Endnotes 1 Dorothy E. Roberts, “The Problem with RaceBased Medicine, ” TEDMED, video (2015), https:// www.ted.com/talks/dorothy_roberts_the_problem_with_race_based_medicine.
6 David Remnick, “Ten Years After ‘The New Jim Crow,’” The New Yorker (January 17, 2020), https:// www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/ten-years-after-the-new-jim-crow.
2 Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, fourth edition (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2015).
7 These quotes are kept anonymous to prevent readers from within our medical school communities to specifically identify who the stories are about.
3 Dorothy E. Roberts, “Constructing a Criminal Justice System Free of Racial Bias: An Abolitionist Framework,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 26 (2008). 4 “This book is not for everyone. I have a specific audience in mind—people who care deeply about racial justice but who, for any number of reasons, do not yet appreciate the magnitude of the crisis faced by communities of color as a result of mass incarceration. In other words, I am writing this book for people like me—the person I was ten years ago. I am also writing it for another audience—those who have been struggling to persuade their friends, neighbors, relatives, teachers, co-workers, or political representatives that something is eerily familiar about the way our criminal justice system operates, something that looks and feels a lot like an era we supposedly left behind, but who have lacked the facts and data to back up their claims. It is my hope and prayer that this book empowers you and allows you to speak your truth with greater conviction, credibility, and courage. Last, but definitely not least, I am writing this book for all those trapped within America’s latest caste system. You may be locked up or locked out of mainstream society, but you are not forgotten.” Excerpt from Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow, on Apple Books. 5 Michelle Alexander and Cornel West. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2012).
8 Kendal Orgera and Samantha Artiga, “Disparities in Health and Health Care,” The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (blog) (August 8, 2018). 9 Paula Braveman, “What Are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need to Be Clear,” Public Health Reports (Washington, DC: 1974), 129, no. 2 (2014): 5–8. doi:10.1177/00333549141291S203. 10 Clarence C. Gravlee, “How Race Becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20983. 11 Graphic adapted by Dr. Joia Crear-Perry, who adapted it from MPHI from Richard Hofrichter and Rajiv Bhatia, Tackling Health Inequities through Public Health Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). 12 Joia Crear-Perry, “Root Causes of Black Maternal Health Inequities: Improving Access to Perinatal Care: Confronting Disparities & Inequities in Maternal-Infant Health,” National Birth Equity Collaborative (April 2019), 50. 13 K. M. Hoffman et al., “Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs about Biological Differences between Blacks and Whites,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (April 19, 2016): 4296–4301. 14 Kimberly Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039.
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