ITRE-Study Guide - EUropa.S. 2020 by Institute of Research & Training on European Affairs

EUropa.S. 2020 April 10-13 | University of Piraeus

Organized by: Institute of Research & Training on European Affairs

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy

Study Guide Topic: EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ___________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined. Greeting of the Board _______________________________________________________________ 3 Introduction to European Parliament-ITRE ______________________________________________ 4 Introduction of the Topic ____________________________________________________________ 5 Historical & Legal Background ________________________________________________________ 6 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union __________________________________________ 6 Kyoto Protocol_______________________________________________________________________ 7 The Paris Agreement __________________________________________________________________ 8 EU Emissions Trading System ___________________________________________________________ 9

Topic Analysis ____________________________________________________________________ 10 EU Industrial Policy __________________________________________________________________ 10 EU Energy Strategy __________________________________________________________________ 11 Energy Union _______________________________________________________________________ 13 Energy Transition ___________________________________________________________________ 15 Climate Neutrality ___________________________________________________________________ 17 The Economic and Societal Potential of Energy Transition___________________________________ 20 Economic Potential ____________________________________________________________________ 20 Societal Potential ______________________________________________________________________ 22

Challenges _________________________________________________________________________ 23 Competition Regulations (the essential facilities doctrine) _____________________________________ 23 Technical Challenges ___________________________________________________________________ 24 Legal &Regulatory Challenges ____________________________________________________________ 25

European Political Parties _______________________________________________________________ 25 European People’s Party ___________________________________________________________________ 25 Socialists and Democrats __________________________________________________________________ 26 Renew Europe ___________________________________________________________________________ 26 Identity & Democracy _____________________________________________________________________ 27 Group of the European United Left/ Nordic Green ______________________________________________ 27

Conclusions __________________________________________________________________________ 28 Glossary _____________________________________________________________________________ 30 Questions Raised ______________________________________________________________________ 31 Bibliography __________________________________________________________________________ 32 Further Reading _______________________________________________________________________ 40 Useful Links __________________________________________________________________________ 40

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Greeting of the Board

Distinguished Members of the European Parliament, It is our utmost honor to welcome you to this year’s Europa.S Conference! We are extremely excited to serve as the Chairs of the European Parliament’s Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) and are looking forward to this great experience. Our Committee will elaborate on a challenging, yet intriguing and topical issue that nowadays troubles politicians, entrepreneurs, environmentalists, even children and adults from all over the world. It is true that global climate change is every year even more observable; glaciers shrink, forest fires are threatening wildlife and human development, heat waves are more intense than ever, and the global temperatures are rising menacingly. These recent events have rung the bell to global leaders, who decided to initiate collective efforts towards a net zero emission future. To this extent, energy transition and the use of renewables promise to mitigate our energy footprint and thus our effects on the climate. This Study Guide constitutes the main source of general information and includes key concepts that will acquaint you with the topic, its main aspects and guide your research prior to the conference. However, it is only a starting point for your research that aims to act as a trigger, motivating you to further study and explore our topic and your policy. Having said that, your research should focus on your party’s and country’s policy. We are looking forward to meeting you all and listening to your innovative ideas in a highly topical and currently debated issue such as energy transition! Should you have any inquiries regarding the topic area or the Rules of Procedure, do not hesitate to contact us! Kind regards, The Board of the ITRE Committee

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Introduction to European Parliament-ITRE

The European Parliament is the only European institution directly elected from the citizens of the Member States and constitutes, thus, a significant forum, given also its paramount importance for the ordinary legislative procedure. Members of the Parliament (MEPs) participate not only in the legislative procedure but also cooperate with other European institutions, guaranteeing democratic procedures in the European decision-making procedure1. The Parliament meets both in plenary and in committees with different mandates, each pursuing specific goals of the Treaties. The committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) is the committee that addresses issues related to the EU industrial policy, the energy sector and research2. In order to effectively address the topic under discussion it is important to present the pillars of the ITRE committee, upon which MEPs are based in order to deliver their proposals. Being a Parliamentary committee, ITRE ensures that the legal and economic framework is suitable for boosting the industrial sector’s competitiveness, exploiting also European Research and Development programs3. Moreover, it examines the ways of promoting Small and Medium Enterprises’ development4. Most importantly, it is responsible for energy security and energy efficiency in the European Union, concepts that are fundamental for the industrial sector and energy transition5. Research lies at the core of the committee’s actions, given its ties with the Joint Research Centre and the European Research and Innovation policy. ITRE is also working upon the digital single market and space programs6. In the light of the aforementioned, it must be mentioned that adequate knowledge of the committee’s mandate is fundamental for the discussion of the topic area. MEPs are therefore requested to deliver their policies within the ITRE’s scope of action.

European Parliament, 2019. Welcome to the European Parliament. [Online] Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en [Accessed on 20/11/2019] 2 European Parliament, 2019. ITRE Committee. [Online] Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/itre/home.html [Accessed on 20/11/2019] 3 Ibid 4 Ibid 5 Ibid 6 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Introduction of the Topic

Climate change has increased concerns about the future and the sustainability of our economies. Both governments and individuals all over the world have initiated actions towards addressing climate change, through fundamental changes in the societies and their economic structure7. The European Union, acknowledging its pivotal role in this procedure has been transforming through legislative provisions and economic incentives into a Union with zero-carbon emission, also reducing the rest of the greenhouse gases8. In order to achieve these goals and to comply with its obligations under international law, EU has to reshape its industrial policy so as to fully integrate the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality. This change cannot be instant and therefore a combination of different programs is deemed necessary9. These programs include the European Energy Strategy, the Energy Union and the promotion of energy efficiency, energy conservation as well as the use of renewable energy 10 . Such a transition is expected to impact, in addition to the industrial sector, EU’s economies and societies through the combat of energy poverty and the creation of new jobs11. Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges to be overcome12. The efficacy of the existing legal framework, ways of promoting research and innovation along with ensuring that all Member-States and regions will have the chance to benefit from the new opportunities are all issues that need to be addressed so as to ensure the adequate transition to zero-emissions13. European Parliament’s parties have largely expressed their policies, announcing their proposed approaches to the topic under discussion. These policies are to be further analyzed, considering the different aspects of the agenda and attaining to deliver the solutions needed.

European Union, n.d.. Environment. [Online] Available at: https://europa.eu/europeanunion/topics/environment_en [Accessed 24/11/2019] 8 Ibid 9 European Union, n.d.. Energy. [Online] Available at: https://europa.eu/europeanunion/topics/energy_en [Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]. 10 Ibid 11 Ibid 12 Dorcas, K., 2019. Barriers to Renewable Energy Technologies Development. [Online]Available at: https://www.energytoday.net/economics-policy/barriers-renewable-energy-technologiesdevelopment/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 13 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Historical & Legal Background

It is true, that changes in our climate have been taking place for hundreds of thousands of years, and until recently, these changes were considered natural14. However, after the industrial revolution of the 19th century15 , these changes are mainly attributed to human activity; huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHG) have been released to the atmosphere, leading to record-breaking temperatures, sea level rise and extreme weather conditions16. The European Union (EU) and the global community in general, since the recent escalation of such events, have been strengthening their policies and actions, towards combating climate change and achieving a climate neutral development. These actions include policy-making through not only treaties and protocols, but even innovative schemes and programs.

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union To start with, the European Union, acknowledging the urgency and huge dimension of climate change as well as the need for an energy transition, has included these concepts to its Treaty on Functioning, which is its main operative mechanism. More specifically, articles 191 and 194 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union 17 specify the objectives of the European Union regarding environmental sustainability and energy efficiency as well as the means to achieve these objectives. More specifically, article 191 refers to the Union’s environmental policy, stating that states should adapt a joined-strategy towards preserving and improving the quality of the environment, promoting ways to deal with climate change on a regional and global level, as well as achieving the highest level of protection after taking into consideration not only the diverse characteristics and circumstances of each member-state but also key precautionary principles of the Union. To this extent, the Union urges its Member States to consider already existing scientific and technical data, the diverse conditions of the region, possible benefits and expenditures arising from an action or lack of action, as well as the socio-economic growth of the Union and the constant

NASA. 2019. Climate Change Evidence: How Do We Know? [Online] Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 15 Murphy, L. 2019. Climate Change background info | Clean Foundation. [Online]Available at: https://clean.ns.ca/programs/youth-engagement/talking-climate-change-with-kids/climate-changebackground-info/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 16 National Geographic, 2019. Carbon dioxide levels are at a record high. Here's what you need to know.. [Online]. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globalwarming/greenhouse-gases/ [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 17 EU-lex, 2019. Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. [Online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide cooperation among members, third countries and competent international organizations18. Article 194 on the other hand focuses on the Union’s Energy Policy, encouraging solidarity between Member States to ensure the proper function of the energy market, the secured supply of energy in the Union, as well as to promote energy efficiency and saving and the further deployment of innovative and renewable energies. The Union also supports the interconnection between energy networks, while guaranteeing that Member States will determine their own condition regarding the exploitation of energy resources.

Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol was one of the first collective efforts to mitigate emissions and thus the effects of climate change. It was adopted on December 11th, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and was entered into force on February 16th, 200519, after being ratified by at least 55 countries, that represent 55 percent of total emissions. The European Union and all its Member States ratified the Kyoto Protocol on May 31st, 200220.The Parties of the Protocol agreed that it would consist of two commitment periods21, the first one being from 2008 to 2012. Regarding the duration of the second period, they consented that it would be determined by a future conference. Indeed, during the Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar (COP18/CMP8) the Parties voted in favor of the extension of the Protocol until 2020. The Protocol’s purpose was the reduction of the emissions22 of six greenhouse gases in 41 countries and the European Union to 5.2 percent and was considered by some “the most momentous environmental treaty” ever to be conveyed23. The emission reduction targets set by the Kyoto Protocol were adjusted to the unique characteristics and circumstances of each country; The Protocol provided its signatories with various means to reach their individual targets, such as the use of

Ibid United Nations, 2019. What is the Kyoto Protocol? | UNFCCC. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 20 Ibid 21 United Nations, 2019. Kyoto Protocol - Targets for the first commitment period | UNFCCC. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyotoprotocol/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 22 Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019. Kyoto Protocol | History, Provisions, & Facts. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/event/Kyoto-Protocol [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 23 German Federal Foreign Office, 2019. The Kyoto Protocol – currently the most important global environmental agreement. [Online]. Available at: https://www.auswaertigesamt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/klima/-/243944 [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 19

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide natural processes, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 24 , an international program which encouraged developed countries to proceed to technological and infrastructural investments in developing countries, as well as the emission trading scheme. In particular, the emissions trading scheme25, presented in article 17 of the Protocol, allows participating countries to trade emissions’ rights and thereby places an economic value on greenhouse gas emissions; countries with emission units permitted but not "used" (commonly known as less industrial countries) are encouraged to sell this additional capacity to countries that have exceeded their targets. Thus, carbon, the principle greenhouse gas “is now tracked and traded like any other commodity”26.

The Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement on the other hand constitutes another supranational effort to combat human effects on climate that was adopted on December 12th, 2015 and entered into force on the 4th of November, 201627, after it was ratified by at least 55 countries (that represent partially 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions)28. The Agreement aims to ensure the implementation of an international plan to limit the progress of global warming below 2°C while pursuing efforts to decrease it to 1.5°C, as well as promote the collaboration between nations to intensify efforts towards combating climate change29. For these goals to be fulfilled, the signatories of the Agreement acknowledging the necessity to mitigate emissions and keep global average temperature below 2°C, agreed to enhance a transparency and accountability scheme by renewing their goals every 5 years through collective meetings, publicly reporting the means used to initiate these goals as well as, submitting comprehensive national climate action plans 24

United Nations, 2019. The Clean Development Mechanism | UNFCCC. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms-under-the-kyotoprotocol/the-clean-development-mechanism [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 25 United Nations, 2019. Emissions Trading | UNFCCC. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/emissions-trading [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 26 Ibid 27 Consilium, 2019. Paris Agreement on climate change. [Online] Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/timeline/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 28 United Nations (n.d.). The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 29 United Nations, 2019. UNFCCC eHandbook. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture/index.html#content-the-paris-agreemen [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide 30 (INDCs) . Nations also committed to cooperate with each other on an international and regional level and to voluntarily provide professional support so as for developing countries to evolve adaptability and resilience towards climate change 31 . To this extent, the parties of the Agreement decided 32 to not only initiate appropriate financial flows33 and a new technological and capacity-building scheme, but also to further promote climate change education34, through means such as training, public awareness, participation and access to information. The European Union35, since the recent increase of the “Greenhouse Effect”, has been intensifying its battle against climate change. Thus, the EU was the first major economy that submitted its intension for contribution to the new agreement in March 2015. Since then, the EU has played a decisive role towards the establishment of a wide coalition of developed and developing countries that eventually voted in favor of the successful outcome of the Paris conference. As a matter of fact, the Paris Agreement has been ratified by the European Union, as well as all it’s member states. Under the Agreement, the EU’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% until the end of 203036 (“2030 Climate and Energy Framework”).

EU Emissions Trading System37 Within the European borders the European Union has established its own EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), which is the world’s first and one of the biggest carbon markets, considered one of the fundamental principles of the EU's policy to fight climate change; its main aim is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way, as well as the maintenance of greenhouse emissions of industrial and energy production plants and flights within the European Economic Area (EEA) below the EU-wide emissions limit for the emissions trading sector.

Ibid European Commission, 2019. Paris Agreement - Climate Action - European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 32 United Nations, 2015. Paris Agreement. [Online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 33 Paris Agreement: Art. 9 34 Paris Agreement: Art. 12 35 Ibid 36 European Commission, 2019. 2030 climate & energy framework - Climate Action - European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 37 European Commission, 2019. EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) - Climate Action - European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 31

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide The European Emission’s Trading Scheme was established on the 13th of October 2003 by the Directive 2003/87/EC38 of the European Parliament and Council and involves over 40% of the total GHG emissions within the EU. Some of the main principles of the scheme are the following: i.

If the cost of reductions is relatively low, GHG emissions are reduced.

ii.

If the cost of emission allowances trading is lower than the implementation of the essential emission reduction measures for enterprises, emission allowances’ trading is considered more cost-effective than the reduction of GHG emissions.

iii.

Correspondingly, if the cost of reductions is lower than trading emission allowances, then GHG emissions are reduced.

Topic Analysis EU Industrial Policy EU’s industrial policy’s analysis aims to “strengthen the competitiveness of Europe's manufacturing sector and, as a result, the whole European economy” 39 . Competitiveness, being at the core of industrial policy, is determined by productivity and the ability of effectively selling and supplying goods in a market40. Historically, there have been several approaches towards increasing competitiveness that can be divided in two broader categories. The first category is the market-orientated approach, according to which, efficiency is attained through the undisrupted operation of the market mechanisms. The interplay between supply and demand, resulting in the formation of equilibrium prices, eventually leads at the optimal distribution of goods and thus at efficiency, as the most economic output and benefit is produced41. In that way, Member States can focus on their comparative advantage so as to benefit from international competition and the common market. According to this approach, intervention from European and

EU-lex, 2019. Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0087 [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 39 European Council and Council of the European Union, 2019. EU industrial policy. [Online] Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-industrial-policy/[Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]. 40 European Commission (2019). Competitiveness. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/economic-growth/private-sectordevelopment/competitiveness_en[Accessed 7 Nov. 2019]. 41 Dellis, G., 2018. Dēmos kai agora. 1st ed. Athens: Eurasia Publications, pp.60-64. 38

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy â&#x20AC;&#x153;EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutralityâ&#x20AC;? Study Guide national authorities should be limited in the prevention of abusing monopoly power and distortion of competition, being negatively defined42. On the other hand, interventionist industrial policy encourages the interference with the market so as to support firms or industries. This policy is based on non-economic reasons, in order to avoid, inter alia, the loss of jobs in declining industries. However, its cornerstone is based on the infant industry argument, according to which, intervention is required so as to protect local industries from competition posed by foreign ones also promoting Research and Development, creating national and EU champions 43 . This approach was largely adopted by European Coal and Steal Community and Euratom. However, over the years, especially after the 1972 oil crisis, the European Commission shifted towards the market orientated approach as illustrated in the Bangemann Memorandum and afterwards 44 . According to the memorandum, the Community should not intervene in the industries but rather create the conditions for a competitive environment and structural adjustments. This has also been the case with the Lisbon Treaty in article 173 TFEU, as has been previously analyzed in this study guide45.

EU Energy Strategy Climate change and the increased energy needs of the industries have highlighted the necessity for the reformation of the EU energy strategy, so as to satisfy the necessities of the industrial sector, also maintaining energy sustainability. Given that the EU is producing approximately 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it is evident that it cannot tackle climate change on its own46. Nevertheless, the necessity of a strategy towards addressing this problem is more than obvious. Hence, the EU has opted for its transition to a low-carbon society and its energy strategy can be studied by dividing the goals in short term and long term47. The short-term strategy is primary incorporated in the 2020 Energy Strategy and the 2030 Energy Strategy.

Senior Nello, S., 2012. The European Union. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp.375383. 43 Ibid 44 Ibid 45 Ibid 46 Ritchie, H. and Roser, M., 2019. COâ&#x201A;&#x201A; and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. [Online] Available at https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions [Accessed 24/11/2019] 47 European Union, n.d.. Energy. [Online] Available at: https://europa.eu/europeanunion/topics/energy_en [Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy â&#x20AC;&#x153;EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutralityâ&#x20AC;? Study Guide In 2007, the European Council set its goals towards achieving energy and climate change by 2020 that are included in the Europe 2020 Strategy48 for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. However these goals could not be fully implemented, resulting in the Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposal for a new energy strategy, included in the COM (2010) 639 49. Therefore, the 2020 strategy aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20%, increasing the consumption of renewable energy and attaining energy savings by at least the same percentage. A minimum of 10% has also been sent for the use of renewable energy at the transport sector of each Member State. For this purpose, the priorities that have been set are50: 1) promoting investments into efficient infrastructure 2) shaping a pan-European energy market 3) maintaining high safety standards at the energy sector 4) implementing the Strategic Energy Technology Plan51 5) fostering international relations with external energy suppliers. In 2014 the European Council agreed on the 2030 Framework for climate and energy52, which included the targets and the steps that shall be made from 2021 up to 2030. Its main targets are limiting by 40% greenhouse gas emissions, reaching the threshold of 32% regarding the use of renewable energy, increasing the percentage of energy efficiency to 32.5% and further promoting the internal energy market 53 . For its completion, emphasis is put on the competitiveness and security of the energy sector,

EU-lex, 2010. COM/2010/0639 final - Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1409650806265&uri=CELEX:52010DC0639[Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]. 49 Ibid 50 European Commission, 2019. 2020 Energy Strategy. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2020-energy-strategy [Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]. 51 European Commission, 2019. Strategic Energy Technology Plan. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/technology-and-innovation/strategic-energy-technology-plan [Accessed 24 Nov. 2019]. 52 European Council and Council of the European Union, 2017. The 2030 climate and energy framework. [Online] Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/2030-climate-andenergy-framework/[Accessed 9 Nov. 2019]. 53 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide including transformation of the governance policy, along with the reformation of the EU emissions trading scheme54. The long-term energy strategy can be found in the 2050 goals of the European Commission. In 2011 it initiated its course towards a low-carbon Europe that would reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% compared to the levels of 1990. Through the Roadmap, the Commission aimed at a cost-effective reduction of the emission, setting ranges for this reduction in key sectors.55 In 2018, Communication (2018) 773: A clean planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy was introduced, presenting Commission’s strategy towards a zero-carbon future 56 . This Strategy is “what the EU considers as its long-term contribution to achieving the Paris Agreement in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals”57 . For the fulfillment of those goals, technological innovations are required, including the promotion of a circular economy58. This plan is based on the maximization of energy efficiency, sources of renewable energy, clean mobility, smart infrastructure, bio-economy and the use of Carbon Capture and Storage that are analyzed in European Commission’s Communication (2018) 773. Those targets may be ambitious, but for their implementation cooperation among all European institutions, Member States, the business sector and individuals as well, is required59. Energy Union

The EU has been one of the largest energy importers in the world60. For this purpose, in 2015 the European Commission set as one of its priorities the initiation of the Energy Union so as to provide secure, sustainable, competitive and affordable energy for all 61 . Through the energy union, Member States will benefit from their 54

European Commission, 2019. 2030 Energy Strategy. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2030-energystrategy[Accessed 9 Nov. 2019]. 55 EU-lex, 2011. COM(2011) 112 final - A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0112[Accessed 9 Nov. 2019]. 56 EU-lex, 2018. COM/2018/773 final - A Clean Planet for all. [Online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0773 [Accessed 9 Nov. 2019]. 57 Ibid 58 Ibid 59 European Commission, 2019. 2050 long-term strategy. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en[Accessed 9 Nov. 2019]. 60 European Commission, 2019. Building the energy union. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/building-energy-union [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019]. 61 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide interdependence on the fields of energy, exploiting the potential of a common energy system that shall enable the free flow of energy, based on competition. Its primal target is the benefit of EU citizens who will actively participate in the energy market, with due respect paid to vulnerable categories of consumers62. For its implementation, five dimensions have been proposed: 1) Energy security, solidarity and trust As mentioned, the EU has been the largest energy importer, resulting in many of its Members’ dependence on third countries, such as Russia. This though has led to the vulnerability of its energy security and thus the Commission in 2014 issued the Energy Security Strategy 63 . The Energy Union contributes to this effort by promoting the internal energy market and efficient energy consumption. Solidarity among Member States is expected to lead in the supply’s diversification through, inter alia, the exploitation of Liquefied Natural Gas. Moreover, it is expected that all Members will cooperate in addressing potential supply disruptions, taking also all necessary provisions to ensure the compliance of energy imports from non-member states with the EU law64. 2) A fully-integrated internal energy market It has been recognized that the European energy system remains fragmented, pointing the utmost importance of achieving the interconnection of markets via cross border connections. Along with the hardware progress, compliance with the existing framework is required, especially with the 3rd Internal Energy Market Package65 and competition regulations. This dimension aims at the inclusion of offshore energy systems and enabling consumers’ capability to freely choose from which Member State they will supply energy66. 3) Energy efficiency contributing to moderation of demand

EU-lex, 2019. COM/2015/080 final - A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2015:80:FIN[Accessed 10 Nov. 2019]. 63 European Commission, 2014. COM(2014) 330 final - European Energy Security Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/european-energy-security-strategy.pdf [Accessed 24 Nov. 2019] 64 Ibid 65 European Commission, 2019. Third Energy Package. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/markets-and-consumers/market-legislation/third-energypackage [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 66 European Commission, 2014. COM(2014) 330 final - European Energy Security Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/european-energy-security-strategy.pdf [Accessed 24 Nov. 2019] EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide The EU has already taken steps towards enhancing energy efficiency, such as energy labeling. Progress still needs to be made, yet emphasis is rather put on the building and transport sectors than on the industrial sector67. 4) Decarbonising the economy As defined in the EU Energy Policy, the EU has committed itself in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Their reduction is largely based on the EU Emissions Trading System, but the decarbonisation of the entire economy can be attained through its combination with the increase of renewable energy. 5) Research, innovation and competitiveness Research and Innovation constitutes one of the Energy Union’s five pillars as it is pivotal for the implementation of the rest dimensions. Its contribution lies, among others, at the development of renewable energy sources, the promotion of energy transition, the design of energy efficient systems68. In the light of the aforementioned it is evident that the Energy Union has set the foundations for accessible and sustainable energy for all its citizens 69 . In order to ensure and further promote the implementation of the Energy Union, in 2018 the Regulation on the governance of the energy union and climate action 70 was introduced. The progress so far made is traced in the Fourth Report on the State of the Energy Union71. Energy Transition

In order to meet its targets, and the 2020 agenda, the EU has to pursue energy transition through fundamental structural change, focusing on the reduction of CO2 emissions, resulting in the decarbonization of its economy. This transition shall in addition boost the European economy through the creation of new jobs and opportunities for the private sector and foreign investors. In 2016, the Commission issued COM (2016) 500, for the acceleration of EU’s energy transition, providing the 67

Ibid Ibid 69 European Commission, 2019. The Energy Union: from vision to reality. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/news/energy-union-vision-reality-2019-apr-09-0_en[Accessed 10 Nov. 2019]. 70 Eu-lex, 2018. Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.328.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2018:328:FULL [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 71 European Commission, 2019. Fourth Report on the State of the Energy Union. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/publications/4th-state-energy-union_en [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019] 68

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide guidelines for the transformation of the legal framework and in addition the measures that will deliver the desired results72. In this Communication, the importance of the Energy Union, circular economy, competitiveness and investments is highlighted. Nevertheless, it is evident that energy transition is a pricey procedure and the exploitation of EU funds is required so as for all Member States to meet their obligations and expectations. The Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF)73 is the first source of finance examined. The MFF is regulated in article 312 TFEU, according to which, “The multiannual financial framework shall ensure that Union expenditure develops in an orderly manner and within the limits of its own resources” 74 . Its contribution is traced in the alignment of spending with the priorities set for the period that it is established. The debate over the 2021-2027 MFF has just got evolving, but it is necessary to ensure support for climate change efforts within the Union. The second source of finance under examination is the Cohesion Policy. According to article 3 of the TEU, the Union “shall promote economic, social and territorial cohesion and solidarity among Member States” 75 . Cohesion policy aims, thus, at reducing disparities among Member States and contributes in the completion of the internal market. It is consisted of the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund76. €40 billion were provided for investments in the low carbon economy for the 2014-2020 funding period77. Cohesion policy is of utmost importance in delivering projects fundamental for the promotion of energy transition as is the Energy Union and the increased use of renewable sources of energy. Without it, disparities between Member States and different regions would severely impede the transition to a low-carbon economy. Overall, securing the proper finance for the project is pivotal, given also the significance of investments for its deliberation. The Commission has tried to make use of all available financial instruments, including their

EU-lex, 2016. COM(2016) 500 final - Accelerating Europe's transition to a low-carbon economy. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0500 [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 73 European Council and Council of the European Union, 2019. Multiannual Financial Framework: shaping EU expenditure. [Online] Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eubudgetary-system/multiannual-financial-framework/ [Accessed 26 Nov. 2019] 74 EU-lex, 2012. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. [Online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT[Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 75 EU-lex, 2012. Treaty on European Union. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012M%2FTXT[Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 76 European Commission, n.d.. Cohesion policy Frequently Asked Questions. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/faq/#1 [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 77 European Commission, n.d.. Low-carbon economy. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/themes/low-carbon-economy/ [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide combination with EU programs, such as the Horizon 202078. Nevertheless, financing consists a complex procedure that requires the cooperation among multiple EU institutions. For the implementation of the energy transition, multiple driving factors can be traced. In this section of the study guide, energy efficiency shall be explained. Energy efficiency is found at the core of both EU Energy Strategy and the Energy Union. Efficient consumption of energy results in its decreased used and eventually in the decreased EU’s dependence on third suppliers79. Energy efficiency is fundamental for the Energy Union as well, but emphasis shall be put on its contribution to the industrial sector and the energy transition of the European industries. A 20% energy efficiency goal was set for the EU by 2020 in the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU)80. In the Directive the means of achieving energy efficiency within all stages of the energy chain are described. In 2018 the Directive was amended by the Amendment 2018/2002 that expanded the EU’s vision towards 203081. By achieving energy efficiency, the reduction of CO2 emissions is feasible and therefore, the industrial policy’s transition to zero carbon emissions is implemented. This though requires that Member States will ensure the funds needed for the implementation of the Energy Strategy through the exploitation of the EU funding programs and the cooperation with the private sector. Energy efficiency’s implementation requires large Research and Development programs and compliance with the EU legal framework. Climate Neutrality

As mentioned above, the European Commission presented on 2018 its long-term strategy for 2050-A Clean Planet for All”82. This strategy focuses on ways in which the European Union can pave the way towards an economy with net-zero GHG emissions.

Ibid European Commission, 2019. EU 2020 target for energy efficiency - Energy European Commission. [Online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/targets-directive-andrules/eu-targets-energy-efficiency [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 80 EU-lex, 2012. Directive 2012/27/EU. [Online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0027 [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 81 European Commission, 2019. Energy efficiency directive. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/targets-directive-and-rules/energyefficiency-directive [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 82 European Commission, 2019. 2050 Long-term strategy - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2050-longterm-strategy [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 79

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide To this extent, the Commission’s strategy for a Climate Neutral Europe by 2050 consists of the following seven pillars83: 1. Energy Efficiency As mentioned above, the improvement of energy efficiency plays a vital role towards the implementation of the 2050 strategy. 2. Deployment of Renewables Renewable energies are produced from wind, solar, hydro, tidal, geothermal and biomass sources, and are set to mitigate dependence on fossil fuels 84 . The EU’s Revised Renewable Energy Directive (2018/2001/EU) sets a binding, yet ambitious renewable energy target of 32% until 2030, with a possible increase by 2023. The Directive 85 enhances cross-border cooperation, provides guidance on financial support schemes for entities that use RES, promotes public and private investments in innovation as well as calls upon the simplification of the administrative processes and the integration of the use of RES in sectors such as transportation, electricity, heating and cooling. The Revised Renewable Energy Directive 86 was adopted on December 11th, 2018 and Member States are obliged to transpose it into national law by June 30th, 2021. Member states were also required, under the new Governance regulation87, to draft by the end of 2019 their National 10-year Energy & Climate Plans (NECPs), stating the measures and ways in which they intend to implement the 2030 targets. The Directive 88 also compels the European Commission to keep a “transparency platform” 89 that would provide public access to national and Commission documents related to RES, thus facilitate the cooperation between EU countries.

European Commission, 2019. Going Climate Neutral by 2050. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/long_term_strategy_brochure_en.pdf [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 84 European Commission, 2019. Overview - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/overview [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 85 European Sources, 2019. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources – European Sources Online. [Online] Available at: https://www.europeansources.info/record/directive-eu-2018-2001-on-the-promotion-of-the-use-ofenergy-from-renewable-sources/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 86 Ibid 87 EU-lex, 2019. Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union. [Online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2016:759:REV1 [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 88 Renewable Energy Directive Art. 24 89 European Commission, 2019. Renewable energy transparency platform - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/renewable-energy-transparencyplatform [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Figure 1: Share of energy from renewable sources, 2017 Source: Eurostat, 2019. Renewable energy statistics - Statistics Explained. [Online] Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statistics

3. Clean, Safe and Connected Mobility Given that transportation is accountable for a quarter of EU’s GHG emissions, the European Commission has put forward an indicative reduction target of 30% for 2030, consistent to the Paris Agreement, as well as the completion of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T)90. 4. Competitive Industry and Circular Economy One of the main challenges that the EU has to face towards the deployment of its 2050 Climate Neutral plan is the maintenance of a competitive EU industry. The efficient use of resources91 as well as the further development of a circular economy92, through recycling, recovering and reusing promise to support this initiative. Zero GHG emissions constitute for the industrial sector the modernization of already existent installations or even their complete replacement, the decarbonization of the global economy, the increased use of hydrogen, biomass and renewable synthetic gas as well 90

European Commission, 2019. 2050 Long-term strategy - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2050-longterm-strategy [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 91 European Commission, 2019. 2050 Long-term strategy - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2050-longterm-strategy [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 92 European Commission, 2019. Circular Economy Strategy - Environment - European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide as investments in research and development of innovative and breakthrough industrial-production methods. 5. Infrastructure and Interconnections Τhe need for smart and adequate infrastructure that would assure interconnection and integration in the European region is indisputable. To this extent, the Projects of Common Interest (PCIs) 93 intend to assist the EU towards implementing its energy policy and climate objectives and hence play a vital role to the consolidation of the energy systems of Member States. 6. Bioeconomy and Natural Carbon Sinks It is true that a zero GHG emissions economy requires increased biomass production that would combine sustainable sources by ensuring that the EU’s forest sink and other ecosystem do not fail94. 7. Tackling Remaining Emissions with Carbon Capture and Storage The Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scheme is considered a potential way towards producing hydrogen, eliminating difficult-to-reduce emissions from industrial operations and generating CO2 removal technologies. The Economic and Societal Potential of Energy Transition Economic Potential

Investments in renewable energies and climate neutral measures in general, are expected to lead the EU industry to major economic benefits, such as the provision of lower cost electricity, the creation of local jobs and the avoidance of cost externalities originating from the use of burning fossil fuels. More specifically, according to the findings of a study published by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Energy95, it is undoubted that if EU industrial and commercial companies decided to use renewable electricity in order to meet 30% of their total electricity demand until 2030, then the EU renewable sector will lead to a gross added value of €750 billion as well as over 220,000 new jobs. Indeed, green jobs correspond to approximately four

European Commission, 2019. Key cross border infrastructure projects - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-commoninterest/key-cross-border-infrastructure-projects [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 94 European Commission, 2019. Going Climate Neutral by 2050. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/long_term_strategy_brochure_en.pdf [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 95 European Commission (2019). Over one million jobs in renewable energy. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/over-one-million-jobs-renewable-energy [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide million EU jobs, whereas the implementation of EUs energy goals are set to add 1-1.5% to the total EU’s labor force by promise to create merrier and jobs of higher quality96. Until today, approximately 2% of EU’s GDP is invested in energy efficient infrastructures and production methods. To move towards the attainment of a netzero economy, these investments should be elevated to an annual percentage of 2.8%, which means total investments of around €520-575 billion and an annual amount of €175 and 290 billion97. In fact, as shown by the diagram below, the European Union (first diagram) along with the other advanced economies, such as Canada, the US and Japan, are most probably the only economies where the total GDP is inversely proportional to their primary energy supply. This means that as their GDP rises, the use of non-renewable energy drops towards a zero GHG emission supply.

Figure 2: Evolution of total GDP and total primary energy supply across country groups, 2000-2016

Source: World Economic Forum, 2019. The scale and complexity of energy transition.[Online]Available at: http://reports.weforum.org/fosteringeffective-energy-transition-2019/the-scale-and-complexity-of-energy-transition/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].

The European Union as well as the national governments, already provide significant public investment, however, for Europe to lead the energy efficiency market, the acts of private businesses or even households are considered of great importance. To this extent, the EU and its member states should provide investors with the required longterm incentives. The recent package “Clean Energy for All Europeans” offers a steady legal framework that intends to facilitate these investments, for example through stricter capacity mechanisms rules that aim to “enable investors to plan based on market signals, rather than subsidy schemes”98.

European Commission, 2019. New study underlines potential economic benefits of renewables for EU industry. [Online]Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/new-study-underlines-potentialeconomic-benefits-renewables-eu-industry-2019-aug-22_en [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 97 Ibid 98 European Commission, 2019. Going Climate Neutral by 2050. [Online] Ec.europa.eu. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/long_term_strategy_brochure_en.pdf [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide Finally, innovation in climate-related objectives towards the realization of zero GHG emission economies remains of utmost significance. The Commission taking into consideration “Horizon Europe” 99 , the EU’s research and innovation program for 2021-2027, has expressed its intensions to invest a total percentage of 35% of the €100 billion climate-related objectives’ budget, in order to promote advanced and profitable green energy solutions100. Societal Potential

Energy transition as it has been shown constitutes a major opportunity for reshaping the entire EU industrial policy. This though will not impact only the European industries but shall directly influence European societies. The societal potential of energy transition is mainly traced in the reshape of employment and the eradication of energy poverty. The completion of the Energy Union, the increased use of renewables and the implementation of the energy strategy require large scale projects and subsequently increase demand over new jobs, simultaneously reshaping current jobs. For the program’s success it is pivotal not only that employment in renewable energy increase but also that it is evenly distributed across Member States 101 . New employment opportunities can be found in several factors connected to renewable energy including, inter alia, construction, project management and maintenance 102 . This though requires the existence of work force possessing the technical knowledge and that the Member States ensure that their citizens get the chance to be trained and work in the sector. Retraining programs are also required for those who do not posses the know how in order to keep up with the technological developments and address the reformation of the European employment needs.

European Commission, 2019. Horizon Europe - the next research and innovation framework programme. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-andinnovation-framework-programme_en [Accessed 25/11/2019]. 100 European Commission, 2019. Going Climate Neutral by 2050. [Online] Ec.europa.eu. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/long_term_strategy_brochure_en.pdf [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 101 Pellerin-Carlin, T., Vinois, J., Rubio, E. and Fernandes, S., 2019. MAKING THE ENERGY TRANSITION A EUROPEAN SUCCESS TACKLING THE DEMOCRATIC, INNOVATION, FINANCING AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF THE ENERGY UNION. [ebook] Jacques Delors Institute, pp.150-152. Available at: http://www.institutdelors.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/01/makingtheenergytransitionaeuropeansuccess-studypellerincarlinfernandesrubio-june2017-bd.pdf?pdf=ok[Accessed 16 Nov. 2019]. 102 ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd, n.d.. Renewable Energy Sector in the EU: its Employment and Export Potential. [PDF], p.15. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/eco_industry/pdf/ecotec_renewable_energy.pdf\ [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide The second potential of energy transition is the eradication of energy poverty in Europe. Energy poverty is considered to be a form of poverty caused by the inadequate access to energy services because of unaffordable energy expenditures and poor infrastructure. The number of energy poor households in Europe exceeds 50 million103. If energy transition achieves to pave the way towards energy efficiency then lower energy bills will become a reality and as a result the numbers of energy poverty will decrease 104 . Nevertheless, the realization of the energy transition’s societal potential will not be instant and major efforts from both the Member States and the EU are required for European citizens to benefit from the new opportunities.

Challenges Competition Regulations (the essential facilities doctrine)

Energy Transition along with the Union’s energy strategy and the Energy Union’s project has created the conditions for the surge of new competitors in the energy sector. This has created the need to apply competition rules in this sector so as to prevent competition’s distortion and ensure consumer welfare. EU competition rules are based on articles 101 and 102 of the TFEU that address anti-competitive agreements and the abuse of dominant position105. New entrants in the energy market have to overcome entry barriers that are posed to impede their entrance and the exploitation of new business opportunities. Such barriers also aim at preventing the increase of switching rates and consumers are not able to easily switch to a more efficient supplier, resulting in the diminishment of efficient competition106. However, the major entry barrier a new supplier could have to deal with is the denial of access to essential facilities for business. The essential facilities doctrine refers to those cases of dominant position’s abuse, in which the dominant business prohibits competitors’ entry to the market by denying access to

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European Commission, n.d.. What is energy poverty?. [online] Available at: https://www.energypoverty.eu/about/what-energy-poverty[Accessed 16 Nov. 2019]. 104 Pellerin-Carlin, T., Vinois, J., Rubio, E. and Fernandes, S., 2019. MAKING THE ENERGY TRANSITION A EUROPEAN SUCCESS TACKLING THE DEMOCRATIC, INNOVATION, FINANCING AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF THE ENERGY UNION. [ebook] Jacques Delors Institute, pp.196-201. Available at: http://www.institutdelors.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/01/makingtheenergytransitionaeuropeansuccess-studypellerincarlinfernandesrubio-june2017-bd.pdf?pdf=ok[Accessed 16 Nov. 2019]. 105 EU-lex, 2012. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. [Online] Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. 106 Haffner, R., Batura, O., Ryszka, K. and van den Bergen, K. (2017). Competition Policy and an Internal Energy Market. [ebook] European Parliament, pp.62-65. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/607327/IPOL_STU(2017)607327_EN.pd f[Accessed 15 Nov. 2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy â&#x20AC;&#x153;EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutralityâ&#x20AC;? Study Guide indispensable facilities, distorting, thus, efficient competition107. In order to avoid such implications, the Clean Energy Package provided that energy storage facilities shall not be managed by Distribution System Operators108. Competition rules are also to be implemented in regards with State aids. Energy transition, as it has been pointed, is a long-time and costly procedure that business alone cannot undertake. State aids have been deemed needed in order to ensure the transition and accomplish the goals of the Energy Strategy109. State aids are regulated in article 107 TFEU that prohibits them, unless the specific conditions of 107(3) are fulfilled. In addition to energy transition, state aid is also exploited for energy security on the grounds that it constitutes a national obligation. Nevertheless, Member States have to assess the efficiency of the aid they provide to companies, simultaneously ensuring transparency and compliance with the EU law110. Technical Challenges

Even though energy transition has already accomplished and aims to accomplish even more promising results in the socio-environmental and the economic sector, technical barriers111 hamper its growth and inhibit its innovation. The main technical barriers that obstruct energy transition are the lack of suitable technology as well as the scarcity of infrastructure, necessary for the development, promotion and implementation of these new methods. More specifically, the scarcity or even the high cost of adequate personnel and advanced technologies that would establish, preserve and initiate renewable energy networks, especially in developing countries where education levels are low, postpones investments and funding in energy transition. Thus, the high cost of these technologies encourages people to invest in coalgenerated energy, as it is readily available and affordable as well as generally recognized and approved compared to renewables. Finally, the lack of investments in research and development capabilities 112 (R&Ds) is also considered a burden for energy transition, as the financial and technical risks that may occur during the development and distribution of such technologies are high. 107

Komninos, A. and Lianos, I. (2019). In: D. Tzouganatos, ed., Competition Law. Athens: NomikiBibliohtiki Group, pp.558-561. 108 Haffner, R., Batura, O., Ryszka, K. and van den Bergen, K. (2017). Competition Policy and an Internal Energy Market. [ebook] European Parliament, pp.78. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/607327/IPOL_STU(2017)607327_EN.pd f[Accessed 15 Nov. 2019]. 109 Ibid 110 Ibid 111 Dorcas, K., 2019. Barriers to Renewable Energy Technologies Development. [Online]Available at: https://www.energytoday.net/economics-policy/barriers-renewable-energy-technologiesdevelopment/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 112 Ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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Beyond technical barriers, the lack of relevant regulations and policies that would support the adoption of energy efficient technologies also poses a barrier to energy transition growth 113 . More specifically, it is undeniable that in order to attract investors, renewable energy markets need to be considered as environments “stable and predictable for investment” 114 , set to provide interested parties with the appropriate, necessary and adequate help and support in order to reduce any risks that may arise from such activities. The absence of national policies 115 , as well as bureaucratic and administrative barriers and deficient incentives conduce to the lack of confidence in energy transition and consequently reduce the motivation and confidence that is required in order to attract investors. Moreover, the inability of governments to commit to realistic and attainable goals and policies undermine the public’s trust in energy transition efficiency. Concluding, the absence of required standards and certificates that would guarantee that equipment and tools manufactured at another country are in compliance with the standards of the importing country, create unnecessary difficulties, confusion or even risks for producers.

European Political Parties European People’s Party The European People’s Party (EPP) 116 was founded in 1976 and is a center-right oriented party, which since 1999 has been the leading party of the European Parliament. EPP MEP’s support 117 the implementation of ambitious climate and energy policies in order to enhance RES towards 2030, reduce emissions in a costeffective way, facilitate investments in energy transition, as well as fight climate change more efficiently. Furthermore, they stand for the upgrade and further promotion of already existent energy efficiency methods, such as the EU Emissions Trading System and the general use of renewables. Moreover, they stress out the necessity for immediate action as the effects of climate change are each year becoming even more noticeable. Each member state should be able to decide their energy policy, by taking into consideration their special geographical, economic, 113

Ibid Ibid 115 Ibid 116 European People’s Party, 2019. History. [Online] EPP - European People's Party. Available at: https://www.epp.eu/about-us/history/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 117 European People’s Party, 2019. Combatting climate change while securing affordable energy. [Online]Available at: https://www.epp.eu/papers/combatting-climate-change-while-securingaffordable-energy/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 114

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide regional and climate characteristics. Concluding, EPP MEPs support sustainable investments in development and deployment of clean energies that would help Europe keep up with significant competitors such as the USA, China and India118.

Socialists and Democrats The Socialists and Democrats group119 is a centre-left party and the second largest party in the European Parliament after the elections in 2019. Its MEPs are devoted to achieving a “more democratic Europe” through social justice, growth and the reshape of financial markets. The Party supports the Clean Energy Package but it recognizes that more efforts should be made120. Its MEPs hold that energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy and energy governance can pave the way towards a sustainable economy. Combating energy poverty is another of the Party’s priorities, proposing the use of clean energy at a small and medium scale and providing energy for the poor. The economic and societal potential of energy transition is highly recognized and thus retraining workers so as to enable them to enter the new energy economy is prioritized121. It is supported that energy efficiency, being at the core of the Energy Union in addition to being a measure against climate change is a means of boosting EU’s competitiveness and combating energy poverty122. Overall, it is highlighted that EU’s industrial policy must aim at increasing jobs and more importantly at improving EU citizens’ quality of life123.

Renew Europe Renew Europe is the successor of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats in Europe (ALDE), and was founded for the Ninth European Parliament term in 2019124. Renew

118

Ibid Socialists & Democrats, 2018. Who we are | Socialists &Democrats. [Online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/who-we-are[Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 120 Banks, M., 2019. EU elections can send strong climate change message, says EREF. [Online] The Parliament Magazine. Available at: https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/news/euelections-can-send-strong-climate-change-message-says-eref[Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 121 Ibid 122 Socialists & Democrats, 2018. S&Ds lead the EU’s transition to a clean energy model ensuring no one is left behind | Socialists & Democrats. [Online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sds-lead-eus-transition-clean-energy-modelensuring-no-one-left-behind [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 123 Socialists & Democrats, 2017. EU industrial policy: S&Ds call for a coherent, future-oriented and socially and environmentally sustainable strategy | Socialists & Democrats. [Online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/eu-industrial-policy-sds-call-coherent-futureoriented-and-socially-and-environmentally [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 124 Renew Europe, 2019. About - Renew Europe CoR. [Online] Available at: https://reneweuropecor.eu/about/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 119

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide 125 Europe MEP’s support energy transition and the use of renewables as this will lead to the creation of jobs and the strengthening of Europe’s competitiveness. Moreover, they firmly believe that the EU Emission Trading System is a promising cost-effective way to reduce GHG emissions, along with the attainment of an internal energy market. Also, they stress out the necessity to combat climate change in order to create an environmentally integrated society by setting binding and realistic targets for the future. For this purpose, Renew Europe MEP’s are committed to support the creation of the Energy Union, the promotion and increase of investments in renewables, as well as the collaboration with the European Committee of Regions to implement a global climate change agreement126.

Identity & Democracy Identity & Democracy127 is the successor of the Europe of Nations and Freedom group (ENF), a far-right and the fifth largest party in the current European Parliament that was founded for the Ninth European Parliament term in 2019. The I&D party consists of eleven nationalist, populist and Eurosceptic parties from nine European nations. Although these parties share the same ideology regarding many issues, their policies regarding climate change differ 128 . For example, Germany’s Alternative fur Deutschland (AfD) is characterized by an intense climate change denial, whereas the Austrian Freedom Party (FDO) quite recently committed to make climate change their top political priority and the Italian Lega recognizes “environmental issues as universal”, however claims that climate change should be considered as policy-making on national level. Nevertheless, MEP’s of the I&D party agree upon the denial of policymaking on a supranational level and thus “it is unlikely for them to vote for resolutions aligned with the Paris Agreement, that seemingly further European integration and undermine national borders”.

Group of the European United Left/ Nordic Green The Confederal Group of the European United Left/ Nordic Green Left129 is a left wing party in the European Parliament. It stands for a socially equitable Europe, supporting 125

Renew Europe, 2019. Environment, Energy and Climate Change - Renew Europe CoR. [Online] Available at: https://reneweurope-cor.eu/political-priorities/environment-energy-and-climatechange/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 126 Ibid 127 Identity & Democracy, 2019. Identity and Democracy Party. [Online] Available at: https://www.idparty.eu/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 128 Green European Journal, 2019. Nationalizing the Climate: Is the European Far Right Turning Green? [Online] Available at: https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/nationalising-the-climate-is-theeuropean-far-right-turning-green/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 129

GUE/NGL., 2019. About the group. [Online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/about-the-group/ [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide solidarity and social security for the protection of human rights and the improvement of quality of life. It stands for a Just Transition based on climate justice and the protection of those that do not contribute to climate change 130 . Its MEPs support sustainable practices and the promotion of a circular economy by pressuring for changes in the legal framework towards an EU- and State-driven transition instead of a market-oriented approach. They call for more investments in the sector and the promotion of the Just Transition Fund131. It is recognized that actions need to be taken to address climate emergency. In the light of the aforementioned, in 2019 the Climate Emergency Manifesto was published, presenting the Party’s policy and proposed measures towards combating climate change, prioritizing people’s needs and climate sustainability132. The Party’s approach to industrial policy focuses on the creation of new jobs and the boost of employability through structural changes 133 . Overall, GUE/NGL recognizing EU’s role in combating climate change calls for radical changes that will avert the consequences of the existing industrial policy.

Conclusions In conclusion, energy transition is considered the cornerstone of both EU Energy Strategy and the Energy Union, as it aims at implementing energy efficiency by reducing CO2 emissions and enhancing the use of renewables. Undoubtedly, energy transition is expected to impact not only industries but also societies within the Union; new employment opportunities134will appear, and energy poverty will most likely be dealt with during the following years, leading to significant increases in investments135 and consequently a rise in the GDP of the European countries. It is thus undeniable that the European Union needs to initiate coordinated efforts to attract private 130

GUE/NGL, 2019. Read our Climate Emergency Manifesto. [Online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/a-climate-emergency-manifesto-to-avert-climate-catastrophe/[Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 131 Ibid 132 GUE/NGL, 2019. CLIMATE EMERGENCY MANIFESTO. [PDF] GUE/NGL. Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/content/uploads/2019/04/Manifesto_Climate_web.pdf [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 133 GUE/NGL, 2016. Europe’s reindustrialisation policy must challenge market orthodoxies and shareholder greed. [Online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/europes-reindustrialisation-policymust-challenge-market-orthodoxies-and-sh/ [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 134 Pellerin-Carlin, T., Vinois, J., Rubio, E. and Fernandes, S., 2019. MAKING THE ENERGY TRANSITION A EUROPEAN SUCCESS TACKLING THE DEMOCRATIC, INNOVATION, FINANCING AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF THE ENERGY UNION. [ebook] Jacques Delors Institute, pp.150-152. Available at: http://www.institutdelors.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/01/makingtheenergytransitionaeuropeansuccess-studypellerincarlinfernandesrubio-june2017-bd.pdf?pdf=ok[Accessed 16 Nov. 2019]. 135 Fields, S., 2019. The Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy | EnergySage. [Online] Available at: https://news.energysage.com/economic-benefits-of-renewable-energy/#comments [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy â&#x20AC;&#x153;EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutralityâ&#x20AC;? Study Guide investment as well as acquaint the general public with the concepts of energy transition and efficiency. To this extent, the European Union has undertaken several initiatives and programs, voted upon innovative directives and regulations, thus established coordinated strategies, which are expected to lead to promising results and an overall transformation of the current state of energy transition in Europeduring the upcoming years. However, in order to ensure the constant development of energy transition in Europe as well as the implementation of the climate-neutral EU strategy136, we mustaddress any competition, technical as well as regulatory challenges that may arise. Specifically, the need for investments, research and development of innovative methods regarding renewables137, as well as for the establishment of a transparent system with regards to European competition regulations, and the adoption of regulations that will reduce financial risks and hence attract investors, are considered of great importance. Having said that, the active participation and collaboration between EU Institutions, national governments as well as individuals is vital for the transition from fossil fuels to renewables and consequently the attainment of a sustainable and climate-neutral EU industry.

136

European Commission, 2019. 2050 Long-term strategy - Energy European Commission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2050-longterm-strategy [Accessed 19/11/2019]. 137 European Sources, 2019. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources â&#x20AC;&#x201C; European Sources Online. [Online] Available at: https://www.europeansources.info/record/directive-eu-2018-2001-on-the-promotion-of-the-use-ofenergy-from-renewable-sources/ [Accessed 19/11/2019]. EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

Glossary

v Energy conservation: Energy conservation stems from the reduced energy consumption, through the adaption of human activities. v Energy efficiency: Energy efficiency refers to the reduction of the energy required to perform any activity, simultaneously limiting energy waste. Energy efficiency is traced at the core of European Energy Strategy and is fundamental for energy transition. v Energy transition: Energy transition refers to structural changes in the energy sector towards zero-carbon emissions. At its core lies the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the increased use of renewable energy. v Greenhouse Gases (GHG): As Greenhouse gases we consider gases that captivate and release radiant energy and are responsible for the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor and nitrous oxide. v Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Gross Domestic Product of a country is the value in euros of all final goods and services that are produced within the borders of a country in a year (or a quarter). The GDP rate indicates the growth rate of an economy. v Neutral Climate: We consider an action, a service or industry as climate neutral when they can demonstrate that their CO2 emissions are zero, avoiding climatedamaging greenhouse gases and thus not burdening the climate. v Renewable energy: Renewable energy is the energy that is collected from renewable sources that are always replenished, such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy.

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Questions Raised

1. Is there a sufficient legal framework regulating the use and development of energy transition and what are the challenges that arise from the lack of such frameworks? 2. Do you believe that the current EU strategy for a climate neutral EU by 2050 will have sufficient results, and if so, how will these results affect the EU industry? 3. Is the short term EU Energy Policy adequate and what measures need to be taken so as to ensure the sufficiency of its results? 4. What are the challenges to the Energy Union and what measures need to be taken to implement it? 5. What is the current state of the deployment of renewables in the European industry and how can the incorporation of renewables within the European industry be further boosted? 6. How can energy efficiency be maximized and in what ways can Member States find the sources needed to implement energy transition? 7. How can the European Union benefit from the economic potential of energy transition? 8. How can the European Union ensure the benefits from the societal potential of energy transition? 9. In what ways can the European Union ensure the entrance of new competitors and the implementation of competition regulations? 10. What are the main technical barriers that hamper the growth of energy transition and in what ways could they be overpassed?

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament-Committee on Industry, Research and Energy “EU Industrial Policy: Integrating the concepts of energy transition and climate neutrality” Study Guide

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