Expeditions and Projects of the Institute of Archaeology, 2010–2014 by Institute of Archaeology RAS

RUSSI A N ACA DEM Y OF SCI E NCES I NST I T U T E OF A RCH A EOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY New Expeditions and Projects

Edited by Academician N.A. Makarov

Moscow 2016

UDK 902/904 ББК 63.4 I-68

ИНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГИИ НОВЫЕ ЭКСПЕДИЦИИ И ПРОЕКТЫ Под редакцией академика Н.А. Макарова Москва ИА РАН 2015 The publication has been prepared under the Program for Basic Scientific Research of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences at the Russian Academy of Sciences ‘Historical Heritage of Eurasia and its Contemporary Significance’. Editorial Board: N.A. Makarov, E.G. Devlet, N.V. Lopatin, G.G. Korol Russian edition reviewed by A.A. Maslennikov, L.A. Belyaev Translated from the Russian by L. Matkina English translation edited by M. Gardner, D.S. Korobov, G.G. Korol, S.Yu. Lev

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Institute of Archaeology: New Expeditions and Projects / Ed. by Academician N.A. Makarov. – Moscow: IA RAS, 2016. – 144 pp.: Ill. ISBN 978-5-94375-192-9 The publication is devoted to the latest expedition and research projects of the Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of the excavations carried out between 2010 and 2014 presented in this volume cover various areas of the Institute work over a wide geographical area from the Baltics and the Chukotka Peninsula and chronological timelines from the Early Paleolithic to the Modern Age. UDK 902/904 ББК 63.4

ISBN 978-5-94375-192-9 (eng.) ISBN 978-5-94375-188-2 (рус.)

Institute of Archaeology: Expeditions and Projects, 2010â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2014

Archaeological sites mentioned in the text and marked on the map: 1 — Kaliningrad (p. 112) 2 — Gulf of Finland (Cargo Ship Archangel Raphael) (p. 120) 3 — Novgorod the Great, Yuriev (St. George’s) Monastery (p. 80; 83) 4 — Krutik (p. 78) 5 — Tver (p. 89) 6 — Smolensk (Church on the Pyatnitsky Stream) (p. 86) 7 — Yaroslavl (Assumption Cathedral) (p. 108) 8 — New Jerusalem (Resurrection) Monastery (p. 116) 9 — Trinity Sergius Lavra (p. 114) 10 — Pereslavl-Zalessky (p. 92) 11 — Shekshоvo (p. 98) 12 — Sunghir (p. 13) 13 — Khotylevo 2 (p. 16) 14 — Zaraysk (p. 18) 15 — Podbolotyevo (p. 101) 16 — Orel (Yermolov Family Vault) (p. 123) 17 — Staraya Ryazan (p. 95) 18 — Bolgar (Central Bazaar, Mausoleums) (p. 104; 106) 19 — Beregovaya I, II, IXа (p. 22) 20 — Devitsa V (p. 38) 21 — Kapova Cave (p. 44) 22 — Filippovka 1 (p. 35) 23 — Eastern Crimea Sites (Polyanka, Krutoy Bereg and Syuyurtash) (p. 59) 24 — Phanagoria (p. 54; 57) 25 — Abrau Peninsula Sites (Rayevskoye, Verkhnegostagayevskoye, Rodniki, Dubki) (p. 62) 26 — Gubs River Gorge Sites (Chygai, Dvoynaya Cave) (p. 20) 27 — Imeretin Lowlands and Krasnaya Polyana Sites (Veseloye 1–3, 5, 7–9, Yuzhniye Kultury 1, Aibga 1; a church near village Veseloye) (p. 40; 76) 28 — Kislovodsk Depression Sites (Podkumskoye 2, Levopodkumsky 1, Volchyi Vorota) (p. 68) 29 — Dzhantukh (p. 30) 30 — Kendelenskaya I (p. 28) 31 — Central Dagestan Sites (Aynikab I, Mukhkai I, II) (p. 10) 32 — Tell Hazna 1, Tell Ailun (p. 26) 33 — Jericho (p. 72) 34 — Uzundara (p. 64) 35 — Tuva Sites (Bai-Dag 8, Chkalovka, Arzhan 5, Tunnug) (p. 32) 36 — Pegtymel (p. 48) 37 — Sikachi-Alyan (p. 48) 38 — Sheremetyevo (p. 48)

List of Contributors Abramzon M.G., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Magnitogorsk State Technical University Amirkhanov Kh.A., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Stone Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Amirov Sh.N., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Research Scientist, Theory and Methods Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Armarchuk E.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Scientist, Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Badeev D.Yu., Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Belyaev L.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Moscow Rus Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Borisov A.V., Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Research Scientist, Institute of Physical, Chemical and Biological Issues of Soil Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino Chernetsov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Research Scientist, Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Devlet E.G., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Paleoart Center Dobrovolskaya M.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Research Scientist, Theory and Methods Department (Physical Anthropology Unit), Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Dvurechenskaya N.D., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Classical Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Engovatova A.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Deputy Director of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation Fassbinder J., PD, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Professor of Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany Gaidukov P.G., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Director of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Gavrilov K.N., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Deputy Head, Stone Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Golofast L.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Classical Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Gulyaev V.I., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Theory and Methods Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Khokhlov A.N., Research Scientist Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Kleshchenko A.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Bronze Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Kleshchenko E.A., Junior Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Korobov D.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Krasnikova A.M., Junior Research Scientist, State Historical Museum Koval V.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Kovalchuk A.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Field Research Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Kuznetsov V.D., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Classical Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Lazukin A.V., Research Scientist, Department of Moscow Rus Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Leonova E.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Stone Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Lev S.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Stone Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Makarov N.A., Academician, Director of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Malashev V.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Scythian and Sarmatian Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Malyshev A.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Scientist, Classical Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Maslennikov A.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Field Research Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Mednikova M.B., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Research Scientist, Theory and Methods Department (Physical Anthropology Unit), Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Mesnyankina S.V., Research Scientist, Field Research Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Milovanov S.I., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Mimokhod R.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Munchaev R.M., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Advisor to the Russian Academy of Sciences Oleinikov O.M., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Olkhovsky S.V., Research Scientist, Information and Publishing Unit, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Ozherelyev D.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Stone Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Pakhunov A.S., Junior Research Scientist, Paleoart Center, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Radyush O.A., Research Scientist, Department of Great Migrations and Early Middle Ages, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Reshetova I.K., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Theory and Methods Department (Physical Anthropology Unit), Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Rukavishnikova I.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist Department of Scythian and Sarmatian Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Rusakov P.Yu., Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Safarova I.A., Research Scientist, Department of Archaeo logical Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Savchenko S.N., Leading Research Scientist, Sverdlovsk Oblast Museum of Local Lore Sedov Vl.V., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leading Research Scientist, Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Shevchenko A.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Scientific and Sector Archives, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Shvedchikova T.Yu, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Theory and Methods Department (Physical Anthropology Unit), Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Skakov A.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Bronze Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Smirnov A.N., Candidate of Political Sciences, Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Strikalov I.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Suprenkov A.A., Junior Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Vasilyeva E.E., Junior Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Voroshilov A.N., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Information and Publishing Unit, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Yablonsky L.T., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Scythian and Sarmatian Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Yavorskaya L.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Laboratory of Natural Science Methods, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Yelkina I.I., Research Scientist, Department of Moscow Rus Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zaitseva I.E., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Scientist, Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zakharov S.D. , Candidate of Historical Sciences, Medieval Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zelentsova O.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Scientist, Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zhilin M.G., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Research Scientist, Stone Age Department, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zhitenev V.S., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Chair of Archaeology, Historical Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Preface

The Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences is one of major scientific institutions of Russia that study the distant past of Eurasia. The contemporary scientific picture of prehistory and medieval times reconstructed by archaeology is not static, it is continuously expanded and extendеd to include new facts making us rethink many phenomena, gain more accurate and deeper understanding of historical processes and features of ancient cultures. Excavations and analytical studies conducted by the Institute greatly add to our knowledge of the past. Around 40 expeditions conduct excavations and surveys of ancient sites in various areas of Eurasia every year. Byzantine Jericho, Hellenistic fortresses of Bactria, kurgans in Tuva, petroglyphs of the Far East are on the map of faraway expedition explorations providing a good coverage of the ancient world and creating an exciting image of archaeology as a science that takes a researcher away from familiar surroundings into unknown lands. Nonetheless, the main ‘area of responsibility’ of the Institute expeditions is European Russia, archaeological sites located within relative proximity to modern centers of civilization. This proximity often turns out to be destructive for archaeological heritage. For this reason rescue excavations are carried out on land plots where archaeological sites are localized before development of such lands begins. Such excavations account for a large part of the fieldwork conducted by the Institute. Recent finds in historical towns and monasteries of Central Russia demonstrate that archaeological discoveries are not always associated with journeys to faraway places. It has now become a tradition to give a regular account of field projects carried out by the Institute. These periodic accounts of recent archaeological developments are important for our understanding of the past as they bring to light its unknown features for the general reader. Such publications as Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2007) and Institute of Archaeology: New Field Excavations

(2009) included outlines of the most spectacular expedition achievements made in the first decade of the new millennium. This volume is another publication of the series, it follows the objective declared in the previous publications, which is to achieve a broad chronological coverage of archaeological artifacts, and aims to demonstrate a diversity of cultures and types of archaeological sites within the scientific interests of the Institute. Forty outlines included in the new volume describe only a small part of the projects implemented by the Institute in recent years. Nonetheless they reflect the main areas of field archaeology that have developed in new modern time and the main groups of sites. Contemporary archaeology means not only excavations but also re-evaluation of the materials retrieved and collected in the past with the use of new analytical tools and methods that can reveal and detect features, not visible for researchers before. That is why, the volume also contains outlines on landmark archaeological sites and finds discovered in the second half of the 20 th century (Sunghir graves, paintings in Kapova Cave, Zaraysk bison). In the rapidly changing world the task of comprehensive documentation of archaeological sites and historical landscapes is becoming increasingly relevant for archaeology. Quality and reliable visual images of the past are as important for gaining knowledge of the past as narrative texts with stories about ancient cultures. The aim of this publication is not only to give an account of events and processes that unfolded in distant ages but also provide more extensive information on ancient sites themselves as their original aesthetics and artistic features form the basis of a strong case in support of preservation and studies of our archaeological heritage.

N.A. Makarov

Stone Age

The Earliest Stone Age Sites in Central Dagestan Since 2005 large-scale archaeological studies of unique Early Paleolithic sites known as Aynikab I–IV; Mukhkai I, II; Gegalashur I–III have been conducted in Central (Inner) Dagestan. The sites were discovered by Kh.A. Amirkhanov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 2005–2006. They are located in the Akusha district, Republic of Dagestan. Geomorphologically, the sites are situated on the top of the watershed of the Akusha and Usisha streams. Their absolute elevation is 1,540–1,630 m above the sea level. In 2010–2014 main excavation activities were aimed to explore multilayer Aynikab I, Mukhkai I and II from different aspects. Important results were obtained during excavations of Mukhkai II. The excavations showed that the cultural layers of the site were sandwiched between Pleistocene de-

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1. Mukhkai IIа. Surfaces of layers 2013-2 and 2013-3 with finds of stone artifacts and animal bones. 2. A fragment of the Archidiskodon, a species of elephant. Mukhkai IIа.

posits, which were 73 m thick. The test trench dug into the slope revealed 129 geological layers, with 35 layers containing archaeological lithic artifacts, including five layers that yielded bone remains of mammals. The cultural layers of the site have different thickness and genesis and differ in the types and abundance of finds. Stone tool industry at Mukhkai II has all characteristics typical for a classical Oldowan culture of the Early Paleolithic. The study of the sites covers many aspects. Earth science methods have provided a lot of opportunities to obtain various data shedding light on the site dating, distinctive features relating to the entire layer of the site and its separate bands, specifics of natural and climatic conditions at the time of the site cultural by the earliest humans. These data include numerous paleozoological and paleobotanical remains, results of paleomagnetic, palinological, paleosoil, lithological and facies analyses. Of special interest is the discovery of two sites in the Mukhkai II cultural layer in 2010 and 2012. These layers have revealed undisturbed habitats of prehistoric people buried in the ancient times. The sites are presently known as Mukhkai II, layer 80, and MukhkaiÂ IIa. They are located at the depth of -33.5 and -38 m from the site soil surface. Stone tools made of flint (892 and 258Â items, correspondingly) and mammal bone fragments (in total, around 1,800 pieces) have been recovered from several cultural layers at these sites. Stone artifacts include isolated choppers, nodules and knapped fragments, retouched tools, flakes, fragments and microchips viewed as material

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traces of past human activities. The spatial analysis of the cultural layers identified at both sites reveals a similar layout, which can enrich our understanding as to how the first Homo organized their economic activities and, probably, their habitation area. For example, prehistoric population settled at a site located on the bank of a small (around one meter wide) creek with slow-flowing or back water. Probably, this creek was a tributary (an oxbow lake, a meander) of a larger river or flew into a small lake. Two main sections have been detected in the cultural layers, i.e. an extended hollowed section on the creek bed and a waterside section. Both sections contain archaeological finds. The hollow on the creek bed is filled up with multiple bones of ancient mammals, i.e. remains of dismembered animal carcasses. Some bones have preserved marks left by human-induced splitting and flesh cutting. Presence of predator bones is suggestive of a fierce competition between man and carnivore for food resources. The as-

3. A chopper with two chopping edges, a stone tool. Mukhkai II. Paleolithic sites of Central (Inner) Dagestan.

4. Relative location of Early

Stone Age

semblage of large animal bones contains remains of extinct early Pleistocene animals, both herbivore and carnivore. Faunal data are extremely important for dating the sites and along with pollen data help archaeologists reconstruct the environment at that time. The studies of the Early Paleolithic in the North Caucasus performed over the past 10 years have provided undisputed evidence of pre-Acheulian sites in this region. Archaeological finds from the Central Dagestan sites have a worldwide importance and contribute substantially to the efforts aimed to address the issue of the earliest human settlement in the Near East, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. The database of available sources demonstrates that prehistoric people arrived to the North Caucasus and Russian Plain South not later than two million years ago and populated this region throughout a greater part of the Early Pleistocene. The earliest population penetrated the region through the Caspian corridor, which stretched along the west maritime coast of the Caspian Sea. Kh.A. Amirkhanov, D.V. Ozherelyev

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5. Mukhkai II, a multilayer site. Reconnaissance trenches cut through the site layers. 2013. View from the west. 6. Mukhkai IIĐ°. The ground level of cultural layer 2013-1. View from the south.

New Data on Upper Paleolithic Burials from the Sunghir Site The Sunghir site dating to the Early Upper Paleolithic is rightly attributed to the sites of global significance. In 1964 and 1969 the expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (presently the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences), led by prof. O.N. Bader, discovered burials containing several individuals on the outskirts of Vladimir. So far the Sunghir burials have had no parallels in Russian and foreign archaeology because of exceptional richness of burial offerings, a very elaborate burial rite and complete human skeletons preserved in excellent conditions. 1 2 3

1. Reconstruction of physical appearance of individuals from the Sunghir site (by M.M. Gerasimov, G.V. Lebedinskaya, T.S. Surnina). 2. Beads on the pelvis bones of the younger child, i.e. the girl from Sunghir. 3. An open-work disc. Stone Age

The male burial in grave 1 (Sunghir 1) was discovered in a pit 60–65 cm deep. The dead person was lying in a supine posture, with his head facing north-west. Based on O.N. Bader’s reconstruction, he was dressed in a leather-made garment of the malitsa type, the trousers and high boots reaching his knees. The body was covered with a short leather cape, i.e. a sleeveless coat. The garment was richly ornamented with sewn-on mammoth ivory beads. The grave bottom had been covered with charcoal and ash, possibly, calcined and then sprinkled with ochre before the actual burial took place. When the dead body was placed into the grave, it was also covered with ochre. Another world famous grave revealed by the Sunghir site excavations is a double burial of children in grave 2 (Sunghir 2, 3). The dead were lying in a supine posture, placed head-to-head; their leather clothes were decorated with thousands of mammoth ivory beads and pendants made of polar fox teeth sewn onto the clothes; the clothes were fastened on the chest with bone clasp pins. An amulet in the form of a horse was found lying on the chest of the older child, and a mammoth figurine was discovered under his shoulder. Other finds include perforated batons, disks with a central perforation, possibly, related to a solar cult, spears and lances made of mammoth tusk. A lance made of a straightened mammoth ivory, which was 2.4 m long, was placed along the bodies. No wonder, these unique artifacts draw attention of Russian and foreign scholars, i.e. archaeologists, geologists, paleontologists, palynologists, and anthropologists. When the first excavations began the Sunghir finds were studied by leading authorities such as geologist and paleontolo-

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gist V.I. Gromov, anthropologists V.V. Bunak, M.M. Gerasimov, A.A. Zubov, G.V. Lebedinskaya, E.N. Khrisanfova, T.I. Alexeeva. The reconstructed appearance of the earliest humans that lived in the European part of Russia based on anatomic features of the buried persons’ facial skeletons is a lively illustration of this interest. Relying on opportunities provided by advanced methods of studying paleoanthropological human fossil remains, new generations of scholars have been seeking to expand and clarify their knowledge of these populations of Eastern Europe, who lived and died around some 30,000 years ago. In 2014 Oxford University Press published a book, which is the most definitive volume containing actual data on anthropology and bioarchaeo logy of the Sunghir graves and presenting a contemporary conceptual body of knowledge relating to people who lived in the Early Upper Paleolithic in Europe. What new aspects have been revealed by relevant high technology methods and how has the new knowledge impacted our understanding of life

led by the hunters from the most striking period of the Stone Age? What caused death of these individuals? The question remained without answer. Recently, on the basis of microtomography, it has been concluded that the male aged 40 from grave 1 was fatally wounded in his neck and his cervical artery was injured, which caused his death. Microtomography of the injured vertebra has helped identify the type of the point that inflicted a mortal wound. Microfocus roentgenography and microtomography have confirmed the hypothesis that the death of the boy from grave 2 was caused by a serious wound by a lance that left a mark on the internal surface of his pelvis bone. Synthesis of the research data on the isotopic composition of bone tissue protein has provided an insight into the subsistence system of the Sunghir inhabitants, which relied heavily on hunting for large herbivore. The same method has also suggested that hunt for mammoths did not play an important role in getting access to food resources.

4. Numerous beads decorated the clothes of the male from Sunghir site. 5. A variant of the reconstructed physical appearance of the girl from Sunghir 3.

Other studies performed with the use of computer tomography and microfocus roentgenography have clarified the facts of life of a Sunghir male from grave 1. Massive hand bones of this Sunghir man place him closer to the representatives of more archaic humans, i.e. the Neanderthals. Massive bones develop as a result of hypertrophy of the bone tissue due to physical stress; apparently, the man was a hunter of powerful built who made stone implements and actively used them. As a whole, contemporary advanced methods have turned over a

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new leaf in the studies of the Sunghir finds. Computer tomography and microtomography, microfocus roentgenography, isotopic analysis of bone tissues have helped the archaeologists find answers to many questions as to how inhabitants of the Eastern European Plain lived, what activities they were engaged in, what food they ate, what diseases they suffered from dozens of thousands years ago.

M.B. Mednikova, M.V. Dobrovolskaya

6. The cervical vertebra of the male from Sunghir 1 with marks of the mortal wound. 7. Zoomorphic figures. 8. Double burial of children at Sunghir. Stone Age

Upper Paleolithic Sites near Village of Khotylevo Khotylevo 2 is a famous Upper Paleolithic site in Eastern Europe located in the Bryansk district, Bryansk Region, on the right bank of the Desna River near the western outskirt of the village of Khotylevo. In 2009â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2014 the main focus of the expedition of the Institute was to explore new assemblages of artifacts (locality V and locality D) at the site. Excavations at locality V have been going on since 2006; its examination has revealed an assemblage of archaeological artifacts similar to those studied by F.M. Zavernyaev in the 1970s. Discovery of locality V is important, first of all, in the context of information on structure of archaeological features, stratigraphy of the cultural layer, and spatial distribution of finds obtained with the use of advanced methods. The Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Laboratory has placed the finds within the range of 22,000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;23,000 B.P.

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1. A quartzite hammerstone discovered under mammoth bones embedded into the soil. Khotylevo 2, locality V, excavation area B. 2. Khotylevo 2, locality V. Overall view of excavation area V. 3. A burin. Khotylevo 2, locality V, excavation area V.

The archaeologists have managed to reconstruct the formation stages of the site that is viewed as a single complex characterized by shallow round pits and mammoth bones embedded into the soil typical for Khotylevo 2, both pits and bones are arranged around the hearth. The study of the mammoth bones embedded into the soil questions the prevailing view today that these bones are components of a dwelling construction, namely, supports of the poles used to make the framework of the dwelling. A semi-finished core sprinkled with ochre was discovered under one group of the bones, while a quartzite hammerstone was found under the second group located nearby. It should be noted that a double statuette (depicting two female figures standing side by side) found in 2009 is linked to this assemblage of artifacts. A pendant, apparently, a hunter’s trophy made of a canine tooth of a large brown bear was found lying close to it. A new excavation trench was dug north of the excavated area in 2014. The cultural layer recorded in the trench turned out to be rich in both faunal remains and flint artifacts. The study is in progress. In 2012–2013 locality D discovered in 2014 was examined. In contrast to other complexes, it is located rather far from the edge of the Desna high bank, practically, on the plateau. A stratigraphic column of deposits up to 13 m thick has been recorded in locality D. Its examination allows the researchers to consider it as a key section for the entire Upper Desna Region. The 2011–2013 excavations uncovered cultural layers of the middle and early stages of the Upper Paleolithic. The cultural layer of the Upper Paleolithic middle period is assigned to the Eastern Gravettian and contains flint artifacts typical for the cultural layer of localities A–V at Khotylevo 2. In addition to that, it is characterized by concentrations of animal

bones, mostly mammoth bones, with wolf and brown bear bones as rare finds. The Bryansk paleo soil was underlying the Eastern Gravettian cultural tion layer, which also contained archaeological artifacts such as knapped flint tools including twisted microbladelets and cores used for their production. These artifacts suggest that the lithic assemblage from the buried soil is Aurignacian. Of interest is the presence of a backed bladelet fragment in the flint tool assemblage. Possibly, the buried soil contains the early Gravettian artifacts in addition to the Aurignacian stones. Using the humus of the paleo soil, the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory of the Geological Institute, RAS, obtained the date around 28,000–29,000 B.P. The follow-up study of locality D will provide an opportunity to get an insight into the early period of the Upper Paleolithic in the Desna Basin, which is a period that so far has remained practically unknown for the region in question. K.N. Gavrilov

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4. A pendant made of a canine tooth of the brown bear. 5. View of pit 5 and a group of mammoth bones embedded into the soil. 4, 5 — Khotylevo 2, locality V, excavation area B. Stone Age

Zaraysk Site in the Moscow Region The Zaraysk site located in the historical center of Zaraysk town is a group of overlapping Upper Paleolithic sites, located close to one another. Out of four sites, Zaraysk A, which contains many layers and is noted for its complex stratigraphy, and which has yielded a lot of finds, including prehistoric art artifacts, is the best studied site. A multi-authored book (2009) is a result of the research at Zaraysk A conducted between 1999 and 2005. In 2012 excavations were resumed, and main excavation area 4 (270 m 2) revealed archaeological artifacts from at least four partially overlying cultural layers, with different spatial patterning and different types of features belonging to 23,000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;16,000 years ago. Despite visible differences, artifacts found in all four cultural layers share similarities. 2012 was the first season when excavations in area 4 were carried out outside the living structure of the second cultural layer. The examination of an important structure, which is a semi-subteranean dwelling in pit E, continued, and its spatial relationship with networks of frost cracks was examined. It turned out that, like pits B and D, pit E was, basically, formed 1 2 18

1, 2. Zaraysk A. Overall view of the site; the cultural layer at the bottom of the semi-subterranean dwelling in pit E with a mammoth tusk in the foreground.

naturally; the lower third part of the pit had already been buried, and only the part known as pit E was used to build the structure (a semi-subterranean dwelling). The boundary of the pit was identified based on difference in deposits. A storage pit and two black carbonized areas, with a small concentration of flint flakes associated with one area, were unearthed in the excavation pit. The black carbonized material was lying directly on the underlying geological layer, where there is evidence of heating and, most likely, it belongs to the earliest cultural layer. On the whole, with increasing distance from the center of the settlement area, occupation geologically associated with brownish (reddish) sandy loam diminished and the number of finds decreased substantially. However, this pattern was not documented for the upper cultural layer associated with the buried soil as finds were distributed evenly there. The 2006–2011 excavations focused on the study of Paleolithic artifacts at the site known as Zaraysk B, which is located on a nearby promontory north of the promontory where a kremlin (fortress) was located (Zaraysk A). The excavated area is more than

200 m 2. This site is interesting because its upper cultural layer is lithologically connected to the upper buried soil. Most finds lie at the bottom of the humic soil horizon. The underlying layers typical for Zaraysk A are not present. The geological stratigraphy of the site is different as well. The results of pollen analysis show that the cultural layer in the buried soil was formed under the conditions of relative warming that set in after the Last Glacial Maximum. A date on burnt bone of 16,520±760 B.P. (GIN-14458а) has been obtained. The undisturbed cultural layer and structuring of the spatial distribution of finds are important characteristics of the site. Lithic refitting helped the researchers establish spatial links between different artifacts. The spatial distribution of finds demonstrates that this site (single-layer base camp) was occupied during a very limited time span. There is a rare opportunity to examine a specific pattern of prehistoric human activities and identify with a high degree of probability areas where different activities were carried out. Both details of everyday life and some behavioral patterns of ancient inhabitants can therefore be reconstructed.

The lithic assemblage is typical of the Kostenki-Avdeevo Culture; a small set of backed bladelets different from the usual tools of this type at Zaraysk A in terms of raw material, treatment methods and morphological characteristics is of special interest. The faunal remains are mostly attributed to mammoth; there are isolated bones of wolf, bison, horse and reindeer. Zaraysk A and Zaraysk B are key sites for understanding the phenomenon of the Kostenki-Avdeevo culture and, more broadly, the cultural phenomenon of the last glacial period known as the Eastern Gravettian. Arising 23,000 years ago, these traditions were maintained during the Last Glacial Maximum and still existed in the Russian Plain at least 16,000 years ago. Kh.A. Amirkhanov, S.Yu. Lev

3. Zaraysk A. A large female statuette in the storage pit, with a large ochre fragment located nearby. 4. The large female statuette (Zaraysk A) after reconstruction. Stone Age

Stone Age Sites at the Gubs River Gorge A small mountain river Gubs originates on the slopes of the Skalisty Mountnain Ridge on the border between the Republic of Adygeya and the Krasnodar Region. The Gubs River cuts through a canyon that has a lot of rockshelters and small caves. Archaeological studies of the Stone Age sites at the Gubs River Gorge (Borisovskoye Gorge) have been conducted since the middle of the 20th century. In 2006 E.V. Belyaeva discovered the Chygai Rockshelter. This multilayer site contains Eneolithic, Mesolithic and Upper Paleolithic cultural layers. Near the rockshelter she discovered a cave known as Dvoynaya Cave. Excavations in the large (western) part of the cave revealed several cultural layers of the Mesolithic and the Late Upper Paleolithic. From 2007 onward the Gubs expedition of the Institute has been excavating these sites. A comprehensive study of remains and artifacts has provided data not only on changes in the prehistoric population’s material cultures, but also environmental changes that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene and the early Holocene throughout the period of roughly 8,000 years. 1 2 34 20

1. View of the Gubs River Gorge. 2–4. Pendants made of animal teeth and a bone point from Dvoynaya Cave. 5. Dvoynaya Cave. Concentration of bones of large animals and flakes of flint near the hearth in the Upper Paleolithic layer.

According to the reconstruction, at the close of the glacial period, i.e. 16,000–13,000 years ago, the North Caucasus piedmont areas were covered by dry steppes with open stony landscapes that faded into more humid woody stretches along riverine valleys. Different animals species inhabited the gorge and the plateau (elk, red deer, brown bear, mountain goat, bison, hare), which were hunted by the earliest population. The period between 12,000 and 8,000 years ago is marked by humidification of the climate and the expansion of the areas covered with forest vegetation. The prehistoric population mostly hunted for red deer, wild boar, elk, goat, horse, hare, wolf, fox, bear, gray partridge, and turtle. Besides, prehistoric population gathered grapevine snails, whose shells are found in great quantities in the cultural layers dating to the Mesolithic (11,500–8,500 years ago). Four settlement waves at the Gubs River Gorge have been recorded between 16,000–14,000 and 8,500 years ago. The newcomers were prehistoric population groups of hunters-gatherers who shared similarities in their material culture but used different hunting equipment. The earliest cultural layer containing finds attributed to the end of the Upper Paleolithic and preliminarily dated to 16,000–14,000 years ago has been examined in the Chygai Rockshelter. This layer is divided by the rockfall horizon that was apparently formed by an earthquake. In the subsequent period this piece of the collapsed rock obstructed entry on the slope side. Remains of stonework built as an extension of this natural blocking stretch have been found

at the western rear end of the collapsed rock. The collection of stone tools dating to this period is marked by presence of peculiar humped back points, rectangular microlithic insets and side-scrapers. Bone tools are scarce. The next stage of settlement at the gorge is reflected in the artifacts from the Upper Paleolithic layer of Dvoynaya Cave dated to approximately 13,000 years ago. At that time various points made of flint bladelets and rectangular and scalene triangle microliths were used as hunting equipment. Other finds are bone points, including ornamented points, fragments of needles and beads made of river mollusk shells. Pine wood fiber has been reported as well. A distinctive feature of Early Mesolithic stone artifacts is presence of denticulated pieces as well as geometric microliths (segments) used as oblique arrowheads. Prehistoric inhabitants of the site made decorative pendants from animal teeth. The subsequent population that settled at the gorge preferred to use trapezoid transverse flint arrowheads; for hunting they also liked to use bone points, with flint insets fixed in the side slot. The Gubs expedition has examined the conditions of the drawings of hands made by red pigment on a rock outcrop at the gorge. The drawings were discovered by P.U. Autlev in 1962, but the dating of the drawings is still debated. Samples of the pigment layer have been selected to clarify the origin and the age of the drawings. E.V. Leonova

6. View from Dvoynaya Cave. 7. Drawings of hands on the Gubs River Gorge rocks. Stone Age

Mesolithic Sites at the Gorbunovsky Peat-Bog in the Trans-Urals Until recently the Mesolithic in the Trans-Urals has been represented, mostly, by sites located on inorganic soils. The first multilayer Mesolithic site in the Urals, known as the peat-bog site of Beregovaya II, was discovered in 2008; 123 m 2 of the site were excavated in 2008–2012. The site was found on the eastern slope of the Urals five kilometers south of Nizhny Tagil; it is located on a rocky promontory of the Gorbunovsky peat-bog shoreline. Five cultural layers occurring in lacustrine-bog deposits separated by sterile peat and gyttja layers have been recorded. The upper layer yielded scarce finds of the Ayatskaya archaeological culture of the Eneolithic. The second layer contains ceramics, stone and bone artifacts dating to the Early Neolithic. The three underlying layers date to the Early, the Middle and the Late Mesolithic.

1. Beregovaya IXa, the excavation area, view from the west. 2. Beregovaya II, cultural layer III. Harpoons in the layer.

Pollen analysis attributed the Eneolithic layer to the Sub-boreal period, the Early Neolithic layer to the first half of the Atlantic period, the Upper Mesolithic layer to the close of the Boreal period, the Middle Mesolithic layer to the first half of the Boreal period, and the Lower Mesolithic layer to the Pre-Boreal period of the Holocene. More than 50 conventional radiocarbon and AMS-dates have been obtained; these dates place the Neolithic layer around 7,300 B.P., the Upper Mesolithic layer around 8,300–8,000 B.P., the Middle Mesolithic layer around 9,000–8,400 B.P., the Lower Mesolithic layer around 9,800–9,200 B.P. In 2010 the Early Neolithic layer containing pot shards was identified in the northern part of the excavated area. The soot in the interior side of the shard was used to obtain the date of 7,320±38 B.P.; a similar date (7,325±40 B.P.) was obtained using soot on ano ther ceramic shard of the same type from the same layer. These are the earliest reliable dates demonstrating appearance of ceramics and the startup of the Neolithic in the Middle Trans-Urals. In 2012 cultural layers of the Early, Middle and Later Mesolithic were identified in the peat area of Beregovaya I; 40 m 2 were excavated there in 2013. The correlation between the Mesolithic layers of Beregovaya I and Beregovaya II was established; this correlation was confirmed by radiocarbon dating results. Artifacts found are, to a great extent, stylistically similar to the finds from Beregovaya II. Their

comparison suggests that the blade technology for producing cutting tools and flint insets developed in parallel to the technology used to make polished wood cutting tools from non siliceous materials throughout the Mesolithic, the analysis also helps trace down the patterns in bone industry development. In 2013 cultural layers attributed to the Neolithic, Late, Middle and Early Mesolithic were identified in the peat-bog part of the Seryi Kamen site, which had been previously considered to be the main site of the Late Mesolithic. Of interest is a bow fragment made of larch found in the Upper Mesolithic layer. In 2014 the site known as Beregovaya IXa, which is the first Mesolithic workshop discovered in TransUrals that specialized in production of wood cutting tools from an outcrop of boulders, was excavated. The site yielded blanks that were used to reconstruct the process of adze and axe production. Of special interest are blanks for short and long axes with ‘ears’ or pivots typical for Siberia. Multilayer Mesolithic sites excavated at Gorbunovsky Peat-Bog allow the researchers to assert with confidence that this region was inhabited throughout the Mesolithic and to study how the Mesolithic developed in the Trans-Urals in its relationship with the environment. M.G. Zhilin, S.N. Savchenko

3. Hammer blank No. 1. Beregovaya IXа. 4. A harpoon fragment. Beregovaya II, cultural layer V. 5. Beregovaya II, cultural layer III. An arrowpoint. Stone Age

Bronze Age and Early Iron Age

Tell Hazna (Syria) Tell Hazna 1, a settlement explored during 22 field seasons (1988–2010) by the expedition of the Institute, is located in North-Eastern Syria (Al-Hasakah Province) in the Basin of the Khabur River, which is the main tributary of the Euphrates. Tell Hazna 1 is a tell measuring 200 by 150 m in size and on average 10 m in height. It has been determined that this settlement appeared in the region in the early 4th millennium BC. Subsequently (end of the 4th – first third of the 3rd millennia BC) it was used as a religious and administrative center. A temple complex, similar to complexes operational in Sumer in Southern Mesopotamia in the same period, was built at the end of the 4th millennium BC. It had a centralized layout and consisted of three concentric ovals formed by an encircling wall and massive mud-brick structures clustered closely together.

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1. Monumental constructions of temple complex Tell Hazna 1. Aerial photo. 2. A ceramic pot. Tell Hazna 1. 3. Halaf ceramics. Tell Ailun.

The excavations shed the light on the level of a pre-state organization of the community run by a religious administration. Construction of a temple and administration complex required large-scale public works. Therefore, monumental buildings for worship and economic activities were constructed. Enclosed sacral and ritual sections as well as granaries where public grain was centrally stored and redistributed have been recorded. A number of temple complex structures were related exclusively to ritual and sacrifice practice. A tower-like construction that has survived to a height of around eight meters stands out among other religious buildings. This ritual structure is the earliest prototype of Mesopotamian ziggurats known today. Presence of the enclosed complex of monumental buildings implies that a single network of streets that would connect all sections within the settlement needed to be built. The average width of the streets was around one meter. The streets were formed by the walls of the houses clustered closely together. In some houses doorways leading to the street have been documented. The settlement has revealed two street networks that were not interconnected and led to the enclosed part of the settlement. One (southern) network was used during religious processions. The other network was located in the eastern part of the settlement where a passage to the encircling wall has been identified. A ramp made of mud-bricks led to the passage from the outer eastern part of the encircling wall. It adjoined the encircling wall. The entry to the settlement was guarded by a special service that occupied a premise located on the inside of the gate. Two streets ran from the guardhouse.

Despite apparent signs of public consolidation, the process of statehood development did not continue at Tell Hazna 1 or many other settlements in the southern part of the Khabur steppe. The reason is another cycle of climate aridization that began in vast expanses of Eurasia in the 3rd millennium BC. Its inhabitants were forced to abandon the settlement for ever around 2700 BC, because of dry climate people could no longer grow crops. In 2010 the excavations at Tell Hazna came to an end. Like in the previous years, during the final field season the expedition paid a lot of attention to conservation of the structures exposed at the site. Practically all the most important structures were completely filled up with soil. As these excavations were completed, a permit was obtained to explore a new tell known as Ailun located near the town of Darbasia 60 km north west of Tell Hazna; in 2010 a preliminary survey of the site was conducted. It is a large tell, the thickness of its occupation layer is at least 30 m. The plan of the tell was made, a lot of surface finds were collected (from the Halaf culture to the Roman and Byzantium period), a program of further studies of Tell Ailun was prepared. R.M. Munchaev, Sh.N. Amirov

4, 5. Tell Hazna 1. The encircling wall of the settlement; a ramp and a passage to the settlement. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

Bronze Age Kurgans in the Central Fore-Caucasus Over the past decades the Institute repeatedly undertook excavations of Bronze Age sites in the Central Fore-Caucasus. In 2014 the Kendelenskaya I excavation project at the Baksan River Gorge (Kabardino-Balkaria) located 60 km east of the Elbrus piedmont was implemented. This site containing kurgans was first discovered and partially explored by the North-Caucasus expedition of the State Academy of Material Culture History (GAIMK) led by A.A. Miller, one of the founders of Russian Caucasian studies, in the early 1930s. Since then no large-scale scientific studies of the site have been conducted. In 2014 a group of five stone-and-earth kurgan mounds, which contained 73 graves and were attributed to various stages of the Early and Middle Bronze Age dating to mid-4th – first half of the 3rd millennia BC, was explored. Burials of the early period are referred to the Majkop culture; burials of the middle period are referred to the North Caucasus archaeological culture. 1 2 28

1. Kendelenskaya I. Stone architecture. 2, 3. Burial offerings from Majkop graves. Ceramics, antler.

Cultural processes unfolding in the North Caucasus at that time were related to the rise and development of metallurgy and metalworking production, producing forms of economy, social and religious concepts. The latter were subsequently translated into a large-scale kurgan and megalithic construction. During the Early Bronze Age these processes were closely related to the impact made by technological advances of the Near East civilization on the local population, but from the early 3rd millennium BC onwards the North Caucasus populations chose their own way to develop. Looked at from the archaeological point of view, this fact is confirmed by grave offerings. The research has revealed a number of funeral assemblages containing unique sets of implements and jewelry pieces. The most spectacular is the grave of a young woman whose garments consisted of 550 items, which is unprecedented for funeral assemblages of the Middle Bronze Age. Among other things it included a set of bronze and silver temple pendants; a necklace made of seven types of bronze and paste jewelry pieces; a bracelet of singular bronze pendants. The most outstanding components of the funeral garment are the so called belt sets made of several hundred items used both as ornaments and as ritual objects. The ritual purpose of these items is manifested in the most dramatic items from the assemblage, namely, two bronze pins, some kind of religious fetishes of the time; two semi-spherical plaques

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with a solar ornament; and two miniature bronze models of vessels. It should be noted that some types of jewelry pieces similar to those discovered in this grave are found relatively frequently at Middle Bronze sites located in the northern steppe areas. These imported goods is an evidence of close contacts maintained by the piedmont populations with the steppe people. Yet it is logical to assume that such contacts were not one-sided. A number of assemblages unearthed in 2014 suggest that the steppe people also influenced the culture of the piedmont residents, which is confirmed by finds of boatshaped axes that appeared on the steppe earlier than in the piedmont areas and therefore they have a steppe origin. More importantly, finds of an ornamented bone plate with bronze rivets, a horn pin with a simple zonal pattern and a set of flint arrows is another sign of the northern influence. Analogies to these objects and their sets lead directly to the steppe areas of the ForeCaucasus. Therefore, the examined sites is a strong case in favor of the hypothesis on mutual enrichment of the North Caucasus steppe and piedmont populations in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. The 2014 excavations of the kurgans at Kendelenskaya I contributed to establishing a complete and continuous chronological timeline of the complexes dating to mid-4th –first half of the 3rd millennia BC. A.A. Kleshchenko

4–6. Bronze artifacts and clothes ornaments. 7. Kendelenskaya I. The burial in situ (a part). 4–7 — North Caucasus archaeological culture. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

Dzhantukh Burial Ground in Abkhazia The Dzhantukh Burial Ground dating to the Late Bronze – Early Iron Age is located in a mountain area of South-Eastern Abkhazia on Mount Dzhantukh near the Village of Akarmara (Town of Tkuarchal) at the gorge of the Aaldzga (Galidzga) River. This spectacular site was explored periodically by a team of Abkhazian archaeologists in 1981, 1983 and 1985. The site drew much more attention from local treasure-seekers and a substantial part of the burial ground was destroyed. In 2006 a joint expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS (A.Yu. Skakov), the D.I. Gulia Abkhazian Institute of Humanitarian Research, Abkhasian Academy of Sciences, and the Abkhazian State Museum (A.I. Dzhopua) began excavations at Dzhantukh. Since then the site has been annually explored (since 2009 the excavations have been supported by the grants of the Russian Foundation for Humanities). Six burial pits (one pit has two layers) and two individual burials in shaft-pit graves have been thoroughly examined. The sites explored are dated to the 13th –11th centuries BC (the lower layer of burial pit 6), the 9 th century BC (burials 2 and 3), the turn of the 7th century BC (the upper layer of burial pit 6), the

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1. Sunset in the Abkhazia Mountains. 2. A religious cult stone with an image of swastika, 6th–4th centuries BC. 3. A gold pendant shaped as a little ram, 5th–4th centuries BC. 2, 3 — from the ritual and memorial pavement.

7th –5th centuries BC (burial pit 7), the 5th –3rd centuries BC (burial pits 3–5, and 8). Presently a sophisticated burial and memorial complex consisting of stone pavements and a burial pit that was used between the 6th and the 2nd centuries BC is being examined. Some finds suggest that earlier burial pits apparently dating to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC might be located in the burial ground as well. Traditionally, Abkhazia sites dating to the early– mid-1st millennium BC are attributed to the Colchian culture, but distinctive features of the Dzhantukh Burial Ground that exhibit clear similarities with the Koban sites from the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range make the archaeologists rethink their conclusions. Currently it is assumed that there existed a Koban-Colchis cultural and historical society, and a number of kinship groups or at least related archaeological cultures are singled out within this society. One of such cultures is the Inguri-Rion culture that occupied modern Western Georgia and Eastern Abkhazia (Ancient Colchis). A local variant, represented by the Dzhantukh Burial Ground and a number of other sites, is singled out within this culture. First of all, this archaeological culture is noted for its use of a second burial rite when human remains were interred in collective cremation burial pits long after people’s death. It is now clear that this burial rite developed in Colchis not at the turn of the 6th or the 8th century BC, as has been considered until recently, but much earlier. At first bodies were cremated somewhere else, but starting from the 7th –5th centuries BC bodies were cremated in situ. The site has revealed another previously unknown specific feature of the Cholchian burial rite such as arrangement of hidden pits on the bottom of the burials filled with burned bronze and iron implements. Classical texts say that dead Colchians were placed on the trees in sacred groves. During Greek colonization the ‘second burial’ rite persisted only in Inner Colchis; therefore, stories on this rite could reach ancient authors via two ways, i.e. either as sketchy accounts about mountaineers of the Greater Caucasus or legendary motifs attributed to the first Ancient Greek settlers and related to the period of the Argonauts. Apparently, that is the main reason why all classical written sources say nothing about the burial of the remains after the dead body was put on display. Distinctive features of the burial ground are reflected in ceramics that somehow preserved their Cholchian ‘look’ and practically in all main groups of grave offerings such as unique ornamented bone beads, numerous bronze zoomorphic statuettes, vari-

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ous pendants, bracelets, and torcs. Of special interest are gold items, for example, a pendant shaped as a little ram of a high artistic value and a local imitation of a stater of Alexander the Great. The amount of materials collected in recent years is enormous; a whole range of issues can be addressed from a new angle thanks to the finds at Dzhantukh. For example, new data change our understanding of such issues as the links between the early nomads and the Koban and Cholchian populations; the Trans-Caucasian contacts in ancient times; drivers of Cholchian culture development and the role of the Central Caucasian impact in this process. New information demonstrating how goods imported from classical lands penetrated into the mountain areas of the Western Caucasus is interesting because such goods are found in relatively large quantities at Dzhantukh. Archaic features of both the grave offerings and the burial rite at Dzhantukh that have preserved many characteristics and elements of the cultures, which disappeared from the sites located in the lowlands and piedmont areas are worth mentioning. A.Yu. Skakov

4. A hidden pit under burial pit 5 during cleaning, 4th century BC. 5. The ritual and memorial pavement, 6th–4th centuries BC. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

Sites of Early Nomads in Tuva The focus of the Tuva expedition are sites dated to the first half of the 1st millennium BC and assigned to the startup of the early nomad period in the Republic of Tuva. In the course of the 2012â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2013 expeditions low-altitude aerial imagery was conducted in the Uyuk River valley of the Turano-Uyuk Depression to explore numerous kurgan mounds, structures covered with kurgans and the periphery of the kurgan fields of Arzhan, Chinge-Tei and to carry out geo-radar surveys of the sites. The materials collected revealed new archaeological sites such as Arzhan 5, which is a kurgan in the Tunnug urochishche (area). A burial ground known as Bai-Dag located in the Eerbek River Valley 13â&#x20AC;Żkm north the Yenisei was examined. The main complex with remains of a stone facing of the wall is an extended stone embankment measuring 26 by 17 m in size. The embankment was made of slabs placed vertically, forming a structure composed of three circular constructions built successively along the south-north axis, it contained 14 burials of the adults and children made in cysts 1 2 32

1, 2. Bai-Dag 8. Deer stone 1 in situ; deer stone 2.

and hollowed-out tree trunks. Parts of a horse trapping set were found in the embankment. Deer stones were found beneath the mound inside the central construction, they were placed concentrically around the central burial. Four burials of the adults were made in cysts embedded into the rock and roofed with stone slabs. Other buried individuals are children. Three central burials were looted in ancient times. The space of burial 1, which remained undisturbed, was filled up with soil only partially. A woman of 45–50 years old was lying in a contracted posture, with her head facing the west. A ladle made of birch tree burl, 12 cm in diameter, was found left of her head, glass beads and a large bead were uncovered near the shoulders. An assortment of items placed into a partially preserved leather case, such as a looped mirror, a bronze awl and a bronze needle; a composite comb made of antler plates with a scratched geometric pattern and wooden teeth; a bone grooved clasp and a fragment of a leather strap with a loop and bronze flattened beads, was found lying behind the back of the dead. A male of 50 years old was buried in grave 2, a man of 30 years old was buried in grave 3; a wom-

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an of 35 years old was buried in grave 5, which contained pendants made from a musk deer tooth, a maral (Siberian stag) tooth; a bronze awl, an eye bead and a slate bead. A bronze knife with a ring-shaped top placed in a leather sheath, which was painted with ochre, was found lying near the skeleton of a juvenile in grave 11 near deer stone 2. Graves 9 and 14 were made in hollowed-out tree trunks put in the western sections below the wall. A fragment of a wooden vessel with a handle shaped as a hoofed leg was unearthed in grave 9. Items from these graves share similarities with items at other Tuva sites such as Saryg-Bulun, Dagee-Baary, Arzhan 2 and Kopto. Based on the architectural design, sets of grave offerings, the composition of the bronze that was used to make the items, and results of radiocarbon analysis, the kurgan can be dated to the Aldy-Bel period, which is the end of the 7th – early 6th centuries BC. A small stone kurgan near the Village of Chkalovka contained an assemblage of a disturbed burial attributed to the Kokel culture of the turn of the 1st century AD. Explorations have started at Arzhan 5, which is a burial and memorial site with a radial design of the

3. Aerostat. Preparation of flight. 4. View from above of Arzhan 5 during fieldwork in the southern sections. 5. Aerial photo of the kurgan field in the Turano-Uyuk Depression. View from the west. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

construction beneath the kurgan identified by aerial images. The mound of the site was heavily damaged. The examination of the mound in four southern sections has revealed several layers of timber constructions under the stone layer that has remained intact. Therefore, the ground plan of the construction may be reconstructed. The site functioned as a special stone mausoleum; it measured around 50 m in diameter and was built on a clay foundation and fenced with a wall made of horizontal slabs. The main burial was located in the center; most likely, it was not embedded into the soil and was made in a wooden construction on a pebble filling. Subsequently it was looted, and a large amorphous crater with deformed edges was formed. The crater revealed human and animal bones, a horn pendant and a wild boar fang, a fragment of a horn bit-piece as well as an implement made of antlers.

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Wooden boxes made of two-three timber logs placed on top of each other were constructed around the central grave in a circle with a diameter up to 15 m; the boxes were attached to each other, they shared guide beams and were roofed with timber. After the burial was made, a stone embankment was constructed. A wall made of four rows of vertically placed slabs with stone backfilling was erected on the outer side. Fragments of pottery, animal bones and a bone pendant have been found in this place. Radiocarbon analysis of wooden construction remains has placed the site within the range of the turn of the 8th century BC. The studies conducted attribute this site to the earliest period of large kurgan constructions, which is the period when Arzhan 1, a key site of the early nomad history, was built. I.V. Rukavishnikova

6. A comb with a scratched geometric pattern. Antler, wood. 7. A bronze mirror with engraving. 8. A ladle made of birch tree burl. 9. A pendant made of a maral tooth. 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;9 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Bai-Dag 8. 10. Bridle ornament forÂ strap-crossing shaped as a coiled panther. Bronze. Arzhan 5, central burial.

Finds at Filippovka 1 Burial Ground (South Urals) First excavations of kurgan 1 at the Filippovka 1 Burial Ground in the Orenburg Region were conducted between 1986 and 1988 by the Ufa archaeological expedition (the Bashkir branch, RAS) led by A.Kh. Pshenichniuk. The kurgan was located in the central part of the burial ground. The kurgan measured more than eight meters in height, and its diameter exceeded 80 m. The excavations of the central burial and hidden treasure pits located close to the central burial pit yielded a great quantity of items made of precious stones, including the famous figures of golden deer (26 pieces). After a number of exhibitions in Russia and abroad, and the publication of exhibition catalogs in Russian and foreign languages the results of the excavations became known all over the world. Because of force-majeure events, the eastern tail of the kurgan mound, which is segmentshaped in the plan and is around five meters high, some 30 m wide and approximately 50 m long, remained unexamined; constant attempts were made to pillage it. The key task of the Institute expedition of 2013 was to re-examine this part of the mound to complete the study of this unique site that is now part of world cultural heritage and to prevent its complete pillage.

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1. A handle and a plate of the wooden vessel. 2. The left temple ear-ring. 3. The right temple ear-ring. 4. Finger rings. 5. A plaque with a scene of animals locked in combat, which was sewn on the garment. 1, 4, 5 — gold; 2, 3 — gold, cloisonné enamel. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

The excavations beneath the eastern tail of the kurgan revealed a passage with a large bronze cauldron placed on the floor and a grave pit undisturbed by looters, with a noble woman buried in it. She was dressed in funeral garments consisting of a long dress, a short shirt and a shawl. The cloth was not preserved, and all items of the garments were reconstructed based on the patterns consisting of decorative parts and plaques. The garments of the dead woman (the dress, the shirt and the shawl) were decorated with multiple plaques meant to be sewn onto the garments, depicting flowers, rosettes, a panther leaping on a saiga’s back, a coiled saiga; the total number of gold leaf-embossed plaques is 656. The ‘fringe’ of the shawl was made of golden chains composed of tiny cast parts. The shirt sleeves were embellished with multicolored gold and glass beads forming an intricate geometric pattern.

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One corner of the shawl covered the face of the dead. The skull bore marks left by a red headband, to which temple ear-rings were attached. The woman wore a jewelry set consisting of temple ear-rings and ten gold cast rings, the bezels of the rings depicted the head of a stag crowned by antlers shaped as fantastic griffons. The woman wore coupled bracelets made of semi-precious stones and carnelian and overlaid with gold on her wrists. Miscellaneous items were placed into the grave together with the body of the dead woman. Of interest are grave offerings that emphasize her likely ethnic affiliation. Such offerings include a gold pendant with a medallion in the center made of cloisonné multicolored glass and gold inlays. It features a world tree and simurghs, i.e. winged creatures in the shape of a bird that guard it. This scene is an exact reproduction of

6. A ‘bathroom’ flask. Glass. 7. Phiala 2. 8. Phiala 1. 9. A ‘bathroom’ flask. 7–9 — silver.

the image recorded in ancient Iranian mythology. The scene represents the ancient Iraniansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding of the world, which, in their view, was composed of three parts: the roots of the trees go down to the lower world; the tree trunk and its top denote the middle world guarded by two simurghs, or, possibly, by one bird that flies around the tree. The simurgh inhabiting the upper world is shown frontally, with outspread wings over the entire scene. Another similar motif is depicted on the disk of a silver mirror. It also reflects ancient Iranian concepts of a three-part world. A large set of items is linked to religious cults. It includes finds associated with the attributes of contemporary shamans. In addition to the pendant and the mirror described earlier, this set includes a belt with small bronze bells, a box with large beetles buried alive and a tattooing kit to make colored tattoos containing special stone palettes for grinding and mixing pigments, leather pouches with multicolored pigments and gilded needles.

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A number of items are related to everyday life and cults, i.e. silver phialae, glass and silver tiny â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;bathroomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; flasks, wooden boxes decorated with gold plaques and handles. All these items provide scientific information on likely ethnical attribution of the early nomads from the Southern Urals region, distinctive features of their material and spiritual culture, their main cultural links, the social status and the role played by women in early nomadic communities, and create a sound basis for historical reconstructions of the ethnocultural situation prevailing in the European steppes in the Early Iron Age. Traditional archaeological methods and radiocarbon dating have placed the burial within the range of the 4th century BC. L.T. Yablonsky

10. A solar pendant. 11. Needles for making tattoos. Gold. 12. Mirror. Silver, gilded. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

A New Kurgan Burial Ground of the Scythian Period in the Middle Don Region Issues of Scythian archaeology have always been in the focus of Russian scholars. But with the disintegration of the USSR, most kurgans and fortified settlements associated with the Scythians are now located in sovereign Ukraine. In Russia Scythian artifacts and, especially, archaeological sites dated to the 5th –4th centuries BC, which is the gold age of Scythia, are found only in the Middle and Lower Don Basin. At that time the Don Basin was the eastern extreme of the Scythian domain, but it does not mean that it was a far away and backwater province of European Scythians’ vast state. Major ancient trade routes crossed this borderline area, including the famous north-east route 2 3

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1. Devitsa V Burial Ground, kurgan 6, a burial pit. 2, 3. Gold plaques sewn on clothes featuring a gryphon and a coiled lion. 4. A bronze mirror.

from the ancient Greek city of Olivia (located on the shore of the Dnieper-Bug silted estuary) to the Urals and the Altai, described by Herodotus. This evidence increases importance of Scythian artifacts found in the Don Basin for Russian scholars and urges them to intensify research in this region. The Don Archaeological Expedition has been exploring Scythian sites in the Middle Don foreststeppes (Voronezh and Belgorod Regions) since 1990. Since then four fortified settlements and several kurgan groups (with more than 90 kurgans dating to the Scythian period) have been examined. Research and publication of research results on a previously unknown kurgan burial ground of the Scythian period in the Middle Don Region is of real interest. This kurgan group is located between the Village of Devitsa and the Village of Boldyrevka in the Ostrogozhsk district, Voronezh Region, called Devitsa V by archaeologists. The kurgan burial ground was discovered in 2000 during a fieldwalking expedition. Its topographical plan was made in the same year. Excavations at Devitsa V began in 2010. Over the past five years 13 kurgans have been explored (including 11 Scythian kurgans and 2 Bronze Age kurgans). The study of the unearthed materials has led to the following preliminary conclusions. Firstly, all uncovered Scythian burials at Devitsa V can be dated within the 4th century BC. Secondly, regarding typical funeral customs (deep burial pits with beams; sacrifice food such as a horse carcass and an iron knife as an indispensible attribute) do not differ from the kurgan groups of the Scythian Middle Don variant discovered near villages of Ternovoye, Kolbino, Mastyugino, Russkaya Trostyanka and others, which are located nearby and have almost completely excavated. Thirdly, the set of grave offerings consisting of weapons (javelin-heads, arrowheads; plated armor; javelin and spear butts shaped as small wine glasses; a mix of bronze and iron socketed arrowheads in the quiver); horse trapping and ornaments is absolutely typical for Iron Age burials in the Middle Don Basin. The Scythians attached extraordinary importance to gold in the funeral rite. At the funeral the dead were dressed in special garments embellished with gold plaques made of gold leaf with a zoomorphic or floral pattern and were decorated with gold jewelry such as rings, necklaces and bracelets, splendid headdress ornamented with gold pendants, etc. The latter find complete analogies in the Scythian ‘princely’ kurgans such as kurgan 8 of the Five Brothers Group near

the Village Elizavetovskaya in the Don delta, the Big Ryzhanovsky Kurgan (near Kiev), etc. Devitsa V has yielded its own Amazon. A skeleton of a young woman of 20–22 years old heavily disturbed by looters and a set of weapon remains including three javelins and iron socketed arrowheads have been uncovered in kurgan 6 inside a grave made of timber and earth. At the same time, despite striking similarity between Devitsa V and other Middle Don kurgan groups of the Scythian period, this kurgan burial ground has some local previously unknown traits. For instance, instead of a usual funerary repast (a part of the horse carcass) with a knife the mound of kurgan 10 has yielded remains of two complete horse skeletons. This custom has been traced for the first time at the Scythian funeral sites located in the Forest-Steppe Don Region. During the 2015 field season it is planned to excavate central mounds at Devitsa V that currently measure from 2.5 to 3.5 m in height. Preliminary work done by geo-physicists shows that there is a large pit rectangular in plan beneath each mound as well as iron objects, so it can be assumed that these kurgans are dated to the Scythian period. V.I. Gulyaev, A.A. Shevchenko

5. Gold amphora-shaped pendants. 4th century BC.

B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

Early Iron Age and Medieval Settlements in the Olympic Construction Area (Sochi, Krasnodar Region) In 2008–2012 rescue archaeological surveys were undertaken in the Olympic construction area in the Imeretin Lowlands and Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Region. Most sites are located in the Imeretin Lowlands. The following Early Iron Age and medieval settlements were examined: Veseloye 1–3, Veseloye 5, Veseloye 7–9 and Yuzhniye Kultury 1. One settlement dating to this period and known as Aibga 1 is located in the Mountain Cluster in Krasnaya Polyana. All sites are dated to the 5th –4th centuries BC (Early Iron Age), the 5th –6th and the 12th –14th centuries (Middle Ages). Remains of a wattle-and-daub construction were found at Veseloye 2 in the Imeretin Lowlands. The excavations revealed that dwellings with load-bearing structures made of stone had been used in the mountain areas at Aibga 1. Yuzhniye Kultury 1, which is an unfortified settlement, was used as a production center. Numerous fragments of pottery used in salt making were found. A representative collection of finds comprising around 10,000 artifacts was

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1. Settlement Veseloye 1. Remains of wattle-and-daub constructions. 2. A vessel. Veseloye 2 flat cemetery, grave 10. 3. A ceramic dish. Yuzhniye Kultury 1. 4. A silver coin. Veseloye 3.

put together; it includes hand-made and imported classical ware, iron and bronze implements and weapons, stone hoes and sinkers. Of special interest is a group of bronze jewelry such as open-work fibulae, pendants shaped as jingling bells, temple rings and pins. A secondary flat cemetery dating to the 4th –1st centuries BC was explored at Veseloye 2. It yielded inhumation burials containing various grave offerings such as local ceramics and vessels imitating polis ceramics, fragments of a glass classical vessel and bronze fibulae. Excavated artifacts of the Early Iron Age are of great importance. The sites dating to this period have never been explored in the Greater Sochi area. Before excavations started the situation had been paradoxical, as ancient writers referred to the names of the population groups, which inhabited this area, in their records but there was no information about sites left behind by these groups and their material and spiritual culture. For example, Pseudo-Scylax of Caryanda (4th century BC) mentions the tribes of the Melanchlaeni that settled between the two large rives identified as the contemporary Mzymta River and the Psou River. The Imeretin Lowlands are located between these two rivers. Presently the sites of the 5th –4th centuries BC explored in this area can be correlated with a known historical ethnonym. The second group of the sites unearthed in the Imeretin Lowlands is attributed to the Middle Age. These sites include a settlement and a flat cemetery

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known as Veseloye 3 (12th–14th centuries) and settlements known as Veseloye 7 and Veseloye 8 (11th–12th centuries). Traces of dwellings (foundation pits) were identified at the settlements. A single grave dating to the 5th–6th centuries with an amphora and an iron sword placed inside the grave was uncovered at the medieval cemetery Veseloye 3 (12th–14th centuries). The research enabled the archaeologists to reconstruct the settlement pattern in this area in the time span from the Early Iron Age to the Middle Ages. It is now clear that the intensity rate of settlement processes and density of population in the Imeretin Lowlands were directly dependent on the conditions of a large fresh water lagoon located in the center. The population size in the Lowlands reached its peak in the 5th – 4th centuries BC during the Fanagorian Regression when the lagoon was full of water and fishermen, salt makers, agriculturalists and herders set up their settlements on its shorelines. When the regression ended and the climate became drier, the lagoon gradually turned into feverish swamps and in the Middle Ages people moved away from the lagoon to tap resources along the Mzymta and Psou banks. Thanks to large-scale archaeological studies conducted by the Institute in the Imeretin Lowlands, the Olympic construction area is now one of the most wellstudied archaeological areas in the Western Caucasus. R.A. Mimokhod, A.A. Kleshchenko, A.Yu. Skakov

5. Settlement Aibga 1. Remains of constructions with stone load-bearing structures. 6. Veseloye 3 flat cemetery. Assemblage with an iron sword. 7. Settlement Veseloye 1. Assemblages of vessel fragments. B r o n z e A g e a n d Ea r l y I r o n A g e

Pre-historic Art Studies

Studies of Paleolithic Art Distinctive features of the Upper Paleolithic art, both cave paintings and portable art are highlighted in a new way by contemporary methods of analytical science and imaging techniques. The study of the Upper Paleolithic cave art paintings has been carried out in the Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash) in the South Urals under cooperation with the Southern Urals archaeological expedition of Lomonosov Moscow State University. It is a most eastern site of cave art located 4,000 km away from the main concentration of painted caves in Europe; the total number of painted caves discovered from the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula to the Urals is almost 300. The radiocarbon dates from the Kapova Paleolithic cultural layers fall between 13,900 and 16,710 B.P.; fragments of the host rock with paintings were

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1. View of the Belaya River from the rock mass near the Kapova Cave.

previously detected in the occupation layer, which, along with the stylistic features typical for the Upper Paleolithic cave art, enable the researchers to link the painted scenes to the cave exploitation periods. The paintings are located at two levels of the cave, i.e. its middle level (the Dome Chamber, the Chamber of Signs, and the Chamber of Chaos) and the upper level (the Chamber of Drawings). The Kapova paintings are mostly made with the use of red pigment; diversity of its hues, specific features of exploiting natural relief of the walls in different chambers, presence of hiding places with pigments provide an opportunity to clarify the formulations for pigments, their variants used in different time periods, identify raw material sources and address other issues regarding technical and technological traits of the paintings. Hematite is the main ingredient of the pigments examined, but the size of its grains varies, the composition and the structure of the substrate, on which the paintings are made, differ as well. It has been established that natural relief of the walls in the Chamber of Drawings was incorporated in the design of some paintings; light red pigment with tiny grains (less than 1 micron) was predominantly applied to the rock surface directly. Paintings made with the pigment of cherry hues that has large hematite crystals appeared alongside with the paintings made with bright red colors at the middle level. In the painting of the ‘lattice’ both colors are found to form a superposition. Analysis of the sequence in which these pigments were placed to form the bichromatic palimpsest may be important for clarification of relative chronology of the Kapova paintings. One more formulation for the pigment used to paint the ‘trapeze’ on the Horses and Signs Panel in the Chamber of Chaos has been identified; it is a specific mixture of large hematite crystals with coal. Many paintings in this chamber were made on deposits; preference was given to lighter sections covered by calcite deposits that are quite

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2. A mammoth, the Chamber of Drawings. The image in the visible light and after reinforcement of color contrast of the texture. 3. Documenting drawings in the Chamber of Signs. P r e - h is t o r i c A r t S t u d i e s

conspicuous against the greyish and brownish surface of the wall. Several concentrations of pigments of various compositions and hues, which correspond to the colors of the pigments used to make paintings of the walls, were discovered in the cave. They were predominantly revealed between the stones in the Chamber of Chaos that has an intricate relief of the floor due to a collapse of a part of the ceiling. Such concentrations were also found in the Dome Chamber and in the Chamber of Drawings. Iron-containing mineral concretions in immediate proximity to the cave could be a source of raw materials for pigment making, which was confirmed experimentally. By using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the composition of brownish nodules containing goethite, anatase, lepidocrocite and clay matter was determined. The possibility of pigment production by annealing with subsequent grinding of ore samples was demonstrated experimentally. The determination of the phase composition of the samples before and after treatment with heat as well as the study of the sample characteristics during heating with the use of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the main process taking place during treatment is transformation from goethite to hematite. This process has been applied to produce red pigment since ancient times. 4 5 6 46

4, 5. Images in the visible light and after reinforcement of color contrast of the texture: the panel featuring horses and signs, the Chamber of Chaos; â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the latticeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the Dome Chamber. 6. 3D-model projection of the surface with the drawing of the mammoth, the Chamber of Drawings.

Some Paleolithic masterpieces of portable art were characterized by using different imaging techniques â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gigapixel imaging, UV and IR photography and reflection transformation imaging. The comparison of normals maps of different fragments on the bison sculpture from Zaraysk made from mammoth ivory, which has red and black spots with different textures, helped confirm the postdepositional origin of the black matter traces. The study of portable and parietal art provides an opportunity to evaluate its place in the prehistoric culture more precisely as well as identify technical and technological characteristics of production techniques. A.S. Pakhunov, V.S. Zhitenev, E.G. Devlet

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7. Photograph of a bison, a fragment. Zaraysk site. 8. The figure of the bison: a photograph, the normals map (at the top); the same photograph after reinforcement of color contrast of the texture, visible fluorescence photograph 8 (at the bottom). P r e - h is t o r i c A r t S t u d i e s

Rock Art Sites of the Far East The locations of petroglyphs and paintings, even those that are well known, have a huge potential for further research and may reveal a lot of information if modern methods are applied as was the case with the studies conducted in the Pegtymel River rock art site, which not only expanded the petroglyph collection substantially but also updated our concepts on the chronology and techniques of rock art in Chukotka. The studies of the locations of Sikachi-Alyan on the Amur River and Sheremetyevo on the Ussuri River helped the archaeologists extend the corpus of petroglyphs by revealing new unique anthropomorphous and zoomorphic figures to it while contemporary methods of documentation with the use of the RTI (Reflectance Transformation Imaging) and photogrammetry made it possible to expand our knowledge on distinctive features of the figurative art tradition and the natural context. In 2013 the Sikachi-Alyan site, which is the only rock art site in the open air in Russia included in the tentative UNESCO Cultural Heritage List, experienced a disastrous flooding.

1. A human-like mask. Sheremetyevo.

The Amur River height reached a historical maximum of +800 cm, and all riverbank basalt boulders with petroglyphs were submerged under the water. The most severe natural disaster could not but affect the preservation conditions of petroglyphs and the overall conditions of the historical and cultural landscape, as many boulders were dislodged or turned over and the petroglyphs were not seen. To a greater or lesser extent, these processes take place at Sikachi-Alyan every year. It is the only rock art site, the elements of which continuously change their position due to fastflowing powerful Amur water, especially, during the spring rush of ice that tosses and overturns boulders on the river banks; as a result, some images are hidden from view, while others reappear above the mirror of the water. If boulders with carvings are deposited on the sand rather than on the bedrock, they sag and may be completely covered by soil. These features of the location set specific requirements to the methods of monitoring preservation conditions and assessing the caused damage. The use of photogrammetry has proved to work well in documentation of each element of the dynamically changing site, visualization and demonstration of its distinctive characteristics. Practically all Sikachi-Alyan petroglyphs are carved on riverbank boulders of various sizes and shapes. Preference of boulders used as natural rock â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;panelsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a feature of the local rock art tradition. Natural rock features of the boulders helped the

craftsmen render the human-like masks, i.e. the key images of the Sikachi-Alyan rock art gallery, with an astonishing expressiveness. Anthropomorphous masks carved on the adjoining faces of the boulder make them look like a relief and Sikachi-Alyan petroglyphs tend to be perceived as a relief rather than a two-dimensional image. Many petroglyphs are outlined with a groove; this technique rarely used in the rock art tradition gives salience to the petroglyph silhouette separating it from the rock background. Until recently the Ussuri petroglyphs demonstrated a different type of preferences of their craftsmen; all petroglyphs at this site were found only at different tiers of vertical rock outcrops facing the river. However in recent years petroglyphs have been discovered on isolated boulders both in close proximity to the riverbank and on the terrace above the floodplain along the right riverbank between the village Sheremetyevo and the village Kedrovo 130 km south-south-west of Khabarovsk on the border with China. The most spectacular examples of rock art are human-like masks, it is an iconographic feature of the Sikachi-Alyan and Sheremetyevo petroglyphs. These petroglyphs, which may be single or paired, with or without the contour, surrounded with a halo of radiating lines or crowned with a decorative element, represented as simple three dots or as spaces filled up with intricate ornament, are distinctly unique, truly original and expressive. Other representations include images of animals (horse, elk, tiger, wild board, etc.),

2, 3. Archaic human-like masks. Sikachi-Alyan. P r e - h is t o r i c A r t S t u d i e s

snakes, birds, and animal tracks. Of great interest is the diversity of ways used to incorporate natural rock features into petroglyph design in order to carve basreliefs and a clear transition to round sculpture. A wide time span of petroglyphs existence in the Amur-Ussuri Region (from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages), extended ethnocultural parallels with the traditional culture of contemporary ethnic groups inhabiting the Amur River region, trans-Pacific parallels, unmatched expressiveness of artistic images, and a unique natural context make the Far East rock art sites singular landmarks of global significance. E.G. Devlet

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4, 5. Orthophotograph of the elk image and the 3D-model. 6. A human-like mask carved on convex adjoining faces of the boulder. 4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Sikachi-Alyan.

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7. Projections of the texturized 3D-model of the petroglyph (at the top) and the 3D-model with the use of shaders (at the bottom). 8. Image of the human-like mask in visible light and after computer manipulation. 7, 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Sikachi-Alyan. P r e - h is t o r i c A r t S t u d i e s

Classical Antiquity

Phanagoria City Site on the Taman Peninsula Phanagoria is justly regarded as one of the major sites of classical antiquity on Russian soil. Its archaeological exploration is a multidisciplinary team effort. Excavations are currently conducted in the territory of the city site and its necropolis, as well as in that part of ancient Phanagoria which is now submerged by the sea. Apart from this, the rural area is investigated using GIS technology and remote sensing techniques. The research team unites specialists in different fields. The excavations at the city site are carried out in the central part of Phanagoria, on the acropolis. The discovery of the city blocks dating from the late 6th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; first half of the 5th centuries BC has been one of the most important results achieved so far. Several mud brick buildings of that period have been uncovered. Some of them served public functions, the others were private houses. Two public buildings were fairly large (by the standards of the 1 2 3 54

1. The Upper City excavation area at the acropolis. 2. Ionian skyphos, 6th century BC. 3. The lid of an Ionian lekane, 6th century BC. 4. A terracotta statuette-herma featuring king Mithradates VI Eupator, 1st century BC.

time): each with an area of over 100 m 2 . Both had no fewer than four rooms (the buildings are partially located outside the edges of the excavation site). They were built perpendicular to each other and formed an almost right angle, thus enclosing the part of the city where the central square must have been located. Together, they are likely to have been an ‘administrative quarter’. This conclusion is supported by the artifacts found in the same archaeological context, including a small mud brick altar that was unearthed in the largest room of one of the buildings (the area of the room is 50 m 2). The private houses discovered in the central part of the city were all built of mud bricks without stone foundations. They usually consisted of one or two rooms and had a total area of about 40–50 m 2 . One such dwelling had two rooms located in a row (18 and 20  m 2). An entrance paved with small pebbles led to the house from the street (or from the courtyard). The door opening was framed with wooden beams; the f loor was made from rammed earth. The house was destroyed by a large fire at the turn

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of the second quarter of the 5th century BC. All the nearby houses built in that period suffered the same fate. The city blocks were built according to a uniform plan and were oriented in the same direction on the entire area of the excavation site (2,550 m 2). This resulted from the joint efforts of the polis administration and the architect. The research team continues systematic investigation of the necropolis, the largest in the Asiatic Bosporos. During each field season, large-scale excavations are conducted at the Eastern necropolis, where the Phanagoria Historical and Archaeological Museum-Preserve is planned to be built. The total excavated area in this section measures several thousand square meters. In recent years, over 100 burial complexes dating to the period from Hellenism to Late Antiquity have been examined using modern research methods and techniques. Burials of the Roman time are the most numerous. They were made in stone and earth chamber tombs, undercut graves covered with wooden planks, or in simple pit

5. A stone tombstone that closed the entrance to the chamber of an underground vault (6) of the Roman period. 7. Examination of the kurgan dating to the 6th century BC at the South Necropolis. C l assi c a l A n t i q u i t y S i t e s

graves. Of special interest are several Roman-period burials made in stone chamber tombs and covered by mounds, now leveled. Such structures are rarely found in Phanagoria. One of these tombs yielded remains of more than 70 individuals. Apart from this, annual excavations are carried in the so-called ‘Alley of Kurgans’ in the Southern necropolis. In addition to the follow-up study of collapsed chamber tombs dating from the Roman and Migration periods, kurgans of the 4th century BC have also been explored. One of them was found to contain a number of cremation burials (some of the dead had been burnt in situ, the others elsewhere). Prior to the erection of the tumulus, this land plot had been used for crop cultivation. While investigating the submerged part of Pha nagoria, the researchers also follow a multidisciplinary approach. A total of 48 hectares of the Taman Gulf area underwent detailed magnetic and highfrequency acoustic surveys, which have shown the great potential of the modern equipment for locating the objects otherwise invisible on the seabed. Upon assessing the results of the non-destructive investigations within the broader topographic context (including the location of the test-pits and excavation sites), the underwater archaeological team has come up with some suggestions for further research. In 2012, the hull of a wooden undecked ship was discovered and fully cleaned. The vessel appeared to have survived in a good state of preservation. During the follow-up investigations of 2014, a unique V-shaped metallic naval ram, more than 1 m in length, was found nearby the ship. Judging from the star and crescent that appear on this massive artifact, the ram must have been attached to the bow of a warship that once belonged to Mithradates VI Eupator, the great ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom. To all appearance, this vessel, measuring 16.5 by 3.5 m (perhaps an auxiliary ship of the bireme type with two decks of oars), was burnt down when the city came under attack in 63 BC. Systematic investigations in the Phanagorian khôra (also known as chora) help to reveal the network of ancient roads and the overall settlement pattern in the rural territory of the polis. Based on the analysis of the chronological and spatial distribution of the collected archaeological data, a number of previously unknown sites have been detected.

V.D. Kuznetsov

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8. A combat ship of the bireme type from the fleet of the Mithradates VI Eupator, 63 BC. 9. The battering-ram with a cast sign of Mithradates VI Eupator cleaned from sand and soil. 10. A part of the ship. 11. The amphora found in the hold of the sunken ship.

Phanagorian Hoards Three hoards of 4th–1st century BC Bosporan coins from the south-eastern part of the Phanagorian khôra (chora) date to the time of Mithradates VI Eupator. Two of them are the largest coin assemblages ever found not only in the Bosporos but also in the entire North Black Sea Region. Thus, a huge hoard discovered in 2003 at the ancient settlement known as Soleny 3 included up to 15,000 coins (another hoard that comprised about 300 coins was found in the same locality in 2007). The 2007 hoard from ancient country estate 2013–11 contained around 8,000 coins. Noteworthy, all these large hoards were found not in the city but in the Phanagorian chora. Their sizes may be due to the intensity and large volumes of trade conducted by their owners in Phanagoria, the leading (and the nearest) market of the Asiatic Bosporos, where agricultural produce from the surrounding rural area was sold. The hoards appear to have been connected with the chain of stormy and dramatic events that – as is known from the accounts by Appian, Strabo and Orosius – unfolded in the region in the times of Mithradates VI. By a twist of history, it was Phanagoria, the most important Mithradates’ outpost in the Asiatic Bosporos, which led the revolt against the Pontic king in 63 BC. A unique coin assemblage from the burnt royal residence on Phanagoria’s acropolis is also associated with this uprising. The excavations of the building which had once been home to Mithradates’ family yielded seven purses with bronze and silver coins minted by the Bosporan cities and some centers in Asia Minor. The latest investigations in the Phanagorian chora, including those at the settlement of Soleny 3, have revealed that in the 2nd – first quarter of the 1st centuries BC all kinds of domestic and

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1. The hoard of silver coins. 2. Unique barbarian imitations of Fofors staters from the hoard of Bosporan staters of the 3rd–4th centuries (2011). 3. The stater of Ininphimeus of 237 AD is the earliest coin from the same hoard. C l assi c a l A n t i q u i t y S i t e s

production activities there fell into gradual decline. In the second quarter of the 1st century BC adverse changes in the overall settlement pattern started to take place. The situation was the same for the rural sites located near the ‘Alley of Kurgans’ in the south-eastern part of the chora, including country estate 2013–11, where the second largest hoard of the Mithridatic time was discovered. These destructive processes are related to the historical context of the epoch. They may have been caused by the supposed land reforms undertaken after the Bosporos had been incorporated into the Pontic Kingdom of Mithradates VI, and the burdensome phoros (Greek; φόρος, meaning ‘dues’) imposed by Mithradates on the population of the Asiatic regions near Sindike. Political instability in the Bosporos during that period and the heavy royal taxation caused a rising wave of popular discontent. Facing utter devastation, the Phanagorians evidently chose to hide their treasures and finally rose in revolt. Also of interest are the foreign coins from the abovementioned assemblages. They attest that Phanagoria maintained trade and political links with the cities of the Aegean and Asia Minor, as well as with the Bithynian Kingdom and the states ruled by the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties. To sum up, the hoards and purses found at Phanagoria are truly invaluable as tools of historical reconstruction. They shed new light on the Bosporan economy and help us better understand Phanagoria’s foreign trade on the eve of the Mithridatic Wars and that negative impact the military and political turmoil had on the rural area of the city. An interesting insight into the economic and political situation that existed in the Bosporos in the 3rd – early 4th centuries AD was offered by a massive hoard of Bosporan staters found in the Eastern Phanagorian necropolis in 2011. Until then, it was the Tiritaka hoard of 2,093 coins (found in 1937) that enjoyed the prestige of being the largest known hoard of the epoch. The coin assemblage from Phanagoria includes 3,694 staters and is now considered the largest of all late Bosporan hoards discovered to date. The owner of the treasure, apparently a wealthy Phanagorian man, had been saving money till 308 AD, when some turbulent events that took place in the late reign of the Bosporan king Theothorses (285–308 AD) urged him to hide the jar with the coins away from his place – in the grave of his relative or friend. For some reason, the owner failed to retrieve his treasure. The hoard contains staters of Ininthimeus (234–238) – 1 specimen, Rhescuporis V (242–276) – 2,131 specimens, Pharsanzes (253) – 16 specimens, Sauromates IV (275) – 88 specimens, Teiranes (266, 275–276) – 159 specimens, Theot-

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horses (285–308) – 1,299 specimens. The earliest coin is the starter of Ininthimeus minted in 237 AD. Most of the coins were issued by King Rhescuporis V. In the middle of the 3rd century AD the Bosporos was facing a serious threat of barbarian invasion. The hoard contains staters minted in all the years when Rhescuporis co-ruled with the other kings. A number of unique barbarian imitations of the staters struck during the reign of King Theothorses (which circulated in the Bosporos along with the original royal issues) are also present in the hoard. The 2011 Phanagorian coin hoard is direct evidence of the economic decline and monetary crisis in the Bosporos in the second and third quarters of the 3rd century AD. Its thorough analysis helps to refine our knowledge about the monetary reform of Rhescuporis V and the overall political and military situation in the mid 3rd – early 4th centuries AD. It is surely no accident that the hoard was concealed at the moment of the power shift in the Bosporos in 308 AD (before Rhadamsades (309–322) succeeded to the throne): Phanagoria, indeed, must have been in grave danger at that time. V.D. Kuznetsov, M.G. Abramzon

4. A money bag with copper coins from the Phanagorian king’s residence of Mithradates VI. 5. Staters of Ininphimeus from the hoard of Bosporan staters of the 3rd–4th centuries AD (2011).

Rural Fortified Settlements in the Crimean Azov Sea Maritime Coastline The 3rd century BC is a watershed period in the history of the Bosporan Kingdom rural sites. It was the time when large settlements occupied in the preceding period were replaced by a new type of sites such as well fortified settlements built on small coastal promontories. While layers and finds dating to the 3rd – 1st centuries BC are recorded at many local sites, only few of them provide a full picture of the defensive system, urban development planning, economic and religious life of the population. In the period between 2010 and 2014 the Eastern Crimean expedition continued excavations of rural fortified settlements of the Hellenistic and Late Hellenistic period, namely, Polyanka, Krutoy Bereg and Syuyurtash (Zolotoye Vostochnoye). The first settlement (the total excavated area is 3,370 m 2) is located in a small coastal valley. All construction remains and occupation layers are dated to the 1st century BC. Buildings of three construction periods represented by household blocks (houses-quarters) separated

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1. Fortified settlement Zolotoye Vostochnoye, Vostochny excavation area, overall view from the south-west. 2. A Kalenskya cup. 3. A ‘Megara’ cup. C l assi c a l A n t i q u i t y S i t e s

by narrow, partially paved streets as well as a long section of the south defensive wall of up to 1.8–2 m in width and up to 1.5 m in height built during the last period of the settlement occupation were discovered in the south-western part of the settlement. A distinctive feature of the site is presence of a thick layer of ash and garbage, which were dumped from the east hill. The layer is rich in various finds of the 3rd –2nd centuries BC and overlies and underlies constructions and deposits mentioned earlier. The formation of this layer is related to a rather large settlement, which existed on a coastal plateau but was subsequently destroyed, apparently, by some natural disaster. Remains of the constructions and the occupation layer of the period were identified in the preserved part of the site on the hill top. The finds discovered in recent years include more than hundred amphora stamps; several coins, including a rather rare coin from the town of Amisos dating to the beginning of the 1st century BC; fragments of terracotta figurines; ‘Megara’ cups; as well as two lines of graffito on the wall of a black glaze kantharos (words of wishing health at a party), which is one of the earliest artifacts at the settlement. At the next site known as Krutoy Bereg (early 3rd – 2nd centuries BC, 2,200 m 2 of the excavated area) the Expedition continued to explore the south defensive system (the wall and the gate) and residential quarters north of the defensive system. Remains of constructions and middens of three construction and chronological periods were identified. In the first half of the 3rd century the settlement was attacked, which is verified by traces of fire in the defensive wall area, additional rows of boulders placed to reinforce the wall and the find of a large stone ball. Residential quarters had a line layout; the walls of the houses were oriented according to the cardinal directions. Judging by the dating of most finds, including dozens of amphora stamps, the fortified settlement reached its peak of development in 280–220 BC. A hearth, a terracotta figurine of Cybele with a timbrel lying nearby, diminutive vessels and spindle whorls, apparently, from a home sanctuary were uncovered in one of the rooms. The excavations continued in the north-eastern part of Zolotoye Vostochnoye (Syuyurtash). Five seasons of excavations explored occupation deposits and construction remains of four construction and chronological periods in the area of around 1,400 m 2. Constructions of period I are represented by pits dug in the natural soil, apparently, granaries, as suggested by traces of clay on the walls and grain remains. It seems that in period II the greater part of the

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4. A terracotta statuette of an enthroned goddess wearing a tall headwear. 5. Graffito on the wall of a kantharos. 6. Settlement Polyanka. Aerial photo.

fortified settlement was occupied by religious constructions. The latter include the so called big wall (18 m long, up to 2.7 m thick, surviving height of up to 2 m) with a passage around 1.5 m wide that had a large threshold. At a distance of up to 10–15 m north and south of the wall the Expedition identified remains of two structures, with some ‘constructions’ (hearths and small pits filled with ash, shells of mussels, fragments of pots and animal bones) located nearby. Fragmented terracotta figurines were found near these ‘altars’. A large fragmented terracotta statuette of an enthroned goddess wearing a tall headwear was found on the floor of one structure. Two more heads, most likely, of similar terracotta statuettes were found north of this structure. Subsequently the big wall as well as constructions north of the wall were overlaid by a deposit of ash and garbage soil (more than two meters thick in some places). Thereafter this section was re-occupied by the city inhabitants. The finds are represented by fragments (breakage) of amphorae, coming, largely, from the most typical centers of import at that time (Rhodes, Sinope, Knidos, Colchis) as well as fragments of hand-made, and, less frequently, red clay and grey clay as well as black glaze vessels. It is worth mentioning more than a hundred amphora stamps, several dozen different fragments of imported ‘Megara’ cups, rare Panticapaeum coins, single finds of graffiti and dipinti; all these finds are taken to mean that chronologically the study area of the site can be referred to the second quarter of the 3rd – turn of the 1st centuries BC.

Therefore, the 2010–2014 excavations allowed the archaeologists to single out several urban development periods at the settlements, specify the time of their occupation and features of layout. In 2013–2014 explorations were undertaken in small areas at the ash dump on the outskirts of a rural settlement near the Sirenevaya Bay. As has been established, an even clayed ground fenced with a small stone wall along its perimeter was built near the coastal cliff. The ash and garbage layer that included various finds was formed because ash and waste were tipped to the ground for a long time (between late 2nd and 6th centuries AD). Fragments of amphorae, red glaze and hand-made vessels predominate; however, items, most likely, associated with the sacral practice of the settlement inhabitants such as votive clay bread with scratched letters, diminutive vessels, primitive clay hand-made figurines, fragments of hand-made incense-burners, cruse lamps, and spindle whorls are present as well. The exploration of the ash dump provides information on previously unknown features of the rural population religious life. Some finds imply that in the 2nd –6th centuries AD these beliefs were syncretic, which means that despite the spread of Christianity, elements of pagan beliefs persisted in this region. A.V. Kovalchuk, A.A. Maslennikov, A.A. Suprenkov

7. Settlement Krutoy Bereg, view from the west. C l assi c a l A n t i q u i t y S i t e s

New Data on Gorgippia Chora In economic and political terms, the most important space (chora) of the ancient Greek city founded where the present-day town of Anapa is located was situated south and east of the Gorgippia city walls. It is important to note that the spurs of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range and vast lagoons protected the city from unexpected intrusions. The intensive exploitation of the eastern region, the Kotlama and Maskaga River basins forming part of the Anapa plain began in the Hellenistic period. This process reached its peak in the Early Roman period, and was marked by the construction of a watch and alarm system stretching across the entire Abrau peninsula, i.e. the area between the Anapa Bay and the Tsemes Bay. The Novorossiysk archaeological expedition explored one of the typical constructions of this system, which is a multitier tower known as Dubki near the village Semigorye. Apparently the periphery location helped this tower to be in operation longer than the forts that controlled main communication routes of the region (the Tsemdolinsky and the Vladimirovsky Forts near the farmstead Rassvet). Its builders followed the Hellenistic traditions; for this reason, like other defensive structures of the region, the Dubki tower had a high stone lower tier, with several tiers made from mud bricks, the size of which was not of typical Greek standards, erected over it.

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1. Fortified settlement Raevskoye. The Eastern Tower and the mud-brick wall under debris. End of the 2nd century BC — early 1st century AD. 2. Plates made from gold and silver alloy. Rodniky necropolis, vault 6, 5th–3rd centuries BC. 3. A Bosporan bronze coin featuring an eagle with spread wings standing on the lightnings, end of the 2nd century — 63 BC. Fortified settlement citadel.

Because of good preservation conditions of the fortification system features dating to the Early Roman Period at the Rayevskoye Fortified settlement, which is located on the steep bank of the Maskaga River, the tower has tremendous importance in exploring warfare of the North Pontic Region as a whole. A chain in the form of a high ridgelike embankment of the towers rectangular in plan that protruded outward from the perimeter and reached six meters in some sections played a key part in the defense of the citadel and the inner space of the fortress (more than nine hectares). The links of this chain were connected by a protechisma, which is a mud-bricked fore-wall on a stone base up to 1.5 m wide.

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A fortress at the Verkhnegostagayevskoye site also has a two-tier fortification system, it was discovered by the expedition on the northeastern borders of the study region. The excavations of a building rectangular in plan measuring 10 × 25 m at the citadel fully confirmed the data obtained by a magnetic survey (A.V. Chudin, St. Petersburg State University). Architectural features of the ancient constructions pulled down at the Gorgippia chora were discovered in the foundation stonework of the building. In addition to its location, the public function of the building is highlighted by twometer wide doorways arranged in pairs opposite to each other and a tiled roof placed on oak half-beams.

The building occupation is dated to the Migration period. Artifacts from the Rayevskoye site necropolis and the Rodniki necropolis located near the village Natukhayevskaya upstream the Kotlama River suggest a complicated enthopolitical situation and the strongest Bosporan influence on the indigenous elite as early as the 5th century BC. To a certain extent the data obtained confirm information in the list of titles of the Bosporan rulers regarding the Cercetae and the Toreatae, who lived in the Asian Bosporus south-eastern periphery brought to the Bosporan rule, as described in the perisplus, which is a manuscript list of the ports and coastal landmarks. A.A. Malyshev

4, 5. The South-eastern and Eastern Towers of the Rayevskoye Fortified settlement. End of the 2nd century BC – early 1st century AD. Reconstruction done by V.V. Moor. 6. Rodniky necropolis, vault 6, 5th–3rd centuries BC. C l assi c a l A n t i q u i t y S i t e s

Hellenistic Fortress of Bactria The Uzundara Fortress was built at a small site surrounded by steep granite cliffs of the Kara-Kamar mountain area and the Uzun-dara gorge atop of waterless Suzistag Mountain. It became one of major elements in the borderline system of fortifications built on the borders between Sogdia and Bactria not later than the early 3rd century BC. From the top of the towers the military garrison could get an unobstructed view of a huge countryside around the fortress and overlook the roads and mountain passes within the range of dozens of kilometers. The fortress is lozenge-shaped in plan, with a number of wall sections protruding outward from the fortress to the north-west and a citadel subtriangular in plan abutting to it from the southeast. The fortress walls are more than 900 m in length and 3.5 m in thickness. The walls are made from stone with the use of a technology that combined stonework (with clay-based mortar), which was up to one meter thick from the outer and inner faces, with compactly placed stone and pebble filling and clay between them. The closest analogy to this stonework is the Darband borderline wall located 7 km north of Uzundara, which crosses the valley between Suzistag Mountain and Sarymas Mountain.

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1. The Uzundara Fortress, the pre-gate complex, view from the west. 2. A fragment of the relief panel, terracotta, end of the 4th – early 3rd centuries BC. 3. A dikhalk of Antiochus I, 295/281–261 BC. 4. Bronze arrow points of the 6th–4th centuries BC.

In addition to the citadel and the line of walls outside the fortress, the fortress has 10 rectangular or subsquare towers of different size located 25–170 m from each other. The 11th tower is located outside the fortress wall some 125 m north of the south-western corner of the fortress. This tower was used as an observation post to overlook the bottom of the Uzundara gorge within the range of several kilometers to the south-east towards the Khodjibulgan pass, but

mostly it controlled access to the fortress from the Uzun-dara gorge where the relief is flat. The Uzundara Fortress was discovered in 1991 by E.V. Rtveladze who suggested that it was, probably, one of the so called Sogdian Rocks or Rocks of Ariamazes, which Alexander the Great tried to capture and which are mentioned by classical written sources. The fortress (refuge) built on the rock, most likely, belonged to a Bactrian baron named Oxyartes, whose daughter Roxana renowned for her beauty became the wife of Alexander the Great. In spring of 2013 the expedition of the Institute launched archaeological excavations at the Uzundara Fortress. Three excavation trenches were dug, i.e. at the citadel, on the west fortress wall and near the likely place of the fortress gate. The excavations of the rock ensemble at the citadel revealed a unique feature measuring 10 by 10 m, up to 4 m deep, which was cut out in the rock formation. The bottom of the structure has a gradient of 0.5 m. A square cavity, i.e. a water collection chamber with four postholes, is located in its lower southern part. The entire bottom and the walls of the structure have a special system of ducts cut out at varied depth in the rock. Remains of wooden constructions were discovered in situ in the ducts, they were overlaid by lead plates on a bituminous layer also placed in situ, which were attached to the wood by bronze nails. A great number of lead plates with bronze nails suggest that the entire structure was clad with such plates. A large volume of the structure with a good hydroinsulation and a special system of water condensate collection implies that, probably, it was used as strategic storage of food reserves. The archaeological data, the instrumental topographic plan and the cycle of geo-radar surveys were used to prepare a 3D-model of the site preliminary reconstruction. The suggestion that the fortress belonged to Oxyartes is validated by its geography and description of the rock in the writings of Greek and Roman sources of classical antiquity; chance finds of arrowheads of the Achaemenid type, pottery of the Yaz III type, including finds in the occupation layer. The site may be generally characterized as an archaeological ensemble with the occupation layer and fortification of the Early Hellenistic period.

N.D. Dvurechenskaya

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5. Ceramic goods from the Eastern Tower and the citadel, early 3rd century BC 6. The citadel. The rock complex. Room 1. C l assi c a l A n t i q u i t y S i t e s

First Half of the 1st millennium AD

Early Alans in the Kislovodsk Depression The Kislovodsk expedition continued the study of archaeological artifacts in the Kislovodsk Depression, which is a unique natural region of the Caucasian Spars located in the central part of the North Caucasus. Systematic archaeological surveys under way since 1996 have doubled the number of unearthed archaeological sites, which is currently 900. The main objective of field studies was to explore the settlement pattern in the Kislovodsk Depression in the 1st millennium AD. Thorough archaeological surveys examined fortified settlements of various types that in some cases are large ruins of towers and walls and in other cases are represented by signal and watch posts. At such sites land survey was conducted, test trenches were excavated, surface finds were collected.

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1. A section of the Levopodkumsky 1 cemetery with spots of ditches and entry pits of kurgan 1 and kurgan 2 and flat grave I. View from the south. 2. The gold pommel of the handle of a sword or a dagger. 3, 4. A gold footwear buckle and a bronze footwear buckle. 5. A gold fibula with inserts made from carnelian and colored glass.

Land use characteristics at different stages of this region exploitation were also explored. Soil and archaeological studies conducted together with the specialists from the Institute of Physical-Chemical and Biological Issues of Soil Science, RAS (Pushchino) identified three main types of agricultural land parcels that had preserved their contours in unique conditions of the region in question: 1) large terraces left behind by the Koban archaeological culture (9 th – 6 th centuries BC); 2) long and narrow strip fields (strip lynchets) dated to the early 1st millennium AD or the 10 th – 12th centuries; 3) small regular rectilinear parcels of land with lynchets at the upper and the lower ends (Celtic fields) dating to the Early Middle Ages (5th – 8th centuries). In recent years the expedition has aimed to conduct comprehensive studies of the initial stage of the Alan population settlement in the Kislovodsk Depression. The study of aerial images and the use of geophysical methods have identified a large fortified settlement known as Podkumskoye 2 with a strong system of ditches and the Levopodkumsky 1 cemetery that contained catacomb burials surrounded by ditches, which are square in plan. Several test trenches were excavated at the fortified settlement site; a midden two meters deep was cleaned up in one of the holes; it contained large quantities of ceramic sherds, animal bones and a chalcedony bead. The radiocarbon dates obtained reduce the occupation period of this site to the range of the 2nd – 4th centuries AD. Catacomb burials covered with kurgans at the newly discovered cemetery Levopodkumsky 1 contained horse burials in the entry pits disturbed by ancient looters. Burial offerings preserved in the pits after pillage suggest that the first reliable traces of the Alan population arrival to the region in question date to the early 4th century. In addition to the catacombs covered with kurgans, a grave made in a two-chamber catacomb containing a burial dating to the middle of the 4 th century was unearthed. It is remarkable that the individuals buried in the catacombs covered with kurgans substantially differ in their appearance from the population that left behind the f lat (ground) grave in the two-chamber catacomb. In 2013 the excavations continued, a large ditch with two coffer dams on the northern and southern sides without any traces of burials was examined; apparently it had been used in the funeral rite. Scarce ceramic fragments that have survived contemporary ploughing, which has destroyed the upper layers of this funeral site, are assigned to the

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early stage of the Alanian culture and can be dated within the 2 nd –4 th centuries. Of interest are results of further examination of the looted graves from the Volchyi Vorota cemetery that also contained catacombs covered with kurgans. One of them, completely pillaged by ancient and contemporary looters, nevertheless yielded a number of valuable finds dated to the second half of the 4th century. Artifacts discovered include silver tips of footwear straps, one gold and one bronze footwear buckles, a gold cover of the sword handle, bone arrowheads, fragments of a bone comb, a rock crystal bead, and fragments of a gold horse trapping item. Materials from the studies conducted by the Kislovodsk expedition allow the scholars to place the time of the Alan population arrival to the Kislovodsk Depression to an earlier period, which is before the beginning of the 4th century, and link it to gradual penetration of the population groups, which represented the early period of the Alanian culture, from the northern areas.

D.S. Korobov, V.Yu. Malashev, A.V. Borisov, J. Fassbinder

6. Long and narrow strip fields (strip lynchets) dated to the early 1st millennium AD or the 10th–12th centuries. 7. Remains of a collapsed tower at the Zubchikhinskoye 1 defense post. F i r s t Ha l f o f 1 , 0 0 0 A D

Middle Ages

Antiquities of Jericho: the Byzantine period Historians and archaeologists of the Middle East know Jericho very well as the location of Tell es-Sultan, a key Neolithic and Bronze Age site; palaces of the Hasmonean dynasty and Herod the Great in Wadi Qelt; and an early Islamic palace complex of Umayyad Caliph. However, the Byzantine period of this city has been practically excluded from research, though Jericho played and still plays an important part in the early Christian narrative, especially, development of the pilgrim movement; from the 4th century to the present it has been at the intersection of the roads running along the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and a point of departure to Jerusalem. Discovery of the Byzantine Jericho site is credited to Russian science. In the 1870–1880s orientalist, archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin) discovered fragments of polychromic mosaics of the 5th –7th centuries on the land plots that he had acquired (to carry out excavations) near the village Er Riha that had fallen into decay; besides the mosaics, other finds of the

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1. Excavation pits in the southern part of Museum and Park Complex of the Russian Federation in Jericho (view from above in 2013). 2. A cruse lamp with an inscription made in Greek ‘The Light of Christ enlightens everyone’. Clay. The 6th – early 7th centuries. 3. A handmade jar in situ. Clay, engobe painting. 12th–14th centuries.

same period were uncovered. The excavations were continued by N.P. Kondakov’s Near Eastern expedition (1891) (excavations were led by Ya. Smirnov) and the staff members of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, but after 1917 research on land plots owned by Russia came to a halt. The continuation of exploration was made possible after Russia again came into possession of one of its land plots (Madrasa as-Vasskuma was transferred by the Palestine government to Russia in 1995), where construction of the Museum and Park complex began. To continue research and ensure preservation of cultural heritage, the Institute signed a contract with the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation to establish the Jericho expedition that was granted an intergovernmental status (the heads of the expedition are Leonid Belyaev, Russia; Hamdan Taha, PNA). Over four years of excavations (2010–2013) a part of the architectural complex of a rich villa or a pilgrim refuge-monastery typical for Byzantine Palestine and an adjacent site used to process agricultural produce and make pottery were explored. Frequent finds (such as coins and ceramics) suggest that the site complexes reached their peak in the period between the 5th and 7th centuries; the earlier finds (2nd century BC– 4th century AD) are few in number (the Roman period; single finds of coins of the Late Hellenism). Most coins were struck during the reigns of emperors from Anastasius I (491–518) to Heraclius (610–641).

A small (54 pcs) treasure hoard of bronze folles (40 nummi coins; the latest coin dates to 593/594) put in circulation a century before the period following the end of the 490s down to the mid-590s. The finds include two coin weights (counterpoises) for coin adjustment, namely, a weight for one gold nummus and a weight for three gold nummi (0.5 ounce = 13.6 g); the weight values are inlaid. All this is an indication of a high level of business activity in 5th –7th centuries. Coins of later periods do not occur in such great quantities but their presence demonstrates that life did not come to a halt with the advent of Islam. Ample evidence of this are vessels of transitional forms (the 8th –10 th centuries) and examples of beautifully painted vessels of the 13th –14th centuries typical for the age of crusades and Mamluk sultans. The main bulk of ceramics, however, comprises earlier transport ware and household vessels of the Byzantine period with rare finds of red-glazed North-African cups and plates with typical stamps (a bird, a bull, and palmetto). The site where the ceramic workshop was located is abundant with amphorae finds and rejects (including a dried jar that was not fired and fragments of scorified vessels). The architectural complex includes well-furnished premises with large rooms and galleries surrounding an inner courtyard. The construction equipment is noted for being simple, columns and their details are not marble and are made from local limestone; capitals of the columns are later modifications of the

4. A column capital with Ionian flutes and scrolls. Stone. 1st century BC – 1st century AD. 5. Polychrome mosaics, a fragment. Tesserae. End of the 5th – early 7th centuries. 6. Architectural details and parts of agricultural mechanisms. Stone. 1st millennium AD. Middle Ages

Ionic order; the bases are both classical and extremely schematic (boulder foundations; stonework made from large cut blocks). But the rooms are ornate and comfortable, with tanks connected to the channels for water, which is necessary in the dry Judean Desert; the floors are laid with mosaic of three types, i.e. simple white, black and white, and multicolored mosaics made of tesserae. A large mosaic (3.6 х 3.6 m, around 15,000 tesserae, 7–8 main colors) covering the center of one of the great halls is the most striking find. The pattern of the mosaic consists of intricately intertwined circles, colored marble imitations, plaits and floral (Christian?) motifs associated with wishing prosperity such as rosettes, a pomegranate flower, vines with bunches of grapes (a traditional symbol of sacrifice and rebirth included in a great number of iconographic compositions). Church items such as a bronze incense-burner hanging on a chain with crosses; a ceremonial bronze lamp, cruse lamps with Christian inscriptions (end of the 5th – first half of the 7th centuries); a small bronze

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cross (7th century) indicate that the building, in all likelihood, was used for religious purposes. Two ceramic furnaces, several tandoors and large pits for firing reject were unearthed in the production area. The 2010–2013 excavations in Jericho were first efforts of Russian archaeologists in Palestine over the past century, they were very promising for future research. Besides, the Jericho Expedition committed itself to prepare and implement the concept of the first museum exposition that was successfully opened on January 19, 2011. The opening ceremony was attended by the President of Russia and the President of Palestine. The Russian Museum and Park Complex has already become a platform for joint long-term work of Russian, Palestinian and Western scholars; first international conferences took place in the Complex in 2014–2015. L.A. Belyaev, N.A. Makarov, A.N. Voroshilov, L.A. Golofast

7. A cruse lamp. Bronze, casting. 6th–7th centuries. 8. A jar. Engobe painting. 12th–14th centuries. 9. A jar deformed by drying, 7th – first half of the 8th centuries. 10. A cruse lamp. Bronze, casting. 6th–7th centuries. 11. A vessel shaped as a spherical cone and two small jars. 7th–8th centuries.

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12. A weight for three gold nummi. Bronze, silver. 6th – early 7th centuries. 13. An African red-glazed dish with a stamped ornament, 4th–5th centuries. 14. A basalt bowl for washing with a discharge, 1st–4th centuries. 15. A kiln for firing ceramics. 16.Tanks, 6th–8th centuries. 17. Production areas. 18. A cross. Bronze. 6th–8th centuries. 19. Coins from Palestine, 1st century BC – 20th century AD. Middle Ages

Christian Church near the Village Veseloye near Sochi The church is located in the interfluve area of the Mzyma and the Psou Rivers near the Black Sea maritime coast. As an archaeological site it was discovered in the 1950s, but its location was precisely documented with the use of contemporary methods in the Olympic construction area only in 2008. Before the start of excavations the site looked like a low hill without any traces of layout, with cypresses planted over its surface. The excavations conducted in 2010–2011 demonstrated that architecturally it was an extended cross-in-square building with open narthexes adjoining the building from three sides. The heavily ruined church that had five entrances has survived mostly in its western part where the height of its walls is slightly above one meter. The walls with a three-step plinth on the outside were built by a ‘filling+facing’ method with the use of cut sandstone slabs on mortar; the inner side of the slabs was plastered, and the slabs had a narrow bench-like plinth. The main body of the church consisted of the central domed bay and eight vaulted bays surrounding it, where the floor made of pink opus signinum, i.e. mortar mixed with bricks broken up into very small

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1. The central part of the church, view from above from the west after excavations. 2. A carved floral board from the lower deposit of the well. 3. The face side of the slab with preserved reddish painting of the background from the crypt.

pieces, was preserved in several places. The clearance of the rubble demonstrated that the naves, dome support structures, and, probably, the dome itself were made of stone, while the supporting arch was made of plinth. The church had a tiled roof. Inside the church a thin layer of disrepair with flakes of plaster formed before the building collapsed was underlying a thick layer of the rubble. Four even bases made of grey mortar lying on stone foundations and forming a square in plan were identified on the floor in the central bay. These are the bases of the dome supporting pillars; arches resting on narrow wall pilaster strips stretched from pillar to pillar and traversed from the pillars to the

wall. Three openings (with a wide central opening) and three steps led to the three-part soleas; that is why, the floor in the altar area is visibly elevated. The altar was half destroyed, though two construction layers and traces of the dismantled paving made of large slabs running from the altar screen to the altar that had not survived were documented. An arched burial crypt with disturbed human bones was revealed under the entrance narthex. Two carved limestone slabs from the altar screen thrown into the crypt were recovered. One slab is ornamented with a plaited pattern and the other features a biblical story of Daniel in the lionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s den. A lot of Christian graves were made in the church and its narthexes. In rare cases funeral offerings such as a broadsword or a set of female jewelry pieces along with some household items indicating a high rank of the buried persons were placed into the graves. The offerings and the location of the graves inside the church are taken to mean that these are the graves of the noblemen. Ordinary members of the parish were buried at the necropolis on the southern part of the site. A stone building in the form of a rectangular trapezoid of irregular shape measuring 4.2 by 4.8 m was located near the south east corner of the building; inside it was a well shaft, which was more than three meters deep. It was connected to the church by a ground paved with stone. It is the first building of this type unearthed in the region, which explains the abundance of jars at the site as, probably, there was a spring with holy water inside. Its damp lower layer has preserved wooden items unique for this area, such as a small plate and a carved floral board. The church had simple though expressive ornamentation, the smooth surface of its walls was echoed by white-stoned carved decoration; the focal point is the altar screen with its painted background. Round windows, with light pouring through them, and carved wood adornments created other splashes of color. The church in Veseloye that belonged to the Abkhazian school of Byzantine architecture was built in the first half of the 10th century. It filled the gap in the list of churches of the same type built in the 10thâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;11th centuries (the Simon Kananaios Church in New Athos and the Assumption Church in Lykhny in Abkhazia; the North Zelenchuksky Church dedicated to St. George in Alania), and is now viewed as an intermediary element of the overall picture, which describes how construction of these churches spread across the Caucasus to the North in the Middle Byzantine period. E.A. Armarchuk, R.A. Mimokhod, Vl.V. Sedov

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4. The cleaned shaft of the entrance to the crypt, view from the inside from the east. 5. A ring from grave VI in the naos. Silver with niello. 6. A small cross from grave 10 of the necropolis. Silver. Middle Ages

Funeral Assemblages at the Krutik Settlement in the Lake Beloye Region In 2006 the Onega-Sukhonskoye expedition resumed archaeological explorations at the Krutik Settlement in the Kirillov District of the Vologda Region. This site of the 9 th –10 th centuries is one of the few in the Lake Beloye Region associated with the initial stage of the medieval colonization of the Rus northern periphery. The first systemic excavations at Krutik were conducted in 1974–1978 and 1980–1981 by L.A. Golubeva who described the site as an early urban trade and craft settlement, a reference site of the Lake Beloye area, which had not yet absorbed a Slav influence. New approaches and research methods provided absolutely new information that greatly added to our understanding of the site and changed drastically previous concepts. Funeral assemblages found near Krutik were a major discovery of the new exploration cycle. Despite persistent search such assemblages had not been found before. Thorough surveys of 2008 discovered the Kladovka I necropolis, and the second necropolis known as Kladovka II was found in 2009. 1 2 3 78

1. Krutik Settlement and Kladovka I cemetery. Overall view of the southeastern part of the settlement and the cemetery range from the north-north-west. 2, 3. Kladovka I cemetery. Cleaned finds in the layer.

The cemeteries with no external traces visible on the surface are located on the opposite bank of the Konka River. Kladovka I occupying 2,250 m 2 takes up a small stretch of a long narrow moraine ridge. The area of Kladovka II, located on a hilly surface, is substantially smaller; it is 600 m 2. The excavations exposed the area of 174 and 49 m 2 , respectively. The burial rite was based on cremation of the dead without using a grave, with subsequent scattering of burned funeral offerings and a small portion of cremated remains across large sections of the cemetery. The largest part of the cemetery material was lying right beneath the topsoil. The earliest part of the necropolis was unearthed at Kladovka I where some graves date to the end of the 9 th – first half of the 10 th centuries. Remains of not less than 15 individuals, i.e. 11 adult males and females and 4 children, were discovered. The most numerous items in the collection of funeral offerings are bronze jewelry pieces and glass beads; the collection comprises a great number of belt set parts and single-sided composite combs. Implements and iron-made goods are rare. A substantial difference in the size of the sites and the number of finds implies that Kladovka I was the main Krutik necropolis. Though the burial rites of both cemeteries share stylistic similarities, some differences in details, especially the sets of funeral offerings, are noted. Fragments of jingling jewelry pieces made by casting with the use of a multi-piece pattern typical for the Finns make most of the bronze items at Kladovka I. Glass items are represented mostly by lemon-shaped beads made of drawn tubes

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and cut seed beads of various colors and gold and silver glass beads. The second necropolis yielded few jingling jewelry pieces; however it contained nine small lunar pendants with wide horns cast in bivalve molds as well as a slate spindle whorl, which had never been found at these sites before. Glass beads from this necropolis are represented by wound beads of blue glass. The differences in funeral offerings from the two cemeteries clearly indicate that the cemeteries were left behind by cultural entities with different ethnocultural traits. Artifacts from Kladovka II imply that a group of newcomers connected with the Slav world appeared at Krutik at the end of the 10 th century, which is consistent with the latest results of the excavations at the settlement conducted between 2010 and 2013 indicating that the settlement was still occupied in the first half of the 11th century. Scattering of the cremated remains across the surface is a key factor that makes the Krutik cemeteries stand apart from most necropoleis dating to the end of the 1st millennium, where this method of handling and disposal of the dead persons has been documented as a great rarity. Presently these are the most fully and carefully documented burial sites of this type in contrast to other sites recorded in other areas in the forest belt of the European Russia, which are poorly studied and heavily ruined. S.D. Zakharov , S.V. Mesnyankina, E.A. Kleshchenko

4. A jingling jewelry piece, Kladovka I cemetery. 5. A belt plate, Kladovka II cemetery. 6. A pendant bell, Kladovka II cemetery. 7. Glass beads, Kladovka I cemetery I. 4–6 — bronze. Middle Ages

Latest Archaeological Discoveries in Novgorod the Great In 2014 the Novgorod archaeological expedition of the Institute conducted a large-scale excavation on the Trade Side of Novgorod the Great in the southern part of the medieval Plotnitsky End (Bolshaya Moskovskaya 30). The Rogatisky-2 excavation trench covered 300 m2, while in some sections the thickness of the occupation layer reached 6.5 m. The assemblage found in the excavation trench includes more than 8,000 items made of various materials as well as an assortment of some 700,000 fragments of pottery, animal, bird and fish bones and leather trimmings. In the 10 th century this area was tilled land. Traces of furrows left by a wooden plough were clearly visible in the natural soil, while early wheel-turned pottery samples were collected from the tilled layer. At the end of the 10 th – early 11th centuries this area was divided into allotments used for vegetable gardens by a wicker fence, while the initial delineation

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1. Rogatisky-2 excavation trench. Occupation layers of the 13th century. 2. A hanging seal of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov and Kiev (1054–1076). 3. Enkolpion, 14th century.

of the area in estates is dated to the first half of the 11th century. Four land parcels fenced off by logged palisades were recorded in the layers attributed to the 11th –12th centuries; the area of the parcels had residential and domestic houses with remains of wooden floors and stoves on wooden opecheks (forehearth casing). The layers yielded a silver Samanid dirham of the late 10 th century, North German denarii of the 11th century, and a lead hanging seal of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov and Kiev (1054–1076), who was the son of Yaroslav the Wise. A bronze follis of Constantine the Great (306–337) depicting Roma, a female deity, and the Capitoline Wolf with infants Romulus and Remus was found in the layer dating to the mid-11th century. This find, sensational not only for Novgorod, but also for all Rus cities, cannot be used for dating purposes. The coin can only demonstrate early contracts of Novgorod with Byzantium, Scandinavia or Western Europe. Finds of three birch bark letters (No. 1056–1058), Christian devotional items, weapons, various jewelry and household goods date to the 11th–12th centuries. Traces of casting production (metal scrap, metal splashing, runners, crucibles, smelting ladles, casting forms and finished items with traces of casting waste) and iron working debris (blooms and slag) were recovered from the estates of this period. Early in the 13th century the estates were abandoned and the land was divided into allotments for vegeta-

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ble gardens. The desolation may have been caused by outbreaks of epidemics in 1216 or 1230. It was not until the second half of the 13th century that this area of Novgorod came to life again. Rich estates appeared (five allotments were identified), whose boundaries changed throughout the 14th–15th centuries. Timber houses were located along the fences and formed a small courtyard paved with half-beams. Remains of floorboards placed on crossbeams and forehearth casings on logged pillars survived in the houses to the present day. Layers of the 14th – early 15th centuries are abundant with finds. Five birch bark documents (No. 1051–1055) that are private letters of business related to trade were recovered from these layers. Several metal pencils were discovered as well. Ten Rus lead hanging seals of the 14th –15th centuries include three bullae that have not yet been described. The most interesting is the seal of posadnik Ontsifor Lukinich (1342–1367), a well-known figure in Novgorod history, a representative of Novgorodian boyar dynasty of the Mishinish connected with the Nerevsky End, which was one of Novgorod districts. On the obverse of the seal are four lines of the inscription ‘SEAL OF POSADNIK ONSTIFOR’, the reverse depicts a rider, who is a saint, in profile to the right. The seal with the inscription on both sides ‘SEAL OF LUKA DANILOVICH’ is attributed to the individual not mentioned in other written sources. The third unique seal, with five lines of the inscription on the obverse and a saint depicted on the reverse, belongs

4. A bracelet, 12th century. 5. The crossguard of a sword, end of the 12th century. 6. Coins of the 11th century. Middle Ages

to a Novotorzhsky imperious vicar of the Novgorod archbishop and is dated to the first half of the 15th century. Other seals are new samples of Novgorod bullae already described and published, including the seal of Archbishop David (1309–1325) and Archbishop Moses (1326–1330, 1352–1359), as well as seals of archbishop’s vicars (appointed to administer outlying districts) and governor’s assistants known as Vasilko and Nikita. The collection of metal items of the 14th–15th centuries is quite representative and includes personal devotional items, various jewelry pieces, and plaques with anthropomorphous and zoomorphic ornament. A round cast openwork plaque produced in Western Europe depicts a musician playing gusli-plsaltery; this find is a great rarity. It belongs to the end of the 14th – early 15th centuries. Various items characterizing trade between Novgorod and the Hanseatic League in the 14th cen-

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tury include a collection of West European trade and commerce seals used to impress cloths as well as fragments of oak barrels with geometric signs carved on the lid, known as Hausmarke and Hofmark (house or court brands). Such barrels were used by merchants to transport wine, herring, copper scrap and other goods to Novgorod. Excavation finds in Novgorod the Great are of special interest because distinctive features of the occupation layer help not only date archaeological assemblages with fair confidence but also document chronological timelines when some items were in use. New finds are an important historical source for exploring history and culture both Novgorod the Great and entire Rus.

7. A lock of the Bolgar type, 12 th century. 8. The top piece of a lash, 12 th century. the 14th century. 10. Birch bark letter No. 1055, second half of the 13th century.

P.G. Gaidukov, O.M. Oleinikov

9. A plate, end of

St. George’s Cathedral of the Yuriev (St. George’s) Monastery in Novgorod the Great St. George’s Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery is one of the most spectacular landmarks of pre-Mongol architecture in Novgorod. The construction of the cathedral was commissioned by Prince Vsevolod (Gavriil) Mstislavovich of Novgorod in 1119. It is a large six-pillared cathedral with three domes; one dome crowns a stair tower, square in plan; its winding stair leads to a high choir loft. The church dominates above majestic flat landscape of the Novgorod southern suburbs where the Volkhov River flows out of Lake Ilmen. St. George’s Cathedral has mostly preserved its form of the early 12th century. Its zakomar top (a rounded gable head) with ‘waves’ of semicircular aches replaced with a roof having four sloping surfaces early in the 19 th century is the only major change to be seen, while the height of the cathedral is one meter less because of several fills for the floor. The western part of the cathedral was excavated in the 1930s by the expedition led by M.K. Karger, a fa-

1. St. George’s Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery, view from the southeast. 2. The excavated north nave in St. George’s Cathedral, view from the choir loft. Middle Ages

mous Leningrad archaeologist. He removed the latest floor and its fill and discovered the ancient original floor of the cathedral as well as pre-Mongol graves of princes and posadniks (mayors of the cities who ruled on behalf of the prince) made in stone and plinth sarcophagi. In 2013 the expedition of the Institute started excavations in St. Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cathedral. Upon agreement with Metropolitan Lev of Novgorod, two sections were selected for survey boreholes, i.e. one section in the middle apse and the other section in the north cross arm of the cathedral. The first section was selected to determine the stratigraphy of the fills for the floor and presence of ancient constructions while a grave of Theoctistus, Archbishop of Novgorod, whose remains were transferred to the cathedral from the suburban Annunciation Cathedral of Novgorod in 1786, was planned to be searched in the second section. The excavations revealed the original floor level and the base of the ancient altar preserved in

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the middle apse of the cathedral. A large number of fresco fragments were identified in the fill for the latest floor; ornamental fresco compositions were discovered on the cathedral wall beneath the latest floor level. A tombstone above the grave of holy Theoctistus that marks with confidence its burial place â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;lostâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the course of alterations and refurbishing carried out in the 20 th century was found in the north cross arm of the cathedral. In 2014 the archaeologists conducted large-scale architectural and archaeological excavations, exposing the entire eastern half of the cathedral from the latest layers to the original floor level. During the removal of the fills for the latest floor made in the early 19 th century in the course of the cathedral refurbishing commissioned by archimandrite Fotii in 1820s it became clear that 90% of the fills were fragments of cathedral original frescos dating to the 1120s, scraped from the walls to repaint the cathedral in the late Baroque style.

3. The ancient altar of the 12th century in the side apse of the cathedral. 4. Decorative frescos of the 12th century in the altar part.

Several thousand boards with frescos including fragments with painted background and letters of inscriptions as well as ornamental compositions and rather numerous (several dozens) fragments with painted faces, hands and legs that are of particular value as a source for exploring the style of the lost paintings were collected during excavations. Two dozen faces of small size painted in a very fine and exquisite style as well as dozens of painted face fragments were found. Besides faces and fragments of clothes, inscriptions were found, i.e. dipinti by paints made when frescos were painted and graffiti scratched on the frescos, notably, graffiti of the 12th and early 13th centuries. These graffiti are now included in the group of historical inscriptions; often they have a date and contain information about the death and burial of an individual. The most dramatic find of this type is the inscription of 1198 telling the story of the death and burial of Iziaslav and Rostislav, two young sons of Yaroslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Novgorod. It is one of the largest Rus graffiti. Large sections of ancient fresco paintings were revealed on the cathedral walls, including ornamental compositions known as marbling or polilitia, which are plaster frescos on the walls painted to imitate 5 6 7 8 9 10

polished marble slabs that embellished church walls in Constantinople. The marble patterns are made by straight, wavy or dotted lines separated by red bands. Both ancient and latest constructions related to church services were discovered inside the cathedral. The latest constructions include the bricked middle altar and the raised part of the floor in front of the inner sanctuary called solea, constructed at the turn of the 18th century. The earlier constructions dating to the time when the cathedral was built and decorated in the 1120s– 1130s include the base of the original altar that rested on stone columns, a stone bench for the clergy in the middle apse, two side ‘box-shaped’ altars in the side apses as well as the original cathedral floor that consisted of the lime bedding and large and well treated limestone slabs placed on top of it. The excavations led to discovery of a new archaeological assemblage suggestive of exceptionally intricate ornamentation patterns of the monastery cathedral. It is planned to continue excavations in St. George’s Cathedral.

Vl.V. Sedov

5–10. Painted faces discovered in the cathedral during the 2014 excavations. Middle Ages

Church on the Pyatnitsky Stream in Smolensk In the autumn of 2012 a concentration of flat, almost square shaped blocks of the Byzantine type known as plinth bricks was found right in the center of Smolensk. During the cleanup it became clear that these were remains of a church, including fragments of the base of the walls and pillars. In the summer of 2013 systemic excavations in a large area helped unearth the entire architectural and archaeological site. The church has been preserved almost completely, with the exception of the altar part, which is gone, because at the end of the 16th century architect Fedor Kon built the Smolensk city wall running from the east across the hill ledge. When the foundation pit of this impressive city wall was built one quarter part of the church, namely, its eastern part with three semicircular apses, was pulled down to give way to the foundation ditch; huge boulders from the church foundation stacked in several rows are still visible near the eastern part of the ancient building. A dry ditch or an escarpment in some places, which destroyed the western

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1. The church on the Pyatnitsky Stream after excavations. Aerial photos.

part of the church gallery, was made some 15–20 m from the wall. When the wall and the ditch were constructed the ancient church was already in ruins and was basically a turfed hill covered with rubble; therefore, some of its sections could be demolished. It should be noted, though, that the ancient church was left to decay or was demolished as early as the 14th or the 15th centuries, and a cemetery, in operation until the 16th century, appeared on its ruins. The name of the saint to whom the church was dedicated fell into oblivion; the built stone wall ran across the church site, while the names of nearby buildings and areas, such as the Pyatnitsky End, the Pyatnitskaya Tower and the Pyatnitsky Stream may refer to both this church and to another church located on the opposite bank of the Pyatnitsky Stream, to which the archaeologists gave the name of the Pyatnitskaya Church (Pyatnitskaya Church is dedicated to St. Paraskevi of Iconium, known in Russia as Paraskeva Pyatnitsa); for this reason, the newly excavated site received the name of the Church on the Pyatnitsky Stream. The excavations revealed that in the middle of the th 12 century a small four-pillared church typical for Smolensk and for the entire Dnieper Basin had been

built on a hill ledge. It was constructed entirely of plinths using regular-coursed stonework and creamcolored mortar mixed with plinth rubber. Apparently, it was a one-domed church, with the dome drum supported by four pillars cross-like in plan. The interior church walls did not have pilaster strips (lesenes) corresponding to the pillars, which is typical for the second half of the 12th century (in the middle of the century each pilaster strip of the pillar had a corresponding pilaster strip on the interior walls, dividing the wall surface optically; subsequently, the pilaster strips on the interior walls were taken away). The outer façade of the church was divided into parts by pilaster strips, while semi-columns, typical for the Dnieper Basin architecture of the middle–second half of the 12th century, leaned against the two central pilaster strips of the west and side façades. The floor was covered with plinth bricks; maybe, some of its sections were decorated with ornaments made of glazed floor tiles (several tiles were found in debris heaps). The interior of the church was painted, numerous fragments of pre-Mongol fresco painting were discovered during excavations; fragments with painted faces, hands and legs and ornaments are of special interest.

2. Excavated sections of the church, view from the southeast. Middle Ages

The church has several burials; a crumbled recessed wall tomb in the south wall known as arcosolium contained remains of a middle-aged man, while the second burial made on the exterior side of the west wall in a special plinth sarcophagus yielded skeletons of a middle-aged woman and a child. These burials suggest that the church was monastic and was linked to a prince or, with less likelihood, a boyar family of Smolensk, which used to bury their family members in the stone church they had built. Subsequently, burials were made in the cathedral ruins, as has been noted earlier; most graves are not of any particular interest. The only exception is a white tombstone of a grave found in the place of the south gallery; the tombstone is cracked; however, wolf tooth ornament along the edge and a peculiar ‘knot’ in the middle of the tombstone are still visible. This tombstone apparently dates to the 15th or the 16th centuries. In the early 13th century the original church was surrounded by a stone gallery also constructed of plinth bricks but of a different form, though with the use of the same regular-coursed stonework. At that time such

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galleries were constructed in many other Smolensk churches; they were intended for burials of the church and gallery wardens’ family members. Sections of the galleries were traced from the north and the south of the main body of the church; no doubt the gallery ran from the west as well, but as has been noted earlier, it was destroyed by the ditch built in front of the wall by Fedor Kon. A collapsed fragment of its north wall featuring an arched window has survived north of the main body of the church and can be used to reconstruct church apertures. A large fragment of a bronze bell, whose shape shares similarities with known pre-Mongol bells was found among the church ruins; apparently, this bell hung on the west wall of the church and fell down when the church collapsed. The previously unknown stone church dating to the middle of the 12th – early 13th centuries found in Smolensk is a fascinating example of Rus architecture in the Dnieper Basin and yet further evidence of rich and sophisticated culture of medieval Smolensk. Vl.V. Sedov

3. A plinth brick with a mark on the side. 4. Fragments of frescos from the church ruins. 5. Fragments of frescos with ornaments. 6. The south wall of the church. View of the regular-coursed plinth stonework.

New Information on Medieval Tver The medieval past of Tver, the capital of a large principality and a rival to Moscow, is full of secrets in many respects. The time of the first fortress construction, the location of first wooden churches and the design of the first stone cathedral were not known for a long time. The way to success was paved by systematic research conducted by the expedition of the Institute of Archaeology together with the Tver Research Historical-Archaeological and Restoration Center during excavations in the Tver Kremlin (2012–2014). The tip of the Kremlin promontory at the confluence of the Volga River and the Tmaka River, the central part of the fortress where the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral had been built and the area east of the cathedral occupied by a former non-classical secondary school were explored. The earliest city wall of the hook-based design (hooks were installed at the end of the stacked logs to keep them firmly in place and prevent them from shifting) (a radiocarbon date puts the wall construction not later than the middle of the 12th century) was unearthed for the first time at the confluence of the Volga and the Tmaka. Residential quarters with densely packed houses, pavements and wooden fences abutted on the city oak wall; the dendrodates of the two logged blocks (not the earliest) are 1149 and 1150. Several more structures were identified underneath; the lower occupation layer does not contain any glass bracelets (there is an abundance of such bracelets in the overlying layers; they were popular among city female residents in 1160–1170). The numerous finds are typical for an Rus city. Of special interest is a wooden board completely covered with a carved design in the Scandinavian Romanesque style (the radiocarbon date of the

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1. Overall view of the excavations in the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral from the northeast above the foundation lines of the apses dating to the end of the 17th century. 2. A fragment of the fresco painting in the cathedral, end of the 13th – 14th centuries. 3. A semi-column (arcaded frieze?) with carved ornament, end of the 13th century, from the excavations of the cathedral. Middle Ages

board sample (KIA-50975): cal AD 1010–1160; University Laboratory, Kiel, Germany). A charcoal bed left by fire, which burned down the wall, overlies the oak wall remains. After 1238 (dendrochronology date) the wall was replaced by a complex fortification construction made of pine semiblock houses. Therefore, fortifications existed in the promontory area of the Tver Kremlin as early as the pre-Mongol period not later than the second half of the 12th century, while

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the population started settling in the promontory not later than the second half (the first half?) of the 12th century. The examination of the remains of the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral, which is the first large cathedral built in North East Rus after the Mongol devastation, is of paramount importance for history of Russian culture. The remains of the building dating to 1285–1290 and the new cathedral that subsequently replaced the old one (1689–1696; it was blown to pieces in 1935) were

4. A wooden board with a carved design, 12 th century. 6. A niello bead, 16 th–17th centuries.

explored in the area exceeding 1,400 m2. Despite the fact that the 12th century cathedral was demolished twice, the archaeologists were lucky to identify the sub-footing base of the foundation pits as well as white stonework in the southern part and even unearth a white stone porch along the axis of the south entrance, mentioned in the description of Grand Prince Mikhail’s resignation (1395). The layout of the cathedral is traced by partially intact sub-footing bases of the foundation pits, which were not reinforced with pile fields. It was a three-naved, three-apsed and four-pillared cathedral with three narthexes. The overall width, including the south and north galleries, was 21–22 m. The cathedral is extremely large in plan and is close to a square. However the bay below the dome and the central apse measure 4.5–4.7 m; this is a common feature of churches built in the 12th –13th centuries, which are not the largest, though noteworthy. Polygonal apses extending to the east is a typological characteristic of the plan, the central apse extends from the inside for around 12 m, which is approximately half of the cathedral length; the side apses are narrower and are placed close to the central apse. White stone debris, including debris with carved ornament, and

5. Tver treasure hoard, December, 2014.

plaster pieces with fragments of fresco painting (including a fragment of the elaborately painted face and hands) prove that the cathedral was built of white stone; its layout was typical for the early 13th century, the cathedral was decorated with stone carving of the Vladimir-Suzdal type; introducing a new architectural and artistic style that had its roots in the early Moscow construction, the carvers, however, maintained pre-Mongol traditions. Remains of a necropolis, with most graves (184 out of 192) made before the construction of the stone cathedral and associated with the wooden church of Saint Cosmas and Damians, survived at the site where the 12th and the 17th century cathedrals were built. All early burials were made in wooden coffins or tree-trunk sarcophagi, sometimes overlaid by a layer of birch bark. Fifty-two burials contained offerings such as temporal rings, bronze buttons, glass bead necklaces, rings, crosses worn next to the skin and a bronze belt buckle. Six burials yielded remains of headwear, 11 burials contained remains of collars with a birch bark used as a support material; the birch bark was covered with cloth with gold embroidery; and a unique set consisting of headdress and a collar with sewn-on silver plaques, some with glass inserts. The occupation layer and the pits of the second half of the 12th –20th centuries were examined in the sections adjoining the cathedral foundation. A ground floor of the pre-Mongol period (12th century) survived in the southeastern part of the excavation pit. Several structures

with ground floors sunk into natural soil dating to the 15th – second half of the 16th centuries (one of the structures is very large) were explored near the east boundary of the excavation pit. The finds related to this period include a treasure hoard of hammered silver coins shaped as fish scales from the Time of Troubles buried in a small money-box near the cathedral apses. During the restoration of the Tver Museum building (a former non-classical secondary school) east of the apses of the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral the excavations revealed dwelling quarters, channels for palisades, pits of the medieval period made in natural soil. The occupation layer underlying natural soil is noted for absence of glass bracelets (which are found in the overlying deposits). Of interest is a treasure hoard consisting of Rus silver jewelry (triple bead temporal rings, star- and rayshaped colts (temporal pendants, which hung from the headwear on ribbons or chains), ornamental pendants, beads, plaque medallions, a wide bracelet made of two leaves). The items were wrapped in a cloth and put into a pot placed with its bottom up into a pit. The jewelry pieces are made in granulation and filigree techniques, sometimes with niello and engraving. The items may be dated indicatively to the end of the 12th – first half of the 13th centuries, and are possibly linked to the devastation and looting of Tver by Batu Khan in 1238. L.A. Belyaev, I.A. Safarova, A.N. Khokhlov

7. Ruins of a white stone porch of the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral, 16th–17th centuries. Middle Ages

Seal of Athanasius, Patriarch of Constantinople from Pereslavl-Zalessky Pereslavl-Zalessky, whose history described in chronicles dates back to the middle of the 12th century, remains to be the least studied cities of North East Rus in archaeological terms. The first excavations were launched in the city in 1853 by P.S. Savelyev who made trenches inside the city rampart around the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral, one of the ancient white-stone churches of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, built during ruling of Yuri Dolgoruky. However, in the second half of the 20 th century, which is the period of the most comprehensive and productive archaeological studies of Rus cities, Pereslavl almost disappeared from the screen of researchers’ interests. New materials have not been collected until recently, the renewed interest is explained by a higher level of rescue excavations within the boundaries of the medieval city. The most spectacular find is a lead pendant seal (also called ‘hanging’ seal) featuring Our Lady and a Greek inscription discovered in the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral in 2014.

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1. Pereslavl-Zalessky. Earth fortifications and the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral in the foreground, view from the southwest. 2. Seal of Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople. Photo by P.G. Gaidukov.

The 2014 archaeological excavations were intended to prepare a project for cathedral restoration and included a number of boreholes drilled to study the stratigraphy of deposits and conditions of the cathedral foundation pit. One of boreholes was made inside the cathedral in the diaconicon. The borehole revealed construction deposits including a layer dating to the period of the construction startup. Bases and several walls of a white-stoned rectangular sarcophagus with a practically intact head part were discovered along the south wall in the borehole. The seal was lying in a redeposited layer of grey sand mixed with lime and pebbles at the depth of around 40 cm from the contemporary floor beneath the sarcophagus head; apparently, it fell into this place in the course of earlier earthworks. The molivdovul (hanging lead seal) stands apart from similar ancient artifacts for its sheer size. The impression of the bullotirium matrices is made on a round lead plate of 43 by 47 mm in size, 4–5 mm in thickness, its weight is 63.3 g. The plate substantially exceeds the size of the matrices. On the obverse of the seal Our Lady enthroned (a variant of the Mother of God of the Nikopea type) is depicted holding the infant Jesus in front of her, the figure of Our Lady is surrounded by a circle of globetti (beads in relief). Our Lady holds the infant Jesus on her lap while the infant Jesus is portrayed almost standing, with his feet practically hidden by

maphorion folds. The folds of the garments are rather finely worked in detail. Our Lady sits solemnly on a pillow placed on a wide throne with a tall latticed back. There is an inscription ΜΡ–ΘV on the right and on the left of Our Lady’s head above the throne back under the titles. The reverse of the seal contains eight lines of a Greek inscription surrounded by a circle of beads in relief (?). When making a mirror-image of the inscription, the craftsman miscalculated the space inside the circle and three last letters of line eight ran into the circle. The inscription is easily readable. This is how it starts: + Αθανάσιος ελέω Θ(εο)υ αρχιεπίσκοπος Translation. Athanasius, by Act of God Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch. The type of the seals depicting Our Lady and an inscription composed of several lines is well known in Byzantine and Russian medieval sphragistics. It was typical for bullae owned by highest hierarchs of the church such as patriarchs, metropolitans, archbishops and bishops. Thanks to the well preserved inscription the seal may be attributed to its owner with much confidence. It is associated with activities of Athanasius I, who was invited to the Patriarchal throne of the Church twice, in 1289–1293 and 1303–1309.

3. Savior Transfiguration Cathedral, view from the southwest. 4. Consecration of Peter as a metropolitan. A border scene of the icon ‘Metropolitan Peter with Scenes from his Life’. Dionysius circle. 1480s. Middle Ages

Seals owned by Constantinople patriarchs come from sphragistic collections of many countries, but only five molivduvols of this type were recorded for Rus before, out of which only the seal of Eustratius Garidas (1081–1084) found in the Kiev St. Sophia Cathedral during excavations has a reliably documented archaeological context. Among published molivdovuls so far only two are attributed to Patriarch Athanasius. One seal is in the Berlin museum collection, while the other put on display in Vienna in 1997 comes from a private collection. Judging by the published photographs, the impressions were made by the same matrices as those used to make the seal from Pereslavl-Zalessky. In terms of the iconography of Our Lady depicted, Athanasius seal is a further development of the Constantinople patriarchs’ seals of the earlier period; differences are noted only in the turns of the figures and details. A wide throne with a latticed back, not typical for middle Byzantine patriarchal seals, is an important detail. This throne is also present on the seal of Patriarch Germanus II of Constantinople (1222–1240), which may be regarded as one of the samples for the seal of Patriarch Athanasius. It is quite possible that in the 13th century a well-known icon from Constantinople depicting Our Lady-Nikopea was used as a prototype for patriarchal seals. Athanasius I, in the world Alexius, was born around 1235 in Adrianople and died in the Monastery of Xerolophus in Constantinople in 1315. He is one of the most striking personalities in the history of the Palaeologus Byzantium. The monk who had spent many years of ascetic labors in monasteries in Athos and Thrace and was noted for his ascetic life in solitude was invited to the Patriarchal throne of the Church at the suggestion of Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328) and made a huge influence on the basileus and policy pursued by the empire. It is known that Athanasius stood firmly against closer relations between Byzantine and Latin West; he was a vehement supporter of stronger emperor power referring to its divine origin, an ideologue of refinement of moral and ethical standards in Byzantine society, often interfering into secular affairs. The patriarch was forced to resign the throne of the Constantinople Church twice under pressure from his opponents. Veneration of Athanasius as a saint began soon after his death. Patriarch Athanasius was an important figure in the history of the Russian Church. In 1308 he appointed Peter, abbot of the St. Savior Transfiguration Monastery on the Rata River, which is a Bug tribu-

tary, to the vacant see of Kiev. Peter had arrived in Constantinople on initiative of Yuri Lvovich, Prince of Galicia and Volynia, as a candidate for the post of the metropolitan of Galicia. By consecrating Peter as a metropolitan, the patriarch rejected Herontius, hegumen of Tver, dispatched to Constantinople with the holy symbols he had received after the death of Metropolitan Maximus. Colorful accounts of these events are recorded in the ‘Life of Metropolitan Peter’. This is not the end of the story about Patriarch Athanasius’ participation in affairs of the Russian Church and the destiny of Metropolitan Peter. After receiving a complaint against the metropolitan from bishop Andrei, Athanasius sent one of his clerics, ‘a clever, wise and cunning man’, with a proposal to hold a church council to hear accusations against the holy hierarch. The council took place in PereslavlZalessky in 1309 or early 1310. The confrontation was so severe that Peter was on the point of resigning the metropolitan throne. The detailed version of the Life says that appearance of the cleric sent by Athanasius who defended the metropolitan and read off the letter of the Constantinople patriarch was of immense significance to ensure Peter’s acquittal. The church council of 1309/1310 is one of the most dramatic events of the Moscow-Tver confrontation and an important milestone in the history of the Russian Metropolitan see. The selection of Pereslavl as a venue for the council was in the interests of Moscow princes, as this city, which had been in the center of the struggle between the princes in the 1290s, was brought under the rule of the Moscow Principality in 1302. The ruling of the church council strengthened Peter’s position in the Russian Metropolitan See as well as the positions of the Moscow princes who supported him. It is logical to assume that the seal of Patriarch Athanasius authenticated the patriarch’s letter sent to Peter and the participants of the 1309/1310 church council. Subsequently the document was, probably, kept in the diaconicon of the city stone cathedral, i.e. the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral of Pereslavl. Therefore, the molivdovul of Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius I is not only a vivid reflection of the links between the Byzantine and Russian churches early in the 14th century but also an archaeological evidence of one of the dramatic events in church history and struggle between princes that we know about only from ‘Life of Metropolitan Peter’ and accounts left by V.N. Tatishchev. N.A. Makarov, P.G. Gaidukov, Vl.V. Sedov

Staraya Ryazan Fortified Settlement The fortified settlement of Staraya Ryazan is the only capital of a large principality of pre-Mongol Rus, which became a classical ‘dead city’ when it was burned and pillaged by Batu Khan. Absence of contemporary housing helped very much in conducting archaeological investigations. The first archaeological research at this site of the Rus city was carried in 1822. The magnitude of the Mongol invasion was reflected in another distinctive feature of Staraya Ryazan. The city ranks second after Kiev in the number of treasure hoard finds that witnessed the tragedy. It is the discovery of a treasure hoard of jewelry in 1822 that became a starting point of Staraya Ryazan archaeological studies and publication of first volumes describing the site. Subsequently the fortified settlement was repeatedly explored in the 19 th century. In 1926 V.A. Gorodstov carried out the first large-scale excavations in Staraya Ryazan, which were planned to be the first stage of multiyear studies, but the plans did not come to fruition. Modern exploration of this unique site began with the expedition led by A.L. Mongait in Staraya Ryazan in 1945–1950, which was resumed in 1955. In 1970–1979 excavations

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1. Staraya Ryazan Fortified settlement from the bird’s eye view. 2. A medallion. 3. A colt. 2, 3 – items from the 2005 treasure hoard (No. 16). Silver. Middle Ages

were continued by V.P. Darkevich and subsequently by A.V.Â Chernetsov in 1994; I.Yu. Strikalov has been the head of the expedition since 2010. Despite large-scale efforts undertaken in many years, the explored fortified area does not exceed 5%. Staggering treasure hoards of jewelry give a special flavor to Staraya Ryazan. One such hoards, the sixteenth in succession, was discovered in 2005 in the south-eastern part of the medieval city in the area that had not previously shown any promise of finds. The restoration of the finds took a lot of time and the book describing the complete hoard was not published until 2014. The latest treasure hoard, the seventeenth in succession, was discovered a short while ago in 2013. It was concealed in the oldest part of the city known as Severnoye Gorodishche (North Fortified settlement) where no treasure hoards had ever been found. The treasure hoard is interesting because it consists of unfinished items, specific finds related to production and jewelry materials suggesting that the treasure was hidden away by a jeweler. Scientific interests of the scholars are, of course, not limited to such dramatic finds as treasure hoards,

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handicraft items of artistic value, and ruins of ancient churches. The recent stage of activities in Staraya Ryazan has been marked by enhanced interest to the exploration of defense constructions, the layout of urban residential areas and specific urban estates as well as social topography. Significant fieldwork in the extramural part of the city and large-scale fieldwalking in its immediate vicinity of the city conducted for the first time were very helpful in tracing changes in the settlement pattern. As a landmark of much significance, Staraya Ryazan demands a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach and use of a broad range of science methods. In recent years geo-radar studies of a large part of the site, geomorphological and paleoecological studies have been carried out. Economic and technical advances are of paramount importance in the history of any society; therefore, archaeologists have to pay a lot of attention to the study of ancient productions. Systemic studies of ceramic production in Staraya Ryazan conducted in recent years produced a chronology of ceramic types subdivided into periods, traced influence of produc-

4. The 2005 treasure hoard (No. 16) in situ. 5. A silver colt from this treasure hoard on ribbons made of blocks.

tion traditions from various regions in Rus, and explored smithcraft. In addition to products, implements of craftsmen and their production shops may be studied at the site. Of interest are kilns and furnaces used in potterymaking, metallurgy and metalworking. A two-tier kiln of the 11th century was found in the extramural part of the city in 2013; it changed our concepts about the time when such constructions appeared in North East Rus. Furnaces for producing iron subsequently replaced the kiln. A heating construction dated to the latest time, which is the middle of the 18th century, was uncovered in 2011 in the extramural part of the city. It was a brick kiln used to produce construction material for a rural church built nearby, which has sur-

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vived to the present day. More than 40 bronze casting molds for jewelry that formed part of the seventeenth treasure hoard were discovered in 2013â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2014. Some casting molds were not finished (some flashes were not trimmed), several casting molds were intermediary pieces made of tin; therefore, a complete process of jewelry making may be reconstructed. By exploring economic and production issues, we get back to crafts, arts and treasure hoards of Staraya Ryazan.

I.Yu. Strikalov, A.V. Chernetsov

6. Treasure hoard No. 17 in situ. 7. The potterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s kiln, first half of the 11th century, Staraya Ryazan trading quarter. 8. Silver items from treasure hoard No. 17 such as a medallion, a bracelet, blocks for hanging colts; stone crosses. 9. Jewelerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pincers. 10. A silver pendant from this treasure hoard. Middle Ages

Shekshovo Cemetery in Suzdal Opolye Suzdal Opolye is a historical center of North East Rus with an extremely high concentration of archaeological sites. More than 300 medieval settlements were identified and examined in this area over the past 15 years. However, search of kurgan cemeteries associated with settlements turned out to be a challenge. The Shekshovo Cemetery located 17â&#x20AC;Żkm from Suzdal is one of few preserved cemeteries. The kurgan cemetery in the vicinity of the village of Shekshovo (presently, the Ivanovo Region) is known as one of the largest in the center of the Suzdal Region. In 1852 A.S.Â Uvarov excavated 244 mounds with cremated and inhumated burials at this site. Traces of the kur-

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1. Shekshovo Cemetery 9. Overall view of excavation area 3. 2. A combat hammer from kurgan 1 with princely signs: the bident on the side plane, and the trident at the butt. 3. A miliarense of Constantine, the Purple-born, 945â&#x20AC;&#x201C;959.

gans are not visible; nevertheless, in 2011, relying on contemporary methods of archaeological fieldwalking and field documentation of the mid-19 th century, the Suzdal expedition of the Institute identified the approximate original location of the cemetery. During four field seasons excavations carried out in the area of around 1,350 m 2 revealed remains of not less than nine leveled out kurgans. Electrotomographic prospection that identified ring structures, within which kurgans and small ditches that had surrounded them, worked well in exploring the spatial organization of the cemetery. Two kurgans yielded inhumated burials that can be dated to the end of the 10 th – first half of the 11th centuries. Remains of cremations outside the grave with subsequent burial of cremated bones in burial pits were recovered from two other kurgans; melted glass beads, metal jewelry and parts of a 10 th century garment were found together with cremated bones. The excavations revealed other types of the burial rite previously unknown in the center of the RostovSuzdal land in the 10 th –11th centuries such as inhumation without kurgans and cremation with burial of cremation remains in shallow pits or on the ground surface. Eleven inhumated burials, oriented to the west, with burial offerings of the 10 th – early 12th cen-

turies were cleaned up in the excavation pit in the central part of the cemetery. Some buried individuals were lying in large (more than 3 m long) burial pits; the construction of such pits, which indicated a high status of the dead person, spread across various areas of Rus and the Baltics in the 11th century. These pits destroyed earlier cremations attributed to the 10 th – early 11th centuries by recovered metal goods and glass beads. It can now be said with confidence that Shekshovo is a large cemetery with a substantial diversity of burial rites, which was in operation between the second half of the 10th century and the second half of the 12th century. The finds include numerous coins such as Arab dirhams, West Europeans denarii and a Byzantine miliarense as well as mounts and end-pieces of ceremonial male belts, weights, weapons, female jewelry pieces of the Volga Region-Finnish, Slav and Baltic types. The artifacts characterize the cemetery as a necropolis of one of large settlements that formed the core of North East Rus in the 10th–11th centuries. New evidence confirms earlier observations that these were wealthy settlements acting as main commercial centers with a high concentration of emerging social elite. Diversity of burial rites, decoration of garments with ornamental items from various cultures,

4. Shekshovo Cemetery 9. Overall view of excavation area 2, 2012, and the bases of kurgans 3 and 4 after removal of the tilled horizon. 5. Small ditches in the electrotomographic prospection plan. Middle Ages

abundance of high prestige things reflect the process of Rus culture development in North East Rus and the part played by Shekshovo as one of the centers where this culture crystallized. The find of a ceremonial battle axe with a silver inlay found in the footing of one of the kurgan mounds together with a silver gilt fibula is of paramount importance for studies of Rus early history. In addition to the ornamentation, one side of the axe features a cross with a long lower leg while the other side of the axe displays a bident with a triangular â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;overshootâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; at the base and everted prongs (the Rurik family crest); the butt part depicts a trident with a triangle at the base, a tamga-shaped sign similar to the signs of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich and Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich. Axes with silver inlays used as ceremonial weapons in the 10 th â&#x20AC;&#x201C;12th centuries are rep-

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resented by rare finds in North Rus, Volga Bulgaria, Scandinavia, the Baltics and Poland. Tamga-shaped princely signs on the axe is a unique phenomenon. Apparently, the axe and the clasp fibula were placed into the grave of an individual from a high ranking princely family. The ceremonial axe is an evidence of the prince administration in evolving centers of Rus population in North East Rus in the early 11th century (as opposed to the opinion quite common until recently). N.A. Makarov, I.E. Zaitseva, A.M. Krasnikova

6. Inhumation without kurgans, 11th century. 7, 8. Belt mounts. 9. A jingling pendant. 10. A buckle. 11. A temporal ring.

Podbolotyevo Cemetery in the Murom Oka Basin The Podbolotyevo Cemetery has been explored by scholars for more than 100 years; its excavations gave start to academic studies of Finno-Ugric artifacts. The site was discovered in 1910 during construction of the Murom–Melenki highway and was excavated by V.A. Gorodtsov. In total 276 graves were explored and the cemetery was attributed to the Finnish Muroma who lived in the Murom Oka Basin before arrival of the Slavs. Like 100 years ago, new excavations of the site in 2012 were launched because of a highway construction and continued throughout 2013–2014. The excavations opened a new page in the history of the Muroma mentioned in ancient chronicles; these excavations were the first over the past 40 years to have been conducted with the use of contemporary methods, detailed records of graves, specific features of the burial rite along with a number of science studies. The cemetery occupies the hilly Ilevna River bank on the southern outskirt of the village Verbovsky (the Murom district); an unfortified settlement dating to the same age is located

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1. The western edge of the cemetery. The graduated measuring rod marks grave 97 below the kurgan, view from the southeast. 2. A belt buckle from a female belt (grave 154). 3. A lunar-shaped pendant (grave 105). Middle Ages

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south of the cemetery behind two small ravines. Over three years 208 flat graves, including nine graves of horses and one grave of a dog, were explored. Most graves are inhumated burials (around 91%), with the skeletons lying in a supine extended posture facing the north. Almost one tenth part of the burials has cremated bodies; the dead were cremated outside the grave; thereafter upon removal of ashes and charcoal, the cremated bones were deposited in the grave. Funeral offerings include jewelry, implements and weapons. Female grave offerings are noted for an abundance of metal jewelry pieces, some of which are ethnocultural attributes of the Muroma population. The female grave set includes forehead bands, cloth pieces that were wrapped and twisted around the head, temporal rings of the Muroma type, lunarshaped items, carrying pole-shaped ornament pieces used to adorn braids, etc. The female grave sets also include items typical for Volga Region-Finnish artifacts such as plated disc-shaped pectoral and openwork plaques, syulgams (brooches), spiral bracelets and finger-rings. The male grave offerings are more universal and consist of items typical for the entire Volga RegionFinnish population such as iron axes, arrowheads, spear heads, knives, fire steels, and wick pipes. Jewelry finds include only bracelets, finger-rings and belt sets. The graves are located in rows running from the west to the east, with the central elevated part of the cemetery noted for a high density of burials. Judging by the grave offerings analyzed, it is the earliest part of the site. It was here that V.A. Gorodtsov excavated graves with heraldic belt sets, cross-like fibulas similar to Ryazan Oka Basin and Bezvodnoye artifacts,

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4. Female grave 57.

which enabled the head of the first excavation to attribute the initial period of the cemetery operation to the 6th –7th centuries. Our excavations explored a number of early female graves that yielded earlier types of pectoral disc-shaped plaques and torcs. A belt ornamented with the finest silver mounts ascribed to early Byzantine types was found in male grave 205. As a whole, most graves explored in the central part of the cemetery date back to the 8th –9 th centuries. The western periphery is marked by less strict location of the graves. Flat burials in this part demonstrate consistent features of the Muroma funeral rites. Analysis of the artifacts (‘moustache’ rings with a broad band in the middle, Glazkovo type torcs, horseshoe-shaped fibulas with spiral terminals, slate spindle whorl, and coins) dates them to the 10 th century. In addition to traditional Muroma flat graves, burials covered by a kurgan have been discovered as well. Kurgans have been completely ploughed up and are traced by remains of kurgan ditches, which are filled with carbonaceous soil and are sunk into the ground. The ditches encircled rounded areas, with a flat grave located in the center. Ring gutters left by fences have been documented in two kurgans. The total number of kurgans examined on the cemetery periphery is eight. The dead in the burials covered by kurgans face the west or the north. A rather typical grave offering set has been identified for male graves; it includes axes, knives with narrow blades, kalach-type (C-type) fire steels, finger-ring-shaped temporal pendants, and lyre-shaped buckles. These graves contain artifacts and jewelry pieces that share stylistic similarities with the grave offerings found in Vladimir and Timirevo kurgans.

Flat graves with orientation to the west have been explored on the western edge of the cemetery in addition to the graves covered by kurgans. A female grave containing a set of imported jewelry stands apart from other burials. The set consists of temporal beaded rings as well as temporal rings with S-shaped terminals, finger-rings with tied terminals and a horseshaped pendant. Along with the graves covered by kurgans these burials mark a new age and reflect major changes that occurred in the region at the end of the 10 th – early 11th centuries. Changes in the burial rite signify advent of a new population in the Lower Oka Basin and development of a new community. These transformations

are reflected in the new graves on the periphery of the Muroma-Finnish cemetery, which were left behind by the newcomers who had developed their own elements of the material and spiritual culture. Nonetheless, some burials have syncretic burial rites and grave offerings, which are suggestive of local population assimilation and its incorporation in the orbit of Rus.

O.V. Zelentsova, S.I. Milovanov

5. A disc-shaped chest plaque (grave 83). 6. A clay pot (grave 97). 7. A bracelet (grave 97). 8. A lunar-shaped pendant (grave 57). All photos by S. Moiseeva. Middle Ages

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Central Bazaar in the Bolgar Fortified Settlement The excavations at the ruins of Bolgar city have been ongoing since 1946. In 1989–1990 M.D. Poluboyarinova from the Institute of Archaeology discovered remains of a monumental brick construction on a white stone foundation in the center of the fortified settlement, but the excavations at the site were resumed only in 2011 by joint efforts of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan under the program for Bolgar rebirth financed by the Yanarysh Foundation headed by M.Sh. Shaimiev. The resumed excavations admirably confirmed M.D. Poluboyarinova’s suggestion that the ruins of the building uncovered were remains of a bazaar dating to the mid-14th century. In 2012–2014 the excavations led by the Institute specialists uncovered the area of 766  m 2 , identified the contours and three corners of the monumental bazaar building, which measured 37 by 34 m, suggesting that it was the largest construction in Veliky Bolgar (its internal volume is more than 1,100 m 2). The bazaar was built at the intersection of two streets right in the center of the city, with one street running towards the Cathedral Mosque. Though the bazaar was completely destroyed and its ruins were 20–30 cm beneath the contemporary surface and were heavily damaged by contemporary ploughing for vegetable gardens,

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1. Bolgar Fortified settlement. Foundation pit of the bazaar of the 14th century. 2. A copper and lead weight of the Iranian type. The Bazaar. 3. The bottom of a luster cup featuring a hare. 4. A zoomorphic bronze lock.

main features of this building were completely reconstructed using a modern methodological approach to archaeological exploration such as excavations of layers 10 cm thick; sieving and flotation of a large portion of the occupation layer. It has been established that the bazaar building was encircled with a wall placed on thick foundation made from white-stoned blocks bonded by lime mortar. The bazaar walls were made from burned bricks and were erected on the foundation; the walls supported the beamed ceiling of the roof above the trading places and internal passages of the bazaar. Inside the bazaar consisted of various sections with walls made from timber and mud bricks. Technical design features imply that bazaar builders came from the east. Judging by almost one thousand finds of coins, the bazaar was built in the 1350s and was destroyed by fire in the 1360s–1370s. Though the most valuable things were removed from the charred ruins after fire, the layers of destruction still contain numerous finds, among which of special interest are 17 Western European (Flemish) lead seals that authenticated quality of woolen cloth, which was, most likely, sold at the bazaar. Numerous parts of the scales, lead, bronze and iron weights were used by traders. Spices and Chinese silk cloths that, unfortunately, decompose without leaving any trace that could be captured by archaeology were among the most expensive goods of the medieval times. On the positive side, several small gold billets were preserved; apparently, the fire melted down jewelry into billets. Along with the jewelry pieces and imported goods, a concentration of iron stirrups (not less than 70 pairs) was unearthed in the layer of destruction; most likely, it was a batch prepared for sale, which was damaged by the fire and

left unclaimed. The location of the building in the middle part of the 14th century city implies that it was a central marketplace in Bolgar. In addition to the bazaar remains, several large cellars, which, most likely, were located under residential houses owned by wealthy citizens, were explored in the earlier occupation layers dating to the first half of the 14th century. Hundreds of expensive glazed ceramics and transport ware brought from China, Iran, Byzantium, Spain and from other places located not so far, such as the Crimea, the Lower Volga Region, Central Asia were collected in the cellar deposits. Several coin treasure hoards dating to the second half of the 13th – early 14th centuries, including a treasure hoard of silver boat-shaped ingots used as a payment instrument, 3.7 kg of weight each, were found in the excavation area. For the first time in the history of Bolgar studies a huge osteological collection (more than 100,000 pieces) was prepared by examining the occupation layers of the excavation area; it enabled the scholars to reconstruct the dietary pattern of the city residents over the period of almost 400 years was put together. The program for the exploration of the 14th century rampart surrounding the Bolgar site was launched in 2014. A six-meter wide trench was cut through the rampart and the ditch for the first time, and the rampart was divided into layers 0.1 m thick. The following examination established that the rampart did not contain any interior constructions and consisted of an embankment with an intricate interior structure that included soils of various origins. V.Yu. Koval, D.Yu. Badeev, P.E. Rusakov, A.N. Smirnov, L.V. Yavorskaya

5. A treasure hoard of silver ingots and bracelets, second half of the 13th century. Middle Ages

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Bolgar Fortified Settlement Mausoleums Numerous mausoleums of the Bolgar Fortified settlement surrounded by cemeteries is a fascinating phenomenon. They tell a story of architecture and religious life in the capital of the Islamic Volga Region and anthropology of its residents, their tastes and everyday life, writing and prejudices. Besides, these necropoleis are of significant importance for expanding our knowledge of the entire city between the 14th and the 15th centuries and helping in the interpretation of other complexes, which are larger in size. The expedition of the Institute has explored two mausoleums. The ruins of the mausoleum built in the middle of the 14th century in the south-eastern part of the city not far from the South Gates (2012 excavations) were hidden under a low hill. The construction now lies in ruins; however, its size and form can be reconstructed. It is a rather large (10.2 by 97 m) building, octagonal inside, and rectangular outside in plan (slightly stretched from north to south). The entrance, which is 2.7 m long, is on the north wall between two thick pylons. Nine burial pits, rectangular in plan and placed in two rows close to each other (three pits were plundered by looters), were uncovered in the southern part of the mausoleum. The dead were placed in coffins of a box type made from thick and wide boards and half-beams. One burial yielded remains of a female headdress made of (at least) three textile items (including a silk kerchief with gold embroidery) and nine temporal gold rings shaped as finger-rings and suspended on a tape that had decomposed.

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1. Ruins of the South Mausoleum, view from the southeast 2. Gold temporal rings that formed part of a female headwear. 3. A silver plated bracelet with terminals featuring lion heads.

The mausoleum sub-footing is made from elongated stones placed in rows without mortar in a slanting position in a narrow trench. Besides, the mausoleum foundation was encircled by a ditch round in plan (measuring around 10 m in diameter, from 0.9 to 1 m in width and from 0.8 to 0.9 m in depth) made in a virgin humus layer. It is quite possible that the mausoleum replaced an earlier structure (a kurgan with a small ditch around the mound?) erected at the site with no residential housing (the explored remains of the deposits are sterile). A cemetery was in operation near the mausoleum; more than 90 graves were discovered. Burials were made in accordance with the Muslim rite. The dead were lying in an extended posture on the right side, with the head facing the west and the face turned to the south; their arms are tightly pressed to the body (the left arm is placed on the left side), the graves were made in flat burial pits. Deviation from the Islamic tradition (such as incomplete cremation; box-type coffins and tree-trunks; remains of ritual funeral feasts; animal sacrifices) are rare but quite illustrative. Funeral offerings placed near the skeletons or in the fillings of the burial pits are extremely rare. However, grave 52 yielded a set of 14 jewelry pieces (7 silver plated bracelets with terminals featuring lion heads; a pendant made of a dirham; two talisman miniature Koran or Muslim prayer holders; decorative pins with a dome-shaped head). The items were compactly wrapped in a silk cloth and placed (thrown) in the fill of the grave pit. A white-stoned memorial sign, which is a stele with an ogee termination and a relief inscription on the obverse (the inscription was obliterated by age and cannot be read), was discovered in the north-western part of the excavated trench. Items not related with funeral assemblages such as copper and silver coins, ceramics and implements were

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recovered from the cemetery layer. Apparently, it is the layer of a settlement, which appeared at the site in the first half of the 14th century. After construction of the mausoleum and the cemetery the plot was used for other purposes. The second mausoleum, which is simpler and in worse conditions, was unearthed further to the south outside the boundary of the city rampart, near the northeastern edge of the four-sided ditch that surrounded Maly town. It is a building rectangular in plan (measuring 7.4 by 6.2Â m on outside and 5.5 by 4.5 m inside; the long axis runs from north to south; the entry is not traceable; the wall width is not less than 0.9 m). The walls were placed right on the construction surface without a foundation and were surrounded by a pavement made from flat stones without mortar. Roughly dressed stones of various shape and size set in mortar, traces of which are still visible, were used as the base; the stonework contains many large pieces of congealed mortar and stone spolia, i.e. reused secondary parts of pulled down buildings (similarly to what was used in Maly town). Five flat burials rectangular in plan made in accordance with the Islamic rite (one was made in a wooden box-shaped coffin made from thick semi-beams) were explored inside the mausoleum. The mausoleum was surrounded by a two meter wide and up to one meter deep ditch (the remains of the ditch are traceable from the east and south-east) and small ditches of a palisade that extended for many meters (running from the west). The building with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;water storageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; right in the center of Maly town may be regarded as another strong case for interpretation of this site as a religious building (a mosque-musalla?) in Moslem Bolgar. L.A. Belyaev, I.I. Yelkina, A.V. Lazukin

4. A skeleton of a sacrifice animal (sheep) in the burial pit above male grave 46. 5. A pendant talisman miniature Koran or Muslim prayer holder (kaptorga). 6. A pendant made of a dirham. Middle Ages

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Bell Towers of the Assumption Cathedral in Yaroslavl Since 2004 the expedition of the Institute has been conducting excavations in the historical part of Yaroslavl at Strelka where the earliest occupation layers, structures and city fortifications were documented for the first time confirming the date of the city foundation, which is the 11th century. Finds of nine collective graves of city residents whose skeletons bore numerous marks of chopped wounds confirmed chronicles accounts mentioning that Yaroslavl had been ransacked by the army of Batu Khan in 1238. The new focus of excavations is to recreate the bell tower of the earliest stone church, which is the Assumption Cathedral (1215). The excavations of 2013 identified remains of the foundation pits of ancient constructions such as Assumption Cathedral bell towers built in the 17th and the 19 th centuries. The 17th century bell tower was in a decrepit condition; in 1832 it was demolished and replaced by a new bell tower, which was substantially larger and taller. During the construction of a new bell tower in the 19 th century, the construction material of the demolished bell tower was partially used. For example, several oversized bricks were used in the wall core at the south corner of the construction. They were placed

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1. Ruins of the foundation pit of the 19th century bell tower, view from the south. 2. A ram-shaped spout of a black-burnished ceramic water pot, second half of the 17th century. 3–5. Glass beads, 12th–13th centuries. 6. An iron key to a wooden dead lock, 10th – first third of the 12th centuries.

on lime and sand screed over boulder masonry. The foundation of masonry is made from large (up to 1 by 1 m) and medium-size (0.4 by 0.4 m) boulders with dry rubblework. The foundation pit was heavily ruined. The intact boulder stonework was preserved only along the edges and on the bottom of the foundation pit; the pit itself was filled with mixed crushed bricks, scraped mason’s mortar, and single stones. The section adjoining the north-eastern corner of the excavation pit where only a small (2 by 2 m) fragment of the masonry was preserved is the most ruined. The 19 th century bell tower was substantially damaged by shelling in 1918 when a White Guard rebellion was suppressed and was demolished in 1929. The 19 th century cathedral bell tower was an octagon crowned with a tent. Remains of the masonry made from boulders of various sizes from 50 by 70 cm to 15 by 15 cm were identified within the boundaries of the excavation pit. The excavation pit revealed only a part of the foundation that extends further beyond the north east and south east walls of the pit. The excavations explored occupation layers dating to the 11th –19 th centuries revealing residential and household buildings; a large collection of individual finds, ceramics and osteological materials was put together. Samples for laboratory scientific research, such as dendrochronological analysis and chemical analyses of soil were selected. In total the 2013 excavation examined 93 archaeological structures sunk into soil dating to the medieval times and the modern age. These finds include

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traces of household pits and postholes, domestic and residential buildings. Of interest are two cellars of the 18th century with timber walls and board floors. A substantial amount of ceramic materials, i.e. more than 5,000 fragments, and intact water jugs, dishes, pans, ladles, pots and sources were found in the filling of the cellars. It is to be recalled that these cellars are located in close proximity to the Assumption Cathedral and its bell tower and, most likely, are remains of the church domestic buildings. Archaeological assemblage includes 448 individual finds. The numismatic collection is represented by coins dating to the end of the 15th –19 th centuries. Finds of lead seals are worth mentioning, they include seals attributed to the end of the 11th –12th centuries (a seal depicting a head-and-shoulder figure of an archangel and a bloomed cross; a 17th century Western European seal connected with trade and commerce. Another interesting find is a white stone pendent adorning the arch of the Assumption Cathedral porch in the form of a downward facing pyramid dating to 1600–1663. The main archaeological assemblage dates to the 11th – 19 th centuries. In the context of the studies at Yaroslavl Strelka conducted since 2004 (Assumption Cathedral I: 2004– 2006; Assumption Cathedral II: 2006; Chopped City: 2007–2008; Volga Embankment 1: 2007–2011) the significance of the 2013 excavation is immense for clarifying historical topography of medieval city. A.V. Engovatova

7. Photo of the Assumption Cathedral with a bell tower, view from the south, last third of the 19th century. 8. A seal of the end of the 11th – 12th centuries (depicting a head-and-shoulder figure of an archangel and a bloomed cross). 9. A black-burnished ceramic water pot, 18th century. Middle Ages

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Early Modern Period

Lastadie of Königsberg Altstadt In 2010–2014 the Sambia expedition carried out rescue excavations in Lastadie of Königsberg Altstadt. Lastadie was a port and warehouse area typical for Hanseatic League towns of Europe. The excavated areas (some 5,000 m 2 , the thickness of the occupation layer is 3–6 m) are located in a section of the Pregola (Pregel in German) flood plain some 10–30 m from the waterline. A high level of humidity provided good conditions for preservation of the organic matter. The excavations revealed remains of fortifications, such as the moat and the Altstadt brick defensive wall built in the 14th –17th centuries, and, possibly, their predecessors, a palisade and a moat in front of the palisade, which are earlier defensive constructions. In the Late Middle Ages the Altstadt fortifications were substantially modernized; vertical walls of the moat filled with water were lined with stone; a ground ( parkham) was arranged between the wall and the inside buildings; the defensive brick wall was reinforced. Pilework provided stability of stone constructions in complicated hydrological conditions.

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1. Lastadie of Königsberg Altstadt. Remains of the buildings and constructions of the 18th – early 20th centuries. 2. A window-frame with colored stained glass fixed in place by lead sashes. 3. Elements of wooden constructions of the earliest defense fortifications, 13th – early 14th centuries.

The moat deposits yielded a great quantity of finds, including well-preserved wooden windowframes, with colored stained glass fixed in place by lead sashes; a gorget, which is an armor component protecting the throat; a set of wooden crossbow arrows with metal arrowheads; lance and spear arrowheads; a flint lock of a gun; parts of a gun furniture; different types of star spurs; household items; locks, kitchenware and tableware; belt sets; and jewelry. Several thousand items were found in the occupation layer, such as coins struck in various cities and states of Europe, including rectangular coins of Swedish mintage; counting tokens; lead commercial seals; glass goblets including painted goblets. Ceramics are represented by fragments of kitchenware and tableware; white clay Dutch or North European pipes; ceramic tiles; and construction ceramics. Wooden plates, spoons, a leather embossed book binding, parts of leather footwear, fragments and pieces of a sheath, gloves and belts were well-preserved. Fragments of textile, including course weave cloth, apparently, used as a packing material, were recovered in great quantities. As soon as the area explored by the expedition lost its defensive function, it was turned into a highdensity residential quarter. Wooden piled constructions and stub abutments, on which boulder-lined

foundations rested, provided adequate stability for two- or three-story brick buildings. When the latter were constructed, some parts of the defensive fortifications were used as bearing walls, to which new brick walls were attached. In the 18th –19 th centuries construction materials from the earlier buildings that had been partially demolished were used to construct buildings. Because of the Pregola River and a stream that flowed into the moat from a nearby high terrace the area explored by the expedition had to be continuously drained. The design of numerous hydrological constructions changed over time. The constructions identified include open water collecting ditches, with the walls reinforced by horizontally placed planks that were kept in place by vertical piles; drainage pipes made from complete pine logs up to nine meters long, with the inner part removed by drilling; bricked channels with arched vaults; and wooden and brick storage wells. Landscaping of the streets and alleys included pavements, stone hewn and sawn slabs, and bar-shaped curb stones. Lastadie houses and buildings were located in the section in front of the Altstadt defensive wall. The researchers managed to trace stages of the man-induced changes in the waterfront and construction of wooden, brick and other buildings that subsequently formed the river embankment, which in the 19 th century was made of stone. When the new riverfront daylight surface was formed in Lastadie, the first house was built on the bank of the Pergola River (in fachwerk, or half-timbering, technology) as early as the 14th –15th centuries. It was divided into several rooms by partitions; an open hearth was placed on a brick ground in the kitchen. A household building, with a cellar sunk in soil, was erected nearby. In the second half of the 19 th century the embankment was paved with cobblestones and railway tracks were laid for train wagons, to which bales and barrels were unloaded from ships to be transported into warehouses located west of the riverfront. A brick administration building with cellars was built on a section near the riverfront. By the end of the 19 th – early 20 th centuries the Lastadie area explored by the expedition became a part of the cargo handling terminal of the Königsberg Inner Bay; in 1944 it was destroyed during city bombing by British air force.

A.N. Khokhlov

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4, 5. Finds of the 16th–17th centuries: a gorget, which is an armor component protecting the throat; a flint lock of a musket. Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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Necropoleis of the Trinity Sergius Lavra The famous Trinity Sergius Lavra is a historical and cultural landmark of federal significance included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is a functional monastery ensemble, a pilgrimage destination for many followers coming from various parts of Russia. It contains the historical occupation layer of great scientific value. The Institute of Archaeology has been conducting its excavations in the Lavra since 2003. In 2014 rescue archaeological excavations were carried out in some sections of the Trinity Sergius Lavra necropoleis near the Whit Monday (Holy Spirit) Church, the Church of St. Micah and the Refectory with the Church of Sergius of Radonezh (the Refectory), the cemetery of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy and Seminary. The total area of excavations is more than 400 mÂ˛. The archaeological excavations in the aforesaid sections were conducted to clarify the information on the constructions and prepare a plan of preservation activities; identify the names of individuals buried for subsequent restoration of the necropoleis; define boundaries of cemetery belonging to the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy and Seminary; perform rescue excavations in those sections where engineering networks were installed; perform restoration works.

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1. Trinity Sergius Lavra. Location of the excavation areas. 2. A silk cap worn by married women and known as volosnik under reconstruction.

Excavations in the necropolis section near the Whit Monday Church were conducted north-east of the Descent of the Holy Spirit Church near its north altar apse. The exposed area was 33 m². Six crypts made from oversized bricks were opened, including four crypts built in the same period judging by their material and the stonework. The upper part of the crypts was heavily damaged during installation of electric cables while five out of six graves turned out to be intact or only partially disturbed. Therefore, anthropological samples were selected for follow-up laboratory examination. Glass vessels (lachrymatories), namely, a bowl and a glass, as well as a silk cap worn by married women and known as volosnik were found in two female graves. Furthermore, the excavations yielded a massive section of ashlar masonry that can be taken to be a north-eastern edge of the water diversion ditch constructed around the Descent of the Holy Spirit Church in 1832–1847. The rescue archaeological excavations near the Church of St. Micah and the Refectory had taken place before the earthwork was conducted to build a trench for engineering network. The exposed area was 42 m². Seventeen graves mostly dating to the 15th –17th centuries were examined. Red clay lachrymatories as grave offerings were found in some graves of the 15th –16th centuries. Some graves dating to the 16th –17th centuries had white stone memorials with epitaphs and sarcophagi with lids, it helped identify the names of individuals from five graves with fair confidence. The area of the excavation trench in the cemetery of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy and Seminary

is around 400 m². Three rows of graves of the Academy necropolis were identified, 37 burial constructions were examined, including 31 burials that were fully examined. It was established that the graves had not been plundered. The boundaries of the necropolis were determined; its area is around 275 m². The cemetery in the Academy garden came about at the end of 1871 on initiative of Archpriest A.V. Gorsky, Rector of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy. After ‘liquidation of the Trinity Sergius Lavra as a monastery’ in 1919 all gravestones and monuments within the necropolis were destroyed. Archaeological excavations had been preceded by work at the archives. In addition to archaeological excavations, the examination of the necropolis included complex anthropological studies such as determination of sex and age of the dead; identification of diseases and injuries as well as specific features of appearance. The proprietary method of composite photographs developed by S.A. Nikitin was applied. Digital 3D copies of the skulls were obtained using modern methods of photogrammetry and laser scanning. The total number of graves with buried people identified is 17. Individual artifacts, mostly, include personal possessions of the dead (devotional items, and clothes); some individual finds discovered during excavations illustrate the process of Academy necropolis destruction; for example, some finds include debris of marble and granite memorial constructions and fragments of ritual wreaths. A.V. Engovatova

3. The cross from the tonsure ceremony, the grave of priest F.P. Filatov. A section of the cemetery of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy. 4. An iron cross, which was erected over a tomb and subsequently smashed down. 5. Graves of the necropolis at the Refectory Church. Photos made with the use of photogrammetry. Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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The New Jerusalem (Resurrection) Monastery on the Istra River Archaeological exploration of the New Jerusalem (Resurrection) Monastery on the Istra River has been ongoing since 2010. It is a fundamental project aimed to research the culture of the Russian state in the period of Patriarch Nikon, Tzar Aleksey Mikhailovich and his successors, i.e. Feodor Alekseyevich and Peter I. Archaeological materials describe the Patriarch activity as an attempt to launch a unique ‘church-driven modernization’ of Russia using the model based on the trends of European rationalism and the Enlightenment, introduction of technologies along with adoption of Western iconography and familiarization with the visual culture code of Europe that was already taking place.

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1. The Resurrection Cathedral, which is a copy of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. 1656–1690. View from the southwest. 2. A ceramic icon (Christ the Pantokrator) noted for some stylistical features typical for Central European iconography, an experimental item of New Jerusalem ceramists. 1656–1666. Found in 2013.

The traces of the ‘stylistical and technological explosion’ in the New Jerusalem Monastery on the Istra River that occurred in the middle of the 17th century are visible everywhere: the collection of museum-quality finds comprises almost 10,000 items; around 40 architectural and archaeological features, mostly, unknown before, were included in the Monastery architectural ensemble. Archaeological excavations revealed remains of a chapel built over an artesian spring well crowned in the past with the figure of an angel (the chapel was in operation for a short time), and a foundation pit of the ‘Chapel of the Franks’ meant to look like the 12th century chapel in Jerusalem (the foundation pit was made under Nikon, but the chapel was not constructed); sections of the earliest (the 1660s–1680s) cemeteries and thick square slab linings of the hill slopes along with earlier logged facing that rested on tarasy (logged structures filled with soil and pebbles used as outer fortification) leaned against the slopes. The discovery of production areas dating to the middle of 1650s – early 1690s is of immense significance. The finds include a furnace for bellfounding (a bellfounding pit) and several kilns for making ceramics (one of the ceramic heating chambers contained rows of fired unglazed ceramic tiles placed on the edge or with the relief down, some tiles have the impressed date of 1690, which is the construction completion date). Furnace refractories and distributors, high-walled bowls without lids for preparing enamel (one bowl has preserved a graffiti made on the raw bowl saying ‘Made.. the bowl’) as well

as stamps for various figurative elements of the tile; unclaimed semi-products and rejects were recovered from the grounds. No items of these types have been found in the Russian pottery industry before. The end products are also of great interest, including unique experimental artifacts such as ceramic icons of the Pantokrator and the Crucifixion (fragmented); a mock ceramic flask-shaped book (the initials may be deciphered as those of Patriarch Nikon); a fragment of flawed cast of the largest monastery bell (around 500 poods; one pood is approximately 16.38 kg; end of the 1650s) known as the Resurrection bell and thought to have been lost. This fragment of the bell features a fragment of the composition ‘Descent of Christ into Hell’ (known in the orthodox version as the Resurrection) made in the baroque style. The finds also include earlier works of church art such as fragments of a large steatite icon dating to the 12th–13th centuries and metal objects of art, apparently, from the Patriarch’s sacristy. Over seven years of excavations the expedition rewrote the history of the monastery, whose role was crucial in Russian culture and which was the only monastery where a full-size church identical to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem was built. The artifacts and buildings of the Monastery took on a new dimension and can be viewed as a reference historical and archaeological context of the early modern age that enables the researchers to explore early industry, people’s tastes and conveniences in their houses as well as changes in iconography. Laboratory research of this wealth of artifacts

3. A tile with a relief depiction of the Ladder of Life, a theme common in European engravings. First third of the 18th century. 4. A ceramic semi-column and a capital with a baroque relief and the date ‘1690’. Retrieved from the kilns discovered in 2014. Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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is just beginning, but archaeological science is now able to assess the Patriarch Nikon’s project as a decisive step towards the rapprochement of cultures, comparable with the reforms undertaken by Peter I, which made Jerusalem a part of the spiritual atmosphere in Europe. Right in front of our eyes the Monastery has been turning into a landmark of not only Russian, but also of pan-European Christian culture that demonstrates a unique, Moscowtype version of the Russia’s cultural transformation mechanism in its mature form. The expedition has become a platform for scientific and research-to-practice conferences which are included in the plan of the Russian Ministry of Culture and are aimed to establish cooperation between archaeological science and culture on one side and the church and practical activities on the other side. Results of research translated into practical restoration of cultural heritage is a distinctive feature of the studies. Materials of the expedition have been used to recreate furnaces of the 17th–18th centuries; traditional museum-based approach (museification) has been used to preserve kilns; museum expositions are being developed. The country leaders (Chairman of the Russian Government D.A. Medvedev and Patriarch Kirill visited the Monastery on November 7, 2014) have repeatedly visited temporary exhibitions where the finds are on display. L.A. Belyaev

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5. A bellfounding pit, which is a part of the workshop specializing in bell founding, 1656–1666. 6. A bell fragment featuring the composition ‘Descent of Christ into Hell’. Found in 2014. 7. A relief polychrome tile featuring a river crab crawling out of the water onto a water-lily leaf, which is a part of the composition ‘Creation of the World’ and/or a symbol of Resurrection. Middle of 1656–1666.

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8, 9. The earliest cemetery of the Resurrection Monastery. View from the southwest on the grave and the tombstone of archimandrite Acacius, father superior of the monastery (1670). 10, 11. Relief polychrome tiles from the architectural frieze depicting such themes as the face of the angel and the lion face, a garland of flowers and fruits (cornucopia). Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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Underwater Excavations of the Cargo Ship Archangel Raphael In the spring of 2014 a joint expedition of the Institute of Archaeology and the National Center of Underwater Research that has the status of the Autonomous Nonprofit Organization (St. Petersburg) launched underwater excavations of a cargo ship named Archangel Raphael, which had sunk in the Gulf of Finland in 1724. The ship was discovered in 2002 by a filmshooting expedition ‘Secrets of Sunken Ships’ thanks to documents found in the Russian State Navy Archives where information on shipwrecks that had occurred in the Gulf of Finland in the 17th–18th centuries was searched. The archival records allowed the researchers to reconstruct Archangel Raphael’s last voyage. The ship owned by a wholesale merchant called Hermann Meyer left St. Petersburg on October 15, 1724, with small cargo (150 bales of leather, a bale of cloth, 2 bales of yarn, and 30 barrels of cured pork fat). In early December of the same year inhabitants of the Saarenpaa farmstead on the isle of Björkö saw a top of the mast sticking out of an ice-hole and within three weeks they recovered 33 bales of leather from the unknown ship by diving. They noted that it was only a fraction of the cargo in the cargo bay. H. Meyer claimed the cargo lifted from the ship, but refused to pay compensation to the Björkö inhabitants for its rescue, which led to a high-profile court trial. H. Meyer paid a large amount only when Peter I took interest in the case. The investigation established that after leaving St. Petersburg, Archangel Raphael was lying at anchor for at least 50

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1. Barrels with grain in the central part of the cargo bay.

days west of the isle of Kotlin where she took smuggled goods aboard from the boats, and for this reason the ship was late and when it entered the Gulf of Finland it was crushed by ice in the Björkösund Strait. The archival documents determined the location of the shipwreck near the Saarenpaa farmstead on the isle of Bolshoy Beryozovy (Björkö), where the fairway was marked along the isle in 1722. This fact implied that when the ship entered the Gulf of Finland, she could have been crushed by ice only near the flats; in 2002 a hydroacoustic survey conducted precisely near the flats detected a ship hull around 28 long lying at the depth of 10 m. In the spring of 2003 R.Yu. Prokhorov did the spatial distribution photo survey and prepared its photo plan. The ship design features such as the raised foredeck and the stern, the hull narrowing towards the deck, the form of the knee of the head (an arrangement of timbers outside the stem and below the bowsprit) suggest that it was a three-masted fluyt built in the 17th century. In 2006 bricks with the SP maker’s mark (the House of St. Peter, Lübeck, 17th century), North Germany dishes carrying the dates of 1696 and 1699, a barrel with grain were retrieved from the shipwreck debris. In accordance with German archival records, Archangel Raphael was built in Lübeck in 1693. Interestingly, it is the dockyard of this city that specialized in construction of fluyts in the 17th century. The information collected allowed the researchers to identify the discovered ship

as Archangel Raphael with confidence, thereafter her exploration was suspended. In 2000–2006 the Primorsk oil loading port was built in the Björkösund Strait and large-capacity tankers started passing regularly near Archangel Raphael. The visual examination of the ship carried out in 2003 identified noticeable deterioration of her preservation conditions, apparently, caused by turbulent water flows from tankers passing through the nearest fairway. This factor along with commercial exploitation of the abutting aquatic area led to a follow-up examination of Archangel Raphael. The main task now is to clarify the design of the hull bottom part; test methods for underwater excavations at deep depth in complicated conditions of the Gulf of Finland; select items for museification. The follow-up examination was launched in 2014; a large pile of wooden fragmented remains of the topside and the deck overlying the central part of the hull and the stern was cleaned. When the debris was removed, cleaning of the bed sedimentation overlying the ship cargo bay began. The sand and silt were found to contain a lot of splinters, which complicated the work. However, the controlled cleaning of bed sedimentation in the cargo bay continued and different layers were recorded with minimum equipment failures. Compactly placed intact and broken barrels were discovered lying under a seabed deposit 30–40 cm thick. Many broken barrels con-

2. Photo plan of the ship hull, 2003. Made by R.Yu. Prokhorov. Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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tained grains, cured pig fat, and tar. Clothes and footwear including a doublet, pants, shoes, and a sword-belt were recovered from the central part of the cargo bay and were immediately handed over to the State Hermitage Museum for conservation. The stern of the ship yielded items, apparently, from the masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cabin, such as metal ware, scales and a pair of compasses. When a part of the cargo bay was cleaned, it became clear that it was not possible to do precise measurement of dozens of identified finds in conditions of limited deep-water dives. In this situation photogrammetry, which creates a precise three-dimensional model of the

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excavation trench, was taken to be the optimal method; results of the photogrammetry were later planned to be used to identify location and size of the finds. For successful modeling, a large section of the cargo bay had to be cleaned from sedimentation; the work was completed by September 2014. However, the archaeological team did not manage to film the cleaned area, as water visibility reduced to 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1.5 m. The cleaning of the cargo bay and systematic photo recording are planned to continue in 2015. S.V. Olkhovsky

3. The kaftan before it was sent for conservation. 4. The kaftan after restoration in the State Hermitage Museum. 5. A ceramic plate among the fragmented parts of the shop. 6. Intact and broken barrels in the central part of the cargo bay. 7. Cleaning of the central part of the cargo bay, a brick with the SP makerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mark.

The Yermolov Family Vault in Orel In 2012–2013 the Institute of Archaeology conducted rescue excavations in Orel. The sites explored included the Tomb of Yermolov Aleksey Petrovich (1777–1861), which is a site of federal significance; the side chapel of the Trinity Church; and the family vault of the Yermolov, a famous military dynasty of the 19 th century. The vault located in the socle part of the Trinity Church right side chapel is composed of six brick crypts divided by partitions. Two of the six burial crypts were not used. Documental sources indicate that in addition to the grave of General Alexey Petrovich Yermolov (1777–1861), the vault contains graves of his father, Petr Alekseyevich Yermolov (1747–1832) and his son Claudius (Omar) Alekseyevich Yermolov (1823–1895). Varvara Nikolaevna, Claudius’ wife (1825–1897), is buried in the fourth crypt.

1. The monument to Alexey Petrovich Yermolov in Orel. Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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The rescue excavations began after the restoration works of 2012, when after removal of the church floor planks it was established that there were holes in the arches of several crypts, several crypts were filled up with construction debris and, possibly, looted. After visual examination and primary photomaking, it was decided to do remote survey of the vault internal space to document precise location of all features and create a 3D-model. At the initial stage of the excavations substantial destruction in the crypts of the general himself (A.P.) and his father (P.A.) were recorded, the zinc sarcophagus had visible marks of break-in, fragments of the coffin and the skull were lying on the ground where the coffin of Petr Alekseyevich had been located. The crypt of Claudius, General Yermolov’s son, also bore looters’ marks. The crypt of Varvara, Claudius’ wife, had not been plundered. The construction debris filling two empty crypts yielded fragments of general epaulets of the 19 th century, an icon, an icon mounting and coins of 1898, 1937 and 1972. The analysis of the items collected from the debris inside the crypts, which were not contemporary with the burials demonstrated that the looters had broken into the crypts of General Yermolov and his father for the first time after the church was closed in 1938.

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2. A.P. Yermolov’s grave. Inside the zinc coffin.

A coin of 1937, a chemical pencil and other artifacts of that period were found. During the Great Patriotic War the crypts were plundered again, one of the crypts even contained a headlight of a German military motorcar. Penetration into these two crypts could have taken place at the end of the 1970s, when the church was being repaired (a coin of 1972 and a newspaper fragment belonging to that period were found). After removing the 20 th century debris, the zinc coffin of General Yermolov was found to be empty. Bone remains and fragments of his uniform were found lying on the crypt floor. The remains of the general’s father, Petr Alekseyevich, were inside the coffin, but the coffin and the remains were very heavily damaged by fire. The grave of Claudius Alekseyevich was also disturbed. Fragments of uniforms were found in all crypts. The buried individuals could be identified with fair confidence by the cutout of the garments and the buttons. The civil uniform belonged to the general’s father who was an official of the Orel Province. Fragments of the military uniform with buttons were found in the crypt of General Aleksey Petrovich. One of the photographs made in his lifetime features the general wearing this uniform. Claudius was also dressed in a general uniform with buttons of artillery troops. Gen-

eral epaulets with golden threads discovered in one of the reserve crypts could belong both to Aleksey Petrovich and his son Claudius as both were generals. Anthropologic examinations demonstrated that the bones belong to three individuals (closely related) who were heavily-built, physically fit and quick in movement even at an old age. The skeleton of the individual identified as Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov exhibited a number of features typical for a professional cavalryman of the end of the 18th – 19 th centuries. Using the method of anthropological reconstruction, appearance of two individuals whose skulls had been preserved was reconstructed. It was established that these individual are Petr Alekseyevich Yermolov (the general’s father) and his grandson Claudius Alekseyevich. Paleogenetic studies confirmed lineal relation through the paternal line between the individuals, which agrees nicely with the fact that the remains belong to the Yermolov family members from three generations. Therefore, the comprehensive research confirmed that the bone remains found in the crypts belong to the Yermolov family members. After the identification, the remains were reinterred in the crypts where they had been at rest. The formal opening ceremony of the restored vault of General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov and his family members took place on January 17, 2014, in the Orel Trinity Church. A.V. Engovatova, M.B. Mednikova, O.A. Radyush, T.Yu. Shvedchikova, I.K. Reshetova, E.E. Vasilyeva

3 4 5 6 78

3. Photo of A.P. Yermolov. 1855–1856. 4. A fragment of A.P. Yermolov’s collar during restoration. 5. A button from the general’s uniform before restoration. 6. The same button from the general’s uniform after restoration. 7, 8. Bronze officer frock-coat buttons featuring crossed cannons and digit 2. Russian Empire. 19th century. Ea r l y M o d e r n P e r i o d

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2010

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Археологическая карта России. Тверская область. Ч. 4 / И.В. Исланова, К.И. Комаров, Г.Г. Король, В.С. Нефедов. 488 с. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 488 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-125-7. Arkheologicheskaya karta Rossii. Tverskaya oblast’ (Archaeological Map of Russia. Tver Region). Part 4 / Islanova, I.V., Komarov, K.I., Korol’, G.G., and Nefedov, V.S. 488 p. Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 488 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-125-7. Археология Владимиро-Суздальской земли: мат-лы научного семинара, Вып. 4 / отв. ред. Н.А. Макаров; сост. С.В. Шполянский. М.; СПб.: Нестор-История, 2012. 288 с.

Arkheologiya Vladimiro-Suzdal’skoi zemli: materialy nauchnogo seminara (Archaeology of the Vladimir-Suzdal Lands: Proceedings of the Academic Seminar). Issue 4 / Makarov, N.A., ed; Shpolyansky, S.V., comp. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2012. 288 p.

Археология древнего Ярославля. Загадки и открытия. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 295 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-111-0. Arkheologiya drevnego Yaroslavlya. Zagadki i otkrytiya (Archaeology of Medieval Yaroslavl. Puzzles and Discoveries). Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 295 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-111-0. Археология и геоинформатика. Вып. 7. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. [CD]. ISBN 978-5-94375-141-7. Arkheologiya i geoinformatika (Archaeology and Geoinformatics). Issue 7. Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. [CD]. ISBN 978-5-94375-141-7. Археология и геоинформатика. Первая Международная конференция: тез. докл. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 50 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-130-1.

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IA RAN, 2012. 50 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-130-1. Археология Подмосковья. Вып. 8. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 460 с. ISBN 9785-94375-126-4. Arkheologiya Podmoskov’ya (Archaeology of the Moscow Region). Issue 8. Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 460 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-126-4. Беляев Л.А. Некрополь Данилова монастыря в XVIII–XIX веках: историко-археологические исследования (1983–2008). М.: Даниловский благовестник, 2012. 503 с. ISBN 978-589101-459-6. Belyaev, L.A. Nekropol’ Danilova monastyrya v XVIII–XIX vekakh: istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya (1983–2008) (The Danilov

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Т. 1 – 671 с. ISBN 978-5-903011-85-8. Т. 2 – 468 с. ISBN 978-5-90301189-6.

Vliyaniya akhemenidskoi kul’tury v Yuzhnom Priural’e (V–III vv. do n.e.) (Impact of the Achaemedian Culture in the Southern Urals Foothills (5th–3rd centuries BC.)). In 2 volumes / Treister, M.Yu., and

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Жилин М.Г., Савченко С.Н., Сериков Ю.Б., Косинская Л.Л., Косинцев П.А. Мезолитические памятники Кокшаровского торфяника.

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Izobrazitel’nye i tekhnologicheskie traditsii v iskusstve Severnoi i Tsentral’noi Azii (Figurative Art and Technological Traditions in the Art of Northern and Central Asia) / Sovetova, O.S., and Korol’, G.G., eds. Moscow; Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2012. 287 p. (Trudy Sibirskoi assotsiatsii issledovatelei pervobytnogo iskusstva: Papers of the Siberian Association of Prehistoric Art Researchers. Issue IX). ISBN 978-5-202-01-038-5.

Исланова И.В. Древности в верховьях Волги (ранний железный век и

раннее средневековье). М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 218 с. (Раннеславянский мир. Вып. 14). Islanova, I.V. Drevnosti v verkhov’yakh Volgi (rannii zheleznyi vek i rannee srednevekov’e) (Antiquities in the Volga Headstream (The Early Iron Age and the Early Medieval Period)). Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 218 p. (Ranneslavyanskii mir: Early Slavonic World. Issue 14). Исследование памятников эпохи палеолита / отв. ред. Н.Б. Леонова, А.А. Масленников, К.Н. Гаврилов. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 80 с. (Методика полевых археологических исследований. Вып. 7). ISBN 9785-94375-142-4. Issledovanie pamyatnikov epokhi paleolita (Studies of Paleolithic Sites) / Leonova, N.B., Maslennikov, A.A., and Gavrilov, K.N., eds. Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 80 p. (Metodika polevykh arkheologicheskikh issledovanii: Methodology of Field Archaeological Excavations. Issue 7). ISBN 978-5-94375-142-4. Кореневский С.Н. Рождение кургана (Погребальные памятники энеол итического времени Предкавказья и Волго-Донского междуречья). М.: Таус, 2012. 248 с. ISBN 978-5-903011-88-9. Korenevsky, S.N. Rozhdenie kurgana (Pogrebal’nye pamyatniki

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2012. 248 p. ISBN 978-5-903011-88-9. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2012. Вып. 226. 292 с. ISBN 978-5-9551-0523-9. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2012. Issue 226. 292 p. ISBN 978-5-95510523-9. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2012. Вып. 227. 328 с. ISBN 978-5-9551-0634-2. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2012. Issue 227. 328 p. ISBN 978-5-95510634-2. Кулаков В.И. Неманский янтарный путь в эпоху викингов. Калининград: Калинингр. обл. музей янтаря, 2012. 222 с. ISBN 978-5903920-17-4. Kulakov, V.I. Nemanskii yantarnyi put’ v epokhu vikingov (The Neman Amber Route in the Viking Period). Kaliningrad: Kaliningr. obl. muzei yantarya, 2012. 222 p. ISBN 978-5-903920-17-4. Лесная и лесостепная зоны Восточной Европы в эпохи римских влияний и Великого переселения народов. Конференция 3 / отв. ред. И.О. Гавритухин, А.М. Воронцов. Тула: Музей-заповедник «Куликово поле», 2012. 555 с. ISBN 978-5-903587-20-9.

Lesnaya i lesostepnaya zony Vostochnoi Evropy v epokhi rimskikh vliyanii i Velikogo pereseleniya narodov. Konferentsiya 3 (The Forest and Forest-Steppe Zones in Eastern Europe in the Period of Roman Influences and the Great Migration. Conference 3) / Gavritukhin, I.O., and Vorontsov, A.M., eds. Tula: Muzei-zapovednik “Kulikovo pole”, 2012. 555 p. ISBN 978-5-903587-20-9.

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Megastruktura Evraziiskogo mira: osnovnye etapy formirovaniya: materialy Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Megastructure of the Eurasian World: Main Development Stages: Proceedings of the AllRussian Scientific Conference) / Chernykh, E.N., ed. & comp. Moscow:

Taus, 2012. 135 p. ISBN 978-5-903011-92-6.

Моргунов Ю.Ю. Летописный город Снепород и его округа X–XIII вв. СПб.: Филол. ф-т, 2012. 251 с. (Archaeologica Varia). ISBN 978-58465-1223-8. Morgunov, Yu.Yu. Letopisnyi gorod Sneporod i ego okruga X–XIII vv. (Sneporod, the City from the Chronicles, and its Vicinities in the 10th–13th centuries). St. Petersburg: Filolog. fakul’tet, 2012. 251 p. (Archaeologica Varia). ISBN 978-5-8465-1223-8. Московский Новодевичий монастырь: к 500-летию основания. Антология / сост. А.Л. Баталов, Л.А. Беляев. М.: Арткитчен, 2012. 551 с. ISBN 978-5-905993-01-5.

Moskovskii Novodevichii monastyr’: k 500-letiyu osnovaniya. Antologiya (Moscow Novodevichy Convent: on the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of its Foundation. Anthology) / Batalov, A.L.,

Belyaev, L.A., comp. Moscow: Artkitchen, 2012. 551 p. ISBN 978-5905993-01-5. Никитина Г.Ф. База данных погребального обряда черняховской культуры. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 400 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-131-8. Nikitina, G.F. Baza dannykh pogrebal’nogo obryada chernyakhovskoi kul’tury (Database of the Chernyakhov Culture Burial Rite). Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 400 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-131-8. Первобытные древности Евразии. К 60-летию А.Н. Сорокина. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 837 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-135-6. Pervobytnye drevnosti Evrazii. K 60-letiyu A.N. Sorokina (Prehistoric

Antiquities of Eurasia. On the Occasion of A.N. Sorokin’s 60th Anniversary). Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 837 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-135-6.

Проблемы археологии Кавказа. Вып. 1 / отв. ред. Р.М. Мунчаев, С.Н. Кореневский. М.: Таус, 2012. 246 с. ISBN 978-5-903011-90-2. Problemy arkheologii Kavkaza (Issues of Archaeology of the Caucasus). Issue 1 / Munchaev, R.M., Korenevsky, and S.N., eds. Moscow: Taus, 2012. 246 p. ISBN 978-5-903011-90-2. Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2012. № 3 (37). 377 с. ISSN 1991-9484. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Issues of History, Philology and Culture). 2012. No. 3 (37). 377 p. ISSN 1991-9484. Пронин Г.Н., Соболь В.Е. Оборонительные укрепления Смоленска конца XVI – XVII в. у Молоховских ворот. Смоленск: Свиток, 2012. 118 с. ISBN 978-5-902093-46-6. Pronin, G.N., and Sobol’, V.E. Oboronitel’nye ukrepleniya Smolenska kontsa XVI – XVII v. u Molokhovskikh vorot (Defensive Forti-

fications in Smolensk near the Molokhovskiye Gates at the End of the 16th–17th centuries). Smolensk: Svitok, 2012. 118 p. ISBN 978-5-

902093-46-6.

Радюш О.А., Щеглова О.А. Волниковский «клад» и Курское Посеймье

в эпоху Великого переселения народов. Курск: Курский гос. обл. музей археологии, 2012. 48 с. ISBN 978-5-8386-0166-7. Radyush, O.A., and Shcheglova, O.A. Volnikovskii “klad” i Kurskoe Poseim’e v epokhu Velikogo pereseleniya narodov (The Volnikovka

Treasure Hoard and the Kursk Seym River Basin during the Great Migration). Kursk: Kurskii gos. obl. muzei arkheologii, 2012. 48 p.

ISBN 978-5-8386-0166-7. Роль войны и военного дела в развитии древних и средневековых обществ: тез. докл. Междунар. научной конф. / отв. ред. В.И. Гуляев. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 55 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-139-4.

Rol’ voiny i voennogo dela v razvitii drevnikh i srednevekovykh obshchestv: tezisy dokladov Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (The Role of the War and the Art of War in Development of Earliest and Medieval Societies: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the International Scientific Conference) / Gulyaev, V.I., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 55 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-139-4.

Русь в IX–X вв.: археологическая панорама / отв. ред. Н.А. Макаров. М.; Вологда: Древности Севера, 2012. 495 с. ISBN 978-5-93061-068-0. Rus’ v IX–X vv.: arkheologicheskaya panorama (Rus in the 9th–10th centuries: Archaeological Panorama) / Makarov, N.A., ed. Moscow; Vologda: Drevnosti Severa, 2012. 495 p. ISBN 978-5-93061-068-0. Русь в IX–X вв.: общество, государство, культура: тез. докл. Междунар. научной конф. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 96 с. ISBN 978-5-93061-138-7.

Rus’ v IX–X vv.: obshchestvo, gosudarstvo, kul’tura: tezisy dokladov Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Rus in the 9th–10th centuries: Society, State, and Culture: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the International Scientific Conference)). Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 96 p.

ISBN 978-5-93061-138-7. Царская хора Боспора (по материалам раскопок в Крымском Приазовье). Т. 2: Индивидуальные находки и массовый археологический материал / под ред. А.А. Масленникова. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 230 с. (Древности Боспора. Suppl. III). ISBN 978-5-94375-127-1.

Tsarskaya khora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazov’e) (The Royal Chora of Bosporus (Materials of Excavations in the Crimean Azov Sea Maritime Region)). Vol. 2: Individual’nye nakhodki i massovyi arkheologicheskii material (Individual and Frequent Archaeological Finds) / Maslennikov, A.A., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 230 p. (Drevnosti Bospora: Bosporan Antiquities. Suppl. III). ISBN 978-5-94375-127-1.

Цетлин Ю.Б. Древняя керамика. Теория и методы историко-культур-

ного подхода. М.: ИА РАН, 2012. 380 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-134-9. Tsetlin, Yu.B. Drevnyaya keramika. Teoriya i metody istorikokul’turnogo podkhoda (Ancient Ceramics: Theory and Methods of the Historical and Cultural Approach). Moscow: IA RAN, 2012. 380 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-134-9.

2013

Аналитические исследования лаборатории естественнонаучных методов. Вып. 3 / отв. ред. и сост. Е.Н. Черных, В.И. Завьялов. М.: Таус, 2013. 352 с. ISBN 978-5-906045-03-4.

Analiticheskie issledovaniya laboratorii estestvennonauchnykh metodov (Analytical Studies in the Laboratory of Natural Science Methods). Issue 3 / Chernykh, E.N., and Zav’yalov, V.I., eds. & comp.

Moscow: Taus, 2013. 352 p. ISBN 978-5-906045-03-4. Археологическая карта России. Нижегородская область. Ч. 3 / Т.Д. Николаенко; под ред. А.В. Кашкина. М.: ИА РАН. 2013. 406 с. ISBN 9785-94375-148-6.

Arkheologicheskaya karta Rossii. Nizhegorodskaya oblast’ (Archaeological Map of Russia. Nizhny Novgorod Region). Part 3 /

Nikolaenko, T.D.; Kashkin, A.V., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 406 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-148-6. Археологические открытия 2009 г. / отв. ред. Н.В. Лопатин. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 384 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-158-5. Arkheologicheskie otkrytiya 2009 g. (Archaeological Discoveries of 2009) / Lopatin, N.V., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 384 p. ISBN 978-594375-158-5. Археология Балтийского региона / отв. ред. Н.А. Макаров, А.В. Мастыкова, А.Н. Хохлов. М.; СПб.: Нестор-История, 2013. 268 с. ISBN 978-5-4469-0060-2. Arkheologiya Baltiiskogo regiona (Archaeology of the Baltics Region) / Makarov, N.A., Mastykova, A.V., and Khokhlov, A.N., eds. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2013. 268 p. ISBN 978-5-4469-0060-2. Археология и история Пскова и Псковской земли: семинар им. акад. В.В. Седова. Мат-лы 58-го заседания (17–19 апреля 2012 г.) / отв. ред. Н.В. Лопатин. М.; Псков: ИА РАН, 2013. 264 с. ISSN 2304-0076. ISBN 978-5-94375-147-9.

Arkheologiya i istoriya Pskova i Pskovskoi zemli: seminar imeni akademika V.V. Sedova. Materialy 58-go zasedaniya, 17–19 aprelya 2012 g. (Archaeology and History of Pskov and the Pskov Lands: the Seminar in Memory of Academician V.V. Sedov: Proceedings of the 58th Meeting, April 17–19, 2012) / Lopatin, N.V., ed. Moscow; Pskov:

IA RAN, 2013. 264 p. ISSN 2304-0076. ISBN 978-5-94375-147-9. Археология Подмосковья: мат-лы научного семинара. Вып. 9 / отв. ред. А.В. Энговатова. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 336 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-144-8.

Arkheologiya Podmoskov’ya: materialy nauchnogo seminara (Archaeology of the Moscow Region: Proceedings of the Academic Seminar). Issue 9 / Engovatova, A.V., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 336 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-144-8.

Баталов А.Л., Беляев Л.А. Церковь Вознесения в Коломенском: архи-

тектура, археология, история. М.: МГОМЗ, 2013. 204 с. ISBN 9785-91353-033-2. Batalov, A.L., and Belyaev, L.A. Tserkov’ Vozneseniya v Kolomenskom: arkhitektura, arkheologiya, istoriya (The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye: Architecture, Archaeology and History). Moscow: Mosk. gos. ob’edinennyi muzei-zapovednik, 2013. 204 p. ISBN 978-591353-033-2. Беляев Л.А. Родовая усыпальница князей Пожарских и Хованских в Спасо-Евфимиевом монастыре Суздаля: 150 лет изучения. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 264 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-137-0.

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Belyaev, L.A. Rodovaya

usypal’nitsa knyazei Pozharskikh i Khovanskikh v Spaso-Evfimievom monastyre Suzdalya: 150 let izucheniya (The Family Vault of the Princes Pozharsky and Khovansky in the Saviour Monastery of St. Euthymius in Suzdal: 150 Years of Studies. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 264 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-137-0. Борисов А.В., Коробов Д.С. Древнее и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодской котловине: итоги почвенно-археологических исследований. М.: Таус, 2013. 272 с. ISBN 978-5-906045-02-7. Borisov, A.V., and Korobov, D.S. Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie

v Kislovodskoi kotlovine: itogi pochvenno-arkheologicheskikh issledovanii (Prehistoric and Medieval Agriculture in the Kislovodsk Depression: Results of the Soil and Archaeological Studies). Moscow: Taus, 2013. 272 p. ISBN 978-5-906045-02-7.

Буров В.А. Государево богомолье – Соловецкий монастырь: Пробле-

мы истории великой северной обители (XV–XIX века). М.; Архангельск: ИА РАН, 2013. 500 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-145-5. Burov, V.A. Gosudarevo bogomol’e – Solovetskii monastyr’: Problemy istorii velikoi severnoi obiteli (XV–XIX veka) (The Tsar Pilgrimage to

the Solovetsky Monastery: History of the Great Northern Monastery (the 15th–19th centuries)). M.; Arkhangel’sk: IA RAN, 2013. 500 p. ISBN

978-5-94375-145-5. Древности Боспора. Т. 17 / отв. ред. и сост. А.А. Масленников, А.А. Завойкин. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 416 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-150-9. Drevnosti Bospora (Bosporan Antiquities). Vol. 17 / Maslennikov, A.A., and Zavoikin, A.A., eds. & comp. Moscow: : IA RAN, 2013. 416 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-150-9. Завойкин А.А. Образование Боспорского государства. Археология и хронология становления державы Спартокидов. Симферополь; Керчь: ВТС Принт, 2013. 591 с. (Боспорские исследования. Suppl. 10). ISBN 978-617-7114-02-3. Zavoikin, A.A. Obrazovanie Bosporskogo gosudarstva. Arkheologiya i khronologiya stanovleniya derzhavy Spartokidov (Creation of the

Bosporan Kingdom. Archaeology and Chronology of the Spartocids Empire Establishment). Simferopol’; Kerch’: VTS Print, 2013. 591 p. (Bosporskie issledovaniya: Bosporan Studies. Suppl. 10). ISBN 978617-7114-02-3.

Завойкина Н.В. Боспорские фиасы: между полисом и монархией. М.:

Ун-т Дм. Пожарского, 2013. 284 с. Zavoikina, N.V. Bosporskie fiasy: mezhdu polisom i monarkhiei (Bosporan Thiasoi: between the Polis and Monarchy). Moscow: Univ. Dm. Pozharskogo, 2013. 284 p. Завьялов В.И., Терехова Н.Н. Кузнечное ремесло Великого княжества Рязанского. М.: ИА РАН. 2013. 272 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-152-3. Zav’yalov, V.I., and Terekhova, N.N. Kuznechnoe remeslo Velikogo knyazhestva Ryazanskogo (Smithcraft of the Great Ryazan Principality). Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 272 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-152-3. Каменецкий И.С., Маршак Б.И., Шер Я.А. Анализ археологических источников. Изд. 2-е. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 182 c. ISBN 978-5-94375153-0. Kamenetsky, I.S., Marshak, B.I., and Sher, Ya.A. Analiz arkheologicheskikh istochnikov (Analysis of Archaeological Sources). 2nd edition. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 182 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-153-0. Козенкова В.И. Кобанская культура и окружающий мир (взаимосвязи, проблемы судьбы и следов разнокультурных инфильтраций в местной среде). М.: Таус, 2013. 252 с. ISBN 978-5-906045-05-8. Kozenkova, V.I. Kobanskaya kul’tura i okruzhayushchii mir

(vzaimosvyazi, problemy sud’by i sledov raznokul’turnykh infil’tratsii v mestnoi srede) (The Koban Culture and the Surrounding World (Inter-linkages, Issues of Destiny and Traces of Multicultural Infiltrations in the Local Environment)). Moscow: Taus, 2013. 252 p.

ISBN 978-5-906045-05-8. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2013. Вып. 228. 228 с., ил. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2013. Issue 228. 228 p. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2013. Вып. 229. 236 с., ил. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2013. Issue 229. 236 p.

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Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2013. Вып. 230. 296 с. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2013. Issue 230. 296 p. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2013. Вып. 231. 252 с. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2013. Issue 231. 252 p. Материалы по археологии Переяславля Рязанского. Вып. 2 / отв. ред. В.И. Завьялов. Рязань: РИАМЗ, 2013. 288 с. Materialy po arkheologii Pereyaslavlya Ryazanskogo (Materials of Pereyaslavl Ryazansky Archaeology). Issue 2 / Zav’yalov, V.I., ed. Ryazan’: Ryazanskii istoriko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovednik, 2013. 288 p. Мимоход Р.А. Лолинская культура. Северо-западный Прикаспий на рубеже среднего и позднего периодов бронзового века. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 568 с. (Мат-лы охранных археологических исследований. Т. 16). ISBN 978-5-94375-140-0. Mimokhod, R.A. Lolinskaya kul’tura. Severo-zapadnyi Prikaspii na rubezhe srednego i pozdnego periodov bronzovogo veka (The Lola

Culture. The North-Western Caspian Sea Maritime Region at the Turn of the Middle and the Late Periods of the Bronze Age). Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 568 p. (Materialy okhrannykh arkheologicheskikh issledovanii: Materials of Rescue Archaeological Excavations. Vol. 16). ISBN 978-5-94375-140-0.

Моргунов Ю. Крепостные валы и стены Южной Руси X–XIII вв. Иссле-

дование летописных и археологических источников. Саарбрюкен: Palmarium Academic Publishing, 2013. 200 c. ISBN 978-3-659-98728-1. Morgunov, Yu. Krepostnye valy i steny Yuzhnoi Rusi X–XIII vv. Issledovanie letopisnykh i arkheologicheskikh istochnikov (City

Ramparts and Walls of Southern Rus in the 10th–13th centuries. Studies of Chronicles and Archaeological Sources). Saarbryuken: Palmarium

Academic Publishing, 2013. 200 p. ISBN 978-3-659-98728-1.

Мунчаев Р.М., Гуляев В.И., Бадер Н.О. Первые российские археологи

в Месопотамии. Ирак, 1969–1980, 1984–1985 годы. М: Таус, 2013. 244 с. ISBN 978-5-903011-99-5. Munchaev, R.M., Gulyaev V.I., Bader N.O. Pervye rossiiskie arkheologi v Mesopotamii. Irak, 1969–1980, 1984–1985 gody (The First Russian Archaeologists in Mesopotamia. Iraq, 1969–1980, 1984–1985). Moscow: Taus, 2013. 244 p. ISBN 978-5-903011-99-5. Научно-отраслевой архив Института археологии РАН. Отчеты о полевых исследованиях. Каталог 1965–1968 гг. / сост. У.Ю. Кочкаров [и др.]. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 352 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-149-3.

Nauchno-otraslevoi arkhiv Instituta arkheologii RAN. Otchety o polevykh issledovaniyakh. Katalog 1965–1968 gg. (The Academic Archives of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences: Field Reports, 1965–1968 Catalogue) / Kochkarov, U.Yu.,

comp. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 352 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-149-3. Новые материалы и методы археологического исследования: мат-лы II междунар. конф. молодых ученых / отв. ред. и сост. В.Е. Родинкова, А.Н. Федорина. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 204 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-146-2.

Novye materialy i metody arkheologicheskogo issledovaniya: materialy II mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii molodykh uchenykh (New Materials and Methods of Archaeological Research: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the II Scientific Conference of Young Scientists) /

Rodinkova, V.E., and Fedorina, A.N., eds. & comp. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 204 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-146-2. От Смуты к Империи. Новые открытия в области археологии и истории России XVI–XVIII вв.: тез. докл. научной конф. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 52 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-157-8.

Ot Smuty k Imperii. Novye otkrytiya v oblasti arkheologii i istorii Rossii XVI–XVIII vv.: tezisy dokladov nauchnoi konferentsii (Transition from the Times of Trouble to the Empire. New Discoveries in Archaeology and History of Russia in the 16th–18th centuries: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Scientific Conference). Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 52 p.

ISBN 978-5-94375-157-8. Очерки средневековой археологии Кавказа: к 85-летию со дня рожд.

В.А. Кузнецова. М.: Таус, 2013. 200 с. ISBN 978-5-906045-07-2. Ocherki srednevekovoi arkheologii Kavkaza: k 85-letiyu so dnya

rozhdeniya V.A. Kuznetsova (Essays on Medieval Archaeology of the Caucasus: on the Occasion of V.A. Kuznetsov’s 85th Anniversary).

Moscow: Taus, 2013. 200 p. ISBN 978-5-906045-07-2. Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2013. № 2 (40). 375 с. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Issues of History, Philology and Culture). 2013. No. 2 (40). 375 p. Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2013. № 4 (43). 420 с. ISSN 1991-9484. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Issues of History, Philology and Culture). 2013. No. 4 (43). 420 p. ISSN 1991-9484. Пронин Г.Н., Соболь В.Е. Смоленские изразцы XVI–XIX вв. Смоленск: Свиток, 2013. 240 с. ISBN 978-5-902093-66-4. Pronin, G.N., and Sobol’, V.E. Smolenskie izraztsy XVI–XIX vv. (Smolensk Ceramic Tiles of the 16th–19th centuries). Smolensk: Svitok, 2013. 240 p. ISBN 978-5-902093-66-4. Раннегосударственные образования и «княжеская» культура на Северном Кавказе в конце Античности – начале Средневековья: тез. докл. междунар. научного семинара / отв. ред. А.В. Мастыкова. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 52 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-156-1.

Rannegosudarstvennye obrazovaniya i “knyazheskaya” kul’tura na Severnom Kavkaze v kontse Antichnosti – nachale Srednevekov’ya: tezisy dokladov mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo seminara (Early State Formations and the Princely Culture in the North Caucasus at the End of the Classical Period–Early Medieval Period: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the International Academic Seminar) / Mastykova, A.V.,

ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 52 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-156-1. Современные подходы к изучению древней керамики в археологии: тез. докл. междунар. симпозиума / отв. ред. Ю.Б. Цетлин. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 84 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-155-4.

Sovremennye podkhody k izucheniyu drevnei keramiki v arkheologii: tezisy dokladov mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma (Modern Approaches to the Studies of Ancient Ceramics in Archaeology: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the International Symposium) / Tsetlin, Yu.B., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 84 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-155-4.

Сорокин А.Н. Пролог. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 144 с. 978-5-94375-151-6. Sorokin, A.N. Prolog (Prologue). Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 144 p. 978-

5-94375-151-6. Сорокин А.Н. Стоянка и могильник Минино 2 в Подмосковье: костяной и роговой инвентарь. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 448 с. ISBN 978-5-94375154-7. Электронное издание на сайте ИА РАН: http://archaeolog.ru/ media/books_2013/Sorokin.pdf. Sorokin, A.N. Stoyanka i mogil’nik Minino 2 v Podmoskov’e: kostyanoi i rogovoi inventar’ (The Minino 2 Site and the Burial Ground in the Moscow Region: Bone and Antler Funeral Offerings). Moscow:

IA RAN, 2013. 448 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-154-7. Electronic publication on the website of the IA RAS: http://archaeolog.ru/media/books_2013/ Sorokin.pdf Третья Абхазская междунар. археол. конф.: Проблемы древней и средневековой археологии Кавказа. Посвящена памяти Г.К. Шамба. Мат-лы / отв. ред. М.Т. Кашуба, А.Ю. Скаков. Сухум: Дом печати, 2013. 396 с. ISBN 978-5-201-01239-7.

Tret’ya Abkhazskaya mezhdunarodnaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya: Problemy drevnei i srednevekovoi arkheologii Kavkaza. Posvyashchena pamyati G.K. Shamba. Materialy (The Third Abkhazian International Archaeological Conference: Issues of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of the Caucasus. The Conference Dedicated to the Memory of G.K. Shamb. Proceedings of the Conference) / Kashuba, M.T., and Skakov, A.Yu., eds. Sukhum: Dom

pechati, 2013. 396 p. ISBN 978-5-201-01239-7. Фанагория. Результаты археологических исследований. Т. 1: Мат-лы по истории и археологии Фанагории. Вып. 1 / под ред. В.Д. Кузнецова. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 500 с. ISBN 978-5-906475-01-5. Fanagoriya. Rezul’taty arkheologicheskikh issledovanii (Phanagoria. Results of Archaeological Studies). Vol. 1: Materialy po istorii i arkheologii Fanagorii (Materials on History and Archaeology of Phanagoria). Issue 1 / Kuznetsov, V.D., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 500 p. ISBN 978-5-906475-01-5. Цивилизационные центры и первобытная периферия в эпоху раннего металла: модели взаимодействия: тез. докл. на круглом столе / ред. А.Н. Гей. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 40 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-143-1.

Tsivilizatsionnye tsentry i pervobytnaya periferiya v epokhu rannego metalla: modeli vzaimodeistviya: tezisy dokladov na kruglom stole (Civilization Centers and Prehistoric Periphery during the Early Metal Age: Models of Interaction: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Round Table) / Gei, A.N., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 40 p.

ISBN 978-5-94375-143-1. Человек в окружающей среде: этапы взаимодействия. 5-я Международная конф. «Алексеевские чтения» памяти акад. Т.И. Алексеевой и В.П. Алексеева: тез. / отв. ред. А.П. Бужилова, М.В. Добровольская, М.Б. Медникова. М.: ИТЕП, 2013. 116 с.

Chelovek v okruzhayushchei srede: etapy vzaimodeistviya. 5-ya Mezhdunarodnaya konferentsiya “Alekseevskie chteniya” pamyati akademikov T.I. Alekseevoi i V.P. Alekseeva: tezisy (Man in the Surrounding World: Stages of Interaction. The Fifth Alekseevs’ Readings International Conference in Memory of Academician T.I. Alekseeva and Academician V.P. Alekseev: Abstracts of Papers) /

Buzhilova, A.P., Dobrovol’skaya, M.V., and Mednikova, M.B., eds. Moscow: ITEP, 2013. 116 p. Черных Е.Н. Культуры номадов в мегаструктуре Евразийского

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мира. В 2-х тт. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2013. Т. 1 – 368 с. ISBN 978-5-9551-0674-8; Т. 2 – 429 с. ISBN 978-5-9551-0675-5. Chernykh, E.N. Kul’tury nomadov v megastrukture Evraziiskogo mira (Nomadic Cultures in the Megastructure of the Eurasian World). In 2 volumes. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoi kul’tury, 2013. Vol. 1 – 368 p. ISBN 978-5-9551-0674-8; Vol. 2 – 429 p. ISBN 978-5-9551-0675-5. Яблонский Л.Т. Золото сарматских вождей. Элитный некрополь Филипповка-1 (по материалам раскопок 2004–2009 гг.). Каталог коллекции. Кн. 1. М.: ИА РАН, 2013. 230 с. Yablonsky, L.T. Zoloto sarmatskikh vozhdei. Elitnyi nekropol’

Filippovka-1 (po materialam raskopok 2004–2009 gg.). Katalog kollektsii (Gold of Sarmatian Chieftains. The Princely Necropolis Philippovka-1 (based on the 2004–2009 excavation results). The Collection Catalogue). Book 1. Moscow: IA RAN, 2013. 230 p. Einflüsse der achämenidischen Kultur im südlichen Uralvorland 2. Bd. 2 / Treister, M., Yablonsky, L., Hrsg. Wien: Phoibos-Verlag, 2013. 500 S. (Ancient Toreutics and Jewellery in Eastern Europe. 5).

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могильник. М.; СПб.: Нестор-История, 2014. 132 с. ISBN 978-54469-0245-3. Armarchuk, E.A., and Dmitriev, A.V. Tsemdolinskii kurganno-gruntovyi mogil’nik (The Tsemdolinsk Kurgan and Flat Cemetery). Moscow; St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2014. 132 p. ISBN 978-5-4469-0245-3. Археология и история Пскова и Псковской земли: семинар им. акад. В.В. Седова. Мат-лы 59-го заседания (вып. 29) / отв. ред. Н.В. Лопатин. М.; Псков; СПб.: Нестор-История, 2014. 504 с. ISBN 978-54469-02992-7.

Arkheologiya i istoriya Pskova i Pskovskoi zemli: seminar imeni akademika V.V. Sedova. Materialy 59-go zasedaniya (Archaeology and History of Pskov and the Pskov Lands: the Seminar in Memory of Academician V.V. Sedov: Proceedings of the 59th Meeting). (Issue 29) /

Lopatin, N.V., ed. Moscow; Pskov; St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2014. 504 p. ISBN 978-5-4469-02992-7. Археология Подмосковья: мат-лы научного семинара. Вып. 10 / отв. ред. А.В. Энговатова. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 576 с. ISBN 978-5-94375161-5.

Arkheologiya Podmoskov’ya: materialy nauchnogo seminara (Archaeology of the Moscow Region: Proceedings of the Academic Seminar). Issue 10 / Engovatova, A.V., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2014. 576

p. ISBN 978-5-94375-161-5. Археология: история и перспективы: Шестая межрегиональная конф. / отв. ред. А.Е. Леонтьев. Ярославль: Рыбинский дом печати, 2014. 304 с.

Arkheologiya: istoriya i perspektivy: Shestaya mezhregional’naya konferentsiya (Archaeology and Prospects. The Sixth Interregional Conference) / Leont’ev, A.E., ed. Yaroslavl’: Rybinskii dom pechati,

2014. 304 p. Древние культуры Юго-Восточной Европы и Западной Азии: сб. к 90-летию со дня рожд. и памяти Н.Я. Мерперта / отв. ред. Р.М. Мунчаев. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 392 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-169-1.

Drevnie kul’tury Yugo-Vostochnoi Evropy i Zapadnoi Azii: sbornik k 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya i pamyati N.Ya. Merperta (Ancient Cultures of South-Eastern Europe and Western Asia: Collected Papers on the Occasion of the 90th Anniversary and in Memory of N.Ya. Merpert) / Munchaev, R.M., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2014. 392 p.

ISBN 978-5-94375-169-1. Древности Боспора. Т. 18 / гл. ред. А.А. Масленников. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 568 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-163-9. Drevnosti Bospora (Bosporan Antiquities). Vol. 18 / Maslennikov, A.A., ed. Moscow: IA RAN, 2014. 568 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-163-9. Дэвлет Е.Г., Чжан Со Хо. Каменная летопись Алтая. (The Stone Chronicle of Altai). М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 144 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-167-7. (на русск. и англ. яз.). Devlet, E.G., and Chzhan So Kho. Kamennaya letopis’ Altaya. (The

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Stone Chronicle of the Altai). Moscow: IA RAN, 2014. 144 p. ISBN 978-

5-94375-167-7. (In Russian and English). Е.И. Крупнов и развитие археологии Северного Кавказа. XXVIII Крупновские чтения: мат-лы Междунар. научной конф. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 408 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-162-2.

E.I. Krupnov i razvitie arkheologii Severnogo Kavkaza. XXVIII Krupnovskie chteniya: materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (E.I. Krupnov and Development of Archaeology of the North Caucasus. The XXVIII Krupnov’s Readings: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference). Moscow: IA RAN, 2014. 408 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-162-2.

Жилин М.Г. Костяная индустрия бутовской культуры. Преемствен-

ность и трансформации в развитии. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 299 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-164-6. Электронное издание на сайте ИА РАН: http://archaeolog.ru/media/books_2014/Zhilin.pdf. Zhilin, M.G. Kostyanaya industriya butovskoi kul’tury. Preemstvennost’ i transformatsii v razvitii (Stone Industry of the Butovo Culture. Continuity and Transformations in Development). Moscow: IA RAN, 2014. 299 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-164-6. Electronic publication on the website of the IA RAS: http://archaeolog.ru/media/ books_2014/Zhilin.pdf. Жилина Н.В. Древнерусские клады IX–XIII вв. Классификация, стилистика и хронология украшений. М.: ЛИБРОКОМ, 2014. 400 с. ISBN 978-5-397-04462-2. Zhilina, N.V. Drevnerusskie klady IX–XIII vv. Klassifikatsiya, stilistika i khronologiya ukrashenii (Rus Treasure Hoards of the 9th–13th centuries. Classifcation, Stylistical Features and Chronology of Jewerly). Moscow: LIBROKOM, 2014. 400 p. ISBN 978-5-397-04462-2. Калинина Т.И., Флеров В.С., Петрухин В.Я. Хазария в кросскультурном пространстве. Историческая география. Крепостная архитектура. Выбор веры. М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2014. 208 с. ISBN 978-5-9905759-2-9. Kalinina, T.I., Flerov, V.S., and Petrukhin, V.Ya. Khazariya v

krosskul’turnom prostranstve. Istoricheskaya geografiya. Krepostnaya arkhitektura. Vybor very (Khazaria in the Cross-cultural Space. Historical Geography. Fortress Architecture. Choice of Beliefs).

Moscow: Rukopisnye pamyatniki Drevnei Rusi, 2014. 208 p. ISBN 9785-9905759-2-9. Кошеленко Г.А., Мунчаев Р.М., Гаибов В.А. Археология Афганистана в дни мира и в дни войн. М.: ИА РАН; НП «Историко-культурное наследие Кубани», 2014. 164 с. ISBN 978-5-94375-165-3. Koshelenko, G.A., Munchaev, R.M., and Gaibov, V.A. Arkheologiya Afganistana v dni mira i v dni voin (Archaeology of Afghanistan in Days of Peace and in Days of War). Moscow: IA RAN; NP “Istorikokul’turnoe nasledie Kubani”, 2014. 164 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-165-3. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2014. Вып. 232. 260 с. ISSN 0130-2620, ISBN 978-5-9551-0733-2. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2014. Issue 232. 260 p. ISSN 0130-2620, ISBN 978-5-9551-0733-2. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2014. Вып. 233. 240 с. ISSN 0130-2620, ISBN 978-5-9551-0736-3. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2014. Issue 233. 240 p. ISSN 0130-2620, ISBN 978-5-9551-0736-3. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2014. Вып. 234. 408 с. ISSN 0130-2620, ISBN 978-5-9551-0735-6. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2014. Issue 234. 408 p. ISSN 0130-2620, ISBN 978-5-9551-0735-6. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2014. Вып. 235. 400 с. ISSN 0130-2620. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the Institute of Archaeology). 2014. Issue 235. 400 p. ISSN 0130-2620. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. 2014. Вып. 236. 380 с. ISSN 0130-2620. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Short Reports from the

Institute of Archaeology). 2014. Issue 236. 380 p. ISSN 0130-2620. Мыльников В.П. Изучение археологических деревянных предметов (погребальные памятники Алтая и сопредельных территорий) / отв. ред. В.И. Молодин, А.А. Масленников. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 160 с. (Методика полевых археологических исследований. Вып. 8). ISBN 978-5-94375-166-0. Myl’nikov, V.P. Izuchenie arkheologicheskikh derevyannykh predmetov (pogrebal’nye pamyatniki Altaya i sopredel’nykh territorii) (Studies

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Na poroge tsivilizatsii i gosudarstvennosti (po arkheologicheskim i inym istochnikam): tezisy dokladov Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii (On the Threshold of Civilization and Statehood (based on archaeological and other sources: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the All-Russian Scientific Conference) / V.I., ed. Moscow: IA RAN,

2014. 72 p. ISBN 978-5-94375-168-4. Проблемы взаимодействия населения Восточной Европы в эпоху Великого переселения народов. М.: ИА РАН, 2014. 468 с. (Раннеславянский мир. Вып. 15). ISBN 978-5-94375-160-8.

Problemy vzaimodeistviya naseleniya Vostochnoi Evropy v epokhu Velikogo pereseleniya narodov (Interaction Issues of the Eastern Europe Population during the Great Migration). Moscow: IA RAN,

2014. 468 p. (Ranneslavyanskii mir: Early Slavonic World. Issue 15). ISBN 978-5-94375-160-8. Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2014. № 1 (43). 388 с. ISSN 1991-9484. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Issues of History, Philology and Culture). 2014. No. 1 (43). 388 p. ISSN 1991-9484. Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2014. № 2 (43). 412 с. ISSN 1991-9484. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Issues of History, Philology and Culture). 2014. No. 2 (43). 412 p. ISSN 1991-9484. Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2014. № 3 (43). 404 с. ISSN 1991-9484. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Issues of History, Philology and Culture). 2014. No. 3 (43). 404 p. ISSN 1991-9484. Радюш О.А., Щеглова О.А. Комплекс снаряжения коня и всадника 1-й

половины V века: каталог коллекции. Курск: Голден Би, 2014. 212 c. Radyush, O.A., and Shcheglova, O.A. Kompleks snaryazheniya konya i vsadnika 1-i poloviny V veka: katalog kollektsii (The Horse

Trappings and Rider Set in the First Half of the 5th century: Collection Catalogue). Kursk: Golden Bi, 2014. 212 p.

Русь в IX–XII веках: общество, государство, культура / отв. ред. Н.А. Макаров, А.Е. Леонтьев; сост. И.Е. Зайцева. М.; Вологда: Древности Севера, 2014. 432 с. ISBN 978-5-93061-088-8. Rus’ v IX–XII vekakh: obshchestvo, gosudarstvo, kul’tura (Rus in the 9th–12th centuries: Society, State and Culture) / Makarov, N.A., and Leont’ev, A.E., eds.; I.E. Zaitseva, comp. Moscow; Vologda: Drevnosti Severa, 2014. 432 p. ISBN 978-5-93061-088-8. Старая Рязань. Клад 2005 года / отв. ред. А.В. Чернецов. М.; СПб.: Нестор-История, 2014. 104 с. ISBN 978 5-4469-0367-2. Staraya Ryazan’. Klad 2005 goda (Staraya Ryazan: Treasure Hoard of 2005) / Chernetsov, A.V., ed. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2014. 104 p. ISBN 978 5-4469-0367-2. Труды IV (XX) Всерос. археологического съезда в Казани. В 4-х тт. Казань: Отечество, 2014. Т. I – 698 с. ISBN 978-5-9222-0900-7; Т. II – 462 с. ISBN 978-5-9222-0903-8; Т. III – 702 с. ISBN 978-5-9222-09045; Т. IV – 434 с. ISBN 978-5-9222-0908-3, ISBN 978-5-9222-0907-6.

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ISBN 978-5-9222-0900-7; Vol. II – 462 p. ISBN 978-5-9222-0903-8; Vol. III – 702 p. ISBN 978-5-9222-0904-5; Vol. IV – 434 p. ISBN 978-59222-0908-3, ISBN 978-5-9222-0907-6. Phanagoreia und darüber hinaus…. Festschrift für Vladimir Kuznetsov / Povalahev, N., Hrsg. Göttingen: Gulliver Verlag. 2014. 546 S. (Altertümer Phanagoreias. Bd. 3). ISBN 978-3-96404-709-3. Trinkaus, E., Buzhilova, A.P., Mednikova, M.B., and Dobrovolskaya, M.V.

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Table of Contents Expeditions and Projects of the Institute of Archaeology, 2010â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2014.........................................................................4 List of Contributors.......................................................................................................................................................6 Preface...........................................................................................................................................................................7

Stone Age The Earliest Stone Age Sites in Central Dagestan Kh.A. Amirkhanov, D.V. Ozherelyev.....................................................................................................................10 New Data on Upper Paleolithic Burials from the Sunghir Site M.B. Mednikova, M.V. Dobrovolskaya..................................................................................................................13 Upper Paleolithic Sites near Village of Khotylevo K.N. Gavrilov.........................................................................................................................................................16 Zaraysk Site in the Moscow Region Kh.A. Amirkhanov, S.Yu. Lev.................................................................................................................................18 Stone Age Sites at the Gubs River Gorge E.V. Leonova..........................................................................................................................................................20 Mesolithic Sites at the Gorbunovsky Peat-Bog in the Trans-Urals M.G. Zhilin, S.N. Savchenko..................................................................................................................................22

Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Tell Hazna (Syria) R.M. Munchaev, Sh.N. Amirov...............................................................................................................................26 Bronze Age Kurgans in the Central Fore-Caucasus A.A. Kleshchenko...................................................................................................................................................28 Dzhantukh Burial Ground in Abkhazia A.Yu. Skakov...........................................................................................................................................................30 Sites of Early Nomads in Tuva I.V. Rukavishnikova................................................................................................................................................32 Finds at Filippovka 1 Burial Ground (South Urals) L.T. Yablonsky........................................................................................................................................................35 A New Kurgan Burial Ground of the Scythian Period in the Middle Don Region V.I. Gulyaev, A.A. Shevchenko...............................................................................................................................38 Early Iron Age and Medieval Settlements in the Olympic Construction Area (Sochi, Krasnodar Region) R.A.Â Mimokhod, A.A. Kleshchenko, A.Yu. Skakov..................................................................................................40

Pre-historic Art Studies Studies of Paleolithic Art A.S. Pakhunov, V.S. Zhitenev, E.G. Devlet.............................................................................................................44 Studies of Petroglyphs of the Far East E.G. Devlet.............................................................................................................................................................48

Classical Antiquity Phanagoria City Site on the Taman Peninsula V.D. Kuznetsov.......................................................................................................................................................54 Phanagorian Hoards V.D. Kuznetsov, M.G. Abramzon............................................................................................................................57 Rural Fortified Settlements in the Crimean Azov Sea Maritime Coastline A.V. Kovalchuk, A.A. Maslennikov, A.A. Suprenkov..............................................................................................59 New Data on Gorgippia Chora A.A. Malyshev........................................................................................................................................................62 Hellenistic Fortresses of Bactria N.D. Dvurechenskaya ...........................................................................................................................................64

First Half of the 1st millennium AD Early Alans in the Kislovodsk Depression D.S. Korobov,V.Yu. Malashev, A.V. Borisov, J. Fassbinder....................................................................................68

Middle Ages Antiquities of Jericho: the Byzantine Period L.A. Belyaev, N.A. Makarov, A.N. Voroshilov, L.A. Golofast.................................................................................72 Christian Church near the Village Veseloye near Sochi E.A. Armarchuk, R.A. Mimokhod, Vl.V. Sedov.......................................................................................................76 Funeral Assemblages at the Krutik Settlement in the Lake Beloye Region S.D. Zakharov , S.V. Mesnyankina, E.A. Kleshchenko ..........................................................................................78 Latest Archaeological Discoveries in Novgorod the Great P.G. Gaidukov, O.M. Oleinikov.............................................................................................................................80 St. George’s Cathedral of the Yuriev (St. George’s) Monastery in Novgorod the Great Vl.V. Sedov.............................................................................................................................................................83 Church on the Pyatnitsky Stream in Smolensk Vl.V. Sedov ............................................................................................................................................................86 New Information on Medieval Tver L.A. Belyaev, I.A. Safarova, A.N. Khokhlov...........................................................................................................89 Seal of Athanasius, Patriarch of Constantinople from Pereslavl-Zalessky N.A. Makarov, P.G. Gaidukov, Vl.V. Sedov ...........................................................................................................92 Staraya Ryazan Fortified Settlement I.Yu. Strikalov, A.V. Chernetsov.............................................................................................................................95 Shekshovo Cemetery in Suzdal Opolye N.A. Makarov, I.E. Zaitseva, A.M. Krasnikova......................................................................................................98 Podbolotyevo Cemetery in the Murom Oka Basin O.V. Zelentsova, S.I. Milovanov...........................................................................................................................101 Central Bazaar in the Bolgar Fortified Settlement V.Yu. Koval, D.Yu. Badeev, P.E. Rusakov, A.N. Smirnov, L.V. Yavorskaya ..........................................................104 Bolgar Fortified Settlement Mausoleums L.A. Belyaev, I.I. Yelkina, A.V. Lazukin................................................................................................................106 Bell Towers of the Assumption Cathedral in Yaroslavl A.V. Engovatova...................................................................................................................................................108

Early Modern Period Lastadie of Königsberg Altstadt A.N. Khokhlov......................................................................................................................................................112 Necropoleis of the Trinity Sergius Lavra A.V. Engovatova...................................................................................................................................................114 The New Jerusalem (Resurrection) Monastery on the Istra River L.A. Belyaev.........................................................................................................................................................116 Underwater Excavations of the Cargo Ship Archangel Raphael S.V. Olkhovsky......................................................................................................................................................120 The Yermolov Family Vault in Orel A.V. Engovatova, M.B. Mednikova, O.A. Radyush, T.Yu. Shvedchikova, I.K. Reshetova, E.E. Vasilyeva ..........123

Monographs and Collected Papers of the Institute of Archaeology, 2010–2014 2010 ....................................................................................................................................................................128 2011 ....................................................................................................................................................................130 2012 ....................................................................................................................................................................134 2013 ....................................................................................................................................................................137 2014 ....................................................................................................................................................................140

Научное издание Институт археологии: новые экспедиции и проекты (на английском языке) Утверждено к печати Ученым советом ИА РАН Подписано к печати 25.02.2016. Формат 60  х 90 1/8 Усл. печ. л. 18. Уч.-изд. л. 17,3. Тираж 1000 экз. Редактор Г.Г. Король Дизайн и верстка: Д.В. Щепоткин Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт археологии Российской академии наук 117036 Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 19 Отпечатано в ООО «Красногорский полиграфический комбинат» 115093 Москва, Партийный пер., д. 1, корп. 58

Scientific Publication INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY: New Expeditions and Projects Approved for publication by the Senate of the Institute of Archaeology RAS Signed for publication on February 25, 2016. Format 60 x 90 1/8 18 printer’s sheets. 17.3 published sheets. 1000 copies Production Editor: G.G. Korol Design and layout: D.V. Shchepotkin Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences Ul. Dm. Ulyanova, 19, Moscow, 117036 Printed by Krasnogorsky Poligraphicheskiy Kombinat Partiyny per., 1, building 58, Moscow, 115093