Access to justice in employment disputes: surveying the terrain
ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĚǀŝĐĞ ƵƌĞĂƵdž ĂŶĚ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͕͛ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƐ ŚŽǁ ĐůŝĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĚǀŝĐĞ ƵƌĞĂƵdž ƉƵƌƐƵĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŝƐ ŽŶ ŚŽǁ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŬĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂƐ ƚŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞ ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŚĞLJ ĨŽůůŽǁ͕ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŽ ƉƵƌƐƵĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ dƌŝďƵŶĂů͕ Žƌ ĐŚŽŽƐĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ͕ Žƌ ƚĂŬĞ ŶŽ ĂĐƟŽŶ Ăƚ Ăůů͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞĚ ŝŶ Ɖƌŝů ϮϬϭϮ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůů ƌƵŶ ĨŽƌ ƚǁŽ ĂŶĚ Ă ŚĂůĨ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ WƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů /ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚŽƌ ƌ DŽƌĂŐ DĐ ĞƌŵŽŶƚ͕ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƌŝƐƚŽů͕ ƚŚĞ ŽͲ/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚŽƌ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ EŝĐŽůĞ ƵƐďLJ͕ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ^ƚƌĂƚŚĐůLJĚĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĚǀŝĐĞ ƵƌĞĂƵdž ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ h<͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŽŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĂƌĞ ƌ ŵŝůLJ ZŽƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚĂŵ ^ĂůĞƐ͘
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&Žƌ ŵŽƌĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ Žƌ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
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ǁǁǁ͘ďƌŝƐƚŽů͘ĂĐ͘ƵŬͬĂĚǀŝĐĞĂŐĞŶĐLJƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
dŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ũŽŝŶƚůLJ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ZŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂŶƚ ĂǁĂƌĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐ ƐƉŽŶƐŽƌƐŚŝƉ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ DĂƌŬĞƚ ĂŶĚ WƵďůŝĐ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂůƐŽ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ Ăƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůůLJ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ďƵƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĂƉƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ǁŽƌƚŚLJ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƵƌ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘
/^ E ϵϳϴͲϭͲϵϬϲϳϬϯͲϭϴͲϵ DĂƌĐŚ ϮϬϭϯ WƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ϰƚŚ &ůŽŽƌ͕ :ĂĐŬ :ŽŶĞƐ ,ŽƵƐĞ͕ ϭ /ƐůŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ >ŝǀĞƌƉŽŽů͕ >ϯ ϴ ' ĞͲŵĂŝů ŽĸĐĞΛŝĞƌ͘ŽƌŐ͘ƵŬ ǁǁǁ͘ŝĞƌ͘ŽƌŐ͘ƵŬ ĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝŶƚ ďLJ hƉƐƚƌĞĂŵ ;dhͿ ǁǁǁ͘ƵƉƐƚƌĞĂŵ͘ĐŽŽƉ '
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άϯϬ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ
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Contents CHAPTER ONE
Access to justice in employment disputes: surveying the terrain
02
Nicole Busby, Morag McDermont, Emily Rose and Adam Sales CHAPTER TWO
Austerity and the crisis in employment rights
04
Michael Wynn CHAPTER THREE
The employment tribunal system at the crossroads
06
David Renton CHAPTER FOUR
The forensic lottery of unfair dismissal
08
John Hendy CHAPTER FIVE
Mediation and employment disputes
12
Bryan Clark CHAPTER SIX
The role of conciliation in the employment tribunal system
14
Linda Dickens CHAPTER SEVEN
Where to from here? Future research directions and collaborations
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Nicole Busby, Morag McDermont, Emily Rose and Adam Sales
Access to justice in employment disputes
01
CHAPTER ONE
Access to justice in employment disputes: surveying the terrain Nicole Busby Morag McDermont Emily Rose Adam Sales dŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ƚǁŽ LJĞĂƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƐŽŵĞ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ůĞŐĂů ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůƐ ; dƐ Žƌ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůƐͿ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƚLJƉĞ ĂŶĚ ǀŽůƵŵĞ ŽĨ ǀŝĂďůĞ ĐůĂŝŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƵůĚͲďĞ ĐůĂŝŵĂŶƚƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ ŚĞĂƌĚ ďLJ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůƐ Žƌ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚ ďLJ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ŵĞĂŶƐ͘ ^ƵĐŚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ )
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tĞ ĂŝŵĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ůĞŐĂů ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ƌĞůĂƟŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ͚EĞǁ ^ŝƚĞƐ ŽĨ >ĞŐĂů ŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ͗ ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĚǀŝĐĞ ƵƌĞĂƵdž ĂŶĚ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͕͛ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞŐĂů ĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ )
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ŚŽǁ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ĂīŽƌĚ ůĞŐĂů ĂĚǀŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƚĂĐŬůĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĚǀŝĐĞ ƵƌĞĂƵdž ŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƐƵĐŚ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘
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ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ĨĞĞƐ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƐĞĞŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ ĐůĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ dƐ͘
Evidence or ideology? dŚĞƐĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƐ #
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ĐƌŝƐŝƐ͛ ĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚƵƐ͕ ŝŶ ŶĞĞĚ ŽĨ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶ ĂƌŝƐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐŝƐ ŽĨ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŐŽŝŶŐ ǁƌŽŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ Įdž ŝƚ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ǀŝĞǁ ŝƐ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ďĞŝŶŐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ͛Ɛ ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůůLJ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ ŐƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ƵŶƌĞůŝĂďůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͘ Ɛ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŽ ĚĂƚĞ ƐŚŽǁƐ͕ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ĨĂƌ ĨƌŽŵ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƚŽƌLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƵŶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ǁŝƐŚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉƵƌƐƵĞ ĐůĂŝŵƐ͘ϭ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŽƵƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚĞůůƐ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƚŽƌLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƌŚĞƚŽƌŝĐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚ ƐŽ ŵƵĐŚ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ƉƌĞƐƐ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŽŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐƚŽƌLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ĨŽĐƵƐ͘ KŶ ϯϬƚŚ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϮ ǁĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ Ă ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ Ăƚ ƌŝƐƚŽů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ DĂƌŬĞƚƐ ĂŶĚ WƵďůŝĐ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐ͕ ůĂǁLJĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĚͲƵƐĞƌƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂĚǀŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞ ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘
02
SURVEYING THE TERRAIN
ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ǁĂƐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ĮǀĞ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ͕ Ăůů ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚĞďĂƚĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚĞĂŵ͘ tŚĂƚ ƵŶĨŽůĚĞĚ ǁĂƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ƟŵĞƐ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŽƌƚĐŽŵŝŶŐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĂƩĞŵƉƚƐ ƚŽ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ŝƚ ǁĞƌĞ͕ Ăƚ ďĞƐƚ͕ ŝůůͲĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂŶĚ͕ Ăƚ ǁŽƌƐƚ͕ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůůLJ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚ͘ ůů ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ĂŐƌĞĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĞĂ ĂƌĞ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵŶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ũƵƐƟĐĞ͘ dŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ďLJ ŽƵƌ ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ ƐƉĞĂŬĞƌƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ ĨĂƌ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͘ ĂĐŚ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ƐƉĞĂŬĞƌƐ ŚĂƐ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ Ă ƐŚŽƌƚĞŶĞĚ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ďLJ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ŽŶ ŽƵƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŐĞŶĚĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ǁŽƌŬ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚƌĂĚĞƐ ƵŶŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚǀŝĐĞ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĮĞůĚ͘
Employment law reforms )
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ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĂƵƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ ĂŐĞŶĚĂ ĂŶĚ ĂƌŐƵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ŽĨ ϮϬϬϴ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ƐŽǀĞƌĞŝŐŶ ĚĞďƚ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂƐĐĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ hŶŝŽŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŽŶ ĮƐĐĂů ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŽǀĞƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƉŽůŝĐLJ ǁŝƚŚ ůĂďŽƵƌ ůĂǁ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ Ă ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ ĨŽƌ ĐŽƐƚͲĐƵƫŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ůĂǁ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ ĨŽƌŵƐ Ă ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƚĞŶĞƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ͛Ɛ ĂƵƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ ĂŐĞŶĚĂ͕ ŚĂƐ ŝƚƐ ƌŽŽƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ŝĚĞŽůŽŐLJ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ dŚĂƚĐŚĞƌŝƚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƌĞĨŽƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϴϬƐ͘ ŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚŚŝƐ ďĂĐŬĚƌŽƉ͕ ĂǀŝĚ ZĞŶƚŽŶ͛Ɛ ƉĂƉĞƌ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ƉŽƌƚƌĂLJĞĚ ŝŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ŵĞĚŝĂ )
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ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ŝŶ ŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ ,ŝƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŽďǀŝŽƵƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƋƵŝĐŬĞƌ ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͕ Ă ůĞƐƐ ƐƚƌĞƐƐĨƵů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ d͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͕ ŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐƌŝƟĐŝƐĞĚ ďLJ ƐŽŵĞ ĂƐ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƟŶŐ ƐƚĂƌŬůLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂŝŵƐ ŽĨ ĨŽƌŵĂů ũƵƐƟĐĞ ĂƐ ĂƩĞŵƉƚƐ ďLJ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ ƚŽ ŵĞƚĞ ŽƵƚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ Ă ŵŽǀĞ ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ůĂǁ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů ƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŵĞĚŝĂƚŽƌƐ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƉŽǁĞƌ ŝŵďĂůĂŶĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘
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ƌĞĂƉ ŽǀĞƌůLJ ŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐ ƌĞǁĂƌĚƐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĂƵƐŝďůĞ ĐůĂŝŵƐ͘ LJ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĞŐĂů ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ )
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ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ ĂǀŝĚ ĂƌŐƵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĨŽƌŵƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ Ă ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ǁĞŝŐŚƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͛ ĨĂǀŽƵƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ďLJ ĂƐŬŝŶŐ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŽŶůLJ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƉĂƚŚ ĨŽƌ ƵŶŝŽŶƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƚŽ ƌĞƚƵƌŶ ƚŽ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ ʹ Ă ƉĂƚŚ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ϰϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŽƵŐŚƚ ƚŽ ĐůŽƐĞ ĚŽǁŶ͘ :ŽŚŶ ,ĞŶĚLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĨĂŝƌ ĚŝƐŵŝƐƐĂů ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ h< ůĂǁ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ
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ďĞĂƌ ůŝƩůĞ ƌĞƐĞŵďůĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶ ďĞŚŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ Đƚ ϭϵϳϭ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƵŶĨĂŝƌ ĚŝƐŵŝƐƐĂů ĂƐ Ă ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ )
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ĨĂŝƌ Žƌ ũƵƐƟĮĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶ )
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LJĞĂƌƐ͛ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨĞĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƐƵďŵŝƫŶŐ ĐůĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ dƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ũƵƐƟĮĞĚ )
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/Ŷ ŚĞƌ ƉĂƉĞƌ >ŝŶĚĂ ŝĐŬĞŶƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚǀŝƐŽƌLJ͕ ŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌďŝƚƌĂƟŽŶ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ; ĐĂƐͿ ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞ ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĂƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶĞĚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ͚ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ͛ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϰ͘ /Ŷ ĐƌŝƟƋƵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ͚ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͕͛ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ ƋƵĂŶƟĮĞĚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ŚĞĂƌŝŶŐ ĚĂLJƐ ƐĂǀĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƚĞĚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĞŐĂů ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚ ƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀĞ ƵŶĨŽƵŶĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǁŽƌƌLJŝŶŐ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ĐĂƐ ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ďLJ ƚŚĞ d͕ ĂƐ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƚĂŝůŽƌͲŵĂĚĞ ƚŽ ƐƵŝƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͛ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ůŝƩůĞ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
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Alternative reform agenda ŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ Ă ĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ
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͚ƵŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ďƵƌĚĞŶ͛ ŽŶ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶ ĂƐƐĞƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ũƵƐƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ůĂĐŬƐ ĂŶLJ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƟĂů ďĂƐŝƐ͕ :ŽŚŶ )
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ĐĂƐĞƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĸĐƵůƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽ ĚŽ ƐƵĐĐĞĞĚ ŝŶ ĞŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐ ƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ăůů ƚŽŽ ŽŌĞŶ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ůŽǁ ƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ͘
Alternative dispute resolution dŚĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͘ ƌLJĂŶ ůĂƌŬ ƐĞƚƐ ƚŚĞ
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ƚŚĞ ǀŝƚĂů ŝƐƐƵĞ ŽĨ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ũƵƐƟĐĞ ĨŽƌ Ăůů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ʹ ďŽƚŚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĨŽƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ʹ ƚŽ ƵƟůŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͘ /Ŷ ŽƵƌ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƉĂƉĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚĞĂŵ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƐŽŵĞ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ǁŝůů ƐŚĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽƵƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŐĞŶĚĂ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ƐƚĞƉƐ ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ Ăƚ ďŽƚŚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĂƐƐͲƌŽŽƚƐ ůĞǀĞůƐ͘
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Access to justice in employment disputes
03
2013-14 Conference Calendar Conference Calendar sponsored by Greater London
2013 April
November Employment Law Update 2013 (Liverpool)
The Public Sector: cuts, privatisation and employment rights (London)
Labour Migration in Hard Times (London)
May
December
The Public Sector: cuts, privatisation and employment rights (Liverpool)
Equality and Discrimination (London)
‘In Conversation’: an evening event – with Frances O’Grady and Sharan Burrow (London)
2014 January
June
Equality and Discrimination (Liverpool)
TUPE Update (Liverpool) Health & Safety at Work (London)
February Pension Rights (London & Liverpool)
July Health & Safety at Work (Liverpool)
March Access to Justice (London & Liverpool)
October Employment Law Update 2013 (London) ‘In Conversation’: an evening event – The Dublin Lockout (Liverpool)
IER always provides an excellent source of up to date information on labour law issues Conference delegate
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ŵĂŝů͗ ŽĸĐĞΛŝĞƌ͘ŽƌŐ͘ƵŬ
SURVEYING THE TERRAIN
The Institute would like to thank our donor organisations for their continued support.
IER CONFERENCE CALENDAR 2013-14
WHO SHOULD ATTEND Trade unionists, employment lawyers working in support of trade unions, academics and students with an interest in industrial relations and labour law.
CPD, NPP AND EPP ACCREDITATION All IER seminars and conferences attract credit hours under the Law Society’s Continuing Development Scheme and the General Council of the Bar’s New Practitioners’ Programme and Established Practitioners’ Programme. Delegates requiring CPD points may be charged an additional administration fee of £10.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name changes are accepted up until the time of the event. Delegates who advise IER of their cancellation more than 15 working days in advance will receive a credit note with 10% deduction for administration.
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άϴϬ ƉĞƌ ĚĞůĞŐĂƚĞ
ĂƌůLJ ŝƌĚ ŝƐĐŽƵŶƚ ;ǁŝƚŚ ƵƉĨƌŽŶƚ ƉĂLJŵĞŶƚ ďLJ ĐŚĞƋƵĞ Žƌ ŽŶůŝŶĞͿ
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άϭϬϬ ƉĞƌ ĚĞůĞŐĂƚĞ
άϵϬ ƉĞƌ ĚĞůĞŐĂƚĞ
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Reduced prices can be negotiated for block bookings, students and the unwaged. Please telephone the office for further information on 0151 207 5265.
ABOUT THE INSTITUTE The Institute of Employment Rights was established in 1989 and is an independent organisation acting as a focal point for the spread of new ideas in the field of labour law. It became a registered charity in 1994 and is funded by trade unions, individual donations and subscription fees. Members of the Institute include the general secretaries of most trade unions, many leading law academics and practitioners, and a number of highly distinguished experts. The Institute seeks to develop an alternative approach to labour law and industrial relations and make a constructive contribution to the debate on the future of trade union freedom in the UK. We are not a campaigning organisation, nor do we simply respond to the policies of the government. We seek not to produce a ‘consensus’ view, but to develop new thoughts, new ideas and a new approach to meet the demands of our times.
Access to justice in employment disputes
21
tŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ũƵƐƟĐĞ ŝŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJ ƵŶĚĞƌ ĂƩĂĐŬ͕ ĂŶ ĂƩĂĐŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ƚǁŽ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ůĂǁ ƌĞĨŽƌŵƐ ǁŝůů ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůůLJ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ůĞŐĂů ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ƐĞĞŬŝŶŐ ũƵƐƟĐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ Ŭ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĸĐƵůƟĞƐ͕ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ h<͛Ɛ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ͚ĨŽƌĞŶƐŝĐ ůŽƩĞƌLJ͛ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĨĂŝƌ ĚŝƐŵŝƐƐĂů ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͖ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ĨŽƌ ĐĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ͖ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌLJ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŝŶ ƟŵĞƐ ŽĨ ĂƵƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ͖ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ ĨĂĐĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŽƐƐƌŽĂĚƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ƚĞůů Ă ĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŽƌƚĐŽŵŝŶŐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĨŽƌ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĚŝĸĐƵůƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ŶŽƚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚƌĂĚĞ ƵŶŝŽŶƐ Žƌ ůĂǁLJĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂŶŐĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ Ăƚ Ă ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͕ ͚ ĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ :ƵƐƟĐĞ ŝŶ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͕͛ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ďLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ Ăƚ ƌŝƐƚŽů ĂŶĚ ^ƚƌĂƚŚĐůLJĚĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐ ǁĂLJƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ƵŶĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĂīŽƌĚ ůĞŐĂů ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƩĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ďĂƌƌŝƐƚĞƌƐ͕ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ƚŽŽŬ ƉĂƌƚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ŚĂǀĞ Ăůů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ ͚EĞǁ ^ŝƚĞƐ ŽĨ >ĞŐĂů ŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ĂĚǀŝĐĞ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ h<͛͘ dŚĞ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĂĚǀŝĐĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚƌĂĚĞ ƵŶŝŽŶŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐ ŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ŝŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝƐ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ǁĂƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ DĂƌŬĞƚ ĂŶĚ WƵďůŝĐ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƌŝƐƚŽů͘
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