant overtime during the last 10 days of every month, in order to clear backlog of sales order resulting in erosion of profits. Since the manufacturing operations were fragmented and due to lack of accountability for the output, the senior management of Skylark had to co-ordinate between the various processes.
Benefits of ‘Lean’
The ‘Lean’ manufacturing system implemented at the company
has led to improvement in the following areas:
Productivity Improvement Skylark’s productivity has gone up from 3 lacs to 5.2 lacs quantity without any capital investment. This is a result of the smooth and continuous flow of material due to the ‘Pull System’ introduced.
Inventory Reduction The ‘Lean’ manufacturing system introduced at the company has brought down the WIP inventory from twenty days to two days,
Lean Implementation
A
fter thorough study of the existing procedures, a ‘Lean’ manufacturing system was designed and implemented in Skylark, involving all workmen and the supervisors. The implementation involved the following steps:
Step
Studying current work flow from the raw material to finished goods. Collecting data of the cycle time of every process, inventory as WIP, machine down time, change over time from one model to another and rejection, rework level.
Step
Re-engineering the process flow from ‘Push System’ to ‘Pull System’, in which the raw material will flow into small batches from one manufacturing process to another without waiting as WIP.
Step
Establish visual controls such as quantity planned, quantity produced, Kan-ban system to communicate between one stage of manufacturing to another to ensure that the raw material converted into finished goods sold on the same day.
1 2 3
The ‘Lean’ system was implemented within 60 days from the commencement of the project.
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industry 2.0
dramatically reducing the working capital for running the business.
Reduction in Floor Space The cell manufacturing layout introduced at Skylark to facilitate continuous and smooth flow of material and reduction of inventory has relieved 20 per cent of the floor space, which can be utilized for other purposes.
Improved Profitability The profitability has gone up by three times due to increase in sales, reduced inventory, reduction in overtime charges and reduction in rejection and rework.
Conclusion
The implementation of ‘Lean’ manufacturing system introduced at Skylark has proved that the plant is capable of tripling the profitability without any capital investment. This is achieved purely by changing the mindset of the people, creating a flow of raw material to finished goods, and creating accountability plus team work across all stages of manufacturing. Skylark case study proves that ‘Lean’ can be successfully implemented across small and medium sized industries as efficiently as in large scale industries. n N C Narayanan is the managing director of Six Sigma Alchemy. He extends appreciation and gratitude to Skylark and MSME for giving this opportunity to share this article or case study.
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facilities & operations
Alleviating differences between
Management and Personnel Lean manufacturing techniques ensure waste reduction, which ultimately leads to higher profitability for any manufacturing organization. They establish an overall cultural change in the organization enhancing productivity. by william davis
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- technology management for decision-makers
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ean manufacturing (LM) is the processes, techniques, strategies and initiatives being implemented by companies around the world—that aim to reduce unnecessary and unproductive tasks, activities and behaviours in the work environment. Because the times have really gone hard, demanding and intense due to political and turbulent concerns affecting all nations, firms are currently facing challenges to be able to keep their profitability and efficiency. LM not only reduces operational costs but also targets to boost, restore and significantly raise the competitiveness of a company. There are seven identified ‘forms of waste’ within the work environment and systems that lean manufacturing principally aims to alleviate, if not totally eliminate. These are over production, over processing, transportation, motion, inventory, waiting and scrap & defects.
Several Advantages
The first advantage identified by experts from implementing LM techniques and strategies is the reduction of manufacturing time. When the manufacturing lead time is significantly lowered, it follows that the operational costs incurred from the use of energy, utilities and wages from labourers’ time will also be significantly reduced. Thus, LM helps companies retain, maintain and significantly increase their earnings, widen their margins and help them generate savings from lower costs. Space is another area where lean manufacturing advantages are clearly and effectively exhibited. Working space, it is understood, is one of the primary and basic factors that keep operations of businesses going.
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Labour and human resource experts estimate that adoption of good and effective lean manufacturing techniques and strategies—will likely help companies reduce their physical floor space requirements by as much as five to thirty per cent. The figures involved could be small and miniscule for your eyes, but, actually, that will significantly contribute to much more efficiency and savings. That would be an advantage almost all businesses will surely look after. The advantage in productivity: It is found that in general, companies implementing and adhering to lean manufacturing practices significantly boost and increase their manufacturing productivity by as much as 75 to 125 per cent. It is because time and efforts are principally targeted by LM processes. Thus, elimination of wastes, non-productive practices, unnecessary and disturbing objects in the workplace will surely and practically help workers get on to their tasks with much smooth pacing and comfort. You know how it is when workers work without any distractions and interruptions. Productivity is very much maximized. Thus, LM becomes a necessity for firms to be able to achieve that goal.
Advantages in terms of waste to profit relation: It follows that elimination and reduction of wastes will gradually and efficiently help boost profits in companies. Thus, elimination of wastes and unnecessary objects & activities in the workplace will surely help the company and its personnel focus on the requirements and demands of the customer. The advantage of that, above all is—when customer satisfaction is achieved, sales will surely rise. The best way to establish a good relationship with customers is to improve the products and services offered to them. LM would be of
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great help to achieve a good customer or client relations.
Advantage of cost and time saving: Another advantage brought about by LM techniques among various companies adopting it worldwide is—streamlined and rationalized organization. You should know that elimination of excess and unnecessary job positions and tasks in a company is a sure way to help that firm reduce labour costs, and eventually lead to generate savings. LM without a doubt brings that advantage of leanness upon organizations and companies practising and adopting it.
LM helps companies retain, maintain and significantly increase their earnings, widen their margins and help them generate savings from lower costs.
Advantage on culture improvement: Various companies around the world are practising and implementing different cultures. It is usually a cause of problems, conflicts and issues around and within the organization. In lean manufacturing, the cultures are standardized, thus, unfavourable practices and behaviours of both the employees and the management are reduced, if not eliminated. The greatest advantage of LM in terms of cultures adopted by companies is that lean manufacturing makes the differences between management and personnel reach to a verging point. LM principles should really be implemented by companies. It is high time to reap its advantages. n Courtesy: Reprinted from http://www. content4reprint.com.
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information technology
GPS Fleet Improving Profitability with
Management Solutions Implementation of GPS fleet management systems in company vehicles, increases employees’ productivity by cutting down waste of time, saves expenses by eliminating unnecessary payments for overtime, reducing fuel costs through controlled routing and eliminating idling. Also, it ensures better customer service. by thomas pretty
GPS fleet management tools are a simple and effective way to track company vehicles. Picture courtesy: www.photos.com
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First in your list of decisions to make—should be the rapidity of the updates you will need. Predominantly this will fall into two categories, ‘real time’ or ‘passive’. Both will provide you with the information you need to make your business more efficient, including details of vehicle speed, direction, stops, routes and location. Real time fleet management tools allow the user to view all of the information above, as it happens. This is rapidly becoming the most popular form of GPS tracking for the rate at which it gives the manager information. In addition, many systems give the user live updates by email or text even if they are away from the system of any incidences of speeding or going off-route. The main benefit of this type of fleet tracking system is—by providing real time data, it allows the user to monitor operations— making it easier to find ways to increase efficiency. For example, by monitoring vehicle idling, a process that uses fuel when the vehicle is stationary, it is possible to reduce the occurrence hence making fuel bill cheaper; some companies have found that fuel usage has gone down by around twenty per cent purely by monitoring the idling times of vehicles. Passive tracking differs from real time as it does not give the
Picture courtesy: www.photos.com
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ll business owners want to run an operation that is efficient and cost effective, nowhere is this truer than in the world of fleet management—where the management of vehicles can make or break the profitability of the business. Fleet management tracking tools can help business owners and managers keep track of their mobile assets and the activities of their employees at any point throughout the working day. By having access to this information, the task of increasing efficiency is made that much easier. GPS fleet management tools are a simple and effective way to track company vehicles. As such, this technology and the fleet management solutions it provides is one of the fastest growing technological markets on the planet today. No matter what’s the size of your company, it is worth investing in GPS technologies—as a way to increase your business’ efficiency. However, choosing the right fleet management package can be difficult, seemingly the options are endless and if you are new to this variety of technology—you may be understandably baffled. Fundamental in your choice is determining what your company needs and how a GPS tracking system will increase the efficiency of your operations.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a revolutionary
tool, which provides unequal accuracy and flexibility of positioning for navigation, surveying and Geographic Information System (GIS) data capture. Growing usage in automotive and consumer applications is propelling the mobile location technologies market, which is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of more than 20 per cent to cross US$ 75 bn by 2013. World GPS Market Forecast to 2013, RNCOS.
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industry 2.0
manager live feeds on what company vehicles are doing. Instead of live data, a GPS recorder fitted to all vehicles in the fleet; it records all the relevant data and is then downloaded to a main terminal at the end of each working day. This download can either be carried out manually or wirelessly—as the vehicle enters the yard. While they do not provide information in real time, they do allow company managers to increase efficiency using data built up over time. These are the two main types of fleet management systems that will allow you to increase the efficiency of your business. Depending on how you run your business operations, each will have its own benefits and downsides. While it may be tempting to go for the all singing, all dancing model; be sure to look around and shop wisely to find a great deal.
By monitoring vehicle idling, it is possible to reduce the occurrence, hence making fuel bill cheaper.
Reprinted from: www.articlesbase.com.
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information technology Drop test simulation can easily predict the effect on the structure of a storage tank falling from a height.
Simulating
Drop Tests Drop tests provide designers with the advantage of understanding complexities of the underlying physical phenomena that are present in drop impacts. They predict the effects of such impacts on the product dropping from different heights, in different orientations, on different hardness of floors. by manoj mehta
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ow can the working parts of your PDA or cell phone be protected if someone jars your arm while you’re using it, and the device falls to the ground? Or, what happens to the structure of a storage tank if the crane putting it in place should drop it? Until now, learning the results of such accidents required running physical tests that destroyed the structures under study, or else
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performing very difficult nonlinear and dynamic response finite element analyses (FEA) better suited to simulating car crashes. Simulation now makes it possible for design engineers to run up-front drop tests on their designs easily and quickly, despite the fact that running them involves studying tens of thousands of very short time steps to capture the results within microseconds of the impact. This
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article focuses on what a user needs to do to perform such a test, the kinds of results he or she will obtain, and the technology behind such simulations. Setting up a drop test is just like setting up any other study.
floor. Users can simulate interactions between components within an assembly after impact—by specifying the faces or surfaces of various components that are likely to come in contact with each other.
Steps Involved in Setting up a Drop Test
To get the most out of the simulation, some questions should be addressed before running the analysis, which are listed in the subsequent paragraphs. For how long after impact should one observe or capture the solution? Solution time after impact is measured in microseconds. The total duration depends on how much time elapses before the object experiences all the likely impact stress it will undergo— after it bounces. If a user wants to account for any secondary impacts, that time will add to the duration. When the object under study hits the floor, a stress wave originates from the point of impact and travels through the length of the object and then travels back. This effect is similar to the ripple effect when a stone hits water in a pond. The analysis software internally calculates the time it would take this wave to travel through the length of the body few times—and assumes that all major stress events would occur and be captured within that time. Think of a toy glider impacting nose first onto the floor. The stress wave generates from the nose of the glider hitting the floor, and then travels towards the wing and the tail. How do you select the time steps to save from your results? By default, analysis saves detailed results for 25 steps and location results for 20 steps within every major step. Because each simulation can have tens of thousands of time steps, it makes sense only to save the impor-
Define study and choose material: The user opens a study and
names it ‘drop test’. Then, if the material has not already been defined in the model, the user enters it, different materials can be assigned to different components in an assembly. The user then goes to the set-up menu.
Specify drop height, floor orientation and floor hardness: In setting up the study, the user chooses either to specify the drop height (that is, the distance to impact) or velocity at impact, which may be defined by a motion study conducted prior to the drop test. If he/she chooses a height study, he/ she then defines whether to measure from the centroid (or centre of the object) or from the bottom of the object, and also enters the direction of gravity - or orientation of the object as it drops. When he/she specifies a drop height, the program automatically calculates the velocity just before impact (2gh)1/2. The default angle of the floor or other surface onto which the object drops is normal to gravity. However, the user can change that angle and, if desired, enter data about any friction the falling object would experience when hitting the floor. Such friction depends on the material of the surface on which it drops— (say) asphalt or concrete. Also, the default floor is assumed to be relatively much harder (or rigid) than the object being dropped. Users can change the floor to be flexible and specify a hardness to it—wood floor has a different hardness than (say) carpeted
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Run analysis and study results:
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tant ones, rather than wasting computer resources on the entire series. A user may be able to cut more time from analysis runs by performing a first pass run, using default settings, to obtain initial results. Those may indicate time windows that need to be refined— and the user can choose which windows to refine, saving time in the overall solution. Why do you want to run drop tests inside the analysis software? Running a drop test in the analysis makes it easy to study the impact on objects dropped in different orientations. Containers that carry hazardous materials, for example, have different design requirements to account for being dropped in different orientations. Drop test simulations also support plasticity, so that engineers can determine such permanent deformations as dents after impact. Plastics and metals exhibit permanent deformations—the definition of plasticity—when stressed beyond their yield points. For example, a paper clip will lose its shape when bent beyond
A toy glider is impacting nose first onto the floor.
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information technology a certain point. The drop tests discussed here can account for such material behaviour coupled with impact analysis.
Technology Behind Fast Drop Test Analysis
Although experienced users will find the steps involved in running drop tests familiar, the technology behind them is more complex than it looks. To simulate an object dropping and hitting a hard surface, the simulation software has to solve the following equation iteratively—because as the object falls and hits the floor the forces and stiffness keep changing. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can use two approaches for solving this equation. They are called implicit and explicit solutions. Drop test simulation uses the explicit solution technology,
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although both approaches are equally accurate. Implicit solutions of impact problems, such as dynamic drop tests take longer to solve. Implicit solvers first compute displacement ‘x’, causing them to invert the stiffness matrix. All computers have to work harder and longer on matrix inversion than on matrix multiplication—the approach used by explicit solvers. The explicit approach computes accelerations, and thus has to invert only the mass matrix— much easier because this is a diagonal matrix. On the other hand, explicit techniques have the drawback of requiring very small time increments to provide a good, stable solution. Real life problems generally can be solved with either approach, but depending on the nature of the problem, one method
- technology management for decision-makers
will be faster than the other. Linear problems, which have slowly varying loads with no dynamic component, are more cost-effective or faster to solve with implicit methods. However, problems with short duration loading, such as impact or drop tests, are more economical to solve with explicit methods. Problems with gross nonlinear behaviour that requires a constant update to the stiffness matrix are also more economical to solve with explicit methods. The speed gained through technology and through the analysis software ease-of-use makes it simple for users—to run drop tests on their designs, and adds another dimension to overall upfront simulation. n Manoj Mehta is the country manager (India and SAARC Operations) at Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation.
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product update Turbine Flow Meter
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xact Flow has introduced the Mini-Comp dual-rotor turbine flow meter that is supported by a miniature flow computer. The new product includes an electronic processor and an enhanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP) technology, which allows signal characterization and fast response (3 mS) to output data in engineering units. The unit also incorporates a pickoff system, which provides
Liquid Flow Sensors an RTD temperature sensor thermal well for improved response to temperature or viscosity compensation. The flow computer offers multiple scaled outputs (two frequency, one voltage), temperature compensation, universal viscosity curve compensation, user interface software and RS485 communications. Exact Flow Tel: +1-480-9483789 E-mail: sales@exactflow.com Website: www.exactflow.com
IDA has launched a new servo press version of its ULX series precision metalforming press, the ULX-D. ULX series high precision presses incorporate a rigid 9-point support system, zero-clearance slide gibs and a no con-rod design. The product increases the life of the die and achieves high accuracy. The press provides the ability to produce products with higher accuracies, products formed via ironing, flattening, or bulging processes that are easily influenced by changes in forming speeds.
The product includes a capacitor bank system, which enables the production of products with minimal energy consumption. The direct drive servo presses feature ServoPro technology. They are available in a wide variety of capacities, 80 to 2500 tonnes and designs comprising gap frame, straightside, large capacity transfer and progressive die. AIDA-America Tel: +1-937-2372382 E-mail: info@aida-america.com Website: www.aida-global.com
Uninterruptible Power Supply System
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lark Solutions has launched a new family of liquid vortex flow sensors. The new product, viz., the DN series Vortex flow sensors are designed specifically for equipment manufacturers for system flow monitoring and control.
Clark Solutions Tel: +1-978-5683400 E-mail: sales@clarksol.com Website: www.clarksol.com
Temperature Sensor
Metalforming Press
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The unit is considered to be ideal for water and water glycolbased heat exchange systems (with the usual additives) and other fluids. The DN series is suitable for flow ranges from 0.9 to 150 litres per minute (0.24 to 39.6 GPM).
elta has launched the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) series, viz., NH Plus 20 kVA - 480 kVA. The new product includes a modular structure and provides easy inventory management and minimized mean time to repair. The unit maintains 94 per cent efficiency under 25 per cent loading conditions. Each power module delivers 20 kVA high power density in a 3U height chassis. The power options available include 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 up to 480 kVA in two different cabinet styles. The product enables a maximum input current Total Harmonic Distortion (iTHD) of less than three per cent. The low iTHD helps reduce capital investment and also the installation cost of cabling and upstream circuitry.
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icro-Epsilon has introduced an infrared ratio temperature sensor (ratio pyrometer), viz., the thermoMETER CT ratio pyrometer. The fibre optics ratio pyrometer measures temperatures from 700째C up to 1800째C. The sensor functions as per ratio principle and is insensitive to contaminants such as dust, smoke or steam that may partially obstruct the target. The product operates on twochannel measurement principle. Two integrated infrared detection channels with close spacing, but with mutually different measuring wavelengths, produce two independent electrical signals. The signals depend on the infrared radiation emitted from the target and signal components. The product is considered to be ideal for OEMs that need to measure the temperature of metals, metal oxides, ceramic or semiconductor materials in harsh, high temperature environments, including metal casting, welding, forming and sintering. Micro-Epsilon UK Tel: +44-151-3556070 E-mail: info@micro-epsilon.co.uk Website: www.micro-epsilon.co.uk
Centre Wheels
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Delta Electronics India Tel : 0124-4169040 E-mail: upsinfo@delta.co.in Website: www.deltaelectronicsindia.com
amel Grinding Wheels has introduced 1/4-inch thick aluminium oxide depressed centre wheels branded under its Ultra series of wheels. The new product is produced from a premium grain and N-grade bond. The wheels are available in a type 27 shape and in 4-1/2, 5, 6, 7 and 9 inch diameters with 7/8 or 5/8-11 arbor holes. The products find use in weld grinding, rail car manufacturing and ship building.
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industry 2.0
Camel Grinding Wheels Tel: +1-800-4474248 E-mail: cgw@abrasivesmall.com Website: www.cgwheels.com
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product update Dispensing System
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ealant Equipment & Engineering has introduced ProgramA-Bead 692, a robotic integrated bead dispensing system for structural bonding or sealing applications. The Servomotor-powered, advanced robotic system meters, mixes and dispenses precisely sized beads of two-component adhesives or sealants. The Servomotor drive with external reduction and positive
Magnetic Retriever
displacement pistons are interfaced with robot controller to dispense specific bead diameter throughout adhesive panel. SNUF-BAK 2-component dispense valve with disposable No-Flush static mixer nozzle blends materials at point of application.
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ndustrial Magnetics has launched a magnetic retriever, designed to retrieve broken drill bits from oil and water wells. The new product captures metal objects from any wet or dry area that requires large lifting capacity in a small package. The unit includes a rare earth permanent magnet encased in a stainless steel housing for a long, non-corrosive life. The large lifting lug allows for fast attachment to chains, rope, slings, cable, etc. The retriever magnet (HDR3045) measures 3” diameter by 5-3/4” high, weighs about 5 lbs and has a 300 lb. holding value.
Sealant Equipment & Engineering Tel: +1-734-4598600 E-mail: sales@sealantequipment.com Website: www.sealantequipment.com
Industrial Magnetics Tel: +1-800-6624638 E-mail: imi@magnetics.com Website: www.magnetics.com
Pigmented Coating
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remco Products has introduced Corr-Paint (CP) 4040-S, a new high temperature, white pigmented, ceramic-glass-silicone coating. The new product can be used as a reflective coating on high temperature mercury vapour lamps and other applications up to 1200 °F (649 ºC). The coating dries rapidly at room temperature and can be cured in-situ or by heating to 500 ºF for one hour. The resultant coating is colour stable at high temperatures and resistant to oxidation, ultraviolet light, humidity and salt spray. The product can be applied easily using pneumatic spray equipment, brush, dip or roller. The coating can also be applied to relatively smooth surfaces or directly to rusted surfaces found in many maintenance and repair applications. The product also finds use as corrosion protection on heat exchangers, crackers, reformers, exhaust ducting, and other structures that experience high temperature oxidation and corrosion due to condensation products. Aremco Products Tel: +1-845-2680039 E-mail: aremco@aremco.com Website: www.aremco.com
Carton Closing System
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elkor Systems has introduced a new Capstone flange seal carton closing system. The fully-automatic system employs Delkor’s precision belt drive technology to accurately position, close and seal cover flange seal cartons at line speeds of up to 150 cartons per minute. The precision positioning mechanism within the new system accommodates a full range of carton sizes and includes counters to ensure repeatable highspeed production of consumer packages at profitable production line speeds.
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Crank Handles
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owell Corporation has launched ratcheting crank handles for machine control in both OEM and retrofit applications. The new product is designed for permanent mounting on shafts or studs. The handles have far less chances to slip, stick or freeze. The unit includes a small arc of operation, which makes adjustment faster, safer, and easier for the operator and also reduces wear on the machinery. The standard models available are with either fixed or rotating metal handles or lower cost
rotating plastic handles. The arm lengths range from 7” to 12”. The unit is built for hard use and utilizes stamped steel handle plates, solid steel gears, hardened and powder-coated, corrosion-resistant epoxy paint. The gears are pre-assembled at the factory and are not replaceable. Lowell Corporation Tel: +1-800-4569355 E-mail: customerservice@lowellcorp.com Website: www.lowellcorp.com
Digital Tester
G The system employs a compact (38 in. wide by 104 in. long) inline configuration. Delkor Systems Tel: +1-800-3285558 E-mail: info@delkorsystems.com Website: www.delkorsystems.com
- technology management for decision-makers
AO Instruments has launched a digital insulation resistance tester. The new product is designed to predict, prevent and identify insulation failures that may cause appliance failure, stop production and create power problems or even put lives at risk. The tester accurately tests insulation integrality on all kinds of electric equipment and insulation materials—found in equipment such as transformers, electromotors, cables, switches and other installed wiring.
The model A0300029 tests insulation resistance up to 2000 MW. The product also measures alternating current and tests voltage below 750 V AC. GAO Instruments Tel: +1-416-2920038 Website: www.gaoinstruments.com
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Duct Slitter
Foam Plank Line
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regis has added a 3-inch thick offering to its PolyPlank EXT extruded foam plank line. The new size provides fabricators with flexibility in creating custom laminated structures for a wide range of applications.
a homogeneous foam product with dimensional stability, helping provide easier and precise fabrication. The new size comes in 48inch width. The line addition is expected to help minimize the number of layers needed to create thicker structures. The product is suitable for packaging applications such as industrial parts, appliances, aircraft components, marine parts, industrial equipment, furniture and consumer electronics. The product is resilient, springs back into shape after multiple compressions.
Premium grade PolyPlank EXT single cross section, polyethylene foam plank is produced via an extrusion process, which creates
Pregis Tel: +1-847-5972200 Website: www.pregis.com
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eneral Machine Products has introduced a cordless power duct slitter featuring a battery-powered blade that offers a mechanized method for trimming and slitting innerduct utility conduit. The product, comprising a blade diameter of 3 to 3/8 inches (85 mm), is adjustable to cut innerduct of 1 to 2 inches (25.4 to 50.8 mm) in diameter. The unit has a length of 12-3/8 inches (313 mm) and weighs 6 lbs. (2.72 kg).
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SAS Automation Tel: +1-937-3725255 E-mail: getagrip@sasgripper.com Website: www.sasgripper.com
Spray Gun
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TW Ransburg has launched the Vector AA90 airassisted airless gun, a rugged, but lightweight spray gun. The new product combines air-assisted airless technology with electrostatic features. The integration results in a spray gun with spray pattern characteristics, pattern adjustabil-
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ity and transfer efficiency. The device is available with a wide selection of air cap and fluid tip combinations to maintain optimum performance with the coating materials. The gun is available in classic or cascade technology. ITW Ransburg Electrostatic Systems Tel: +1-419-4702000 E-mail: marketing@itwransburg.com Website: www.itwransburg.com
General Machine Products Tel: +1-215-3575500 Website: www.gmptools.com
Vertical Machining Centre
Bag Gripper AS Automation has introduced a bag gripper that can be adjusted quickly for different production runs using a simple hand wheel. The product is considered to be ideal for plastic, woven cloth and paper bags containing heavy products such as grains, chemicals, dog food, minerals and plastic resins. The machine uses stainless steel fingers for strength and is capable of withstanding harsh manufacturing environments. The product includes a decker mechanism to facilitate an accurate bag drop once positioned over the pallet. The unit includes pneumatic valves, which provide an open/ close cycle in less than 600 milliseconds.
The device comes with a rechargeable 9.6-volt battery and a battery charger. The product is constructed with a multi-directional cutting guide to assist with cutting innerduct longitudinally and also around its circumference. The other features of the tool include a blade guard and a safety stop built into the switch to prevent accidental starts.
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azak has launched the FJV-35/60 II, a doublecolumn vertical machining centre designed for production of large workpieces. The product is suitable for a wide range of industries such as aerospace, construction, die and mold and heavy machine.
The machine accommodates up to 5,500 lbs on a 59.1” x 31.5” work table. The tool includes a 50 taper, 40 hp, 10,000-rpm integrated spindle that generates up to 433 ft-lbs of torque for heavy duty cutting of large cast iron, steel and aluminium workpieces. The other features of the machining centre include a larger envelope due to an extended Zaxis stroke of 25.98.” Mazak Tel: +1-859-3421700 Website: www.mazakusa.com
Pressure Sensor
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merican Sensor Technologies has launched the new 5100 wet differential pressure sensor for differential pressure measurement ranges as low as 0 to 5 inches of water column and up to 0 to 15 PSID. The new product is available with 1/8” NPT female pressure ports and two mounting holes for easy installation. The unit includes an optional 4-20 mA or 0-5V output signal, which makes it compatible with most PLCs and controllers. The sensor is designed for a variety of applications including filter monitoring, flow calculation across an orifice and level measurement. With the use of an orifice, the product can be used to measure flow rates of liquids or gases based on the size of the orifice. Level measurement of sealed tanks can be measured by mounting the high pressure side to the bottom of the tank, with the low pressure side connected into the top of the tank. American Sensor Technologies Tel: +1-973-4481901 E-mail: info@astsensors.com Website: www.astsensors.com
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product update Vacuum Pump Inlet Trap
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V Products has launched a new vacuum pump inlet trap for processes such as LED manufacturing that produce a large amount of condensable byproducts and fine particulates. The multi-trap for LED manufacturing features a knockdown stage with an integral 500 in2 water-cooled baffle that is wrapped with a 3/8” cooling tube to help condense material entering the trap. The product can collect up to 3,000 in3 of solids. The unit measures 30” H x 12” O.D. and has an ISO 80 port. The watercooled baffle is 20” H x 10” O.D. and surrounds two stages of five 9.5” filter elements. Filters offered include stainless steel, copper-gauze, and polypropylene in 2-, 5- and 20 µm sizes. Mass-Vac Tel: +1-978-6672393 E-mail: sales@massvac.com Website: www.massvac.com
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eneral Kinematics has launched a new line of high volume vibrating screens for the mining and mineral processing industries. The new product, viz., the STM-S series of vibrating screens, comprises two-mass or sub-natural frequency drive design, which helps in reducing energy con-
sumption and cost. The product includes dual in-board vibratory motors, which eliminate expensive belts, shafts, and bearings for increased uptime and longer service intervals. The unitized design facilitates rapid unit removal for reconditioning. The modulated polyurethane screen decks are designed for convenient installation and replacement. The screens are available in standard sizes to handle from 580 to 1800 metric tonnes per hour. General Kinematics Tel: +1-815-4553222 Website: www.generalkinematics.com
oung Engineering has introduced a UL-approved one-gallon, non-repairable Bladder Expansion Tank (BET) for the fire protection industry. The new product protects anti-freeze sprinkler systems from the damaging effects of thermal expansion. The unit has a compact design, which makes it easier to fit and install in small commercial or resi-
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ehringer Saws has launched a line of automatic and semiautomatic bandsaws to cut large sized materials. The new product, viz., the HBP series bandsaws accurately cut solid forgings, slabs, profiles, molds or bundled materials up to 82.6” in diameter. Each saw in the HBP Series is constructed with cast iron frame and a twin column parallel down feed design for proper saw blade tensioning to provide forceful low vibration cutting for smooth cuts. The tools are available in automatic, table and gantry designs. These are also available with roller conveyors in the tabletop or gantry versions with a traversing
saw frame for handling of heavy materials pre- and post-cut. The other features of the product comprise hydraulic and
hardened clamping jaws, which help provide steady and precise cuts at all speeds. Behringer Saws Tel: +1-610-2869777 E-mail: sawing@behringersaws.com Website: www.behringersaws.com
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igital Wave has launched UE23 ultrasonic DOT cylinder testing machine to handle small cylinders at higher throughput speeds. The machine functions by utilizing a water column created by UE squirter design. The product accommodates diverse testing needs across all cylinder types. The unit is considered to be ideal for facilities that test 200 to 1,000 cylinders per month or up to 4,000 Med E’s monthly (up to 60 M6/Med E or 10 T/K size per hour). The product can handle from steel to aluminium to exemption cylinders. Digital Wave Tel: +1-303-7907559 E-mail: info@digitalwavecorp.com Website: www.digitalwavecorp.com
Infrared Thermometer
O
Expansion Tank
56
B
Cylinder Testing Machine
Vibrating Screens
Y
Semi-automatic Saws
dential systems. The tank is manufactured in accordance with ASME code Section VIII, Div. 1. The sizes range from one-gallon to 150 gallon. The product is designed to 175 psi design pressure. Young Engineering Tel: +1-909-3943225 E-mail: sales@youngeng.com Website: www.youngeng.com
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mega Engineering has launched the handheld OSDT8855W infrared non-contact temperature measurement instrument featuring a laser circle or dot sight. The laser sighting system defines the target for point and shoot measurement of temperatures from -50 to 1370°C. The unit also reads surface temperature in less than a second. The product is offered with hard carrying case, mini-tripod, one type K thermocouple, USB wireless data receiver, PC software and probe lead adaptors.
OMEGA Engineering Tel: +1-800-8484286 E-mail: cservice@omega.com Website: www.omega.com
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