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Lezing over inspectie m.b.v. radarsystemen met als cases de Waddenzeedijken te Friesland en Groningen Timo Saarenketo, PhD Managing Director Roadscanners FINLAND

Tomi Herronen, MSc Office Manager Roadscanners FINLAND

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CONSULTING - SOFTWARE - R&D - ROAD SURVEYS – INSTRUMENTS

Focus: existing traffic infrastructure management

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ROADSCANNERS 2009 Rovaniemi

Tampere

Helsinki Borlänge Tallinn

Brora

Projects 2009 Finland, Sweden Denmark, Holland Scotland, Ireland Germany, Austria Hungary, Slovenia Bulgaria, Greece Azerbaidzan, Iran Spain, Portugal South-Africa, Angola USA, Canada, China, Armenia Guatemala, Brasil Thailand, Antarktika

Ettlingen-Karlsruhe Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.


ROADSCANNERS SPECIAL EXPERTISE: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Technique • Service, Software, Training, Turn Key Systems

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Pavement Diagnostics

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ROADSCANNERS SOFTWARE PRODUCTS • Road Surveys, Railway Surveys, Bridge Surveys, Geotechnical Surveys

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ROADSCANNERS SPECIAL EXPERTISE: • GPR and other NDT technique based integrated road surveys and rehabilitation design systems

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GPR Analysis Options: 1.Time 2. Frequency

Amplitude

Amplitude

Central frequency

Time (ns)

Amplitude plotted against time Theory of GPR/ 5

Band width Frequency (MHz)

Amplitude spectrum plotted against frequency Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ? 1. MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 2. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 3. DIELECTRIC VALUE

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FACTORS AFFECTING CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRICITY • structure of medium • size of structural elements • electrochemical nature of elements • porosity • volumetric water content • water distribution (amount of free water) • ion concentration • temperature • pressure • density Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.

DIELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AS FUNCTIONS OF OF FREQUENCY Dielectricity

Conductivity or Dielectricity

Interface polarization

According to Keller and Frischknecjt 1966

Molecular polarization

Ionic polarization

Electronic polarization

Conductivity

Frequency Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.


FACTORS AFFECTING DIELECTRIC VALUE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• Individual

value of composite materials • Volume fractions of components • Geometrics of components • Electrochemical interaction between components

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1994 – 1995: TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE: MEASURING ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT COMPONENTS

12

#14 Tohmo Granite , K´dry #14 Tohmo Granite , K´ads #6 Lime stone K´-dry

10

#6 Lime stone K´-ads

8

#2 Gran/Bas K´-dry

6

#2 Gran/Bas K´-ads

4 2 0 0

1 4 dielectric value, real part K´

real part K´

14

2

16 12 10

3

8

#6 Limestone K´´-ads

6

#2 Gran/Bas K´´-dry

4

#2 Gran/Bas K´´-ads

2

frequency (GHz)

Laguna bitumen

3,6

0 0

0,5

1

1,5

2

frequency (GHz)

3,2

K'-fresh K'-10h aged

2,8

K'-15h aged

2,4 2 0,000

#14 Tohmo Granite, K´´dry #14 Tohmo Granite, K´´ads #6 Limestone K´´-dry

14 imaginary part K´´

16

1,000

2,000

frequency (GHz)

3,000

2,5

3


GPR AND OTHER NDT DATA INTEGRATION GPR + Pavement Surface Properties HMA air voids content Moisture in old AC pavement Pavement distress Pavement roughness (poor man´s IRI)

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GPR SURVEYS ON DIKES 2007 Tests in The Netherlands


GPR SURVEYS ON DIKES 2007 Test Results: Friesland; 1.0 Ghz horn antenna data

seaside

Upper dike

GPR SURVEYS ON DIKES 2008 Tests on a site near St.Jacobiparochie


Surveys conducted: GSSI traditional pulse GPR - 1.0 GHz horn antenna - 2.2 GHz antenna

3d radar 31 channel GPR Digital video

GPR SURVEY SYSTEMS GSSI GPR surveys - two antennas - 36 lines, 105 meters each - 0,5 meter line separation - 20 scans per meter

3d Radar GPR surveys - 31 channels used (2.4 m antenna width) - 7 lines (total of 200 individual profiles) - approx 13 scans per meter


GSSI 1.0 and 2.0 GHz data ac aggregate Soil fill ac aggregate Soil fill

GSSI GPR survey results – depth of bituminous layers Top

Sea

Depth chart based on 1.0 GHz antenna data. Scale 150 to 350 mm.White and black dots represent drill core samples.


Top

GSSI GPR survey results: Evenness of the surface based on antenna bouncing data

Clarification of antenna bouncing The distance from antenna to the surface (travel time of the EM wave)is measured in the survey.

GSSI GPR survey results: Evenness of the surface based on antenna bouncing data Top

Sea

The antenna bouncing map. The scale is Âą 75 mm. The pattern of up-down structure is clearly visible. White and black dots represent drill core samples.


GSSI GPR survey results: Asphalt surface dielectric value 1.0 GHz horn antenna data Top

Sea

Map of dielectric values of the surface (approximately top 30 mm) based on 1.0 GHz horn antenna data, scale 3 to 6 (blue to red). The red vertical line in the beginning and in the end are reflections from the aluminium tape used as a marker. White and black dots represent drill core samples.

GSSI GPR survey results vs. ground truth data

Top

Sea

Map of dielectric values of the surface (approximately top 30 mm) based on 1.0 GHz horn antenna data, scale 3 to 6 (blue to red) compared to visual inspection of the surface (from the report “detectie van aangetast asfalt onder eenoppervlakbehandeling�)


GSSI GPR survey results: Asphalt surface dielectric value 1.0 GHz vs 2.0 Ghz horn antenna data Top

Sea Top

Conclusion: Moisture and main defects are mainly at depths deeper than 25 mm‌

GSSI GPR survey results: Asphalt surface dielectric value= 1.0 GHz - 2.0 Ghz horn antenna data

Conclusion: Moisture (and main defects) can be related to changes of surface shape


GSSI GPR survey results: Asphalt surface dielectric value 1.0 GHz - 1.0 Ghz horn antenna data

1.0 – 2.0 Ghz map

Antenna bouncing map Conclusion: Distress (defect) areas are lifted up from the surface level => Problems are frost related!!!

GSSI GPR survey results: Asphalt surface dielectric value 1.0 GHz - 2.0 Ghz horn antenna data


M5 Pavement Diagnostics -Hungary

Patches

Cracking

Water outlet

Photos captured from M5 Video

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Reasons for the Problems – can Thermodynamics Explain?

WHAT IS SUCTION? 1. TOTAL SUCTION = a) Osmotic suction + b) Matric (matrix) suction c) Gas pressure suction d) Gravitational suction e) Overburden pressure suction 2. CRYOSUCTION Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.

CRYOSUCTION • undependent of total suction AGREGATE 1

• force that causes water (if available) to flow to freezing front, and further formation of segregation ice AGREGATE 2

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F REEZEREEZE-THAW CYCLES AND PAVEMENT DAMAG – CASE B871

Dielectric value

TEMPERATURE

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E4 – Vid Hö Höga Kusten: Salt related asphalt damages1998


HW21 Finland: Salt Related Damages 2001

Damage Process of Kemi- Tornio Motorway Failures in Winter 2001 - 2002 During the fall salty water penetrates into the pavement, parts with higher amount of salt adsorb more water due to osmotic suction

Asphalt Bitumen Bound Base Unbound base


Due to uneven distribution of salt pavement does not freeze evenly and parts with smaller salt amount freeze first

Asphalt Bitumen Bound Base Unbound base

Cryosuction is developed, which adsorps water beneath and aside from the unfrozen parts that have more water

Asphalt Bitumen Bound Base Unbound base


Segregation ice is developed causing frost heave and uneveness – and cause damages in the bound layers. ”Bumps” are smaller at wheelpaths due to dynamic loading.

Asphalt Bitumen Bound Base Unbound base

Bound structures get cracks allowing more water to penetrate in the pavement

Asphalt Bitumen Bound Base Unbound base


Whole structure freeze and differentila �bumps� get mor even due to osmotic forces

Asphalt Bitumen Bound Base Unbound base

How this works on Dikes in The Netherlands

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GPR and Pavement Distress

Poor Quality AC: High AC Surface Dielectric Deviation Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.

GPR and Pavement Distress

Good Quality AC: Low AC Surface Dielectric Deviation Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.


Dielectric valuea deviation oh 1.0 Ghz antenna Top

Map of Er deviation based on 1.0 GHz antenna data. The red lines in the beginning and in the end are affected by the aluminium marker tape. White and black dots represent drill core samples. Compare to visual inspection map below.

Top

GPR surveys on dikes in Netherlands – Delft 5.3.2009

GSSI GPR surveys – moisture at asphalt foundation level Top

Dielectric values of the bottom of the pavement based on 1.0 GHz antenna data. Again the higher Er-values are reached at the lower part of the dike, close to sea. Blank areas are missing data.


GSSI GPR surveys

Shrinkage cracking in the time slice (red colours) over the whole section. In the subwindow on top a GPR profile and on the left subwindow a transverse profile.

GSSI GPR surveys

Top

Zoomed in image of shrinkage cracking visible in the time slice


GSSI GPR surveys

Shrinkage cracking map (above) compared to antenna bouncing mapTop(below).

GSSI GPR surveys Top

Frequency power spectrum over 0-6 ns time scale (0-37 cm with er = 6), the frequency range of 1000 to 2000 MHz. Data from 1.0 GHz antenna, not filtered.White and black dots represent drill core samples.


Eemshaven dike survey 2009

Dielectric values - surface Dielectric value 2 9

Water (Sea)

High dielectric values

Eemshaven dike survey 2009


Dielectric values - surface Dielectric value 2 9

Water (Sea)

High dielectric values

Eemshaven dike survey 2009

Dielectric values - surface Dielectric value 2 9

Water (Sea)

High dielectric values

Eemshaven dike survey 2009


Dielectric values - surface Dielectric value 2 9

Water (Sea)

High dielectric values Eemshaven dike survey 2009

Dielectric values - surface Dielectric value 2 9

Water (Sea)

�Flat� dielectric values (new/different pavement) Eemshaven dike survey 2009


Dielectric value 2 9

�Flat� dielectricities section

Dielectric Value Deviation and Antenna Bouncing Deviation

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Dielectric Value Deviation and Antenna Bouncing Deviation

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Conclusions • Tests have shown that GPR is a useful tool for detecting damages in the asphalt • GPR data indicates that asphalt damages can be related to salt and freeze-thaw damages – similar damages have been found on roads in Scandinavia • Best results in these surveys with 1.0 GHz (better) and 2.2 GHz GSSI horn antennas • Useful maps: dielectric value of the asphalt surface, Erdeviation, antenna bouncing map, Er of the pavement bottom (base course moisture) • This technique is ready for production phase?


Thank you! Copyright Roadscanners Oy 2008. All Rights Reserved.


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