Lydia Hayes and Tonia Novitz
Authors Lydia Hayes
$
%
!
$
"
"
$
!
#
!
&
Tonia Novitz '
U
9
:
<
?
2
;
>
O
M
N
N
S
<
O
=
P
;
>
?
A
Q
V
?
A
W
@
R
X
A
<
P
B
S
?
C
<
M
D
O
Y
E
F
T
W
E
J
T
?
G
O
B
G
F
H
C
G
I
E
J
H
E
K
K
L
@
N
;
T
A
V
<
O
O
?
M
M
L
@
?
O
O
1
"
.
%
"
4
4
3
$
$
!
!
"
"
%
!
"
.
!
-
"
$
$
,
!
"
-
!
"
!
+
2
"
+
!
0
.
+
$
'
"
0
+
%
*
"
)
"
/
8
+
-
"
.
(
L
,
7
5
6
"
Foreword 9
<
?
T
N
m
M
<
?
N
T
[
?
W
@
M
O
]
N
P
T
@
T
N
@
T
N
@
M
P
X
7
W
>
T
O
d
?
W
W
b
?
P
<
]
N
<
?
m
?
W
W
T
?
<
<
?
?
O
m
=
P
@
;
;
M
n
=
?
_
W
X
M
O
O
M
[
>
?
M
;
W
?
W
<
O
O
N
?
N
N
@
T
N
;
T
b
@
O
[
[
?
;
T
T
_
X
?
a
[
P
?
_
[
@
?
T
M
_
Q
?
@
W
@
W
;
P
[
?
[
N
T
Q
@
Q
W
=
?
[
@
;
[
?
;
@
c
W
;
N
_
@
b
?
a
?
@
M
T
O
T
[
P
?
o T
@
?
S
By Keith Ewing and John Hendy QC
N
;
m
N
<
?
N
;
T
b
T
l
b
?
[
_
Q
a
@
W
c
W
[
;
N
;
O
O
T
@
N
>
c
<
Q
_
g
W
?
N
j
@
;
?
<
O
c
O
X
?
a
O
O
>
?
[
T
X
]
N
?
W
M
?
;
d
o 7
;
?
?
m
m
<
<
W
W
M
M
N
T
N
T
b
N
b
N
O
N
@
O
@
S
c
W
[
[
[
;
W
M
Q
_
>
[
?
X
W
@
<
S
@
O
?
[
@
]
T
P
?
l
M
c
W
p
g
W
?
;
Q
o N
Z
[
@
\
?
@
O
W
@
?
;
[
]
]
[
@
O
?
[
^
T
[
T
P
?
T
<
;
?
[
;
Q
`
F
a
H
G
G
W
;
;
<
W
M
M
b
T
P
W
;
T
P
?
b
]
?
@
?
W
T
T
P
?
=
?
[
_
T
P
?
M
W
O
T
?
M
?
c
X
[
;
d
W
L
b
_
@
?
?
e
?
O
W
m
T
<
?
W
@
M
=
N
T
N
b
;
N
W
O
;
[
T
;
O
[
?
[
_
@
_
?
M
T
P
c
W
?
g
=
?
[
P
O
W
T
h
N
h
N
=
;
h
?
[
O
@
O
T
W
W
;
;
T
Q
W
?
O
c
?
_
;
?
;
O
?
[
_
X
[
=
=
<
;
N
T
b
l
p
]
P
N
M
?
T
P
?
;
?
]
P
[
M
b
Q
o T
>
?
M
[
]
E
N
;
f
c
W
[
;
]
W
S
?
@
N
O
?
O
P
W
g
?
M
?
Q
T
[
T
P
N
@
N
W
M
M
N
;
@
?
W
M
]
W
S
?
O
a
T
P
?
M
[
]
h
W
N
Q
>
?
N
;
<
;
N
O
P
?
Q
]
N
T
P
X
<
T
O
T
[
>
?
;
?
i
T
O
O
]
?
M
M
W
O
T
P
?
h
@
[
>
M
?
=
[
_
=
W
;
@
b
]
[
[
P
@
[
<
\
@
?
@
O
O
X
W
[
@
;
?
T
O
@
W
<
X
>
T
j
?
O
X
T
]
M
T
P
N
[
M
[
]
T
?
h
W
b
a
T
[
S
g
?
P
;
X
?
b
S
]
[
g
[
?
@
@
\
;
?
@
=
O
?
X
;
T
[
l
c
;
O
T
;
@
N
<
>
?
<
O
;
P
T
d
W
?
P
k
M
=
?
N
W
O
?
>
@
<
O
b
[
[
@
\
?
@
O
[
<
T
[
_
j
<
c
O
X
?
a
W
;
P
X
?
P
Q
<
[
O
?
T
@
?
N
@
[
N
<
T
b
O
[
?
;
^
?
h
X
T
<
[
>
;
M
N
m
X
O
<
W
M
N
?
T
@
g
b
N
[
N
W
T
X
?
_
M
=
;
P
h
S
?
?
O
N
W
X
T
O
?
P
_
[
h
@
N
^
?
X
?
W
O
P
P
?
Q
?
T
?
@
N
[
@
c
W
[
;
[
_
h
W
b
W
[
@
]
[
@
\
?
@
O
W
@
?
[
_
X
[
<
@
O
P
?
S
@
?
W
T
X
@
<
?
M
T
b
W
T
T
P
?
Q
X
W
P
?
O
W
[
N
X
;
N
?
Q
W
T
m
?
;
?
M
T
b
<
N
d
W
>
M
?
<
@
@
W
k
N
T
W
P
b
T
a
N
W
N
M
?
M
O
M
W
M
W
T
;
]
O
P
T
?
=
Q
W
>
P
b
g
?
X
[
@
[
N
]
?
Q
X
W
P
@
@
>
N
X
<
@
M
P
?
<
?
M
?
b
[
;
=
T
T
Q
h
[
[
[
=
=
W
;
Q
?
Q
c
[
=
[
>
?
k
N
W
_
<
;
Q
W
=
?
;
T
W
M
O
?
;
O
?
?
l
@
d
[
8
_
T
[
P
O
?
9
W
W
b
;
O
\
q
[
_
t
W
;
@
S
M
\
W
r
;
Q
u
W
@
;
?
b
a
d
?
;
[
[
;
T
W
@
W
b
]
a
W
;
@
[
?
T
@
T
P
P
W
W
T
r
T
P
W
@
?
;
N
?
b
O
N
[
<
O
W
T
T
[
T
@
[
b
r
X
W
@
W
;
h
?
N
T
W
b
M
N
N
O
=
O
@
;
[
W
T
T
P
W
?
M
@
[
T
;
?
P
W
a
;
O
]
N
T
W
g
P
?
N
[
T
P
T
d
?
@
c
W
[
;
h
M
N
W
X
M
g
c
W
[
[
N
;
X
?
O
O
[
W
_
S
]
@
W
[
@
]
?
N
[
;
S
_
N
T
;
?
P
m
?
<
S
W
M
N
T
@
b
W
g
a
?
;
[
;
M
b
_
[
@
T
P
?
]
[
@
\
?
@
O
W
^
?
X
T
?
Q
>
b
N
T
a
T
>
<
T
W
[
;
M
O
[
_
[
@
T
P
?
?
X
[
;
[
=
N
X
O
b
O
T
?
=
N
;
]
P
[
O
?
W
=
=
[
[
Q
?
X
P
;
?
_
?
m
W
@
@
<
O
?
?
<
N
W
M
N
N
T
N
N
O
N
O
h
@
[
=
[
T
?
Q
d
W
P
;
W
b
?
T
W
X
<
[
O
T
;
?
[
@
N
=
T
N
b
O
T
X
@
O
?
W
W
T
h
?
h
?
O
W
h
@
@
T
[
>
M
[
?
>
=
?
W
O
T
P
]
W
W
T
@
W
?
@
;
O
<
O
T
W
N
;
W
>
M
?
A
N
T
?
v
h
[
O
?
O
T
P
?
S
@
?
?
W
T
S
N
;
b
T
;
;
T
N
_
@
O
?
O
X
[
X
[
X
W
;
T
@
W
Q
N
c
X
[
;
T
P
W
T
N
T
N
O
>
[
T
P
W
;
N
;
?
g
N
T
W
>
M
?
O
;
O
?
m
<
?
;
X
?
E
W
;
Q
W
O
?
@
N
[
<
O
T
P
@
?
W
T
E
T
[
[
N
h
N
T
W
M
N
O
=
d
9
<
T
<
;
M
N
\
?
N
;
T
P
?
F
B
I
G
O
T
P
?
O
?
X
[
_
Q
N
T
_
b
M
d
X
[
c
<
T
=
<
O
T
?
T
T
O
d
;
?
;
@
M
O
<
q
_
M
_
X
T
W
[
?
;
k
W
_
W
O
c
O
@
W
g
[
W
?
_
?
N
]
<
?
?
?
@
T
h
[
9
W
h
d
Q
?
W
j
[
@
e
b
_
Z
R
T
S
s
h
N
O
[
_
;
X
[
;
[
=
N
O
T
O
W
h
h
?
W
@
T
[
>
?
<
;
W
>
M
?
T
[
[
^
?
@
d
3
Trade Unions and Economic Inequality
W
O
?
Z
;
P
x
N
W
O
N
X
b
>
M
P
?
?
N
O
]
W
O
W
b
]
;
W
P
Q
k
P
?
b
W
T
[
;
N
P
Q
N
W
d
W
O
h
:
[
W
g
N
=
T
h
e
P
N
M
O
?
T
O
>
[
N
b
w
=
h
b
[
@
Q
T
N
W
;
T
P
X
[
;
Q
O
[
P
N
S
P
M
b
@
?
X
[
=
=
?
;
Q
?
Q
d
7
T
h
@
[
g
N
;
Q
;
=
T
?
O
v
W
X
X
[
<
T
[
@
T
W
;
P
X
O
N
c
W
[
\
@
M
?
m
;
O
?
<
S
h
N
T
?
X
@
;
[
X
@
g
N
?
c
N
Q
O
m
d
<
?
9
?
<
[
W
T
_
>
<
N
M
<
;
?
M
;
h
N
?
@
\
m
<
N
?
;
[
W
T
T
M
_
P
N
T
b
[
?
@
W
@
O
;
P
a
[
T
@
c
N
;
;
;
X
M
?
W
@
W
;
Q
W
X
X
?
O
O
N
>
M
?
T
?
@
x
W
b
?
[
t
O
T
@
W
W
;
Q
Q
:
?
<
[
;
N
g
[
N
;
T
e
?
O
N
v
h
;
M
X
M
W
N
[
O
;
T
N
;
P
?
S
X
T
P
?
;
?
N
T
;
@
W
?
=
M
m
O
@
<
[
M
W
h
a
W
;
Q
N
;
h
W
c
@
X
<
M
W
@
T
P
?
;
?
?
Q
T
[
@
?
>
N
[
M
M
?
c
X
g
?
>
W
@
S
W
N
;
N
;
S
W
@
@
W
;
S
?
=
?
;
T
O
M
P
N
O
M
h
M
S
?
Q
N
N
W
O
g
?
T
\
h
=
[
O
O
@
W
[
?
O
Q
@
O
?
<
?
?
M
Q
;
[
N
<
[
;
Q
M
O
W
b
;
[
[
h
;
>
h
?
[
P
@
W
M
T
<
;
_
N
[
T
g
[
T
W
M
<
P
W
?
O
>
M
@
;
[
Q
h
O
[
T
O
W
M
P
?
O
W
Q
?
O
<
N
T
S
P
;
[
?
@
O
Q
h
T
T
@
[
?
X
O
P
P
?
?
W
<
>
M
N
X
h
[
M
N
X
b
a
O
[
T
P
W
T
T
@
W
Q
?
<
;
N
[
;
?
>
b
y
?
@
_
[
N
W
{
O
>
@
h
T
<
@
|
]
N
;
Q
N
M
=
?
T
W
Q
S
?
h
[
N
[
_
@
b
?
N
X
M
<
;
M
h
M
N
?
M
?
h
S
;
W
N
X
c
X
;
@
T
?
[
O
?
?
;
O
;
?
g
P
T
@
W
?
@
>
@
W
@
T
T
?
X
W
W
P
?
T
;
?
;
<
S
S
N
T
[
;
S
W
N
@
@
c
N
=
N
[
=
?
S
h
[
?
;
b
;
;
T
@
>
a
O
X
?
@
?
W
_
[
;
@
<
O
z
?
X
T
P
?
M
W
O
T
[
_
T
P
?
O
?
h
@
[
h
[
O
O
N
O
T
P
?
>
[
M
;
?
Q
[
=
N
;
X
N
[
Q
O
?
T
;
N
X
?
=
h
T
P
[
W
@
T
T
T
W
;
P
T
?
d
Q
7
?
X
T
N
W
Q
O
O
?
N
<
;
@
]
?
M
P
N
N
N
{
@
?
m
k
<
W
W
@
M
<
;
@
N
N
]
N
[
T
b
S
]
[
T
?
O
W
;
h
P
=
T
h
]
N
?
;
[
@
W
?
O
;
T
?
T
@
T
P
9
c
W
P
?
@
Q
[
W
?
N
;
;
X
T
W
N
]
D
G
W
;
Q
]
W
?
O
}
N
W
W
[
;
O
]
W
T
_
N
9
@
P
T
O
c
N
N
X
P
S
O
@
P
?
@
W
]
W
T
[
T
[
g
?
@
?
Q
>
b
W
X
[
M
M
?
X
c
g
?
W
S
@
?
?
=
?
;
T
N
Q
X
P
W
M
M
?
;
S
?
;
[
]
N
O
T
[
S
?
T
T
P
;
;
\
O
]
?
N
b
?
@
4
g
N
T
e
h
@
[
h
[
O
W
M
O
[
;
T
[
T
P
?
h
[
M
N
X
S
W
?
N
;
W
@
N
;
?
S
O
W
M
[
[
;
=
W
x
W
T
?
b
W
S
?
;
@
?
Q
S
;
T
P
N
O
O
P
[
<
M
Q
b
>
W
O
@
N
W
;
X
T
?
P
N
Q
O
>
h
b
W
T
=
P
h
?
P
T
@
?
M
W
?
T
Q
;
Q
>
?
b
[
;
Q
?
d
W
>
M
\
[
<
T
O
W
>
9
@
[
<
N
T
W
N
;
;
T
?
?
;
?
O
<
Q
N
@
N
;
;
S
W
S
T
P
W
O
W
M
N
g
N
;
S
]
W
S
?
d
~
T
R
T
;
[
O
Q
T
?
W
g
=
?
@
h
b
>
[
<
[
Q
T
b
T
P
N
O
?
W
W
S
>
@
<
O
?
?
Q
?
[
[
;
T
@
W
X
T
O
d
~
_
]
?
W
_
@
S
T
N
@
P
?
?
?
O
O
O
=
?
?
h
;
@
N
T
[
=
h
O
>
M
h
M
?
@
=
?
d
[
8
g
O
N
Q
W
?
X
?
;
T
[
W
Q
@
O
=
E
[
<
]
M
X
N
Q
c
<
P
?
[
?
;
M
O
T
[
P
?
S
_
W
@
S
[
]
?
N
;
X
;
S
S
b
?
]
;
Q
[
@
?
\
@
?
h
@
O
W
b
a
S
W
W
;
h
a
O
T
Q
?
P
T
?
P
M
?
=
[
_
T
P
?
T
]
[
c
E
?
@
]
[
@
\
_
[
@
X
?
W
?
;
[
;
T
@
W
c
X
;
S
[
<
T
[
_
h
<
>
M
N
X
O
?
@
g
N
X
?
O
Q
d
O
?
h
T
g
N
Q
@
@
P
Q
[
T
O
M
@
?
?
>
?
O
P
?
?
=
?
?
Q
O
O
h
]
[
=
?
a
N
N
;
O
W
;
_
M
N
M
>
;
N
M
O
]
[
N
>
T
T
?
[
b
?
>
b
]
W
P
@
]
N
_
h
N
X
?
P
T
O
P
[
M
T
?
P
[
Q
c
N
?
T
W
X
N
;
b
W
X
\
]
W
W
b
O
W
;
?
d
T
[
>
T
P
?
?
@
[
=
N
O
?
O
[
_
@
?
_
[
@
=
O
?
@
N
[
<
O
M
b
a
W
;
Q
@
?
]
N
W
@
?
=
]
T
g
N
?
@
T
P
b
[
X
M
<
?
W
@
@
M
g
b
[
T
]
?
P
O
W
d
k
T
P
<
@
N
S
O
h
?
;
W
T
M
=
b
h
;
P
?
M
?
Q
?
T
O
O
T
?
@
Q
T
[
>
[
;
?
d
k
P
?
@
?
X
W
;
>
?
;
[
?
v
X
<
O
?
O
d
a
O
¡
¢
£
¤
¥
¦
§
¨
©
ª
d
?
b
b
>
«
¨
¬
¢
£
O
¶
¶
·
¹
©
ª
®
¯
°
§
¬
º
®
¸
±
²
©
³
·
¹
¤
µ
W
«
´
¡
¡
¡
«
µ
®
±
²
³
µ
¡
«
¯
¸
¼
²
¡
a
º
¤
·
E
·
[
?
=
W
O
Q
X
?
[
O
[
<
:
P
Q
?
T
?
O
O
g
?
P
M
W
?
@
?
>
N
¶
P
T
M
T
<
?
O
T
P
¢
k
;
=
?
[
M
X
Q
X
@
?
O
\
@
?
O
Q
?
@
W
P
O
?
N
T
>
k
[
T
T
P
W
~
T
;
c
M
[
P
7
Q
;
T
S
X
?
[
?
?
d
T
;
P
g
T
?
<
P
E
O
b
X
M
O
@
T
X
[
b
?
b
?
P
W
h
W
O
?
[
Q
O
@
=
d
?
W
M
h
M
P
b
Q
?
>
d
W
W
W
?
?
;
]
[
W
k
c
X
?
a
@
Q
O
?
?
@
Q
M
S
?
W
=
[
g
O
[
[
P
T
z
b
[
[
h
>
M
S
T
S
O
?
]
]
Q
N
>
T
W
h
[
@
@
k
;
;
@
Q
[
>
b
@
W
?
X
?
h
[
<
[
d
?
?
S
?
=
b
@
P
>
g
;
>
?
?
T
k
X
O
T
T
_
Q
Q
W
b
@
S
?
]
M
b
b
N
T
N
;
Q
;
?
g
e
X
N
?
?
T
<
<
P
a
M
W
M
W
M
[
W
T
S
N
g
_
M
a
<
;
?
[
>
T
?
]
T
?
?
[
]
N
?
O
Q
P
d
S
?
h
[
P
t
Z
@
;
O
<
N
[
N
T
?
O
W
T
M
W
Q
W
Q
?
ª
µ
µ
¦
©
µ
»
©
£
¢
µ
?
Contents I. II.
½
V.
¿
À
È
III. IV.
¾
Á
É
Õ
Ð
¾
Î
¾
Î
Ñ
À
Ä
Î
Ì
À
Ò
Ð
¿
Ê
Ð
Ð
É
Æ
Á
¾
Ï
¿
Æ
Í
Ã
Á
à
Æ
Ì
Î
¾
¾
¾
Ê
Â
Ð
Ì
Á
À
Á
Ë
Ã
Å
Á
¿
Î
Î
Ä
Ë
Ë
É
ß
Ã
Ê
Á
Ú
Â
Ã
Ä
Ö
Ì
Ì
Æ
Î
¾
Ä
Æ
Æ
¿
Á
Î
Æ
Æ
Ä
Í
É
Ð
Æ
×
Ð
Ò
Ð
Æ
¿
Á
À
Î
Æ
¾
Á
Æ
Á
Ê
Ï
Á
Æ
Ð
Á
Î
Æ
Ï
Ï
Û
Æ
Æ
¿
À
Æ
¿
Ì
Â
Æ
Æ
Ð
Î
¾
¿
Æ
Ä
Î
Î
Ü
Æ
¾
Î
Ä
Ö
Æ
Æ
Ì
Á
¿
¾
Ò
Ð
Ì
Á
Â
¿
Æ
Î
Æ
Ã
¾
Á
Ð
¾
Â
Æ
Æ
Æ
Æ
Ò
Á
Â
Æ
Æ
Æ
Ì
Ð
Ì
Æ
Æ
Æ
Ñ
Ã
¿
Æ
Ó
Ä
Ö
Æ
Æ
Ê
Î
¾
Æ
Æ
Ð
Ï
À
Ð
Æ
Æ
Ã
¾
Ü
Ã
Æ
Ñ
Á
Á
Î
Æ
¿
Æ
Ê
Ö
Æ
Ö
Æ
Ô
Ø
Æ
Î
Æ
Æ
Æ
Æ
À
Ç
Ù
Ý
Þ
Ö
Æ
Ý
á
5
Trade Unions and Economic Inequality
Work 7
;
T
O
P
W
Q
N
P
[
@
?
;
N
M
@
[
O
>
]
N
O
?
?
M
[
M
M
[
<
;
T
â
W
;
N
Q
M
g
W
N
b
?
X
@
X
>
?
E
=
;
O
=
?
O
T
N
;
[
N
h
ç
ç
d
@
;
=
h
M
M
h
?
O
v
N
X
@
;
;
T
J
T
T
@
N
>
G
c
T
a
W
;
M
O
?
ç
m
Q
?
N
T
@
M
?
X
W
b
?
W
Q
Q
g
@
S
X
X
O
X
?
T
;
N
O
T
N
Q
P
N
S
\
O
]
N
Q
?
O
h
@
?
W
Q
a
_
@
?
m
<
?
;
T
M
b
d
;
@
@
è
?
N
T
?
ç
W
M
W
;
[
O
h
?
W
]
;
[
W
=
b
[
?
>
X
c
O
h
?
[
;
N
S
g
?
Q
P
M
S
;
;
c
h
<
[
N
X
Q
W
b
\
=
?
Q
X
M
[
M
;
Q
W
[
@
W
;
<
X
S
í
b
]
;
;
@
W
Q
@
N
W
O
?
W
g
W
=
[
a
@
;
N
_
Q
P
<
N
;
O
[
@
?
?
a
?
D
?
N
h
T
Q
N
;
=
@
G
=
[
?
?
;
N
T
[
g
<
c
a
[
W
M
h
M
;
S
?
?
N
P
Impacts of economic inequality at work:
_
?
h
O
[
?
=
N
T
[
W
P
Poor terms and conditions
T
;
<
â
h
>
?
b
N
t
ê
[
[
@
Less opportunity to bargain collectively
E
W
W
O
T
[
[
@
W
N
?
P
?
r
]
X
P
O
@
@
c
N
;
d
?
T
Q
?
b
@
?
e
O
;
Q
W
W
O
T
?
T
;
S
N
T
O
S
N
W
X
O
;
T
?
;
N
;
@
a
<
Reduced access to employment tribunals
Insecure contracts
[
_
;
[
\
^
[
[
W
Q
[
[
?
?
X
W
<
N
[
P
\
X
P
O
?
?
W
X
W
@
O
W
T
M
Low pay
?
?
T
=
O
X
;
?
@
S
=
N
M
[
;
@
h
O
[
T
h
]
c
W
[
N
[
;
@
N
?
O
X
?
P
O
O
O
W
?
@
[
_
T
O
W
h
N
;
i
O
@
Q
N
?
T
=
X
;
W
P
k
<
W
Q
;
?
[
[
T
d
;
<
?
[
M
Long hours or no guarantee of hours
W
X
h
b
W
b
@
N
O
@
Q
<
b
O
?
;
?
[
@
T
;
S
[
T
S
W
S
=
h
;
W
=
T
P
N
b
M
X
_
?
;
W
[
a
;
;
s
b
Q
;
h
@
b
O
?
?
?
;
M
=
<
g
T
^
=
[
\
[
;
W
=
]
N
@
[
T
=
W
T
T
X
W
<
?
?
]
[
ã
N
q
[
;
b
?
N
Q
=
[
g
;
[
h
[
;
@
?
]
é
P
@
;
[
[
P
?
[
;
O
P
@
T
[
;
[
@
W
X
W
@
<
P
t
S
?
d
d
]
Q
æ
[
<
M
@
T
X
X
T
s
N
O
h
v
N
;
ä
å
<
O
X
T
?
[
@
<
?
W
@
=
?
@
\
<
;
<
;
O
O
ä
=
?
M
]
@
[
?
O
O
[
P
?
P
N
>
b
O
?
T
?
[
W
?
?
@
j
h
c
g
?
_
?
N
[
_
?
M
P
[
T
W
?
T
?
W
W
Q
h
ã
S
<
P
P
;
W
<
T
]
W
T
m
[
â
m
?
;
j
?
@
?
;
S
P
O
;
M
P
@
ç
T
?
ä
?
N
;
O
R
[
M
T
[
S
N
N
@
=
O
;
?
?
?
O
[
P
b
@
=
c
X
_
h
N
Q
d
O
=
>
N
b
i
?
W
Q
?
T
@
_
N
;
N
W
<
h
?
]
T
[
W
>
M
>
T
O
@
[
[
W
O
@
@
g
h
?
@
[
b
W
Q
N
;
Q
ç
T
?
?
h
ë
<
d
k
c
X
T
P
[
?
;
ç
ì
d
Wages 7
h
]
[
]
W
s
10
;
[
W
@
\
S
g
c
@
?
?
X
?
@
O
<
O
P
N
@
;
M
;
=
W
@
W
T
g
P
?
a
?
?
;
â
ã
=
<
P
[
W
h
T
s
W
;
>
O
g
M
W
W
N
?
S
?
X
O
Q
@
g
?
=
Q
?
T
X
[
;
T
X
[
@
T
T
P
[
W
;
?
P
Q
h
[
M
W
Q
M
[
g
]
[
?
W
X
b
;
@
S
N
N
?
P
T
O
W
[
?
T
;
@
?
O
P
>
O
T
N
?
N
b
@
;
@
;
W
N
X
@
j
[
[
;
?
N
O
>
=
T
W
?
O
N
[
;
@
T
Q
P
]
;
?
T
T
?
W
P
?
P
h
S
_
W
@
?
W
X
;
N
g
P
F
W
T
W
@
?
[
}
?
Q
?
P
_
h
O
O
M
?
X
@
T
N
W
@
b
[
h
S
?
@
ç
d
?
W
d
î
E
@
L
t
O
X
W
<
g
W
M
;
>
?
;
?
@
Q
M
N
]
T
X
O
P
?
P
?
?
Q
@
<
;
?
Q
W
;
X
N
?
O
a
?
@
g
N
X
?
]
[
@
\
?
@
O
a
Figure 2: National Minimum Wage annual increase above/below inflation (CPI) 2000-13
Since the crisis, UK governments have effectively decreased the level of the national minimum wage every year. Below inflation increases mean that those on the lowest wages have far less to spend on the cost of day to day living.
Financial Crisis
Above inflation Equal to inflation Below inflation
O
<
X
]
P
W
[
S
;
W
[
O
?
X
Q
@
W
O
_
P
@
?
[
]
a
X
[
\
N
P
@
@
X
h
T
W
W
F
E
ï
[
;
N
@
g
T
O
N
b
T
O
N
W
O
G
<
M
?
?
;
[
;
@
O
T
_
W
W
@
O
[
T
?
S
?
O
O
@
;
;
X
O
d
?
W
N
T
@
@
\
?
Q
W
O
@
?
?
Q
[
W
@
;
Z
g
Q
W
?
T
N
[
[
N
M
X
@
N
[
@
?
@
S
h
h
=
?
W
h
?
[
h
?
<
P
T
v
g
O
T
O
?
W
M
;
<
T
;
[
O
N
;
?
P
@
W
O
O
X
N
@
?
?
g
T
O
W
O
;
?
@
T
W
X
;
?
;
W
X
M
N
;
S
a
?
W
O
N
^
O
Q
@
W
?
@
?
W
T
O
[
W
?
P
?
X
@
?
@
N
]
S
[
?
?
[
;
T
>
h
P
[
N
O
v
]
=
ð
W
?
@
[
X
O
T
@
N
T
W
N
T
?
N
T
P
M
X
T
S
M
O
O
O
ç
T
P
P
?
[
?
]
T
>
=
=
[
;
W
?
c
;
>
;
W
O
;
?
?
a
O
T
ñ
@
T
S
g
M
g
[
O
N
P
i
?
?
?
O
@
W
S
@
W
[
é
@
N
?
P
d
?
>
W
?
O
@
N
a
X
T
N
[
;
]
[
?
O
c
W
h
@
W
f
[
W
^
?
;
@
>
b
N
Q
;
b
?
_
T
@
Q
>
;
\
b
W
;
ç
å
d
Cost of living 7
;
@
N
J
O
?
G
F
;
J
[
ò
;
F
W
I
a
g
?
=
W
@
W
;
S
?
b
]
>
[
b
@
T
\
P
N
@
In 2013 the majority of families in poverty are now also families in work
S
?
s
X
;
[
g
[
W
Z
T
O
?
\
a
T
P
X
P
P
V
W
M
W
;
T
g
T
W
@
j
?
[
M
S
@
V
N
T
b
@
@
@
?
h
[
[
_
@
_
W
T
M
N
T
;
M
N
?
O
@
@
[
[
O
N
P
N
;
X
?
[
i
]
T
T
?
h
h
N
[
W
M
N
@
X
T
X
b
?
?
X
[
a
@
]
h
@
[
Q
N
W
?
O
;
S
Q
N
T
T
a
S
?
X
O
]
T
O
M
?
P
[
T
[
T
X
P
[
Q
N
P
?
\
â
O
[
P
S
?
@
Q
ã
T
[
W
T
[
]
d
[
g
J
?
X
R
N
@
@
;
g
>
è
Q
d
W
ë
M
æ
N
O
P
N
ç
O
T
[
Q
P
O
;
[
;
O
Q
S
h
h
M
?
W
?
Q
>
O
]
S
?
W
?
X
<
N
?
V
W
N
h
=
N
T
@
?
@
P
=
@
X
?
[
[
?
;
T
S
h
;
>
N
Q
@
[
P
]
<
[
X
T
[
9
X
?
N
S
?
?
?
]
[
M
M
;
Q
?
_
N
W
[
?
S
?
@
M
W
P
?
[
M
@
]
g
;
S
X
S
;
S
?
ó
;
[
=
<
W
N
]
W
@
ê
M
;
[
T
?
T
W
W
O
P
;
_
T
O
T
?
@
h
T
O
?
?
?
;
=
<
@
?
?
;
[
[
=
@
;
O
@
=
?
c
;
ô
W
c
?
_
c
h
N
G
@
T
Q
F
b
?
W
I
W
_
@
?
M
[
N
g
<
W
N
;
M
O
Q
[
;
S
]
a
_
_
W
[
W
@
=
S
T
N
?
P
M
N
d
?
?
R
i
O
@
N
O
T
;
11
Trade Unions and Economic Inequality
Recent publications Institute of Employment Rights õ
ö
ö
÷
ø
÷
9
(
C
K
D
%
O
"
P
ü
(
+
L
Q
ü
3
R
5
F
T
2
(
%
$
ý
P
û
7
+
/
(
V
ü
þ
÷
ü
D
û
þ
D
S
"
H
ù
3
ý
ý
W
(
3
÷
4
3
3
+
÷
4
3
@
ý
÷
4
ù
3
3
,
þ
ù
3
?
û
þ
÷
û
N
#
ý
ý
÷
ý
ü
4
þ
û
ü
3
4
5
0
6
2
ý
ý
ü
û
7
4
8
2
ü
û
?
2
1
U
0
ý
1
ù
0
/
D
M
4
F
#
2
"
1
.
B
0
D
T
ü
%
/
<
+
$
-
G
#
U
ý
"
,
ý
&
#
!
S
Y
(
#
?
,
0
@
4
E
"
+
;
ü
*
A
û
#
&
J
I
û
)
#
ù
(
:
%
$
'
ÿ
&
þ
#
@
ú
$
H
þ
(
ý
%
?
I
ü
%
#
û
$
&
ö
#
>
H
ú
"
+
>
4
÷
!
=
ö
ù
%
M
#
&
ü
4
3
þ
û
>
%
þ
ü
3
&
ü
4
4
A
D
0
H
/
0
6
2
ý
ý
ü
û
7
4
8
ý
@
5
2
+
4
6
%
ü
3
5
?
û
ý
ü
û
7
4
8
0
X
ý
ü
÷
û
þ
ù
3
ý
3
÷
4
3
8
Class: Centre for Labour and Social Studies õ
ö
C
ö
(
\
c
g
'
i
(
.
%
.
&
U
+
+
T
P
+
U
q
%
+
S
[
@
h
H
H
"
R
,
%
s
*
[
p
%
"
#
t
+
(
\
+
@
@
(
U
%
ö
V
÷
4
+
ý
4
"
[
N
ö
3
P
F
B
ù
+
û
3
ý
þ
Z
M
^
M
_
`
a
b
<
+
i
,
U
@
N
f
[
D
ý
S
U
#
+
û
(
û
@
$
i
#
r
"
T
B
?
%
i
I
H
Q
?
.
÷
G
U
ý
"
!
+
l
]
e
p
ö
3
&
+
e
T
U
U
%
&
U
(
)
#
o
ý
[
n
ý
"
m
,
>
&
l
D
U
+
ü
W
W
û
(
k
#
Q
U
d
ö
@
j
)
H
@
@
ú
(
+
@
h
@
M
%
÷
G
\
H
ö
D
@
(
ù
+
U
.
÷
[
ø
U
[
30
÷
@
l
S
u
.
s
v
%
l
U
o
(
w
H
,
p
o
#
x
'
p
(
#
o
+
y
@
s
S
i
z
[
q
U
(
\
l
+
p
@
q
@
u
(
l
U
{
'
(
#
%
V
)
%
#
T
"
P
)
"
+
S
.
H
%
U
+
T
(
(
&
,
S
M
Institute of Employment Rights |
}
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Class: Centre for Labour and Social Studies
|
}
~
~
~
~
~
~
¡
¢
~
}
~
~
~
~
}
~
£
~
~
¤
}
~
~
~
}
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
}
31