EUropa.S. 2020 April 10-13 | University of Piraeus Organized by: Institute of Research & Training on European Affairs
EUropa.S. 2020
Study Guide
European Parliament CULT Committee
Topic: Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future� Study Guide
Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 2 Greeting of the Board ........................................................................................... 3 Introduction to CULT Committee ........................................................................... 4 Introduction of the Topic ....................................................................................... 5 Glossary................................................................................................................ 6 Historical Background ........................................................................................... 7 Values in EU ................................................................................................................. 7 European Year of Cultural Heritage ............................................................................... 9 The issue of digitalization ........................................................................................... 10
Legal Framework .................................................................................................12 Main discussion ...................................................................................................15 Sustainable development in cultural heritage ............................................................. 15 Challenges emerging .................................................................................................. 16 Access and impact assessment ...................................................................................................... 17 The challenge of copyrights and data authenticity........................................................................ 17 Financial & funding challenges ...................................................................................................... 18 Technical challenges ...................................................................................................................... 18
Preservation .............................................................................................................. 19 Financial aspect.......................................................................................................... 20 Environmental aspect ................................................................................................. 21
EU Parties positions .............................................................................................23 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................26 Questions Raised .................................................................................................27 Bibliography ........................................................................................................28 Further Reading ...................................................................................................36
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EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
Greeting of the Board Honorable members of the European Parliament, We are delighted to welcome you to EUropa.S 2020 and specifically, to the Committee on Culture and Education. Our Committee constitutes a sub-committee of the European Parliament, which concentrates on setting priorities concerning the key education and culture programmes. In this year’s edition, we will examine the issue of cultural heritage and how it can contribute to sustainable development in a world, which becomes more and more digital. We sincerely hope that you find our selection of topic interesting and that you will relish in fruitful debate. Cultural heritage is without a saying a vital aspect of each member state’s identity. Sustainability is considered as a desired condition that each state should yearn for. We decided to associate these two aspects and examine their interconnection in the digital era. Bearing in mind the importance as well as the difficulty of such a topic, we wish to assist you to your efforts by providing you with this Study Guide, which shall be, however, perceived only as a starting point for your research on the particular aspects of our topic. By no means, should you solely rely on this Guide but instead, you should make an effort to productively research more thoroughly the necessary information mentioned in the whole document as well as not to neglect the Further Reading section. We are confident that you will use your negotiation skills and your powerful will to indulge in heated debate towards achieving a great result. We remain at your disposal for any inquiries and we are looking forward to meeting you in person. Kindest regards, The Board of CULT Committee
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EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
Introduction to CULT Committee The committee on culture and education (CULT) constitutes one of the standing committees of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is an important European forum for decision making. It mainly has budgetary powers, supervisory capabilities and together with the Council of the European Union, it practices its legislative powers. 1 The Cult Committee focuses on creating opportunities for education and well-being in all Member States of the European Union. Its main responsibilities include the European Union’s education policy, the connection of information with media policy, the cooperation with third countries as far as culture and education are concerned as well as our topic, the safeguarding of the cultural aspects of the European Union.2 It is important to note that CULT is assisted by the Policy Department for Structure and Cohesion Policies, a research service with a plethora of publications. Important initiatives include Erasmus+, the European Year of Cultural Heritage, the European Agenda for Culture et cetera.3 CULT will be simulated for the second time in EUropa.S.
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European Parliament (2019). Powers and procedures. [online] Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/powers-and-procedures [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 2 European Parliament. (2019). CULT Committee [online] Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/cult/home.html [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 3 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 4
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
Introduction of the Topic We have entered a period characterized by enormous economic, social, technological and environmental challenges. Globalization creates a threat as far as cultural identity is concerned. Considering all the developments that the 21st century has brought, cultural initiatives start to become a priority for change in societies 4 . While many people still consider cultural heritage as an obstacle to economic growth, it has been proven an important tool for Europe’s competitiveness and an automatic sense of unity. Acknowledging the benefits of cultural heritage conservation through different innovative practices, the topic of CULT will focus on Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future. Today, in order to safeguard cultural heritage in the EU, sustainable conservation can be considered a special form of benefit/cost management of cultural heritage, whose goal is to minimize the loss of value to cultural heritage resources5. It has important implications for our environmental, economic, and social well-being, and can benefit societies through highly innovative means, such as but not limited to the idea of the digitization of cultural heritage. Some examples of this practice are standardization, cataloguing and database interoperability, proving that it can set a clear profile on the internet for EU’s rich cultural heritage 6 . It is also to be noted that sustainable preservation of cultural heritage can lead to job creation, revitalization of urban parts as well as to the promotion of cultural tourism and thus, to economic growth in general7. European societies aim to preserve their heritage, embracing the diversity of their perspectives on tangible and intangible, movable and immovable cultural heritage. However, except for the benefits the abovementioned can bring, in many areas, risks from multiple aspects can occur, as for example ethical or economic challenges. Thus, practices such as the digitization of cultural heritage need to be spread in the most safe and secure way as possible.
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LeadershipWatch. (2019). Leading Change in the 21st Century: 4 Myths About Cultural Change. [online] Available at: https://leadershipwatch-aadboot.com/2012/01/06/leading-change-in-the-21st-century4-myths-about-cultural-change/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 5 Mergos, G. and Patsavos, N. (2019). Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Economic Benefits, Social Opportunities and Policy Challenges. [online] Available at: http://ayla.culture.gr/wpcontent/uploads/2017/10/INHERIT-BOOK-PRINT-2.pdf [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 6 Lanzi, E. (2010). The Cataloging Cultural Objects experience: Codifying practice for the cultural heritage community. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/627378/The_Cataloging_Cultural_Objects_experience_Codifying_practic e_for_the_cultural_heritage_community [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 7 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 5
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
Glossary Sustainable development: According to the European Commission, “sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present whilst ensuring future generations can meet their own needs”8. Its three pillars concern the economic, the social and the environmental development and constitute the most important considerations of the EU when addressing its policies. Cultural Heritage: According to the European Commission, “ The cultural heritage of the European Union is a rich and diverse mosaic of cultural and creative expressions, our inheritance from previous generations of Europeans and our legacy for those to come. It includes natural, built and archaeological sites, museums; monuments, artworks; historic cities; literary, musical, and audiovisual works, and the knowledge, practices and traditions of European citizens” 9 . According to ICAMOS 10 , cultural heritage can be both tangible and intangible (oral history, beliefs, traditions, value systems). The latter can be perceived through cuisine, arts, religious ceremonies and clothing.
Cultural preservation: “The act of using deliberate and well-designed methodologies to maintain cultural heritage from the past for the benefit of the present and future generations” 11 . It refers to actions aiming to raise cultural awareness, strengthen cultural identity and protect cultural features from disappearing.
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European Commission. (2019). Sustainable development - Trade - European Commission. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/policy-making/sustainable-development/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 9 Culture - European Commission. (2019). Supporting cultural heritage - Culture - European Commission. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/culture/policy/culture-policies/cultural-heritage_en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 10 Cif.icomos.org. (2005). DEFINITION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE. [online] Available at: http://cif.icomos.org/pdf_docs/Documents%20on%20line/Heritage%20definitions.pdf [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 11 Igi-global.com. (2019). What is Cultural Preservation | IGI Global. [online] Available at: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/culture-and-heritage-preservation-in-an-era-of-globalizationand-modernism/62136 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 6
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future� Study Guide
Historical Background Values in EU When it comes to the cultural heritage it is important to acknowledge its rich composition. Cultural heritage can be noticed in multiple forms: tangible heritage, such as movable heritage -sculptures and paintings, immovable monuments, underwater cultural heritage -shipwrecks and underwater ruins, and intangible heritage such as oral traditions, arts and natural heritage12. Cultural heritage has the potential to strengthen and sustain territorial as well as social cohesion13. The project Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe (CHCfE)14 makes a comprehensive overview of the economic, social, cultural, and environmental values of cultural heritage in the European identity. Economic: Cultural heritage can be an economic production model that can offer job creation, including in other sectors. Some economists believe that heritage objects represent economic goods like any other, since cultural heritage has a track record of providing a good return on investment and is significant generator of tax revenue for public authorities15; Social: Helps build social capital and the feeling of belonging, and favors social cohesion, integration, inclusiveness and participation16; contributes to the quality of life of the inhabitants and to improving the atmosphere in neighborhoods17.
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Culture - European Commission. (2019). Supporting cultural heritage - Culture - European Commission. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/culture/policy/culture-policies/cultural-heritage_en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 13 European Parliament. (2018). Cultural heritage in EU policies. [online] Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621876/EPRS_BRI(2018)621876_EN.pdf [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 14 Europa Nostra. (2019). Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe - Europa Nostra. [online] Available at: https://www.europanostra.org/our-work/policy/cultural-heritage-counts-europe/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 15 Carman, J. (2019). Heritage value: combining culture and economics. [online] Available at: https://ahrc.ukri.org/documents/projects-programmes-and-initiatives/heritage-value-combiningculture-and-economics/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 16 European Paliament. (2018). Research for CULT Committee - Best practices in sustainable management and safeguarding of cultural heritage in the EU. [online] Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2018/601988/IPOL_IDA(2018)601988_EN.pdf ?fbclid=IwAR1CfjbX-tdG5zBZQTxjTdWCgSux1LsOxmYSoEh9L93ACmRn4Fk6XSUx5E0 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 17 Klamer, A. (2001). Social, cultural and economic values of cultural goods. [online] Available at: http://culturalheritage.ceistorvergata.it/virtual_library/Art_KLAMER_A_2001Social_cultural_and_economic_values.pdf [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 7
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
Environmental: Enables the sustainable development of landscapes and also contributes to Europe’s climate change challenges, through the protection and revitalization of the historic building stock with embedded energy18; In addition, cultural heritage is an important source of creativity and innovation through digitization and its creative uses, a key component and contributor to the attractiveness of Europe’s regions, cities, towns and rural areas, and a catalyst for sustainable heritage-led regeneration 19 . Its contribution can be spread to other cultural areas, the tourism and leisure sector, or the expanding creative industries. More specifically, contributions for instance include:
Cultural and creative businesses: design of products inspired by heritage objects,
Cultural tourism: Tangible cultural heritage as tourist attractor,
Urban and regional regeneration: Conservation and re-use of historic buildings,
Education and vocational training: teaching and learning traditional handcrafts and conservation methods20,
Citizens’ participation: Museum visits, cultural learning, volunteering21.
Nostra, E. (2019). Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe - Executive Summary. [online] Issuu. Available at: https://issuu.com/europanostra/docs/chcfe_report_executivesummary [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019].
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European Commission. (2019). Cultural Heritage | Environment - Research and Innovation - European Commission. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=cultural [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 19 Ibid 20 SchoolEducationGateway. (2016). Education Talks: Why cultural education matters. [online] Available at: https://www.schooleducationgateway.eu/en/pub/viewpoints/interviews/cultural_education__prof_bar.htm [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 21 Creativech-toolkit.salzburgresearch.at. (2019). Heritage values, creative and socio-economic uses | Creative Cultural Heritage Cooperation Projects. [online] Available at: https://creativechtoolkit.salzburgresearch.at/heritage-values-creative-and-socio-economic-uses/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 8
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
In this frame, the European Commission has funded plethora of initiatives promoting the abovementioned values, with the European Year of Cultural Heritage reaching a peak, since it embraced many remarkable projects and events, during the whole year.
European Year of Cultural Heritage The European Parliament and the Council have adopted Decision (EU) 2017/864 on 17 May 2017 and the European Heritage Alliance 3.3 as a platform representing the wider field of cultural heritage 22 . The aim was to help rekindle a sense of a common European family, by involving citizens, focusing on young people, in events and projects which will bring the common European heritage and values to the fore achieving the consolidation of the European Year’s scope. Thus, throughout 2018, declared European Year of Cultural Heritage (EYCH), all EU Member States have been organizing cultural events, conferences and meetings, funded by the European Commission to preserve and promote all forms of cultural heritage23. The Year was benefitted from a dedicated budget of EUR 8 million24. This way, it was proved that cultural heritage is a resource for Europe, bringing many social and economic benefits, in terms of intercultural dialogue, social cohesion and economic growth, and promoting European excellence in the sector. At the same time, the European Year was aiming at drawing attention to the challenges that hinders cultural heritage, such as the impact of digital shift and environmental and physical pressure on heritage site25. The Year was also benefitted from existing activities devoted to cultural heritage entertained by Creative Europe and other EU programs. In these frames, information and promotion campaigns assisted along with events and initiatives taken at European, national, regional and local levels 26 . On national level, the coordinators appointed by each Member State of the European Union were responsible for the organization and the smooth implementation the European Year project. Actions included awareness raising activities, opportunities for young people to help preserve 22
Europeanheritagealliance.eu. (2019). EYCH 2018 |. [online] Available at: http://europeanheritagealliance.eu/eych-2018/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 23 Europa.eu. (2018). The European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018. [online] Available at: https://europa.eu/cultural-heritage/about_en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 24 European Commission. (2017). European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018: Digital Cultural Heritage and Europeana.[online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/201719/10_eych_anne_grady_dche_11_may_2017_DECCFB04-F806-0200-50C57F92063A1006_44653.pdf [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 25 European Commission. (2017). European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018 – Questions and Answers. [online] Available at: https://www.nemo.org/fileadmin/Dateien/public/topics/EYCH2018/171205_MEMO_final_clean.pdf [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 26 Culture.Gr. (2018). European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.culture.gr/en/service/SitePages/view.aspx?iID=3150&iID=3150 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 9
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
or restore cultural heritage and social media engagement through an Instagram photo competition27. The Year also promoted innovative and sustainable ways to preserve Europe's heritage, including through participatory governance mechanisms involving local28. The year was an opportunity to reinforce existent and develop new initiatives related to cultural heritage at the core of EU relations, building on the countries’ interests and needs and on Europe’s expertise in the field29. The slogan was: Our heritage: where the past meets the future30. On a European level this year, a collective effort of all the European institutions was being made in coordination with UNESCO. On a local level, the events of the Year, were coordinated with each member of the European Union and the European institutions31.
The issue of digitalization Digital heritage is made up of computer-based materials, in order to endure and be kept for future generations. Resources of human knowledge or expression are getting more and more digitalized, whether they are cultural, educational, scientific or administrative information, or converted into digital form from existing analogue resources, enhancing the necessity for preservation 32 . This heritage may include materials such as texts, databases, still and moving images, audio, graphics and software, among a wide and growing range of format33. Of course, there is a slight difference between the terms digitization and digitalization, since the definition for digitalization, redirects to digitization 34 . Digitization is the conversion of data or information from analog to digital form with electronic devices (scanners, cameras, etc.) so that the information can be processed, stored, and transmitted through digital 27
European Heritage Days. European Heritage Days (2019). [online] Available at: http://www.europeanheritagedays.com/Home/Heritage-and-communities.aspx [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 28 European Commission. (2017). European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_17_5066 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 29 European Commission. (2017). International Dimension of the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/culture/content/international-dimension-europeanyear-cultural-heritage-2018_en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 30 European Commission. (2018). European Year of Cultural Heritage. [online] Available at: https://europa.eu/cultural-heritage/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 31 EU-Lex. (2017). Decision 2017/864 of the European Parliament and of the council of 17 May 2017 on a European Year of Cultural Heritage (2018). [online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017D0864 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 32 UNESCO. (2019). Concept of Digital Heritage. [online] Available at: https://en.unesco.org/themes/information-preservation/digital-heritage/concept-digital-heritage [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 33 Ibid 34 Prause, J. SAP News Center, SAP News. Digitization vs. Digitalization – Wordplay or World View?. [online] Available at: https://news.sap.com/2016/05/digitization-vs-digitalization-wordplay-or-worldview/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 10
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
equipment, and networks35. On the other hand, digitalization means the “integration of digital technologies into everyday life by the digitization of everything that can be digitized” and it is the act or process of converting from analog to digital while digitalization36. The digital heritage is inherently unlimited by time, geography, culture or format and potentially accessible to every person in the world. The process includes protocols and standards, presupposes policies and procedures (for workflow, maintenance, security, upgrades, etc.)37. Accompanied with the abovementioned terms there should be the virtual heritage, which means the visualization of culture through its artefacts, aiming at the recreation and reconstruction of the past through three-dimensional modelling, animation, and panorama photographs. They are also introducing new methods and new perspectives with some advanced cases, such as but not limited to objects being laser-scanned, and accurate textures38. A very innovative example of the digitization of cultural heritage is Europeana, which is European Commission’s digital library-platform, financed by the European Union’s Connecting Europe Facility and European Union Member States39 and is operated by a consortium led by Europeana Foundation40. Through Europeana, citizens and the Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs) can access the European rich culture, such as art, industrial heritage, fashion and natural history 41 . The digitized material from cultural institutions can be re-used in order to develop learning and educational content and design tools, such as documentaries42.
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Business Dictionary. Online Business Dictionary. [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 36 IGI Global Disseminator of Knowledge. What is Digitalization. [online] Available at: https://www.igiglobal.com/dictionary/it-strategy-follows-digitalization/7748 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 37 UNESCO, Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage: (2019). [online] Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17721&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 38 Laviolette, P. (2009). Virtual Heritage. Material World. [online] Available at: http://www.materialworldblog.com/?s=virtual+heritage&submit=Search [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 39 EU-Lex. (2019). Official Journal of the European Union. [online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/TodayOJ/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 40 Europeana. Europeana Collections. [online] Available at: https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 41 European Commission. (2013). Europeana - a European Cultural Heritage Platform for All. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/europeana-european-digital-library-all [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 42 European Commission. (2014). Timeline of Digitisation and Online Accessibility of Cultural Heritage. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/timeline-digitisation-andonline-accessibility-cultural-heritage [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 11
EUropa.S. 2020 CULT Committee, “Cultural heritage within the EU: towards sustainable development and a digital future” Study Guide
Legal Framework Treaty of the functioning of the European Union Culture constitutes an area, where the Union supplements and supports the chosen actions of the Member states (article 6). According to article 167 of the Treaty of the functioning of the European Union (also called Lisbon Treaty), the Union “shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore” 43. It is important to note that the Treaty gives the Union the specific tasks of the improvement of the knowledge of culture and history, the preservation and safeguarding of European cultural heritage, the promotion of noncommercial cultural exchanges as well as the supporting of the artistic creation (article 167, par 2). The Treaty also fosters cooperation with third countries as far as culture is concerned while it also highly promotes collaboration with international organizations and specifically the Council of Europe (article 167 par 3). Commission Recommendation on the digitization and online accessibility of Cultural material and digital preservation (2011/711/EU)44 The Commission’s Recommendation on the digitalization and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation aims at supporting the Digital Agenda for Europe and at ensuring that Europe is a leading international player in the field of culture. It builds on the work done in the digital libraries initiative as well as on previous recommendations 45 . It focuses on the organization and funding of the digitalization by encouraging partnerships with the private sector and making use of EU’ Structural Funds. It considers the digitalization and online accessibility of both the public domain material and the in-copyright material. The most important initiatives include the improvement of databases, the development of Europeana as well as national strategies concerning the implementation of such initiatives. The importance of this recommendation can be assessed based on its annex as well, which sets key criteria for the respect for intellectual property rights and for public-private partnerships. It has to be noted that the Recommendation is accompanied by the Member States Expert Group on digitalization and digital preservation (MSEG), 43
EU-Lex. (2012). CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THE TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. [online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:12012E/TXT [Accessed 18 May 2019] 44 EU-Lex. (2011). Commission Recommendation on the digitization and online accessibility of Cultural material and digital preservation (2011/711/EU). [online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:283:0039:0045:EN:PDF [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 45 EU-Lex. (2008). Europe’s cultural heritage at the click of a mouse Progress on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation across the EU. [online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0513&from=EN [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 12
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which was set up in 2007 with the aim of ensuring the implementation of the Recommendation and of assisting the Commission as far as new developments and good practices are concerned 46 . The Expert Group is now replaced by the Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage and European (DCHE), which allows the cooperation of member states’ bodies with the Commission as far as online accessibility of content and digitalization are concerned47. Commission Recommendation 2006/585/EC48 In order to support the i2010 initiative and further promote digital libraries, the European Commission made some recommendations on the digitalization and online accessibility of cultural material as well as on the digital preservation. Bearing in mind the magnitude of new information technologies for growth, job creation and quality of life, the Commission suggested the further encouragement of the cooperation between the private and the public sector as far as funding is concerned, the promotion “of a European digital library, in the form of a multilingual common access point to Europe's distributed — that is to say, held in different places by different organizations — digital cultural material” 49 as well as some specific measures concerning digital preservation and copyright rules. Directive on the re-use of public sector information- Open Data Directive (2019)50 The Directive on the re-use of public sector information, which can also be found as PSI Directive, provides member states with a common legislative framework regarding the promotion of the re-use of public sector information. It allows the re-use of documents available at a public sector body such as libraries and museums, without barriers. It is important to note that the directive brought in use the ePSIplus web portal, which facilitated the implementation of its suggestions. In 2019 the PSI
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European Commission. (2019). Policies. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-singlemarket/en/policies/digital-cultural-heritage [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 47 European Commission. (2019). 6th Meeting of the European Commission’s Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage and Europeana (DCHE). [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-singlemarket/en/news/6th-meeting-european-commissions-expert-group-digital-cultural-heritage-andeuropeana-dche [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 48 EU-Lex. (2006). Commission Recommendation of 24 August 2006 on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation. [online] Available at: file:///C:/Users/Micha/Downloads/CommissionRecommendationonthedigitisationandonlineaccessibil ityofculturalmaterialanddigitalpreservation.pdf [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 49 EU-Lex. (2008). GREEN PAPER Copyright in the Knowledge Economy. [online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0466 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 50 EU-Lex. (2019). DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/1024 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information. [online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1561563110433&uri=CELEX:32019L1024 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 13
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Directive was replaced by the Open Data Directive 2019/1024, which member states shall put into national law until 16 July 202151. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market52 According to the European Commission, it is considered vital to create one digital market instead of 28 national ones53. This strategy was adopted on 6 May 2015 and is one of the European Commission’s 10 political priorities. The transformation shall enable cross border activities and help member states benefit from digitalization and online services. However, problems might occur as far as access to copyrightprotected material is concerned. It is important to note that the Digital Single Market Strategy highlighted that it is needed “to reduce the differences between national copyright regimes and allow for wider online access to works by users across the EU”54. Trying to balance the rights and interests of right holders on the one hand and promote research, education and interest in culture on the other hand, the Commission indicated three areas, where intervention in the copyright regime is needed, which include digital and cross-border uses in the field of education, text and data mining in the field of scientific research, and preservation of cultural heritage. The directive mainly shows the path towards the adaptation of exceptions and limitations to the new digital single market, towards improving the licensing procedure and practices as well as towards the promotion of wider access to the marketplace of content and copyright. Horizon Europe Horizon Europe is an ambitious 100 billion innovation and research funding program, which contains three pillars: excellent science, global challenges and European industrial competitiveness, innovative Europe 55 . Among its mission area, climateneutral and smart cities are included. It is indeed well known that metropolitan areas constitute the most important places of economic growth and innovation. As a result, the quality of life and sustainability of urban areas shall be promoted within European 51
European Commission. (2013). European Legislation on Open Data and the Re-Use of Public Sector Information. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/european-legislationreuse-public-sector-information [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 52 EU-Lex. (2016). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market. [online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016PC0593 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 53 European Commission. (2018). Digital Single Market. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/digital-single-market_en [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019] 54 Ibid 55 European Commission. (2017). Cultural Heritage | Environment - Research and Innovation. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=cultural [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 14
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framework. Under “the Urban Agenda for the EU”, a Culture/ Cultural Heritage Partnership was created on February 2019, which outlined the importance of cultural heritage for urban development and its sustainability56. Under Horizon 2020 a budget of 70 million has been given in order to promote the following initiatives: Curation of digital assets and advanced digitization (2018), European cultural heritage, access and analysis for a richer interpretation of the past (2017), cost-effective technologies for advanced 3D modelling to enhance the understanding of cultural heritage and Innovation Ecosystems of Digital Cultural Assets, Virtual Museums (2014-2016)57.
Main discussion Sustainable development in cultural heritage Over the last 30 years, the concept of sustainability plays a leading role in policy making and strategic planning. As far as culture is concerned, the idea that it can bring all its benefits through better use of resources becomes more and more popular. The 21st century can be characterized as the century of globalization. Globalization can be perceived as two distinct phenomena: cultural and economic58. While economic globalization provides many benefits, the risks of cultural globalization far exceed the economic growth and well being, which are often attributed to economic globalization. Cultural heritage in all of its forms provides us with the sense of identity and belonging. However, a popular idea nowadays is that cultural heritage can be used in its preserving as a means to well being and to the improvement of the quality of life, especially in urban centers. It is true that until now the preservation of cultural heritage was based in short time oriented solutions aiming only to the preservation of cultural values. Nevertheless, we should begin to look at cultural heritage not only as a way to protect our cultural identity, but also as a means to reach growth and competitiveness, as a means towards sustainable development59.
56
European Commission. (2019). Culture/Cultural Heritage Partnership Composition. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/culturecultural-heritage/culturecultural-heritage-partnershipcomposition [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 57 Ibid 58 Ibid 59 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 15
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Jagodzinska, K. (2015). Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/14339978/Cultural_Heritage_Counts_for_Europe?auto=download [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].
Challenges emerging The idea of a sustainable preservation is the access point to the European cultural heritage and was the main vision of the European Parliament from the beginning 60. However, as this process is brand new and therefore complex, this vision collides with certain struggles. Meeting these struggles is a major task of policy makers in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable heritage development. These challenges seem to concern the European Instruments since a conference on “Cultural Heritagechallenges in the 21st century”61 held in 2018. Indeed, the effort of sustainable cultural heritage constitutes an expensive and timeconsuming process for several institutions and coordinated effort is needed on strategic and operational levels 62 . However, there are also some several problems arising from the practical nature such as lack of resources, know-how, the appropriate
60
European Parliament. (2018). Cultural heritage in EU policies- Briefing. [online] Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621876/EPRS_BRI(2018)621876_EN.pdf [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 61 European Year of Cultural Heritage - European Commission. (2018). Conference: Cultural heritage challenges for the 21st century – European Year of Cultural Heritage. [online] Available at: https://europa.eu/cultural-heritage/conference-cultural-heritage-challenges-21st-century_it [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 62 Council of the European Union. (2008). Progress on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation across the EU. [online] Available at: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%2012580%202008%20ADD%201 [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 16
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tools and some legal issues, such as the data-protection or intellectual property rights63. Access and impact assessment
A tough task could be considered the increase of citizens’ opportunities for their participation in community through the design of products, services, methods of communication, buildings and built-up spaces that are accessible to as many as possible64 . Many people suffer from some form of disability, either temporarily or long-term. Thus, it is unavoidable the need to create general solutions that cater to many, while avoiding the need to implement special solutions for various groups65. The matter of access is also correlated with the efficient tools for resource discovery and the concept of integrated project, which brings together several different methods for free content based retrieval, such as but not limited to text, video, photo and music66. The abovementioned, also, bring the question of whether Member States develop plans and policies that will meet their needs and respect their tangible and intangible heritage, by assessing the potential impacts of new tourism developments. In the impact process, the use of indicators plays a leading role, in order for the Member States to assess how well plans are meeting their objectives67. While it is often difficult to find resources to carry out this work, it is essential for Member States to evaluate their efforts to preserve cultural heritage, while endeavoring to improve the quality of life for all of their citizens. The challenge of copyrights and data authenticity
The efforts for a sustainable cultural heritage have become a significant, political and social issue, which was certainly assisted to the resurgence of discussions about copyright and data authenticity, especially in the digital era. It is interpreted as a major challenge due to the limited knowledge of what is actually possible and legal or not. Specifically, open access to some specific data, for example in the archaeological
63
Sotirova, K. Chapter 1: Digitization of Cultural Heritage - Standards, Institutions, Initiatives. [online] Available at: http://www.math.bas.bg/infres/book-ADCH/ADCH-ch1.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 64 European Commission. (2017). Mapping of Cultural Heritage Actions in European Union Policies, programmes and activities. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/culture/library/reports/2014-heritage-mapping_en.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 65 Exarc.net. (2009). Access to Cultural Heritage Sites for All. [online] Available at: https://exarc.net/issue-2015-4/aoam/access-cultural-heritage-sites-all [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 66 Laviolette, P. (2009). Virtual Heritage. Material World. [online] Available at: www.materialworldblog.com/?s=virtual+heritage&submit=Search [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 67 Jamieson, W. (2000). The Challenges of Sustainable Community Cultural Heritage Tourism. [online] Available at: https://www.ucalgary.ca/ev/designresearch/projects/2000/cuc/tp/outreach/Walter%20Nepal.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 17
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sector, also raises fragmented legal issues 68 . The Commission’s High Level Expert Group, also, introduced the matter of fair remuneration in contracts of authors and performers as well as mechanisms aiming to improve licensing practices, likely to reduce transaction costs and increase licensing revenues for rightholders69. Financial & funding challenges
In order to achieve the accurate sustainability of cultural material, organizing and funding are essential. The variety of discussions about the available or planned budgets and the sources of funding prove the diverse picture across the EU. However, finances in sustainable cultural heritage are still facing crucial challenges since they are being made available on a small scale and in a fragmented manner in most countries resulting in the elimination of such targets and budgets70. Considering that the European Continent is still struggling with the economic crisis, high reliance on public funding incentives for traditional services, such as libraries, archives and museums, is not a hopeful concept71. Thus, given the scarcity of government funding and resources from international agencies, it is essential that Member States begin to look at various forms of creative financing72, aiming at achieving a better state of economic and social prosperity. With that being said, there is the need for further promotion of national financial system in the field of cultural heritage, by wise utilization of their natural wealth and export of traditional cultural goods73. Technical challenges
Progress on technical issues is a prerequisite for the deployment of new practices and improvement of services, leading to the preservation of the European heritage. Thus, new sufficient tools and resources should be made in order to support it, and especially high technology standards. The practices of planning, preparing and creating the new tools, are quite expensive and not every country is able to afford it74.
68
Ortelli, F., Emeriau, E. and Dall, E. (2017). Cultural Heritage in the Digital Era. [online] Available at: http://file:///C:/Users/akalogeropoulou/Downloads/Booklet%20Cultural%20Heritage%20in%20the%2 0Digital%20Era%20Dec2017%20(1).pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 69 Ibid 70 Ibid 71 European Commission. (2018). EDP3WG2P1 Innovative Management of Cultural Heritage. [online]
Available
at:
https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/20182/144805/Innovative+management+of+cultural +heritage.pdf/48c60193-6a08-4dc8-9f1b-5d74f38277c1 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019] 72 Ibid 73 Ibid 74 European Commission. (2007). Europe’s Digital Library Experts Set to Focus on Copyright Today. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/europes-digital-libraryexperts-set-focus-copyright-today [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 18
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The efficient tools for resource discovery are also inextricably linked with the access to sustainable cultural objects. The lack of practical experience and trained manpower constitutes an obstacle for the development of new tools. It results from the low consciousness of citizens about cultural heritage preservation and assumed as a viable occupation, the technology obsolesce and technology dependency75. Among other things, leveraging research is needed to create new and improved techniques and technologies, covering various types of objects. On the other hand, research can cover interoperability issues and enhance quality by tackling organizational and technological barriers76.
Preservation Europe is renowned worldwide for its rich and diverse mosaic of cultural and creative expressions. That is why many attempts have been observed for the preservation of cultural heritage, regardless the numerous challenges being posed, with the integrity being a top priority77. “Sustainable conservation can be considered a special form of benefit/cost management of cultural heritage, aiming at the minimization of the loss of value to cultural heritage resources, considering the possible financial, environmental and social costs”78. The need of preserving the cultural heritage led Member States to report a wide variety of long-term preservation strategies or schemes, including actions such as the creation of dedicated bodies, expert groups and preservation plans limited to a specific sector or institution79. Necessary component is the exchange of information which often takes place within the framework of dedicated EU-funded projects, such as the Sustaining Cultural Heritage Collections (SCHC) program, which helps to meet the complex challenge towards sustainable conservation measures80. The purpose of the preservation of culture lies within the assurance of a long-term future of resources 75
Ibid Ibid 77 Dig This Design. (2019). Top Challenges for Preservation of Cultural Heritage Buildings. [online] Available at: https://digthisdesign.net/design-architecture/top-challenges-for-preservation-ofcultural-heritage-buildings/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 78 Tuan, Tran H. and Navrud S. (2008). Capturing the Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 326–337. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248546141_Capturing_the_benefits_of_preserving_cultur al_heritage_Journal_of_Cultural_Heritage_9_326-337 [Accessed 4 Nov. 2019] 79 European Commission. (2015). Cultural Heritage Digitisation, Online Accessibility and Digital Preservation. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2016-43/20132015_progress_report_18528.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3yNNB_ttGYhD_w68pSlUQfGNrbnxB277qo6WFEYbnJ0 -giJpVQY0AieYs [Accessed 4 Nov. 2019] 80 National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). (2019). Sustaining Cultural Heritage Collections. [online] Available at: www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/sustaining-cultural-heritage-collections [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 76
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aiming at leveraging the historic sites responsibly and freeing them to thrive, as well as overarching economic, legal, and social contexts81. The European Commission has been exploring the best ways to preserve and share the European cultural heritage, enrich and open up our cultural heritage for the benefit of the European citizens by supporting the application of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), such as “devices, networking components, applications and systems, which allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world”82. Many actions were entertained under the projects funded through the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) and Competitiveness and Innovation Programme (CIP)83. The technological developments, which are being used, promote more automated and scalable Digital Preservation tools, increased capacity of support infrastructures and the reconstruction is based on the same craftsmanship, textures, and styles used in the original build84. In this way, the range of tools and services being developed have the potential to preserve the European cultural property.
Financial aspect Aside from the immense social value of cultural heritage, it can be a powerful driver for economic growth through investment, tourism, job creation etc. Cultural heritage can mainly contribute to the concept of inclusive growth 85 . According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) inclusive growth is “the economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across society (...) The concept expands upon traditional economic growth models to include focus on the equity of health, human capital, environmental quality, social protection and food security”86. A great way to use cultural heritage towards economic growth is its appreciation as a means to regenerate and re-invent historic buildings and historic city centers. EU’s ROCK (Regeneration and Optimization of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge 81
SIP (Sustainable Preservation Initiative). (2014). What We Do. [online] Available at: www.sustainablepreservation.org/what-we-do/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 82 Rouse, M. (2019) ICT (information and communications technology, or technologies). [online] Available at: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/ICT-information-and-communicationstechnology-or-technologies [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 83 European Commission. (2012). Digitising Our Cultural Heritage. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/digitising-our-cultural-heritage [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 84 Ibid 85 British Council. (2018). Cultural Heritage for Inclusive Growth: A Catalyst for Change. [online] Available at: www.britishcouncil.org/arts/culture-development/cultural-heritage [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 86 OECD. (2018). Inclusive Growth - Economic Growth That Is Distributed Fairly across Society. [online] Available at: www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 20
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cities) program with an estimated 10 million euros granted by the EU’ Horizon 2020 aims to promote regeneration and innovation initiatives in order to contribute to Europe’s sustainable growth87. Furthermore, the importance of tourism for the economy is undebatable. If the concepts of tourism and cultural heritage meet the concept of sustainability, we can examine the phenomenon of cultural tourism’s potential 88 to create sustainable communities and at the same time preserve cultural heritage itself. Inclusion of local society in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage can create more jobs and lead to long term economic growth89. Many initiatives have been taken in order to promote cultural tourism such as contemporary art around ancient sites, night exhibitions which shall lead tourists to stay overnight in each city, using environmental measures in historic centers as a marketing tool, promoting ecotourism etc 90. As a result, local economies can be strengthened, investments flourish and more businesses develop. Nevertheless, it is really important for all these initiatives to take into consideration that collaboration with local authorities and citizens is more than needed and resources should be protected and managed in the most sustainable manner91. Lastly, it is evident that digitalization, as it has been discussed before, can help tremendously to the sustainable development and management of cultural heritage as it facilitates the cataloguing process, which can lead to the better preservation of cultural heritage as well as it could accelerate interest in visiting and viewing in person cultural heritage sites through the online accessibility of them92.
Environmental aspect Apart from the element of built heritage, cultural heritage also contains the term of natural heritage. This term includes the geological and physiographical features that cover the inhabitation needs of animals and plants in jeopardy but also present a value 87
GTP (Greek Travel Pages). (2019). Cultural Heritage Towards Urban Regeneration Tops ROCK’s Athens Meet. [online] Available at: https://news.gtp.gr/2019/05/02/cultural-heritage-towards-urbanregeneration-tops-rocks-athens-meet/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 88 European Commission. (2018). Initiative 5 - Tourism and Heritage. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/culture/content/tourism-and-heritage_en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 89 Sigala, Marianna, and Leslie D. Routledge (2016). International Cultural Tourism: Management, Implications and Cases. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 90 ENPI CBCMED. (2015). Mediterranean Stories- Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism. [online] Available at: https://issuu.com/andaluciasolidaria/docs/mediterranean_stories_cultural_heri [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 91 South Dakota- State Historical Society. (2016). Benefits of Cultural Tourism. [online] Available at: history.sd.gov/preservation/docs/CHTBenefits.pdf [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 92 i-SCOOP. (2019). Digitization, digitalization and digital transformation: the differences. [online] Available at: https://www.i-scoop.eu/digitization-digitalization-digital-transformation-disruption/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 21
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from a point of science, conservation and natural beauty 93 . The common misconception that nature and culture do not reach a meeting point could mainly be justified by the fact that, until today, it is occasionally considered difficult to find the fine line between those two terms94. It was not until the most recent years that the global community realized the correlation between culture and environment as well as the risks that natural environments and therefore partly our cultures face 95 . One of the most profound concepts of the twenty-first century is the extent to which we should conserve heritage in the face of environmental change. It safeguards authenticity and historic integrity in the face of climate change encompassing the physical adaptation, sympathetic management and local community involvement, with a strong recommendation that research needs to provide quantitative evidence for changes both in policy and practice96. During the last 20 years, Europe has also made some very important progress in strengthening the bond between culture and nature and their protection through land use legislations. The EU Life Fund is a financing program, that has been contributing to the preservation of natural heritage since 1992, supporting nature and biodiversity initiatives 97 . The Natura 2000 network is an EU-wide initiative that aims at safeguarding the union’s most vulnerable and valuable species and natural sites, including today more than 27.500 areas all over Europe 98 . Lastly, in 2015, the EUfunded research project Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe (CHCfE) pinpointed the fact that the formation of any cultural site directly or indirectly relates to nature and suggested that our built heritage can offer a solution to climate change through the protection and revitalization of the historic building stock with huge embedded energy99.
93
UNESCO UIS. (2019). Natural Heritage. [online] Available at: http://uis.unesco.org/en/glossaryterm/natural-heritage [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 94 European Commission. (2014). Links between Natural and Cultural Heritage. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/links_natural_cultural_heritage _en.htm [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 95 Matthes, Hatala E. (2018). The Ethics of Cultural Heritage (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). [online] Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 96 Cassar, M. (2009). Sustainable Heritage: Challenges and Strategies for the Twenty-First Century. [online] Available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18790/1/18790.pdf [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 97 Ibid 98 Ibid 99 Research4Committees. (2019). CULT Publications. [online] Available at: https://research4committees.blog/category/cult/cult-publications/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 22
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EU Parties Positions European People’s Party The European People’s Party is a political party with conservative and liberalconservative member parties100. As far as cultural heritage is concerned, EPP Group views it as a driver for social and economic cohesion and underlines the principle of subsidiarity noting that local and regional authorities should decide upon such matters. EPP Group believes that local and regional authorities should invest in education and training of experts on tourism, nature and heritage conservation as well as to promote networking and good-practice exchanges101. It is to be noted that EPP supports sustainable tourism and the efficient planning of sustainable cultural tourism and underlined the importance of responsible use of transport to cultural sites because of carbon emissions. Last but not least, members of the party encourage entrepreneurship through cultural tourism and intend to contribute to European Commission’s initiatives by adding a local and regional dimension102. Τhe progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats The progressive alliance of Socialists and Democrats is the second oldest party in the European Parliament and has a centre-left orientation103. Although they recognize the subsidiarity of the Union in the matter of culture and education, they support that EU should be given more importance in that field oriented by the common European identity104. The S&D Group advocates in favor of digitalization of culture and “stress the need to set aside funding through the Digital Europe and Horizon Europe programmes and the European Structural and Investment Funds for the digitization of libraries and archives in order to increase and improve their use in education and culture for all”105. For S&D members, culture is also a key driver for the achievement of sustainable development.
100
Regions, E. EPP Group in the CoR (2019). Homepage. [online] Available at: http://www.epp.cor.europa.eu [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 101 Ibid 102 EPP Group in the CoR. (2019). The, In. The Importance of Cultural and Natural Heritage for Sustainable Regional Development. [online] Available at: www.epp.cor.europa.eu/papers/theimportance-of-cultural-and-natural-heritage-for-sustainable-regional-development/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 103 Socialists & Democrats. (2019). Home | Socialists & Democrats. [online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019] 104 European Commission Libraries. (2019). Fine, Gael -Deirdre- Responses, et al. [online] Available at: www.ifla.org/files/assets/hq/topics/libraries-development/documents/europe4libraries2019__eu.pdf [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 105 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 23
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Renew Europe: For the party, currently, called “Renewable Europe”, investing in a sustainable continent is of vital importance, so the preservation, among others, of the European cultural heritage should be ensured for future generations106. Since its former scheme, all member parties of the party were supporting the European Year of Cultural Heritage, by mobilizing the local politicians and party branches in time for a widespread promotion of the initiatives, under the Resolution “Call for Action for Europe Day 9 May 2018”107. In general, the party proved that it thrives for a more prosperous and sustainable Europe to the benefit of all Europeans, acknowledging the benefits resulting from the preservation of cultural heritage, especially in the environmental sector. Identity and Democracy: The Identity and Democracy Party considers that “culture is the essence of all political action, and that only a cultural and scientific pedagogy can help to develop a political consciousness in the citizen” 108 . Many members of the party declared that the European culture and heritage must be preserved, focusing on the social and economic benefits that it can bring.Many Identity and Democracy Party’s members, such as Anne Marie Waters, a British party’s leader, stated that they are proud members of the party, since it is a group dedicated to the preservation of the unique European culture and values”109. European United Left/ Nordic Green Left Party’s (GUE/NGL) A European United Left/ Nordic Green Left Party’s priority is respecting and preserving the diversity of identities and opinions of its members. It has a vision for a socially equitable, peaceful and sustainable European integration process based on international solidarity110. Europe can make a big contribution to improve the living conditions of its citizens and the preservation of cultural heritage could assist to this direction111.
106
Renew Europe. (2015). About us. [online] Available at: https://reneweuropegroup.eu/en/about-us/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 107 ALDE Party. (2017). Resolutions > Culture, Education and Research. [online] Available at: www.aldeparty.eu/resolutions/culture-education-research [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 108 Identity and Democracy Party. (2019). Homepage. [online] Available at: www.id-party.eu/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 109 Identity & Democracy Party. (2019). For Britain. [online] Available at: www.forbritain.uk/identitydemocracy-party/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 110 GUE/NGL. (2019). About the Group. [online] Available at: www.guengl.eu/about-thegroup/?fbclid=IwAR1SVlTOoQkFD4TLdixhYgMW_TPmmRgJBVI3zdcxfdoC4CjSlav3BGMzvGM [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019] 111 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 24
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One of the ultimate goals of the European integration process is the creation of better jobs and educational opportunities, for social security and solidarity. These goals constitute the respectful way to deal with our earth and its resources, the cultural exchange and diversity, and boost sustainable economic development and a consistent and strong peace policy112.
112
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Conclusions In a period of enormous economic and environmental changes, culture seems as the only means to achieve cohesion and promote development. An important idea that becomes more and more famous in policy making is the concept of sustainable development. Although cultural heritage cannot be easily considered as the driver for sustainable development, its preservation can happen in a sustainable manner and promote growth and stability113. This shall include digitalization and innovation as well as other tools discussed by specialists. If we properly consider and take advantage of the benefits that the digitalization at this particular sector can offer, we can guarantee that our heritage is promoted and transmitted in a way that is equally and easily accessible to all 114 . No matter the obstacles throughout this complex and costly procedure, if the EU remains welcoming to this idea, productive towards its development and most importantly morally erect, great things can be achieved and a beautiful future will lie ahead. Thus, European parties and leaders should bear in mind the importance of sustainable development in an environment with limited resources and make an effort to reach consensus as far as sustainable development, through cultural heritage in a digital future, is concerned.
113
Howard S. (2013). Understanding the Concept of Sustainability as Applied to Archaeological Heritage. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/2910466/Understanding_the_Concept_of_Sustainability_as_Applied_to_ Archaeological_Heritage [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] 114 The Globalist. (2017). Why Culture Matters: Fostering Identity Through Cultural Heritage. [online] Available at: https://www.theglobalist.com/culture-identity-reconciliation-war-society/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 26
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Questions Raised 1. Is the legal framework of cultural heritage management adequate, specifically as far as digitization is concerned? 2. How can the role of European Programmes, initiatives and projects concerning the promotion of cultural heritage be enhanced? 3. How does the sustainable cultural heritage lead to economic growth within the EU? 4. How can the sustainable management of European cultural heritage contribute to sustainable development and in which ways could preservation of cultural sites happen in a sustainable manner? 5. In which way could the Recommendation on the digitization and online accessibility of Cultural material and digital preservation (2011/711/EU) be further improved? 6. How can cooperation between regional authorities and cultural institutions be achieved towards sustainable communities and digitizing cultural content? 7. In what specific ways could the lack of technological tools be faced, considering the challenges emerging from the digitization of cultural heritage? 8. In which ways can funding resources be accessible to all EU states? 9. How can cultural heritage be further promoted in the digital era? What initiatives should be taken?
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Further Reading
Case study- The Case of Butrint National Park on the Albanian-Greek Border: https://www.academia.edu/32996232/Heritage_for_Development_Multieth nic_Communities_and_the_Case_of_Butrint_National_Park_on_the_Albania n-Greek_Border Case studyThe case of Urban Quarters in Kosova: https://www.academia.edu/17080947/Cultural_Heritage_and_Sustainable_ Urban_Transformation_of_Urban_Quarters_in_Kosova Reports and Studies about Digital Cultural heritage: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/reports-andstudies/75986/3498 Research for CULT Committee – Creative Europe: Towards the Next Programme Generation: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/617479/IPOL_ STU(2018)617479_EN.pdf Official website of the European Union: https://europa.eu/europeanunion/index_en
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