Labour Law Highlights 2017 edited by Rebecca Tuck
Rebecca Tuck is a barrister at Old Square Chambers specialising in employment law. She is a fee paid employment judge, co-author of Employment Tribunal Procedures (LAG) and a contributor to ,ĂƌǀĞLJ ŽŶ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ >Ăǁ͘ ,Ğƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞƐ Ăůů ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ůĂǁ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŝŶ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵĂů ƉĂLJ ĐĂƐĞƐ͘ ^ŚĞ ŝƐ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ ĐŚĂŝƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Industrial Law Society. ^ƚƵĂƌƚ ƌŝƩĞŶĚĞŶ is a barrister at Old Square Chambers specialising in ďŽƚŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ůĂǁ͘ ^ƚƵĂƌƚ ŚĂƐ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞĚ ŝŶ ůĂďŽƵƌ ůĂǁ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ >^ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ Tolley’s Employment Law and Munkman on Employer’s Liability. ĞƚƐĂŶ ƌŝĚĚůĞ is a barrister at Old Square Chambers specialising in ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ůĂǁ͘ ,Ğƌ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ are disputes involving doctors, whistleblowing and pregnancy ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ ^ŚĞ ŝƐ ĐŽͲĂƵƚŚŽƌ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ Tribunal Procedures (LAG) and a contributor on employment tribunal procedures to Employment Precedents and Company Policy ŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ ;^ǁĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ DĂdžǁĞůůͿ͘ ĚĂŵ ZŽƐƐ is a barrister at Old Square Chambers specialising in ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ůĂǁ͘ ,ŝƐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ŝŶũƵƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ ŵĂƩĞƌƐ͘ ƌƵŶŽ 'ŝů is a barrister at Old Square Chambers undertaking personal injury, regulatory as well as employment law work. He appears regularly in employment tribunals, and is also instructed frequently to ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ƉƌŝŽƌ ƚŽ ůŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ͘
dŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ůŝŬĞ Ăůů ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ
ISBN 978-1-906703-39-4 ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ďƵƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ January 2018 published by the /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ Employment Rights 4th Floor, Jack Jones House, 1 Islington, Liverpool, L3 8EG ĞͲŵĂŝů ŽĸĐĞΛŝĞƌ͘ŽƌŐ͘ƵŬ www.ier.org.uk Design and layout by Upstream (TU) www.upstream.coop Printed by Rap Spiderweb (www. rapspiderweb.com) £8 for trade unions and students £30 others
ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĂƉƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ǁŽƌƚŚLJ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƵƌ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘
ZĞƐŝƐƟŶŐ ͚hŶŝŽŶͲ ƵƐƟŶŐ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚^ƚƌŝŬĞͲ ƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ͛ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƉƵƚĞ
labour law highlights 2017 edited by Rebecca Tuck
i
contents
ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ϭ
trade union rights
3
Trade Union Act 2016 ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ďĂƌŐĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ƚƌĂĚĞ ƵŶŝŽŶ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ
3 ϰ ϵ ϵ ϭϭ
pay and terms of employment
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worker status agency workers ƉĂƌƚͲƟŵĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ƉĂLJ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƟŵĞ vicarious liability
13 15 ϭϲ ϭϳ 21
labour law highlights 2017
employment rights
ii
whistleblowing TUPE unfair dismissal
22 22 26 28
maternity and paternity rights equal pay human rights
31 33 34 36
employment tribunal procedure
37
endnotes
43
labour law highlights 2017
ĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ
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labour law highlights 2017
labour law highlights 2017 ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ There can only be one possible case to begin with when looking at the ĮĞůĚ ŽĨ ůĂďŽƵƌ ůĂǁ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϳ͖ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ hŶŝƐŽŶ͛Ɛ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ĨĞĞƐ͘ ,ĂǀŝŶŐ ůŽƐƚ ƚǁŝĐĞ in the High Court and again in the Court of Appeal, Unison – with the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) intervening on their side too – took their case to the Supreme Court. In a landmark ũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚ͕ >ŽƌĚ ZĞĞĚ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĞƐƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌƵůĞ ŽĨ ůĂǁ͗ ŚŽǁ ŝƚ ŝƐ ǀŝƚĂů ŝŶ Ă ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ courts to determine their rights. If they can’t, then the laws passed by ƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ǁŽƌƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƉĞƌ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ ŽĨ ǀŽƟŶŐ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐůĞƐƐ͘ /Ĩ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽƚ LJĞƚ ƌĞĂĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ Ăƚ ƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ ϲϲ ʹ ĚŽ ŝƚ ŶŽǁ͊ dŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĨƵŶĚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ άϯϮ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ wrongly charged in fees.
tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƐŽ ƐĞĞŶ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ŚŝŐŚ ǀŽůƵŵĞ ŽĨ ůŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ĂƌŝƐŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĞǁ ůŝŶĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ ƵƉ ƚŽ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ ŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ dƌĂĚĞ hŶŝŽŶ Đƚ ϮϬϭϲ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĨŽƌĐĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚƌĂŝŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶĞƐ ƚŽ ƐŚŽƉ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĨƵƐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ŝŶ ƉƌŝƐŽŶƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ Ă ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚ ŝŶũƵŶĐƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƚŽƉ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁĂů ĨƌŽŵ ͚ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ͛ ƚĂƐŬƐ͘
labour law highlights 2017
DĞĂŶǁŚŝůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌLJ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽĨ DĂƩŚĞǁ dĂLJůŽƌ͛Ɛ ŵƵĐŚ ƉƵďůŝĐŝƐĞĚ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ ,Ğ ĐĂŵĞ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ŝƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ƐĞĞŵ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ǁŝůů ʹ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚƐƚ ŽĨ ͚ ƌĞdžŝƚ͛ ʹ ĮŶĚ ƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ ƟŵĞ ƚŽ ĚĞĂů ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ͚ŐŝŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛ ʹ Ă ŶĞǁ ŶĂŵĞ ĨŽƌ ǁŚĂƚ ŵĂŶLJ ŽĨ ƵƐ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŽĨ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŽůĚ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ͘ KŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŬĞLJ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ŶĞǁ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ǁŚŽ ŝƐ Ă ͚ǁŽƌŬĞƌ͛͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ĞŶũŽLJĞĚ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚ ĚĞĂů ŽĨ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂů ƐĐƌƵƟŶLJ ƚŚŝƐ LJĞĂƌ͕ from Pimlico Plumbers in the Court of Appeal, to Uber drivers in the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT), and to Deliveroo couriers in the ĞŶƚƌĂů ƌďŝƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ; Ϳ͘
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As for cases brought by individuals, we cover the important Supreme Court decision in EĂĞĞŵ ǀ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ :ƵƐƟĐĞ and Essop v Home KĸĐĞ͕ ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƌƚ ŽĨ ƉƉĞĂů͛Ɛ ĂƩĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƐƚ ĨŽƌ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶ ĞŶƋƵŝƌLJ ĂƐ ƚŽ ǁŚLJ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƉůĂĐĞĚ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ Ăƚ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐĂƐĞƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ ƌƵůĞƐ ƉƌŽŚŝďŝƟŶŐ DƵƐůŝŵ women from wearing headscarves. >ŽŽŬŝŶŐ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ ƚŽ ϮϬϭϴ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŽǀĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĞdžŝƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ hŶŝŽŶ ; hͿ ƐĞĞŵƐ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƉƌĞŽĐĐƵƉLJŝŶŐ WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ͕ ďƵƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ƚǁŽͲƚŽͲƚŚƌĞĞĨŽůĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů cases now that fees have gone, there is no doubt that there will ďĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ĐĂƐĞůĂǁ ǁŝƚŚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉ ƵƉͲƚŽͲĚĂƚĞ͘ / Ăŵ͕ ĂƐ ĞǀĞƌ͕ indebted to my colleagues at Old Square Chambers and thank Stuart ƌŝƩĞŶĚĞŶ͕ ĞƚƐĂŶ ƌŝĚĚůĞ͕ ĚĂŵ ZŽƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƌƵŶŽ 'ŝůů ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘
labour law highlights 2017
Rebecca Tuck KůĚ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ŚĂŵďĞƌƐ
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About the Institute dŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ůĂďŽƵƌ ůĂǁ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŬĞƐ Ă ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ debate on the future of trade union freedoms. We provide the research, ideas and detailed legal arguments to support ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƵŶŝŽŶƐ ďLJ ĐĂůůŝŶŐ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ knowledge of our unique network of academics, lawyers and trade unionists. dŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶŝŶŐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ŶŽƌ ĚŽ ǁĞ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ the policies of the government. Our aim is to provide and promote ideas. We ƐĞĞŬ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ Ă ͚ĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐ͛ ǀŝĞǁ ďƵƚ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŶĞǁ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ͕ ŶĞǁ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ŶĞǁ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ƟŵĞƐ͘
/ Z ŽĸĐĞƌƐ President Chair Treasurer Director
WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ <ĞŝƚŚ ǁŝŶŐ :ŽŚŶ ,ĞŶĚLJ͕ Y 'ĞŽī ^ŚĞĂƌƐ ĂƌŽůLJŶ :ŽŶĞƐ
&Žƌ ŵŽƌĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ Ă ĨƵůů ůŝƐƚ ŽĨ / Z ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ǀŝƐŝƚ www.ier.org.uk dŚĞ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ZŝŐŚƚƐ 4th Floor Jack Jones House 1 Islington Liverpool, L3 8EG dĞů͗ Ϭϭϱϭ ϮϬϳ ϱϮϲϱ ŵĂŝů͗ ŽĸĐĞΛŝĞƌ͘ŽƌŐ͘ƵŬ dǁŝƩĞƌ͗ ΛŝĞƌƵŬ
ϮϬϭϳ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ŬĞLJ LJĞĂƌ ĨŽƌ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ůĂǁ͕ ǁŝƚŚ hŶŝƐŽŶ͛Ɛ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂů ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ĨĞĞƐ͖ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dƌĂĚĞ hŶŝŽŶ Đƚ ϮϬϭϲ͖ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dĂLJůŽƌ ZĞǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ DŽĚĞƌŶ tŽƌŬŝŶŐ WƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƵƚƐ ĨŽƌƚŚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ůĂďŽƵƌ ůĂǁ ŝŶ ůŝŐŚƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵƌŐĞŽŶŝŶŐ ͚ŐŝŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͖͛ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ŶĞŐŽƟĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ h<͛Ɛ ǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁĂů ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ h͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ LJĞĂƌ͛Ɛ >ĂďŽƵƌ >Ăǁ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ͕ Ă ƚĞĂŵ ŽĨ ďĂƌƌŝƐƚĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ KůĚ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ŚĂŵďĞƌƐ ƌĞƚƵƌŶƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ŚŽǁ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ŚĂƐ ŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ĐĂƐĞ ůĂǁ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ϭϮ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐůĂƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dƌĂĚĞ hŶŝŽŶ Đƚ ŝŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŇƵƌƌLJ ŽĨ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ŚĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐ ͚ŐŝŐ͛ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ͞ƐůĞĞƉͲŝŶ͟ ƐŚŝŌƐ͘ /Ŷ ĞĂĐŚ ĐĂƐĞ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ǁŝĚĞƌ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ ĐŽǀĞƌƐ Ă ǁŝĚĞ ĂƌƌĂLJ ŽĨ ŬĞLJ ƌƵůŝŶŐƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ϮϬϭϳ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ĐĂƐĞƐ ĂīĞĐƟŶŐ ƚƌĂĚĞ ƵŶŝŽŶ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͕ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ͖ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƉƌĞĐĂƌŝŽƵƐ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ƉĂLJ͕ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ǁŚŝƐƚůĞďůŽǁŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ dhW ͖ ƚŽ ĐůĂƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ŝƚƐĞůĨ͘
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